Avicularoidea

Mangrove trapdoor spider Idioctis sp., copyright K. Stenchly.

Belongs within: Mygalomorphae.
Contains: Dipluridae, Hexathelidae, Nemesiidae, Rastelloidina, Theraphosidae.

The Avicularoidea is a clade of mygalomorph spiders in which the male palps have the bulb perpendicular to the cymbium or directed back towards the base. This clade is further divided between the Dipluroidea, with numerous maxillary cuspules on the labium and a prolateral spine on the first tibia of the male, and the Crassitarsae, with a serrula present on the maxilla and small, closely placed posterior lateral spinnerets. Members of the Crassitarsae include the Microstigmatidae, a group of small to medium-sized spiders, found in South Africa and South America, with blunt-tipped or clavate setae covering the body and often encrusted with earth (Jocqué & Dippenaar-Schoeman 2007).

Synapomorphies (from Jocqué & Dippenaar-Schoeman 2007): Abdomen with dorsal scutum; posterior lateral spinnerets close, three articles of posterior lateral spinnerets with spigots; male palp without conductor, axis of palpal bulb orthogonal to cymbial axis or directed towards base, cymbial cavity apically open, incised and membranous.

<==Avicularoidea [Anamae, Bipectina, Orthopalpae, Quadrithelina]
    |--Dipluroidea JD-S07
    |    |--Dipluridae JD-S07
    |    `--Hexathelidae JD-S07
    `--Crassitarsae JD-S07
         |--Nemesioidea JD-S07
         |    |--Nemesiidae JD-S07
         |    `--Microstigmatidae JD-S07
         |         |--Microstigmata Strand 1912 [Microstigmatinae] JD-S07
         |         |--Envia Ott & Höfer 2003 JD-S07
         |         |--Ministigmata Raven & Platnick 1987 JD-S07
         |         |--Pseudonemesia Caporiacco 1955 JD-S07
         |         |--Spelocteniza Gertsch 1982 JD-S07
         |         |--Xenonemesia Goloboff 1989 JD-S07
         |         `--Micromygale Platnick & Forster 1982 [Micromygalinae] JD-S07
         |              `--M. diblemma FF99
         `--+--Rastelloidina JD-S07
            `--Theraphosoidina JD-S07
                 |--Theraphosoidea JD-S07
                 |    |--Theraphosidae JD-S07
                 |    `--Paratropididae JD-S07
                 |         |--Melloina Brignoli 1985 [Glabropelmatinae] JD-S07
                 |         `--Paratropidinae JD-S07
                 |              |--Paratropis Simon 1889 JD-S07
                 |              |--Anisapis Simon 1891 JD-S07
                 |              `--Anisapoides P.-Cambridge 1896 JD-S07
                 `--Barychelidae [Barycheli] JD-S07
                      |  i. s.: Cyphonisia maculipes Strand 1906 JD-S07, J98
                      |         Neodiplothele FM11
                      |         Troglothele coeca (Fage 1929) BB14
                      |         Aurecocrypta JD-S07
                      |         Monodontium JD-S07
                      |         Pisenor JD-S07
                      |         Sipalolasma JD-S07
                      |         Synothele butleri Raven 1994 T13
                      |         Plasistops hispaniolensis Wunderlich 1988 S93
                      |--Sasoninae JD-S07
                      |--Trichopelma BB14 [Trichopelmatinae JD-S07]
                      |    |--T. maddeni Esposito & Agnarsson in Bloom, Binford et al. 2014 BB14
                      |    `--T. nitida Simon 1888 BB14
                      `--Barychelinae [Barycheleae] JD-S07
                           |--Barychelus Simon 1889 JD-S07
                           |--Plagiobothrus Karsch 1892 K92
                           |    `--*P. semilunaris Karsch 1892 K92
                           |--Idioctis R14
                           |    |--I. intertidalis JD-S07
                           |    |--I. ornata Rainbow 1914 R14
                           |    `--I. palmarum R14
                           `--Encyocrypta Simon 1888 M54
                                |--E. ausseri R14
                                |--E. fuliginata R14
                                |--E. fusca (Koch 1873) [=Idiommata fusca] R14
                                |--E. parifusca Main 1954 M54
                                `--E. reticulata R14

*Type species of generic name indicated

REFERENCES

[BB14] Bloom, T., G. Binford, L. A. Esposito, G. A. Garcia, I. Peterson, A. Nishida, K. Loubet-Senear & I. Agnarsson. 2014. Discovery of two new species of eyeless spiders within a single Hispaniola cave. Journal of Arachnology 42 (2): 148–154.

[FF99] Forster, R., & L. Forster. 1999. Spiders of New Zealand and their World-wide Kin. University of Otago Press: Dunedin (New Zealand).

[FM11] Freire-Jr, G. de B., & P. C. Motta. 2011. Effects of experimental fire regimes on the abundance and diversity of cursorial arachnids of Brazilian savannah (cerrado biome). Journal of Arachnology 39 (2): 263–272.

[J98] Jäger, P. 1998. Das Typenmaterial der Spinnentiere (Arachnida: Acari, Amblypygi, Araneae, Opiliones, Pseudoscorpiones, Scorpiones, Uropygi) aus dem Museum Wiesbaden. Jahrbuecher des Nassauischen Vereins fuer Naturkunde 119: 81–91.

[JD-S07] Jocqué, R., & A. S. Dippenaar-Schoeman. 2007. Spider Families of the World. Royal Museum for Central Africa: Tervuren (Belgium).

[K92] Karsch, F. 1892. Arachniden von Ceylon und von Minikoy gesammelt von den Herren Doctoren P. und F. Sarasin. Berliner Entomologische Zeitschrift 36 (2): 267–310.

[M54] Main, B. Y. 1954. Spiders and Opiliones. In: Willis, J. H. (ed.) The Archipelago of the Recherche pp. 37–53. Australian Geographical Society: Melbourne.

[R14] Rainbow, W. J. 1914. Studies in Australian Araneidae, no. 6, the Terretelariae. Records of the Australian Museum 10 (8): 187–270.

[S93] Selden, P. A. 1993. Arthropoda (Aglaspidida, Pycnogonida and Chelicerata). In: Benton, M. J. (ed.) The Fossil Record 2 pp. 297–320. Chapman & Hall: London.

[T13] Taylor, C. K. 2013. Annotated bibliography for Barrow Island terrestrial invertebrates. Records of the Western Australian Museum Supplement 83: 135–144.

Last updated: 16 October 2019.

Theraphosidae

Pink-toe tarantula Avicularia avicularia, from here.

Belongs within: Avicularoidea.
Contains: Oligoxystre.

The Theraphosidae, tarantulas, are a pantropical group of sometimes very large mygalomorph spiders that inhabit silken burrows or retreats. In members of the South American subfamilies Theraphosinae and Aviculariinae, the abdomen bears urticating hairs that are used in defense (Jocqué & Dippenaar-Schoeman 2007).

Characters (from Jocqué & Dippenaar-Schoeman 2007): Medium-sized to very large; eight eyes present in two rows; rastellum absent; labium and endites with numerous cuspules, anterior lobe on endite developed; legs with well-developed scopulae and iridescent claw tufts on leg tarsi and female palpal tarsi, leg tarsi with clavate trichobothria along their length, two or rarely three tarsal claws; four spinnerets present, distal segment of posterior spinnerets digitiform.

<==Theraphosidae [Theraphosoidae]
    |--Eumenophorinae JD-S07
    |--Selenogyrinae JD-S07
    |--Stromatopelminae JD-S07
    |--Thrigmopoeinae JD-S07
    |--Harpactirinae JD-S07
    |    |--Harpactirella JD-S07
    |    |--Brachionopus JD-S07
    |    `--Harpactira pulchripes Pocock 1901 P01
    |--Ischnocolinae BFSJ08
    |    |--Sickius longibulbi Soares & Camargo 1948 BFSJ08
    |    `--Ischnocolus Auss. 1871 T94
    |         |--I. hirsutus B06
    |         `--I. inermis Ausserer 1871 [incl. I. subarmatus Thorell 1891] T94
    |--Ornithoctoninae ZZ08
    |    |--Ornithoctonus Pocock 1892 ZZ08
    |    |--Citharognathus Pocock 1895 ZZ08
    |    |    |--*C. hosei Pocock 1895 ZZ08
    |    |    `--C. tongmianensis Zhu, Li & Song 2002 ZZ08
    |    `--Haplopelma Simon 1892 ZZ08
    |         |--*H. doriae (Thorell 1890) [=Selenocosmia doriae] ZZ08
    |         |--H. hainanum (Liang et al. 1999) [=Selenocosmia hainana, Ornithoctonus hainana] ZZ08
    |         `--H. schmidti von Wirth 1991 (see below for synonymy) ZZ08
    |--Avicularia Lamarck 1818 FNB08 (see below for synonymy)
    |    |--*A. avicularia (Linnaeus 1758) FNB08 (see below for synonymy)
    |    |--‘Mygale’ barbara Lucas 1846 E12
    |    |--‘Mygale’ caementaria C01a
    |    |--‘Eurypelma’ californicum (Ausserer 1871) (n. d.) BFSJ08
    |    |--‘Eurypelma’ doeringii T94
    |    |--A. exilis Strand 1907 J98
    |    |--‘Mygale’ gracilipes Lucas 1846 E12
    |    |--A. lycosiformis (Koch 1842) (n. d.) [=Mygale lycosiformis, Trechona lycosiformis] PCBFF08
    |    |--‘Eurypelma’ minax Thorell 1894 T94
    |    |--‘Mygale’ occidentalis Lucas 1858 SP10
    |    |--‘Aranea’ sauvagesii [=Mygale sauvagesii] L02
    |    |--A. subvulpina Strand 1906 J98
    |    `--A. vestiaria K92
    |--Selenocosmiinae ZZ08
    |    |--Phlogiellus Pocock 1897 ZZ08
    |    |--Yamia Kishida 1920 [incl. Baccallbrapo Barrion & Litsinger 1995] ZZ08
    |    |    |--*Y. watasei Kishida 1920 ZZ08
    |    |    `--Y. bundokalbo (Barrion & Litsinger 1995) JD-S07, ZZ08 [=Baccallbrapo bundokalbo ZZ08]
    |    |--Chilobrachys Karsch 1891 [incl. Musagetes Pocock 1895) ZZ08
    |    |    |--*C. nitelinus Karsch 1891 ZZ08
    |    |    |--C. guangxiensis (Yin & Tan 2000) (see below for synonymy) ZZ08
    |    |    |--C. hubei Song & Zhao 1988 ZZ08
    |    |    `--C. liboensis Zhu & Zhang 2008 ZZ08
    |    `--Selenocosmia Ausserer 1871 (see below for synonymy) ZZ08
    |         |--*S. javanensis (Walckenaer 1837) [=Mygale javanensis] ZZ08
    |         |--S. arndsti (Schmidt & von Wirth 1991) ZZ08
    |         |--S. crassipes Y95
    |         |--S. jiafu Zhu & Zhang 2008 ZZ08
    |         |--S. peerboomi (Schmidt 1999) ZZ08
    |         |--S. stirlingi Hogg 1901 ZZ08
    |         |--S. subvulpina Y95
    |         |--S. xinhuaensis Zhu & Zhang 2008 ZZ08
    |         `--S. xinping Zhu & Zhang 2008 ZZ08
    `--Theraphosinae P-M02
         |  i. s.: Iracema cabocla Pérez-Miles 2000 P-M02
         |         Eupalaestrus P-M02
         |           |--E. campestratus (Simon 1891) MF17
         |           `--E. weijenberghi (Thorell 1894) P-M02
         |         Acanthoscurria Auss. 1871 P-M02, T94
         |           |--A. cordubensis Thorell 1894 T94
         |           |--A. gomesiana J-GP07
         |           |--A. sternalis Pocock 1903 P-M02
         |           `--A. suina Pocock 1903 P-M02
         |         Theraphosa Thorell 1870 JD-S07
         |           `--T. leblondi Latreille 1804 MU90
         |--Paraphysa Simon 1892 FNB08
         |    `--P. scrofa Molina 1788 FNB08
         |--Euathlus Ausserer 1875 FNB08
         |    |--E. vagans [=Eurypelma vagans] R95
         |    `--E. vulpinus (Karsch 1880) FNB08
         `--+--Maraca Pérez-Miles 2006 FNB08
            |    `--M. horrida (Schmidt 1994) FNB08
            |--Kochiana Fukushima & Nagahama 2008 FNB08
            |    `--*K. brunnipes (Koch 1842) (see below for synonymy) FNB08
            |--Plesiopelma Pocock 1901 FNB08
            |    |--P. insulare (Mello-Leitão 1923) FNB08
            |    `--P. longisternale (Schiapelli & Gerschman 1942) FNB08
            |--Homoeomma Ausserer 1871 FNB08
            |    |--H. montanum (Mello-Leitão 1923) FNB08
            |    |--H. stradlingi Pickard-Cambridge 1881 FNB08
            |    `--H. uruguayense (Mello-Leitão 1946) P-M02
            |--+--Melloleitaoina Gerschman & Schiapelli 1960 FNB08
            |  |    `--M. crassifemur Gerschman & Schiapelli 1960 FNB08
            |  `--Tmesiphantes Simon 1892 FNB08
            |       `--T. nubilus Simon 1892 FNB08
            |--Grammostola Simon 1892 FNB08
            |    |--G. actaeon (Pocock 1903) FNB08
            |    |--G. iheringi (Keyserling 1891) FF08
            |    |--G. mollicoma (Ausserer 1875) P-M02
            |    |--G. pulchripes (Simon 1891) P-M02
            |    `--G. schulzei (Schmidt 1994) FF08
            `--+--Cyriocosmus Simon 1903 FNB08
               |    |--C. elegans Simon 1889 FNB08
               |    |--C. nogueiranetoi Fukushima et al. 2005 FNB08
               |    `--C. sellatus (Simon 1889) FNB08
               `--+--Chromatopelma Schmidt 1995 FNB08
                  |    `--C. cyaneopubescens (Strand 1907) FNB08
                  `--Hapalopus Ausserer 1875 FNB08
                       |--H. formosus Ausserer 1875 FNB08
                       `--H. pentaloris (Simon 1888) R95

Theraphosidae incertae sedis:
  Aphonopelma FF08
    |--A. chalcodes Chamberlin 1940 BFSJ08
    |--A. hageni (Strand 1906) [=Eurypelma hageni, Avicularia hageni] J98
    `--A. hentzi (Girard 1852) [=Dugesiella hentzi] BFSJ08
  Selenotholus B96
  Selenotypus plumipes B96
  Sason Simon 1889 [incl. Sarpedon Cambr. 1883 (preoc.)] K92
    `--S. robustum (Cambr. 1883) [=Sarpedon robustum] K92
  Poecilotheria Simon 1885 [incl. Scurria Koch 1850 non Gray 1847] K92
    |--P. fasciata (Latreille 1804) [=Mygale fasciata] K92
    `--P. miranda BB14
  Megaphobema MU90
  Ephebopus MU90
  Hysterocrates [incl. Hysterocratella Strand 1906] J98
    |--H. greeffi (Karsch 1884) [incl. H. maximus Strand 1906] J98
    |--H. robustus Pocock 1899 [incl. H. robustus var. sulcifera Strand 1908, H. robustus sulcifer] J98
    `--H. weileri Strand 1906 [=H. (*Hysterocratella) weileri] J98
  Phormictopus Pocock 1901 MF17
    `--P. cancerides (Latreille 1806) [incl. P. cancerides tenuispina Strand 1906] J98
  Phormingochilus fuchsi Strand 1906 J98
  Lyroscelus Cambridge 1901 B06
    `--*L. bonhotei Cambridge 1901 B06
  Acanthopelma B06
    |--A. maculata Banks 1906 B06
    `--A. rufescens B06
  Cyrtopholis Sim. 1892 T94
    `--C. antillana Thorell 1894 T94
  Lasiodora Koch 1850 T94
    `--L. weijenberghii Thorell 1894 T94
  Lycinus Thorell 1894 T94
    `--*L. longipes Thorell 1894 T94
  Brachypelma Simon 1891 MF17
    |  i. s.: *B. emilia (White 1856) [=Mygale emilia] MF17
    |--B. klaasi (Schmidt & Krause 1994) MF17, FF08
    `--+--B. albiceps Pocock 1903 MF17
       `--+--B. hamorii Tesmoingt, Cleton & Verdez 1997 MF17
          `--+--B. smithi (Pickard-Cambridge 1897) (see below for synonymy) MF17
             `--+--B. auratum Schmidt 1992 MF17
                |--B. baumgarteni Smith 1993 MF17
                `--B. boehmei Schmidt & Klaas 1993 MF17
  Oligoxystre G11
  Catumiri uruguayense Guadanucci 2004 BFSJ08
  Encyocratella olivacea Strand 1907 [incl. Xenodendrophila gabrielli Gallon 2003] BFSJ08
  Holothele rondoni (Lucas & Bücherl 1972) G11
  Guyruita cerrado Guadanucci et al. 2007 G11
  Cyclosterorum elegans V09
  Ceratogyrus bechuanicus Purcell 1902 JD-S07, WS02
  Euphrictus JD-S07
  Annandaliella JD-S07
  Rhechostica R95
    `--‘Eurypelma’ rusticum Simon 1890 R95
  Sericopelma Ausserer 1875 MF17
  Psalmopoeus cambridgei Pocock 1895 MF17
  Bonnetina Vol 2000 MF17
  Ischnocolinopsis acutus Wunderlich 1988 S93
  Citharoscelus C01b

Avicularia Lamarck 1818 FNB08 [=Eurypelma Koch 1850 FNB08, Mygale Lamarck 1802 non Cuvier 1800 FNB08; Aviculariinae P-M02]

*Avicularia avicularia (Linnaeus 1758) FNB08 [=Aranea avicularia FNB08, *Eurypelma avicularia FNB08, *Mygale avicularia FNB08; incl. Avicularia canceridea K92]

Brachypelma smithi (Pickard-Cambridge 1897) [=Eurypelma smithi, Euathlus smithi; incl. B. annitha Tesmoingt, Cleton & Verdez 1997] MF17

Chilobrachys guangxiensis (Yin & Tan 2000) [=Plesiophrictus guangxiensis; incl. C. jingzhao Zhu, Song & Li 2001] ZZ08

Haplopelma schmidti von Wirth 1991 [incl. Selenocosmia huwena Wang et al. 1993, H. huwenum, Ornithoctonus huwena] ZZ08

*Kochiana brunnipes (Koch 1842) [=Mygale brunnipes, Avicularia brunnipes, Eurypelma brunnipes, Mygale brunneipes] FNB08

Selenocosmia Ausserer 1871 [incl. Chilocosmia Schmidt & von Wirth 1992, Phlogius Simon 1887, Selenopelma Schmidt & Krause 1995] ZZ08

*Type species of generic name indicated

REFERENCES

[B06] Banks, N. 1906. Arachnida from the Bahamas. Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History 22: 185–189.

[BFSJ08] Bertani, R., C. S. Fukushima & P. I. da Silva Júnior. 2008. Mating behavior of Sickius longibulbi (Araneae, Theraphosidae, Ischnocolinae), a spider that lacks spermathecae. Journal of Arachnology 36 (2): 331–335.

[BB14] Bloom, T., G. Binford, L. A. Esposito, G. A. Garcia, I. Peterson, A. Nishida, K. Loubet-Senear & I. Agnarsson. 2014. Discovery of two new species of eyeless spiders within a single Hispaniola cave. Journal of Arachnology 42 (2): 148–154.

[B96] Brunet, B. 1996. Spiderwatch: A Guide to Australian Spiders. Reed New Holland: Sydney.

[C01a] Cambridge, F. O. P. 1901a. A revision of the genera of the Araneae or spiders with reference to their type species. Annals and Magazine of Natural History, series 7, 7: 51–65.

[C01b] Cambridge, F. O. P. 1901b. On a collection of spiders from the Bahama Islands, made by J. L. Bonhote, Esq.; with characters of a new genus and species of Mygalomorphae. Annals and Magazine of Natural History, series 7, 7: 322–332.

[E12] Evenhuis, N. L. 2012. Publication and dating of the Exploration Scientifique de l'Algérie: Histoire Naturelle des Animaux Articulés (1846–1849) by Pierre Hippolyte Lucas. Zootaxa 3448: 1–61.

[FF08] Ferretti, N. E., & A. A. Ferrero. 2008. Courtship and mating behavior of Grammostola schulzei (Schmidt 1994) (Araneae, Theraphosidae), a burrowing tarantula from Argentina. Journal of Arachnology 36 (2): 480–483.

[FNB08] Fukushima, C. S., R. H. Nagahama & R. Bertani. 2008. The identity of Mygale brunnipes C. L. Koch 1842 (Araneae, Theraphosidae), with a redescription of the species and the description of a new genus. Journal of Arachnology 36 (2): 402–410.

[G11] Guadanucci, J. P. L. 2011. Cladistic analysis and biogeography of the genus Oligoxystre Vellard 1924 (Araneae: Mygalomorphae: Theraphosidae). Journal of Arachnology 39 (2): 320–326.

[J98] Jäger, P. 1998. Das Typenmaterial der Spinnentiere (Arachnida: Acari, Amblypygi, Araneae, Opiliones, Pseudoscorpiones, Scorpiones, Uropygi) aus dem Museum Wiesbaden. Jahrbuecher des Nassauischen Vereins fuer Naturkunde 119: 81–91.

[J-GP07] Jiménez-Guri, E., H. Philippe, B. Okamura & P. W. H. Holland. 2007. Buddenbrockia is a cnidarian worm. Science 317: 116–118.

[JD-S07] Jocqué, R., & A. S. Dippenaar-Schoeman. 2007. Spider Families of the World. Royal Museum for Central Africa: Tervuren (Belgium).

[K92] Karsch, F. 1892. Arachniden von Ceylon und von Minikoy gesammelt von den Herren Doctoren P. und F. Sarasin. Berliner Entomologische Zeitschrift 36 (2): 267–310.

[L02] Latreille, P. A. 1802. Histoire Naturelle, générale et particulière des crustacés et des insectes vol. 3. Familles naturelles des genres. F. Dufart: Paris.

[MU90] Marshall, S. D., & G. W. Uetz. 1990. Incorporation of urticating hairs into silk: a novel defense mechanism in two Neotropical tarantulas (Araneae, Theraphosidae). Journal of Arachnology 18: 143–150.

[MF17] Mendoza, J., & O. Francke. 2017. Systematic revision of Brachypelma red-kneed tarantulas (Araneae: Theraphosidae), and the use of DNA barcodes to assist in the identification and conservation of CITES-listed species. Invertebrate Systematics 31: 157–179.

[PCBFF08] Pedroso, D. R., R. L. Cerqueira Baptista & P. S. Fiúza Ferreira. 2008. Trechona rufa (Araneae, Dipluridae): new status, redescription and neotype designation with notes on the genus. Journal of Arachnology 36 (2): 360–367.

[P-M02] Pérez-Miles, F. 2002. The occurrence of abdominal urticating hairs during development in Theraphosinae (Araneae, Theraphosidae): phylogenetic implications. Journal of Arachnology 30 (2): 316–320.

[P01] Pocock, R. I. 1901. Descriptions of some new African Arachnida. Annals and Magazine of Natural History, series 7, 7: 284–288.

[R95] Raven, R. J. 1995. Coxal glands of spiders of the genera Bymainiella, Atrax and Namea (Hexathelidae, Dipluridae, Mygalomorphae). Records of the Western Australian Museum Supplement 52: 67–71.

[SP10] Santos, R., & C. E. Prieto. 2010. Los Assamiidae (Opiliones: Assamiidae) de Río Muni (Guinea Ecuatorial), con la descripción de ocho nuevas especies. Revista de Biologia Tropical 58 (1): 203–243.

[S93] Selden, P. A. 1993. Arthropoda (Aglaspidida, Pycnogonida and Chelicerata). In: Benton, M. J. (ed.) The Fossil Record 2 pp. 297–320. Chapman & Hall: London.

[T94] Thorell, T. 1894. Förteckning öfver Arachnider från Java och närgränsande öar, insamlade af docenten D:r Carl Aurivillius; jemte beskrifingar å några sydasiatiska och sydamerikanska Spindlar. Bihang till K. Svenska Vetenskaps-Akademiens Handlingar 20 pt 4 (4): 1–63.

[V09] Verdcourt, B. (ed.) 2009. Additions to the Wild Fauna and Flora of the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew. XXVI. Miscellaneous records. Kew Bulletin 64 (1): 183–194.

[WS02] Whitmore, C., R. Slotov, T. E. Crouch & A. S. Dippenaar-Schoeman. 2002. Diversity of spiders (Araneae) in a savanna reserve, Northern Province, South Africa. Journal of Arachnology 30 (2): 344–356.

[Y95] Yen, A. L. 1995. Australian spiders: an opportunity for conservation. Records of the Western Australian Museum Supplement 52: 39–47.

[ZZ08] Zhu, M.-S., & R. Zhang. 2008. Revision of the theraphosid spiders from China (Araneae: Mygalomorphae). Journal of Arachnology 36 (2): 425–447.

Last updated: 12 October 2019.

Dipluridae

Female Ischnothele caudata, copyright Marshal Hedin.

Belongs within: Avicularoidea.

The Dipluridae are a group of mygalomorph spiders that capture prey with a sheet web attached to a funnel-shaped retreat. They are distinguished by an extremely long, widely spaced pair of posterior spinnerets that extend well past the abdomen; the median spinnerets are much shorter but also widely spaced (Jocqué & Dippenaar-Schoeman 2007). Within the family, members of the subfamily Diplurinae have two rows of teeth on the paired claws of the legs; other subfamilies possess a single row of teeth.

Characters (from Jocqué & Dippenaar-Schoeman 2007): Small to large; cephalic region low; eight eyes present in a compact rectangular group; rastellum present, cheliceral furrow with two rows of strong teeth; legs with three tarsal claws; four spinnerets present, widely spaced, posterior pair very long.

<==Dipluridae
    |--Masteriinae JD-S07
    |--Euagrus BS09 [Euagrinae JD-S07]
    |    `--E. chisoseus BS09
    |--Ischnothele Ausserer 1875 PCBFF08 [Ischnothelinae JD-S07]
    |    |--I. annulata Tullgren 1905 FM11
    |    |--I. caudata Ausserer 1875 PCBFF08
    |    |--I. guyanensis B06
    |    `--I. mashonica Pocock 1901 P01
    `--Diplurinae JD-S07
         |  i. s.: Clostes priscus Menge 1869 S02
         |         Diplura Koch 1850 PCBFF08
         |--Pseudatrax Rainbow 1914 [Pseudatraceae] R14
         |    `--*P. moreaui Rainbow 1914 R14
         |--Poikilomorphia Rainbow 1914 [Poikilomorphiae] R14
         |    `--*P. montana Rainbow 1914 R14
         `--Brachytheleae R14
              |--Brachythele chinensis Kulczyński 1901 R14, K01
              `--Euctimena Rainbow 1914 R14
                   `--*E. tibialis Rainbow 1914 R14

Dipluridae incertae sedis:
  Trechona Koch 1850 [incl. Eudiplura Simon 1892, Onysopelma Simon 1864, Pezionyx Simon 1864] PCBFF08
    |--T. rogenhoferi (Ausserer 1871) (n. d.) [=Diplura rogenhoferi, Eudiplura rogenhoferi] PCBFF08
    |--T. rufa Vellard 1924 [=T. venosa rufa] PCBFF08
    |--T. uniformis Mello-Leitão 1935 PCBFF08
    `--T. venosa (Latreille 1832) PCBFF08
  Linothele Karsch 1879 PCBFF08
    |--L. megatheloides Paz & Platnick 1977 PCBFF08
    `--L. sericata (Karsch 1879) [=Trechona sericata] PCBFF08
  Allothele JD-S07
  Thelechoris karschi E95
  Dekana diversicolor K77
  Microhexura montivaga E95
  Namea R95

*Type species of generic name indicated

REFERENCES

[B06] Banks, N. 1906. Arachnida from the Bahamas. Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History 22: 185–189.

[BS09] Blackledge, T. A., N. Scharff, J. A. Coddington, T. Szüts, J. W. Wenzel, C. Y. Hayashi & I. Agnarsson. 2009. Reconstructing web evolution and spider diversification in the molecular era. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the USA 106 (13): 5229–5234.

[E95] Elgar, M. A. 1995. The duration of copulation in spiders: comparative patterns. Records of the Western Australian Museum Supplement 52: 1–11.

[FM11] Freire-Jr, G. de B., & P. C. Motta. 2011. Effects of experimental fire regimes on the abundance and diversity of cursorial arachnids of Brazilian savannah (cerrado biome). Journal of Arachnology 39 (2): 263–272.

[JD-S07] Jocqué, R., & A. S. Dippenaar-Schoeman. 2007. Spider Families of the World. Royal Museum for Central Africa: Tervuren (Belgium).

[K77] Koch, L. E. 1977. The taxonomy, geographic distribution and evolutionary radiation of Australo-Papuan scorpions. Records of the Western Australian Museum 5 (2): 83–367.

[PCBFF08] Pedroso, D. R., R. L. Cerqueira Baptista & P. S. Fiúza Ferreira. 2008. Trechona rufa (Araneae, Dipluridae): new status, redescription and neotype designation with notes on the genus. Journal of Arachnology 36 (2): 360–367.

[P01] Pocock, R. I. 1901. Diagnoses of some new species of spiders from Mashonaland. Annals and Magazine of Natural History, series 7, 7: 337–340.

[R14] Rainbow, W. J. 1914. Studies in Australian Araneidae, no. 6, the Terretelariae. Records of the Australian Museum 10 (8): 187–270.

[R95] Raven, R. J. 1995. Coxal glands of spiders of the genera Bymainiella, Atrax and Namea (Hexathelidae, Dipluridae, Mygalomorphae). Records of the Western Australian Museum Supplement 52: 67–71.

[S02] Selden, P. A. 2002. First British Mesozoic spider, from Cretaceous amber of the Isle of Wight, southern England. Palaeontology 45 (5): 973–983.

Last updated: 16 June 2020.

Nemesiidae

Nemesia sp., copyright Ferran Pestaña.

Belongs within: Avicularoidea.
Contains: Anamini.

The Nemesiidae are a fairly generalised family of mygalomorph spiders characterised by a double row of teeth on the paired leg claws, at least in females. They live in silk-lined burrows of various forms, with some species closing their burrow with a lid. In most subfamilies, both males and females have biserially dentate leg claws but in males of the subfamily Bemmerinae the teeth are arranged in an S-shaped row (Jocqué & Dippenaar-Schoeman 2007).

Characters (from Jocqué & Dippenaar-Schoeman 2007): Medium-sized to very large; cephalic region low; eight eyes present in two rows; palpal claw of female with teeth on promargin; tarsi with scopulae, three tarsal claws present or rarely two, paired claws broad, biserially dentate; four spinnerets present, apical segment of posterior spinnerets digitiform.

<==Nemesiidae [Nemesieae]
    |--Bemmerinae JD-S07
    |--Diplothelopsinae JD-S07
    |--Anaminae LP08
    |    |  i. s.: Acanthogonatus LP08
    |    |         Hermacha LP08
    |    `--Anamini MF09
    |--Ixamatus R14 [=Ixalus Koch 1873 (preoc.) R14; Ixamatinae JD-S07]
    |    |--*I. varius (Koch 1873) [=Ixalus varius, Hapalothele varia] R14
    |    |--I. broomii R14
    |    |--I. distinctus Rainbow 1914 R14
    |    `--I. gregorii R14
    |--Pycnothelinae LP08
    |    |--Chaco LP08
    |    |--Hermachura LP08
    |    |--Prorachias LP08
    |    |--Psalistopoides LP08
    |    |--Pselligmus LP08
    |    |--Pycnothele LP08
    |    |--Rachias LP08
    |    |--Stenoterommata LP08
    |    `--Neostothis Vellard 1925 LP08
    |         `--*N. gigas Vellard 1925 LP08
    `--Nemesia Audouin 1826 [Nemesiinae] JD-S07
         |--N. badia R13
         |--N. bristowei Decae 2005 F05
         |--N. caementaria R95
         |--N. corsica Simon 1914 K55
         |--N. dubia K55
         |--N. ibiza Decae 2005 F05
         |--N. kahmanni Kraus 1955 K55
         |--N. randa Decae 2005 F05
         |--N. santeugenia Decae 2005 F05
         |--N. santeulalia Decae 2005 F05
         |--N. seldeni Decae 2005 F05
         `--N. valenciae Kraus 1955 K55

Nemesiidae incertae sedis:
  ‘Trechona’ adspersa Bertkau 1880 PCBFF08
  Stanwellia Rainbow & Pulleine 1918 MF09
    |--S. bipectinata (Todd 1945) [=Aparua bipectinata] PVD10
    |--S. hapua (Forster 1968) [=Aparua hapua] PVD10
    |--S. hollowayi (Forster 1968) [=Aparua hollowayi] PVD10
    |--S. houhora (Forster 1968) [=Aparua houhora] PVD10
    |--S. kaituna (Forster 1968) [=Aparua kaituna] NS00
    |--S. media (Forster 1968) [=Aparua media] PVD10
    |--S. puna (Forster 1968) [=Aparua puna] PVD10
    |--S. regia (Forster 1968) [=Aparua regia] PVD10
    |--S. taranga (Forster 1968) [=Aparua taranga] PVD10
    `--S. tuna (Forster 1968) [=Aparua tuna] PVD10
  Cretamygale Selden 2002 S02
    `--*C. chasei Selden 2002 S02
  Scalidognathus Karsch 1892 K92
    `--*S. seticeps Karsch 1892 K92
  Merredinia Main 1983 MF09
  Pseudoteyl Main 1985 MF09
  Teylini M12
    |--Teyl Main 1975 MF09
    `--Teyloides M12
  Entypesa JD-S07

*Type species of generic name indicated

REFERENCES

[F05] Fernández, J. 2005. Noticia de nuevos táxones para la ciencia en el ámbito Íbero-Balear y Macaronésico. Nuevos táxones animales descritos en la península Ibérica y Macaronesia desde 1994 (IX). Graellsia 61 (2): 261–282.

[JD-S07] Jocqué, R., & A. S. Dippenaar-Schoeman. 2007. Spider Families of the World. Royal Museum for Central Africa: Tervuren (Belgium).

[K92] Karsch, F. 1892. Arachniden von Ceylon und von Minikoy gesammelt von den Herren Doctoren P. und F. Sarasin. Berliner Entomologische Zeitschrift 36 (2): 267–310.

[K55] Kraus, O. 1955. Spinnen von Korsika, Sardinien und Elba (Arach., Araneae). Senckenbergiana Biologica 36: 371–394.

[LP08] Lucas, S. M., V. Passanha, C. R. V. Janini & R. P. Indicatti. 2008. On the genus Neostothis Vellard (Araneae, Nemesiidae). Journal of Arachnology 36 (2): 472–475.

[M12] Main, B. Y. 2012. Description and biogeographic implications of a new species of the Chenistonia maculata group from south-western Western Australia and rediagnosis of Chenistonia (Araneae: Mygalomorphae: Nemesiidae). Records of the Western Australian Museum 27 (2): 176–181.

[MF09] Main, B. Y., & V. W. Framenau. 2009. A new genus of mygalomorph spider from the Great Victoria Desert and neighbouring arid country in south-eastern Western Australia (Araneae: Nemesiidae). Records of the Western Australian Museum 25 (3): 277–285.

[NS00] Nicholls, D. C., P. J. Sirvid, S. D. Pollard & M. Walker. 2000. A list of arachnid primary types held in Canterbury Museum. Records of the Canterbury Museum 14: 37–48.

[PVD10] Paquin, P., C. J. Vink & N. Dupérré. 2010. Spiders of New Zealand: annotated family key and species list. Manaaki Whenua Press: Lincoln (New Zealand).

[PCBFF08] Pedroso, D. R., R. L. Cerqueira Baptista & P. S. Fiúza Ferreira. 2008. Trechona rufa (Araneae, Dipluridae): new status, redescription and neotype designation with notes on the genus. Journal of Arachnology 36 (2): 360–367.

[R14] Rainbow, W. J. 1914. Studies in Australian Araneidae, no. 6, the Terretelariae. Records of the Australian Museum 10 (8): 187–270.

[R95] Raven, R. J. 1995. Coxal glands of spiders of the genera Bymainiella, Atrax and Namea (Hexathelidae, Dipluridae, Mygalomorphae). Records of the Western Australian Museum Supplement 52: 67–71.

[R13] Reuter, O. M. 1913. Lebensgewohnheiten und Instinkte der Insekten bis zum Erwachen der sozialen Instinkte. R. Friedländer & Sohn: Berlin.

[S02] Selden, P. A. 2002. First British Mesozoic spider, from Cretaceous amber of the Isle of Wight, southern England. Palaeontology 45 (5): 973–983.

Last updated: 26 January 2022.

Rastelloidina

Tree trapdoor spider Migas sp., copyright Simon Grove.

Belongs within: Avicularoidea.
Contains: Idiopoidea.

The Rastelloidina are a clade of mygalomorph spiders characterised by the presence of a rastellum, an array of spines at the ends of the chelicerae used in digging. In members of the family Cyrtaucheniidae, the paired tarsal claws are biserially dentate in females and have a ventral S-shaped row of teeth in females, whereas the dentition of tarsal claws is generally reduced and forming a single row only in other families. The Migoidea, including the families Migidae and Actinopodidae, have short, thick cheliceral fangs that are diagonal and converging (Jocqué & Dippenaar-Schoeman 2007).

Synapomorphies (from Jocqué & Dippenaar-Schoeman 2007): Fovea closed and longitudinal; rastellum present; cheliceral fangs short, thick and diagonal; palpal coxa elongate; posterior legs with spines on dorsal surface.

<==Rastelloidina
    |--Cyrtaucheniidae JD-S07
    |    |  i. s.: Fufius BFSJ08
    |    |         Acontius JD-S07
    |    |--Aporoptychiinae [Aporoptychi] JD-S07
    |    |    |--Rhytidicolus Simon 1889 S89
    |    |    |    `--*R. structor Simon 1889 S89
    |    |    |--Ancylotrypa bicornuta Strand 1906 S89, J98
    |    |    |--*Phaenothele gaujoni (Sim. 1889) S89
    |    |    |--Phaeoclita Simon 1889 S89
    |    |    |    `--*P. fauna Simon 1889 S89
    |    |    |--Aporoptychus S89
    |    |    |    |--*A. australis S89
    |    |    |    `--A. africanus Simon 1889 S89
    |    |    `--Celidotopus Simon 1889 S89
    |    |         `--*C. pulchripes Simon 1889 S89
    |    |--Cyrtaucheniinae [Cyrtauchenii] JD-S07
    |    |    |--Cyrtauchenius Thorell 1869 JD-S07
    |    |    |--Entychides S89
    |    |    `--Atmetochilus S89
    |    `--Eucteniza S89 [Euctenizinae JD-S07]
    `--Domiothelina JD-S07
         |--Idiopoidea JD-S07
         `--Migoidea JD-S07
              |--Actinopodidae [Actinopodinae] JD-S07
              |    |--Plesiolena Goloboff & Platnick 1987 JD-S07
              |    |--Actinopus Perty 1833 JD-S07
              |    |    |--A. algerianus Lucas 1846 E12
              |    |    |--A. formosus Rainbow 1896 R96
              |    |    `--A. robustus JD-S07
              |    `--Missulena Walckenaer 1805 F95 [=Eriodon Latreille 1804 C01]
              |         |--*M. occatoria Walckenaer 1805 F95 [=*Eriodon occatorium C01, Mygale (Eriodon) occatoria G20]
              |         |--M. bradleyi Rainbow 1914 F95
              |         |--M. dipsaca Faulder 1995 F95
              |         |--M. granulosa (Cambridge 1868) F95
              |         |--M. hoggi Womersley 1943 F95
              |         |--M. insignis (Cambridge 1877) F95
              |         |--M. pruinosa Levitt-Gregg 1966 F95
              |         |--M. reflexa Rainbow & Pulleine 1918 F95
              |         `--M. rutraspina Faulder 1995 F95
              `--Migidae PVD10
                   |  i. s.: Goloboffia Griswold & Ledford 2001 JD-S07
                   |         Mallecomigas Goloboff & Platnick 1987 JD-S07
                   |         Micromesomma Pocock 1895 JD-S07
                   |         Poecilomigas Simon 1903 JD-S07
                   |         Thyropoeus Pocock 1895 JD-S07
                   |--Paramigas Pocock 1895 [Paramiginae] JD-S07
                   |--Calathotarsinae [Homogoneae] JD-S07
                   |    |--Calathotarsus Simon 1903 JD-S07
                   |    |--Heteromigas Hogg 1902 R14, JD-S07
                   |    `--Homogona Rainbow 1914 R14
                   |         `--*H. pulleinei Rainbow 1914 R14
                   `--Miginae [Migae] PVD10
                        |--Moggridgea P.-Cambridge 1875 S89, JD-S07
                        |    |--M. australis Y95
                        |    `--M. tingle Main 1991 DH10
                        |--Myrtale S89
                        `--Migas Koch 1873 PVD10
                             |--*M. paradoxus Koch 1873 PVD10
                             |--M. australis Wilton 1968 PVD10
                             |--M. borealis Wilton 1968 PVD10
                             |--M. cambridgei Wilton 1968 PVD10
                             |--M. cantuarius Wilton 1968 PVD10
                             |--M. centralis Wilton 1968 PVD10
                             |--M. cumberi Wilton 1968 PVD10
                             |--M. distinctus Pickard-Cambridge 1879 PVD10
                             |--M. gatenbyi Wilton 1968 PVD10
                             |--M. giveni Wilton 1968 PVD10
                             |--M. goyeni Wilton 1968 PVD10
                             |--M. hesperus Wilton 1968 PVD10
                             |--M. hollowayi Wilton 1968 PVD10
                             |--M. insularis Wilton 1968 PVD10
                             |--M. kirki Wilton 1968 PVD10
                             |--M. kochi Wilton 1968 PVD10
                             |--M. linburnensis Wilton 1968 PVD10
                             |--M. lomasi Wilton 1968 PVD10
                             |--M. marplesi Wilton 1968 PVD10
                             |--M. minor Wilton 1968 PVD10
                             |--M. otari Wilton 1968 PVD10
                             |--M. quintus Wilton 1968 PVD10
                             |--M. sandageri Goyen 1891 PVD10
                             |--M. saxatilis Wilton 1968 PVD10
                             |--M. secundus Wilton 1968 PVD10
                             |--M. solitarius Wilton 1968 PVD10
                             |--M. taierii Todd 1945 PVD10
                             |--M. tasmani Wilton 1968 PVD10
                             |--M. toddae Wilton 1968 PVD10
                             `--M. tuhoe Wilton 1968 PVD10

*Type species of generic name indicated

REFERENCES

[BFSJ08] Bertani, R., C. S. Fukushima & P. I. da Silva Júnior. 2008. Mating behavior of Sickius longibulbi (Araneae, Theraphosidae, Ischnocolinae), a spider that lacks spermathecae. Journal of Arachnology 36 (2): 331–335.

[C01] Cambridge, F. O. P. 1901. A revision of the genera of the Araneae or spiders with reference to their type species. Annals and Magazine of Natural History, series 7, 7: 51–65.

[DH10] Durrant, B. J., M. S. Harvey, V. W. Framenau, R. Ott & J. M. Waldock. 2010. Patterns in the composition of ground-dwelling spider communities in the Pilbara bioregion, Western Australia. Records of the Western Australian Museum Supplement 78 (1): 185–204.

[E12] Evenhuis, N. L. 2012. Publication and dating of the Exploration Scientifique de l'Algérie: Histoire Naturelle des Animaux Articulés (1846–1849) by Pierre Hippolyte Lucas. Zootaxa 3448: 1–61.

[F95] Faulder, R. J. 1995. Two new species of the Australian spider genus Missulena Walckenaer (Araneae: Actinopodidae). Records of the Western Australian Museum Supplement 52: 73–78.

[G20] Goldfuss, G. A. 1820. Handbuch der Naturgeschichte vol. 3. Handbuch der Zoologie pt 1. Johann Leonhard Schrag: Nürnberg.

[J98] Jäger, P. 1998. Das Typenmaterial der Spinnentiere (Arachnida: Acari, Amblypygi, Araneae, Opiliones, Pseudoscorpiones, Scorpiones, Uropygi) aus dem Museum Wiesbaden. Jahrbuecher des Nassauischen Vereins fuer Naturkunde 119: 81–91.

[JD-S07] Jocqué, R., & A. S. Dippenaar-Schoeman. 2007. Spider Families of the World. Royal Museum for Central Africa: Tervuren (Belgium).

[PVD10] Paquin, P., C. J. Vink & N. Dupérré. 2010. Spiders of New Zealand: annotated family key and species list. Manaaki Whenua Press: Lincoln (New Zealand).

[R96] Rainbow, W. J. 1896. Descriptions of some new Araneidae of New South Wales. No. 6. Proceedings of the Linnean Society of New South Wales 21 (3): 320–344, pls 18–20.

[R14] Rainbow, W. J. 1914. Studies in Australian Araneidae, no. 6, the Terretelariae. Records of the Australian Museum 10 (8): 187–270.

[S89] Simon, E. 1889. Voyage de M. E. Simon au Venezuela (Décembre 1887–Avril 1888). 4^e mémoire. Arachnides. Annales de la Société Entomologique de France, 6^e série 9: 169–220, pls 1–3.

[Y95] Yen, A. L. 1995. Australian spiders: an opportunity for conservation. Records of the Western Australian Museum Supplement 52: 39–47.

Last updated: 26 January 2022.

Austrochiloidea

Macrogradungula moonya, copyright Szűts Tamás.

Belongs within: Neocribellatae.

The Austrochiloidea are a clade of araneomorph spiders found in southern South America and Australasia that retain two pairs of spiracular openings, with the posterior book-lungs often modified into tracheae. The Australasian Gradungulidae are characterised by strongly dissimilar claws on the first two pairs of legs, together with numerous ventral spines on the tarsi. The tarsal claws are equal in members of the Austrochilidae, found in southern South America and Tasmania (Jocqué & Dippenaar-Schoeman 2007).

<==Austrochiloidea JD-S07
    |--Austrochilidae [Hickmaniidae] JD-S07
    |    |--Hickmania Gertsch 1985 [Hickmaniinae] JD-S07
    |    |    `--H. troglodytes [=Theridion troglodytes] FF99
    |    `--Austrochilinae JD-S07
    |         |--Thaida Karsch 1880 JD-S07
    |         |    `--T. peculiaris R14
    |         `--Austrochilus Gertsch & Zapfe 1955 JD-S07
    |              |--A. forsteri R14
    |              |--A. franckei JD-S07
    |              `--A. melon JD-S07
    `--Gradungulidae JD-S07
         |--Kayia Gray 1987 JD-S07
         |--Gradungula Forster 1955 PVD10
         |    `--*G. sorenseni Forster 1955 PVD10
         |--Tarlina Gray 1987 JD-S07
         |    `--T. woodwardi [=Gradungula woodwardi] FF99
         |--Spelungula Forster in Forster et al. 1987 PVD10
         |    `--*S. cavernicola Forster in Forster et al. 1987 PVD10
         |--Pianoa Forster in Forster et al. 1987 PVD10
         |    `--*P. isolata Forster in Forster et al. 1987 PVD10
         |--Progradungula Forster & Gray 1979 JD-S07
         |    `--P. carraiensis FF99
         `--Macrogradungula Gray 1987 JD-S07
              `--M. moonya MF01

*Type species of generic name indicated

REFERENCES

[FF99] Forster, R., & L. Forster. 1999. Spiders of New Zealand and their World-wide Kin. University of Otago Press: Dunedin (New Zealand).

[JD-S07] Jocqué, R., & A. S. Dippenaar-Schoeman. 2007. Spider Families of the World. Royal Museum for Central Africa: Tervuren (Belgium).

[MF01] Monteith, G. B., & L. H. Field. 2001. Australian king crickets: distribution, habitats and biology (Orthoptera: Anostostomatidae). In: Field, L. H. (ed.) The Biology of Wetas, King Crickets and Their Allies pp. 79–94. CABI Publishing: Wallingford (UK).

[PVD10] Paquin, P., C. J. Vink & N. Dupérré. 2010. Spiders of New Zealand: annotated family key and species list. Manaaki Whenua Press: Lincoln (New Zealand).

[R14] Ramírez, M. J. 2014. The morphology and phylogeny of dionychan spiders (Araneae: Araneomorphae). Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History 390: 1–374.

Last updated: 26 January 2022.

Nesticidae

Nesticus cellulanus, copyright Gernot Kunz.

Belongs within: Araneoidea.

The Nesticidae, cave cobweb spiders, are a group of small spiders that primarily build their highly elastic cobwebs in dark locations. They are distinguished from the closely related Theridiidae by morphology of the male palp, in which the paracymbium is large and proximal, and the cymbium is rebordered (Jocqué & Dippenaar-Schoeman 2007).

Characters (from Jocqué & Dippenaar-Schoeman 2007): Very small to small; eight eyes present in two rows; cheliceral fang furrow with two or three strong teeth and irregular group of numerous small denticles; labium rebordered; legs with three tarsal claws, tarsi IV with row of serrated bristles; ecribellate; entelegyne.

<==Nesticidae
    |--Aituaria Esyunin & Efimik 1998 JD-S07
    |--Canarionesticus Wunderlich 1992 JD-S07
    |--Carpathonesticus Lehtinen & Saaristo 1980 JD-S07
    |--Cyclocarcina Komatsu 1942 JD-S07
    |--Gaucelmus Keyserling 1884 JD-S07
    |--Typhlonesticus Kulczynski 1914 JD-S07
    |--Baltonesticus flexuosus Wunderlich 1986 S93
    |--Heteronesticus magnoparacymbialis Wunderlich 1986 S93
    |--Howaia Lehtinen & Saaristo 1980 MG03
    |    `--*H. mogera (Yaginuma 1972) [=Nesticella mogera, Nesticus mogera] MG03
    |--Eidmannella Roewer 1935 JD-S07
    |    `--E. rostrata JD-S07
    |--Nesticella Lehtinen & Saaristo 1980 MG03
    |    |--*N. nepalensis (Hubert 1973) MG03
    |    |--N. robinsoni Lehtinen & Saaristo 1980 MG03
    |    `--N. taurama Lehtinen & Saaristo 1980 MG03
    |--Eopopino S93
    |    |--E. inopinatus Wunderlich 1986 S93
    |    |--E. longipes Petrunkevitch 1942 S93
    |    `--E. rarus Wunderlich 1986 S93
    `--Nesticus Thorell 1869 [Nesticeae] JD-S07
         |--N. akiensis T07
         |--N. akiyoshiensis T07
         |--N. cellulanus (Clerck 1757) GE02
         |--N. henderickxi JD-S07
         |--N. nasicus TH08
         |--N. noroensis T07
         `--N. silvestrii GE02

*Type species of generic name indicated

REFERENCES

[GE02] Giribet, G., G. D. Edgecombe, W. C. Wheeler & C. Babbitt. 2002. Phylogeny and systematic position of Opiliones: a combined analysis of chelicerate relationships using morphological and molecular data. Cladistics 18: 5–70.

[JD-S07] Jocqué, R., & A. S. Dippenaar-Schoeman. 2007. Spider Families of the World. Royal Museum for Central Africa: Tervuren (Belgium).

[MG03] Marusik, Yu. M., & E. F. Guseinov. 2003. Spiders (Arachnida: Aranei) of Azerbaijan. 1. New family and genus records. Arthropoda Selecta 12 (1): 29–46.

[S93] Selden, P. A. 1993. Arthropoda (Aglaspidida, Pycnogonida and Chelicerata). In: Benton, M. J. (ed.) The Fossil Record 2 pp. 297–320. Chapman & Hall: London.

[TH08] Thomas, S. M., & M. Hedin. 2008. Multigenic phylogeographic divergence in the paleoendemic southern Appalachian opilionid Fumontana deprehendor Shear (Opiliones, Laniatores, Triaenonychidae). Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 46 (2): 645–658.

[T07] Tsurusaki, N. 2007. The Chugoku Mountains—a hotspot of geographical differentiation of species. Taxa 22: 3–14.

Last updated: 22 September 2019.