Cichorieae

Twiggy wreath plant Stephanomeria virgata, copyright Noah Elhardt.

Belongs within: Cichorioideae.
Contains: Leontodontinae, Hieracium, Microseridinae, Crepis, Taraxacum.

The Cichorieae are a group of composite-flowered plants bearing flowerheads with all flowers ligulate and stems with milky latex.

Characters (from Black & Robertson 1965): Flowers all ligulate; plants with milky juice; leaves alternate or radial. Flower-heads homogamous, flowers all bisexual, ligules mostly shortly five-toothed at summit and outer ones often radiating; style with plano-convex branches attenuated towards summit, bearing stigmatic papillae on whole of inner side and well-developed connecting hairs on outside down to below place where branches fork; anthers acute or acuminate at base.

<==Cichorieae [Cichoriaceae, Lactuceae, Liguliflorae] PF02
    |--+--Microseridinae KJ94
    |  `--Stephanomeria [Stephanomeriinae] KJ94
    |       |--S. blairii [=Malacothrix blairii, Munzothamnus blairii] H93
    |       |--S. cichoriacea H93
    |       |--S. diegensis H93
    |       |--S. elata H93
    |       |--S. exigua H93
    |       |    |--S. e. ssp. exigua [incl. S. exigua var. pentachaeta] H93
    |       |    |--S. e. ssp. carotifera H93
    |       |    |--S. e. ssp. coronaria H93
    |       |    |--S. e. ssp. deanei H93
    |       |    `--S. e. ssp. macrocarpa H93
    |       |--S. lactucina H93
    |       |--S. paniculata H93
    |       |--S. parryi H93
    |       |--S. pauciflora KJ94
    |       |    |--S. p. var. pauciflora [incl. S. myrioclada] H93
    |       |    `--S. p. var. parishii H93
    |       |--S. spinosa [=Lygodesmia spinosa] H93
    |       |--S. tenuifolia H93
    |       `--S. virgata H93
    |            |--S. v. ssp. virgata [incl. S. virgata var. tomentosa] H93
    |            `--S. v. ssp. pleurocarpa H93
    `--Crepidinae KJ94
         |--Crepis BR65
         |--Taraxacum BR65
         |--Tolpis Adanson 1763 BR65
         |    `--T. barbata H93 [incl. T. umbellata Bertoloni 1803 H93, BR65]
         |--Chondrilla BR65
         |    |--C. juncea BR65
         |    `--C. prenanthoides C55a
         |--Reichardia Roth. 1787 [incl. Picridium Desfontaines 1799] BR65
         |    |--R. intermedia PT98
         |    `--R. picroides (Linnaeus) Roth 1787 [incl. Picridium vulgare] BR65
         |--Sonchus Linnaeus 1753 BR65, A61
         |    |--S. arvensis BR65
         |    |--S. asper Hill 1760 BR65 [incl. S. fallax C55b]
         |    |--S. grandifolius Kirk 1894 A61
         |    |--S. hydrophilus GK00
         |    |--S. littoralis (Kirk) Cockayne 1907 (see below for synonymy) ME70
         |    |--S. megalocarpus [=S. asper var. megalocarpus Hooker 1860] BR65
         |    |--S. nigrum BN99
         |    |--S. oleraceus M99 [incl. S. ciliatus C55b, S. laevis C55b]
         |    |--S. palustris C55a
         |    |--S. tenerrimus C74
         |    |    |--S. t. var. tenerrimus C74
         |    |    `--S. t. var. perennis C74
         |    `--S. vulgaris Ho91
         `--Lactuca KJ94
              |--L. amorgina S98
              |--L. biennis H93
              |--L. canadensis H93
              |--L. indica MH98
              |--L. lessertiana O88
              |--L. ludoviciana H93
              |--L. muralis C06
              |--L. saligna BR65
              |--L. sativa KJ94 [=L. scariola var. sativa C55b]
              |--L. scariola BR65
              |--L. serriola [incl. L. serriola var. integra] H93
              |--L. tatarica H93
              |    |--L. t. ssp. tatarica H93
              |    `--L. t. ssp. pulchella H93
              |--L. viminea Hu91
              `--L. virosa BR65

Cichorieae incertae sedis:
  Leontodontinae BR65
  Cichorinae BR65
    |--Hedypnois BR65
    |    |--H. cretica [incl. H. polymorpha] BR65
    |    `--H. rhagadioloides GK00
    `--Cichorium BR65
         |--C. endiva H93
         |--C. intybus BR65
         |--C. pumilum PT98 [=C. endivia ssp. pumilum AGF98]
         `--C. spinosum PT98
  Kirkianella Allan 1961 A61
    `--*K. novae-zelandiae (Hooker) Allan 1961 [=Crepis novae-zelandiae Hooker 1864] A61
         |--K. n. f. novae-zelandiae [incl. Hieracium fragile] A61
         |--K. n. f. glauca Allan 1961 A61
         `--K. n. f. minor Allan 1961 A61
  Hieracium N10
  Scolymus hispanicus S06, PT98
  Troximum S06

Sonchus littoralis (Kirk) Cockayne 1907 [=S. oleraceus γ littoralis Kirk 1894, S. asper γ littoralis (Kirk) Kirk 1899] ME70

*Type species of generic name indicated

REFERENCES

[AGF98] Abd El-Ghani, M. M., & A. G. Fahmy. 1998. Composition of and changes in the spontaneous flora of Feiran Oasis, S Sinai, Egypt, in the last 60 years. Willdenowia 28: 123–134.

[A61] Allan, H. H. 1961. Flora of New Zealand vol. 1. Indigenous Tracheophyta: Psilopsida, Lycopsida, Filicopsida, Gymnospermae, Dicotyledones. R. E. Owen, Government Printer: Wellington (New Zealand).

[BR65] Black, J. M., & E. L. Robertson. 1965. Flora of South Australia. Part IV. Oleaceae–Compositae. W. L. Hawes, Government Printer: Adelaide.

[BN99] Bungener, P., S. Nussbaum, A. Grub & J. Fuhrer. 1999. Growth response of grassland species to ozone in relation to soil moisture condition and plant strategy. New Phytologist 142: 283–293.

[C55a] Candolle, A. de. 1855a. Géographie Botanique Raisonée: Ou exposition des faits principaux et des lois concernant la distribution géographique des plantes de l’époque actuelle vol. 1. Librairie de Victor Masson: Paris.

[C55b] Candolle, A. de. 1855b. Géographie Botanique Raisonée: Ou exposition des faits principaux et des lois concernant la distribution géographique des plantes de l’époque actuelle vol. 2. Librairie de Victor Masson: Paris.

[C06] Cheeseman, T. F. 1906. Manual of the New Zealand Flora. John Mackay, Government Printer: Wellington.

[C74] Coineau, Y. 1974. Éléments pour une monographie morphologique, écologique et biologique des Caeculidae (Acariens). Mémoires du Muséum National d'Histoire Naturelle, nouvelle série, Série A, Zoologie 81: 1–299, 24 pls.

[GK00] Gibson, N., & G. J. Keighery. 2000. Flora and vegetation of the Byenup-Muir reserve system, south-west Western Australia. CALMScience 3 (3): 323–402.

[H93] Hickman, J. C. (ed.) 1993. The Jepson Manual: Higher Plants of California. University of California Press: Berkeley (California).

[Ho91] Hokkanen, H. M. T. 1991. Trap cropping in pest management. Annual Review of Entomology 36: 119–138.

[Hu91] Hubálek, Z. 1991. Biogeographic indication of natural foci of tick-borne infections. In: Dusbábek, F., & V. Bukva (eds) Modern Acarology: Proceedings of the VIII International Congress of Acarology, held in České Budĕjovice, Czechoslovakia, 6–11 August 1990 vol. 1 pp. 255–260. SPB Academic Publishing: The Hague.

[KJ94] Kim, K.-J., & R. K. Jansen. 1994. Comparisons of phylogenetic hypotheses among different data sets in dwarf dandelions (Krigia, Asteraceae): additional information from internal transcribed spacer sequences of nuclear ribosomal DNA. Plant Systematics and Evolution 190: 157–185.

[ME70] Moore, L. B., & E. Edgar. 1970. Flora of New Zealand vol. 2. Indigenous Tracheophyta: Monocotyledones except Gramineae. A. R. Shearer, Government Printer: Wellington (New Zealand).

[MH98] Morikawa, H., A. Higaki, M. Nohno, M. Takahashi, M. Kamada, M. Nakata, G. Toyohara, Y. Okamura, K. Matsui, S. Kitani, K. Fujita, K. Irifune & N. Goshima. 1998. More than a 600-fold variation in nitrogen dioxide assimilation among 217 plant taxa. Plant, Cell and Environment 21: 180–190.

[N10] Norrbom, A. L. 2010. Tephritidae (fruit flies, moscas de frutas). In: Brown, B. V., A. Borkent, J. M. Cumming, D. M. Wood, N. E. Woodley & M. A. Zumbado (eds) Manual of Central American Diptera vol. 2 pp. 909–954. NRC Research Press: Ottawa.

[O88] Ohba, H. 1988. The alpine flora of the Nepal Himalayas: an introductory note. In: Ohba, H., & S. B. Malla (eds) The Himalayan Plants vol. 1. The University Museum, University of Tokyo, Bulletin 31: 19–46.

[PF02] Panero, J. L., & V. A. Funk. 2002. Toward a phylogenetic subfamilial classification for the Compositae (Asteraceae). Proceedings of the Biological Society of Washington 115 (4): 909–922.

[PT98] Panitsa, M., & D. Tzanoudakis. 1998. Contribution to the study of the Greek flora: flora and vegetation of the E Aegean islands Agathonisi and Pharmakonisi. Willdenowia 28: 95–116.

[S98] Salmeri, C. 1998. Allium brulloi (Alliaceae), a new species from Astypalea (Aegean Islands, Greece). Willdenowia 28: 69–76.

[S06] Stuckert, T. 1906. Distribución geográfica de la flora Argentina. Géneros de la familia de las compuestas. Anales del Museo Nacional de Buenos Aires, serie 3, 6: 303–309.

Vernonieae

Little ironweed Vernonia cinerea, copyright J. M. Garg.

Belongs within: Cichorioideae.

The Vernonieae are a group of composite-flowered plants, mostly herbs to shrubs, found in tropical and subtropical parts of the world. Species of the type genus Vernonia commonly bear intensely purple flowers and certain species are used in Africa as leaf vegetables or oilseeds.

Characters (from Flora of North America): Annuals, biennials, perennials, or shrubs (rarely trees or lianas) (sap rarely milky). Leaves usually cauline, sometimes basal or basal and cauline; alternate (rarely subopposite distally or opposite); usually petiolate, sometimes sessile (or petioles winged); margins usually more or less dentate, sometimes entire (rarely lobed or dissected). Heads homogamous (discoid, rarely pseudo-radiant or -liguliflorous), usually in corymbiform, paniculiform, or scorpioid arrays, sometimes borne singly or in glomerules (rarely aggregated in second-order heads). Calyculi absent. Phyllaries usually persistent (rarely readily falling), in 2–8+ series, distinct, unequal, herbaceous to chartaceous, margins and/or apices sometimes scarious. Receptacles flat to convex, usually epaleate (often foveolate, sometimes setose). Ray florets absent (rarely corollas of peripheral florets enlarged, zygomorphic, more or less raylike). Disc florets bisexual, fertile; corollas white, ochroleucous, or pink to cyanic (rarely yellow); anther bases more or less sagittate (rarely tailed), apical appendages ovate to lanceolate; styles abaxially hirsutulous (at least distally), branches lance-linear to more or less lanceolate, adaxially continuously stigmatic from bases nearly to apices, apices acute, appendages essentially none. Cypselae more or less monomorphic within heads, columnar to clavate, fusiform, or prismatic, sometimes compressed, not beaked, bodies smooth, nerved, or ribbed (glabrous or hirsutulous to strigillose, sometimes resin-gland-dotted as well); pappi usually persistent, usually in two series (outer series of shorter, stouter bristles or narrow scales, inner of longer, usually barbellate bristles), sometimes in one series (bristles or scales, scales often aristate).

<==Vernonieae
    |--Lessingianthus D03
    |--Hesperomania T00
    |--Pacourina S06
    |--Centratherum S06
    |--Blanchetia S06
    |--Stilpnopappus S06
    |--Lepidaploa D03
    |    `--‘Vernonia’ eriolepis D03
    |--Piptocarpha N10
    |    |--P. angustifolia OB11
    |    `--P. tetrantha SWK87
    |--Mattfeldanthus D03
    |    |--M. andrade-limae (Barroso) Dematteis 2003 (see below for synonymy) D03
    |    `--M. mutisioides D03
    |--Elephantopus N10
    |    |--E. mollis N10
    |    |--E. scaber P03
    |    `--E. tomentosus K03
    `--Vernonia D03
         |--V. auriculifera PB27
         |--V. buxifolia J87
         |--V. cataractarum D03
         |--V. chamaedrys RJ11
         |--V. cinerascens PP07
         |--V. cinerea PP07
         |--V. ekmanii J87
         |--V. gertii Dematteis 2003 D03
         |--V. obionifolia CV06
         |    |--V. o. ssp. obionifolia CV06
         |    `--V. o. ssp. dentata CV06
         |--V. pattens MM96
         |--V. psilophylla D03
         |--V. riedelii H01
         |--V. saepium J87
         `--V. secunda D03

Mattfeldanthus andrade-limae (Barroso) Dematteis 2003 [=Vernonia andrade-limae Barroso 1962; incl. V. nobilis Robinson 1979, Mattfeldanthus nobilis (Robinson) Robinson 1980] D03

*Type species of generic name indicated

REFERENCES

[CV06] Craven, P., & P. Vorster. 2006. Patterns of plant diversity and endemism in Namibia. Bothalia 36 (2): 175–189.

[D03] Dematteis, M. 2003. New species and new combinations in Brazilian Vernonieae (Asteraceae). Taxon 52: 281–286.

[H01] Hempel, A. 1901. Descriptions of Brazilian Coccidae (continued). Annals and Magazine of Natural History, series 7, 7: 556–561.

[J87] Judd, W. S. 1987. Floristic study of Morne La Visite and Pic Macaya National Parks, Haiti. Bulletin of the Florida State Museum—Biological Sciences 32 (1): 1–136.

[K03] Kulip, J. 2003. An ethnobotanical survey of medicinal and other useful plants of Muruts in Sabah, Malaysia. Telopea 10 (1): 81–98.

[MM96] Mound, L. A., & R. Marullo. 1996. The thrips of Central and South America: an introduction (Insecta: Thysanoptera). Memoirs on Entomology, International 6: 1–487.

[N10] Norrbom, A. L. 2010. Tephritidae (fruit flies, moscas de frutas). In: Brown, B. V., A. Borkent, J. M. Cumming, D. M. Wood, N. E. Woodley & M. A. Zumbado (eds) Manual of Central American Diptera vol. 2 pp. 909–954. NRC Research Press: Ottawa.

[OB11] Orenstein, R. I., & D. Brewer. 2011. Family Cardinalidae (cardinals). In: Hoyo, J. del, A. Elliott & D. A. Christie (eds) Handbook of the Birds of the World vol. 16. Tanagers to New World Blackbirds pp. 330–427. Lynx Edicions: Barcelona.

[PP07] Pandey, R. P., & P. M. Padhye. 2007. Studies on phytodiversity of Arid Machia Safari Park-Kailana in Jodhpur (Rajasthan). Bulletin of the Botanical Survey of India 49: 15–78.

[P03] Paul, T. K. 2003. Botanical observations on the Purulia pumped storage hydropower project area, Bagmundi Hills, Purulia district, West Bengal. Bulletin of the Botanical Survey of India 45: 121–142.

[PB27] Pilsbry, H. A., & J. Bequaert. 1927. The aquatic mollusks of the Belgian Congo, with a geographical and ecological account of Congo malacology. Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History 53 (2): 69–602, pls 10–77.

[RJ11] Rising, J. D., A. Jaramillo, J. L. Copete, P. G. Ryan & S. C. Madge. 2011. Family Emberizidae (buntings and New World sparrows). In: Hoyo, J. del, A. Elliott & D. A. Christie (eds) Handbook of the Birds of the World vol. 16. Tanagers to New World Blackbirds pp. 428–683. Lynx Edicions: Barcelona.

[SWK87] Snyder, N. F. R., J. W. Wiley & C. B. Kepler. 1987. The Parrots of Luquillo: Natural history and conservation of the Puerto Rican parrot. Western Foundation of Vertebrate Zoology: Los Angeles.

[S06] Stuckert, T. 1906. Distribución geográfica de la flora Argentina. Géneros de la familia de las compuestas. Anales del Museo Nacional de Buenos Aires, serie 3, 6: 303–309.

[T00] Thorne, R. F. 2000. The classification and geography of the flowering plants: dicotyledons of the class Angiospermae (subclasses Magnoliidae, Ranunculidae, Caryophyllidae, Dilleniidae, Rosidae, Asteridae, and Lamiidae). The Botanical Review 66: 441–647.

Last updated: 21 December 2019.

Taraxacum

Common dandelion Taraxacum officinale, copyright H. Zell.

Belongs within: Cichorieae.

Taraxacum, the dandelions, is a genus of perennial herbs bearing solitary flower heads, of which the common dandelion T. officinale has been spread widely around the world in association with humans.

Characters (from Hickman 1993): Perennial from taproot; sap milky. Stems naked, hollow. Leaves all basal, toothed or lobed; lobes acute. Inflorescence with heads ligulate, solitary, scapose; phyllaries many, outer ovate to lanceolate, generally reflexed, inner erect, linear; receptacle convex, naked. Florets many; ligules yellow, readily withering. Fruit fusiform; ribs rough; beak slender, >> body; pappus of many, white, slender bristles, not plumose.

<==Taraxacum Wiggers 1780 BR65
    |--T. aleppicum PT98
    |--T. californicum H93
    |--T. eripodum O88
    |--T. hellenicum PT98
    |--T. japonicum MH98
    |--T. magellanicum Comm. ex Sch. Bip. 1855 (see below for synonymy) A61
    |--T. mitalii O88
    |--T. officinale Weber 1787 BR65 [incl. T. dens-leonis Desfontaines 1798 BR65, T. laevigatum H93]
    |--T. palustre C55
    |--T. pseudostenoceras O88
    |--T. sikkimense O88
    |--T. tibetanum O88
    `--T. vulgare LNB03

Taraxacum magellanicum Comm. ex Sch. Bip. 1855 [incl. T. officinale var. glabratus Kirk 1899, Leontodon glabratum, T. officinale var. pygmaea Hooker 1853] A61

*Type species of generic name indicated

REFERENCES

[A61] Allan, H. H. 1961. Flora of New Zealand vol. 1. Indigenous Tracheophyta: Psilopsida, Lycopsida, Filicopsida, Gymnospermae, Dicotyledones. R. E. Owen, Government Printer: Wellington (New Zealand).

[BR65] Black, J. M., & E. L. Robertson. 1965. Flora of South Australia. Part IV. Oleaceae–Compositae. W. L. Hawes, Government Printer: Adelaide.

[C55] Candolle, A. de. 1855. Géographie Botanique Raisonée: Ou exposition des faits principaux et des lois concernant la distribution géographique des plantes de l’époque actuelle vol. 1. Librairie de Victor Masson: Paris.

[H93] Hickman, J. C. (ed.) 1993. The Jepson Manual: Higher Plants of California. University of California Press: Berkeley (California).

[LNB03] Ledeganck, P., I. Nijs & L. Beyens. 2003. Plant functional group diversity promotes soil protist diversity. Protist 154 (2): 239–249.

[MH98] Morikawa, H., A. Higaki, M. Nohno, M. Takahashi, M. Kamada, M. Nakata, G. Toyohara, Y. Okamura, K. Matsui, S. Kitani, K. Fujita, K. Irifune & N. Goshima. 1998. More than a 600-fold variation in nitrogen dioxide assimilation among 217 plant taxa. Plant, Cell and Environment 21: 180–190.

[O88] Ohba, H. 1988. The alpine flora of the Nepal Himalayas: an introductory note. In: Ohba, H., & S. B. Malla (eds) The Himalayan Plants vol. 1. The University Museum, University of Tokyo, Bulletin 31: 19–46.

[PT98] Panitsa, M., & D. Tzanoudakis. 1998. Contribution to the study of the Greek flora: flora and vegetation of the E Aegean islands Agathonisi and Pharmakonisi. Willdenowia 28: 95–116.

Crepis

Crepis jacquini, copyright Jerzy Opioła.

Belongs within: Cichorieae.

Crepis, hawksbeards, is a primarily Northern Hemisphere genus of herbs with milky sap, bearing heads clustered in cymes (Hickman 1993).

Characters (from Hickman 1993): Annual, biennial, perennial from taproot; sap milky. Stems erect, <8 dm. Leaves basal or cauline, entire to pinnately lobed. Inflorescence with heads ligulate, clustered in cymes; phyllaries in two distinct series; receptacle naked. Florets 5–60; ligules yellow. Fruit tapered at both ends, sometimes beaked; pappus of many soft, hair-like bristles.

<==Crepis [incl. Barkhausia] S06
    |--C. acuminata H93
    |--C. artificialis D37
    |--C. asturica D37
    |--C. bakeri [incl. C. bakeri ssp. cusickii] H93
    |--C. biennis D37
    |--C. bursifolia D51
    |--C. capillaris [incl. C. virens] BR65
    |--C. commutata PT98
    |--C. dioscoridis PT98
    |--C. divaricata D37
    |--C. foetida BR65
    |    |--C. f. ssp. foetida BR65
    |    `--C. f. ssp. vulgaris BR65
    |--C. fuliginosa D51
    |--C. intermedia H93
    |--C. jacquini C55
    |--C. kotschyana D51
    |--C. leontodontoides D51
    |--C. modocensis [incl. C. modocensis ssp. subacaulis] H93
    |--C. monticola H93
    |--C. multiflora PT98
    |--C. nana [incl. C. nana ssp. ramosa] H93
    |--C. neglecta Linnaeus 1767 PL04
    |--C. occidentalis [incl. C. o. ssp. conjuncta, C. o. ssp. costata, C. o. ssp. pumila] H93
    |--C. pleurocarpa H93
    |--C. pygmaea C55
    |--C. rubra D37
    |--C. runcinata H93
    |    |--C. r. ssp. runcinata H93
    |    |--C. r. ssp. andersonii H93
    |    `--C. r. ssp. hallii H93
    |--C. sancta PT98
    |--C. setosa D51
    |--C. taraxacifolia H59
    |--C. tectorum D51
    |--C. tibetica O88
    `--C. vesicaria BR65
         |--C. v. var. vesicaria BR65
         `--C. v. var. taraxacifolia BR65

*Type species of generic name indicated

REFERENCES

[BR65] Black, J. M., & E. L. Robertson. 1965. Flora of South Australia. Part IV. Oleaceae–Compositae. W. L. Hawes, Government Printer: Adelaide.

[C55] Candolle, A. de. 1855. Géographie Botanique Raisonée: Ou exposition des faits principaux et des lois concernant la distribution géographique des plantes de l’époque actuelle vol. 1. Librairie de Victor Masson: Paris.

[D37] Dobzhansky, T. 1937. Genetics and the Origin of Species. Columbia University Press: New York.

[D51] Dobzhansky, T. 1951. Genetics and the Origin of Species 3^rd ed. Columbia University Press: New York.

[H59] Healy, A. J. 1959. Contributions to a knowledge of the adventive flora of New Zealand, no. 7. Transactions of the Royal Society of New Zealand 86 (1): 113–118.

[H93] Hickman, J. C. (ed.) 1993. The Jepson Manual: Higher Plants of California. University of California Press: Berkeley (California).

[O88] Ohba, H. 1988. The alpine flora of the Nepal Himalayas: an introductory note. In: Ohba, H., & S. B. Malla (eds) The Himalayan Plants vol. 1. The University Museum, University of Tokyo, Bulletin 31: 19–46.

[PT98] Panitsa, M., & D. Tzanoudakis. 1998. Contribution to the study of the Greek flora: Flora and vegetation of the E Aegean islands Agathonisi and Pharmakonisi. Willdenowia 28: 95–116.

[PL04] Pohl, G., & I. Lenski. 2004. Zur Verbreitung und Vergesellschaftung von Pennisetum orientale Rich. in Nordeuböa (Griechenland) (Poaceae, Paniceae). Senckenbergiana Biologica 83 (2): 209–223.

[S06] Stuckert, T. 1906. Distribución geográfica de la flora Argentina. Géneros de la familia de las compuestas. Anales del Museo Nacional de Buenos Aires, serie 3, 6: 303–309.

Hieracium

Orange hawkweed Hieracium aurantiacum, photographed by Orchi.

Belongs within: Cichorieae.

Hieracium, the hawkweeds, is a large cosmopolitan genus of composite-flowered herbs. Due to their often apomictic breeding system, recognition of species within Hieracium has been the subject of some controversy, with authors differing significantly in how many species should be recognised. A number of species of Hieracium are regarded as invasive weeds in pasture. Flowers are most commonly yellow; exceptions include the North American H. albiflorum with white flowers, and the originally European H. aurantiacum with orange-red flowers (Hickman 1993).

Characters (from J. L. Strother): Perennials, (5–)20–150+ cm; taprooted (rootstocks sometimes woody, branched; stolons produced in some taxa). Stems usually 1, usually erect, usually branched distally, sometimes throughout, sometimes scapiform, glabrous or hairy (induments often complex). Leaves basal, basal and cauline, or cauline; petiolate or sessile; blades mostly elliptic, lanceolate, oblanceolate, oblong, or spatulate, margins entire, denticulate, or dentate (occasionally laciniate to pinnatifid; faces glabrous or hairy, induments often complex). Heads borne singly or in corymbiform, paniculiform, thyrsiform, umbelliform, or nearly racemiform arrays. Peduncles (terminal and axillary) not inflated, often bracteate. Calyculi 0 or of 3–13(–16+), deltate to lanceolate or linear bractlets (in 1–2+ series; sometimes intergrading with phyllaries). Involucres hemispheric or campanulate to cylindric, 3–9[–12+] mm diam. Phyllaries 5–21(–40+) in 2+ series, lanceolate to linear, subequal to unequal (reflexed in fruit), margins usually little, if at all, scarious, apices obtuse to acute or acuminate. Receptacles flat, pitted, glabrous, epaleate. Florets 6–150+; corollas usually yellow, sometimes white or ochroleucous, sometimes tinged with cyan or red, rarely orange (then often drying scarlet or purplish). Cypselae usually red-brown or black (rarely tan), usually more or less columnar or prismatic, sometimes more or less urceolate (slightly bulbous proximally and narrower distally) or nearly fusiform, not distinctly beaked, ribs (or grooves) usually 10, faces glabrous; pappi persistent (fragile), of 20–80+, distinct, white, sordid, stramineous, or rufous, more or less equal or unequal, barbellulate bristles in 1–2+ series. x = 9.

<==Hieracium
    |--H. albidum C55a
    |--H. albiflorum H93
    |--H. amplexicaule C55b
    |--H. annae-toutoniae V98
    |--H. argutum [incl. H. argutum var. parishii] H93
    |--H. aurantiacum C55b
    |--H. bifidum V98
    |    |--H. b. ssp. bifidum V98
    |    `--H. b. ssp. toutonii V98
    |--H. bolanderi H93
    |--H. camkorijense GR98
    |--H. chilense D03
    |--H. chondrilloides C55a
    |--H. glanduliferum C55a
    |--H. gracile H93
    |--H. greenei H93
    |--H. gronovii J87
    |--H. horridum H93
    |--H. jacquini C55a
    |--H. pieroides C55a
    |--H. pilosella AC93
    |--H. piloselloides H91
    |--H. praealtum AC93
    |--H. rotundatum H09
    |--H. scouleri [incl. H. scouleri var. nudicaule] H93
    |--H. tomiasae GR98
    |--H. toutonianum V98
    `--H. umbellatum D51

*Type species of generic name indicated

REFERENCES

[AC93] Atkinson, I. A. E., & E. K. Cameron. 1993. Human influence on the terrestrial biota and biotic communities of New Zealand. Trends in Ecology and Evolution 8 (12): 447–451.

[C55a] Candolle, A. de. 1855a. Géographie Botanique Raisonée: Ou exposition des faits principaux et des lois concernant la distribution géographique des plantes de l’époque actuelle vol. 1. Librairie de Victor Masson: Paris.

[C55b] Candolle, A. de. 1855b. Géographie Botanique Raisonée: Ou exposition des faits principaux et des lois concernant la distribution géographique des plantes de l’époque actuelle vol. 2. Librairie de Victor Masson: Paris.

[D51] Dobzhansky, T. 1951. Genetics and the Origin of Species 3^rd ed. Columbia University Press: New York.

[D03] Dusén, P. 1903. The vegetation of western Patagonia. In: Scott, W. B. (ed.) Reports of the Princeton University Expeditions to Patagonia, 1896–1899 vol. 8. Botany pp. 1–34. The University: Princeton (New Jersey).

[GR98] Greuter, W., & T. Raus (eds.) 1998. Med-Checklist Notulae, 17. Willdenowia 28: 163–174.

[H09] Heltmann, H. 2009. Der Königstein (Piatra Craiului), die Perle der Burzenländer Gebirge. Mauritiana 20 (3): 515–527.

[H93] Hickman, J. C. (ed.) 1993. The Jepson Manual: Higher Plants of California. University of California Press: Berkeley (California).

[H91] Hubálek, Z. 1991. Biogeographic indication of natural foci of tick-borne infections. In: Dusbábek, F., & V. Bukva (eds) Modern Acarology: Proceedings of the VIII International Congress of Acarology, held in České Budĕjovice, Czechoslovakia, 6–11 August 1990 vol. 1 pp. 255–260. SPB Academic Publishing: The Hague.

[J87] Judd, W. S. 1987. Floristic study of Morne La Visite and Pic Macaya National Parks, Haiti. Bulletin of the Florida State Museum—Biological Sciences 32 (1): 1–136.

[V98] Vogt, R. 1998. Das Hieracium-Herbar von Karl Touton. Willdenowia 28: 253–262.

Last updated: 2 June 2019.

Cichorioideae

African daisy Arctotis stoechadifolia, copyright Winfried Bruenken.

Belongs within: Asteraceae.
Contains: Cichorieae, Vernonieae.

The Cichorioideae is a clade of composite-flowered plants supported by molecular phylogenetic analysis (Panero & Funk 2002). Past authors have used the name to refer to a broader grouping of latex-bearing composites, but phylogenetic analyses have established that such a grouping is paraphyletic with regard to the latex-free Asteroideae. Major subgroups in the Cichorioideae include the Arctotideae, with mostly radiate and heterogamous flowers though Berkheya has discoid and homogamous flowers. Species of Berkheya are robust perennials with lobed, spiny leaves found in tropical Africa. Most Arctotideae have a pappus of scales and more or less hairy achenes but the pappus is absent and the achenes glabrous in the bear's ear Cymbonotus lawsonianus of Australia (Black & Robertson 1965). The genus Arctotis is native to southern Africa though the silver arctotis A. venusta has become an invasive in a number of parts of world though cultivation as an ornamental. The South American genus Liabum has yellow, radiate and heterogamous flowers, and fruits bearing a pappus of a short external circle and long internal circle of setae (Ulloa & Jørgensen). Gundelia, tumble thistles, is a genus of very spiny perennial herbs found in the Middle East and central Asia.

<==Cichorioideae
    |--+--Gundelia YY22 [Gundelieae PF02]
    |  `--Cichorieae PF02
    |--+--Vernonieae PF02
    |  `--Liabum J87 [Liabeae PF02]
    |       |--L. glabrum BT87
    |       |    |--L. g. var. glabrum BT87
    |       |    `--L. g. var. hypoleucum BT87
    |       |--L. selleanum J87
    |       `--L. subacaule J87
    `--Arctotideae [Arctoteae] PF02
         |--Cymbonotus lawsonianus [=Arctotis lawsoniana (Gaudichaud) Beauverd 1915] BR65
         |--Arctotheca calendula (Linnaeus) Levyns 1950 H93, BR65 (see below for synonymy)
         |--Berkheya BR65
         |    |--B. rigida [=Stobaea rigida] BR65
         |    `--B. schinzii CV06
         `--Arctotis MHB06
              |--A. decurrens Jacquin 1797 [incl. A. merxmuelleri Friedrich 1980, A. scullyi Dümmer 1914] MHB06
              |--A. frutescens CV06
              |--A. stoechadifolia [incl. A. stoechadifolia var. grandis] H93
              `--A. venusta MHB06

Arctotheca calendula (Linnaeus) Levyns 1950 H93, BR65 [=Arctotis calendula Linnaeus 1753 BR65, Cryptostemma calendula (Linnaeus) Druce 1914 BR65; incl. Arctotis calendulacea Linnaeus 1768 BR65, Cryptostemma calendulaceum (Linnaeus) Brown 1818 BR65]

*Type species of generic name indicated

REFERENCES

[BR65] Black, J. M., & E. L. Robertson. 1965. Flora of South Australia. Part IV. Oleaceae–Compositae. W. L. Hawes, Government Printer: Adelaide.

[CV06] Craven, P., & P. Vorster. 2006. Patterns of plant diversity and endemism in Namibia. Bothalia 36 (2): 175–189.

[H93] Hickman, J. C. (ed.) 1993. The Jepson Manual: Higher Plants of California. University of California Press: Berkeley (California).

[J87] Judd, W. S. 1987. Floristic study of Morne La Visite and Pic Macaya National Parks, Haiti. Bulletin of the Florida State Museum—Biological Sciences 32 (1): 1–136.

[MHB06] McKenzie, R. J., P. P. J. Herman & N. P. Barker. 2006. Asteraceae. Arctotis decurrens (Arctotideae), the correct name for A. merxmuelleri and A. scullyi. Bothalia 36 (2): 171–173.

[PF02] Panero, J. L., & V. A. Funk. 2002. Toward a phylogenetic subfamilial classification for the Compositae (Asteraceae). Proceedings of the Biological Society of Washington 115 (4): 909–922.

[YY22] Yampolsky, C., & H. Yampolsky. 1922. Distribution of sex forms in the phanerogamic flora. Bibliotheca Genetica 3: 1–62.

Last updated: 22 December 2019.

Leontodontinae

Common cat's-ear Hypochaeris radicata, from here.

Belongs within: Cichorieae.

The Leontodontinae contains the hawkbits and related plants. They are distinguished from other subtribes in the Cichorioideae by their pappus of plumose bristles, rather than scales or capillary bristles. The receptacle bears chaffy scales in Hypochaeris, cat's-ears, but is naked in other genera (Black & Robertson 1965). Tragopogon porrifolius (salsify) and Scorzonera laciniata (scorzonera) are grown as root vegetables.

Characters (from Black & Robertson 1965): Flower-heads homogamous, flowers all bisexual; style with plano-convex branches attenuated towards summit, bearing stigmatic papillae on whole of inner and well-developed collecting hairs on outside down to below place where branches fork; anthers acute or acuminate at base; pappus of plumose bristles.

<==Leontodontinae
    |--Urospermum picroides (Linnaeus) Scopoli ex Schmidt 1795 BR65, PL04
    |--Tragopogon BR65
    |    |--T. dubius RS98
    |    |--T. orientalis BN99
    |    |--T. porrifolius BR65
    |    `--T. pratensis RS98
    |--Scorzonera BR65
    |    |--S. cana Y98
    |    |--S. cretica PT98
    |    |--S. elata PT98
    |    |--S. hispanica H93
    |    |--S. laciniata [=Podospermum laciniatum] BR65
    |    `--S. sublanata PT98
    |--Picris Linnaeus 1753 BR65, A61
    |    |--P. angustifolia GK00
    |    |--P. burbidgei LM98
    |    |--P. cyanocarpa AGF98
    |    |--P. echioides [=Helminthia echioides] BR65
    |    |--P. hieracioides Linnaeus 1753 A61
    |    |    |--P. h. var. hieracioides BR65
    |    |    |--P. h. var. glabrata Hooker 1853 [incl. P. attenuata Cunn. 1839] A61
    |    |    |--P. h. var. spinulosa P37
    |    |    `--P. h. var. squarrosa BR65
    |    `--P. pauciflora PT98
    |--Leontodon BR65
    |    |--L. autumnalis PAE98
    |    |--L. crispus Vill. 1779 PL04
    |    |    |--L. c. ssp. crispus PL04
    |    |    `--L. c. ssp. graecus (Boissier & Heldreich) Hayek 1931 PL04
    |    |--L. hirtus C06
    |    |--L. hispidus M30
    |    |--L. incanum C55
    |    |--L. taraxacoides J87 [incl. Thrincia hirta BR65, L. leysseri H93]
    |    |    |--L. t. ssp. taraxacoides H93
    |    |    `--L. t. ssp. longirostris H93
    |    `--L. tuberosus Linnaeus 1753 PL04
    `--Hypochaeris BR65 [incl. Achyrophorus S06]
         |--H. acaulis TS03
         |--H. achyrophorus Linnaeus 1753 PL04
         |--H. arenaria D03
         |--H. glabra BR65
         |    |--H. g. var. glabra BR65
         |    |--H. g. var. arachnoidea BR65
         |    |--H. g. var. loiseleuriana BR65
         |    `--H. g. var. minima BR65
         |--H. lutea LBM08
         |--H. poeppigii D03
         `--H. radicata BR65
              |--H. r. var. radicata BR65
              `--H. r. var. heterocarpa BR65

*Type species of generic name indicated

REFERENCES

[AGF98] Abd El-Ghani, M. M., & A. G. Fahmy. 1998. Composition of and changes in the spontaneous flora of Feiran Oasis, S Sinai, Egypt, in the last 60 years. Willdenowia 28: 123–134.

[A61] Allan, H. H. 1961. Flora of New Zealand vol. 1. Indigenous Tracheophyta: Psilopsida, Lycopsida, Filicopsida, Gymnospermae, Dicotyledones. R. E. Owen, Government Printer: Wellington (New Zealand).

[BR65] Black, J. M., & E. L. Robertson. 1965. Flora of South Australia. Part IV. Oleaceae–Compositae. W. L. Hawes, Government Printer: Adelaide.

[BN99] Bungener, P., S. Nussbaum, A. Grub & J. Fuhrer. 1999. Growth response of grassland species to ozone in relation to soil moisture condition and plant strategy. New Phytologist 142: 283–293.

[C55] Candolle, A. de. 1855. Géographie Botanique Raisonée: Ou exposition des faits principaux et des lois concernant la distribution géographique des plantes de l’époque actuelle vol. 1. Librairie de Victor Masson: Paris.

[C06] Cheeseman, T. F. 1906. Manual of the New Zealand Flora. John Mackay, Government Printer: Wellington.

[D03] Dusén, P. 1903. The vegetation of western Patagonia. In: Scott, W. B. (ed.) Reports of the Princeton University Expeditions to Patagonia, 1896–1899 vol. 8. Botany pp. 1–34. The University: Princeton (New Jersey).

[GK00] Gibson, N., & G. J. Keighery. 2000. Flora and vegetation of the Byenup-Muir reserve system, south-west Western Australia. CALMScience 3 (3): 323–402.

[H93] Hickman, J. C. (ed.) 1993. The Jepson Manual: Higher Plants of California. University of California Press: Berkeley (California).

[J87] Judd, W. S. 1987. Floristic study of Morne La Visite and Pic Macaya National Parks, Haiti. Bulletin of the Florida State Museum—Biological Sciences 32 (1): 1–136.

[LM98] Lange, P. J. de, & B. G. Murray. 1998. Senecio repangae (Asteraceae): a new endemic species from the north-eastern North Island, New Zealand. New Zealand Journal of Botany 36: 509–519.

[LBM08] Lüdtke, R., I. I. Boldrini & S. T. S. Miotto. 2008. Polygala altomontana (Polygalaceae), a new species from southern Brazil. Kew Bulletin 63 (4): 665–667.

[M30] Moss, C. E. 1930. Some natural hybrids of Clematis, Anemone, and Gerbera from the Transvaal. Proceedings of the Linnean Society of London 141: 36–40.

[PAE98] Pakeman, R. J., J. P. Attwood & J. Engelen. 1998. Sources of plants colonizing experimentally disturbed patches in an acidic grassland, in eastern England. Journal of Ecology 86: 1032–1041.

[PT98] Panitsa, M., & D. Tzanoudakis. 1998. Contribution to the study of the Greek flora: flora and vegetation of the E Aegean islands Agathonisi and Pharmakonisi. Willdenowia 28: 95–116.

[P37] Parker, H. L. 1937. On the oviposition habits of Stilbula cynipiformis Rossi (Hymen., Eucharidae). Proceedings of the Entomological Society of Washington 39 (1): 1–3.

[PL04] Pohl, G., & I. Lenski. 2004. Zur Verbreitung und Vergesellschaftung von Pennisetum orientale Rich. in Nordeuböa (Griechenland) (Poaceae, Paniceae). Senckenbergiana Biologica 83 (2): 209–223.

[RS98] Ramsey, J., & D. W. Schemske. 1998. Pathways, mechanisms, and rates of polyploid formation in flowering plants. Annual Review of Ecology and Systematics 29: 467–501.

[S06] Stuckert, T. 1906. Distribución geográfica de la flora Argentina. Géneros de la familia de las compuestas. Anales del Museo Nacional de Buenos Aires, serie 3, 6: 303–309.

[TS03] Tremetsberger, K., T. F. Stuessy, Y.-P. Guo, C. M. Baeza, H. Weiss & R. M. Samuel. 2003. Amplified fragment length polymorphism (AFLP) variation within and among populations of Hypochaeris acaulis (Asteraceae) of Andean southern South America. Taxon 52: 237–245.

[Y98] Yannitsaros, A. 1998. Additions to the flora of Kithira (Greece) I. Willdenowia 28: 77–94.

Last updated: 2 June 2019.