Histeridae

Margarinotus obscurus, copyright AfroBrazilian.

Belongs within: Hydrophiloidea.
Contains: Pachylomalus, Eblisia, Chlamydopsis, Paromalini, Abraeini, Teretriini, Saprinus, Platysomatini, Hister.

The Histeridae are a group of carnivorous beetles that are diverse in appearance but have a generally compact body form, deeply inserted head and compactly clubbed antennae (Lawrence & Britton 1991). In members of the subfamily Saprininae, cavities along the prosternal keel allow for the retraction of the antennae against the body; other subfamilies may have similar cavities in a more lateral position. In the subfamilies Onthophilinae and Tribalinae, the retracted antennae are partially concealed by lateral extensions of the prosternal lobe (Kovarik & Carerino 2001). Species in the subfamilies Hetaeriinae and Chlamydopsinae are inquilines of social insects such as ants and termites, producing glandular secretions that attract and appease their hosts (Bouchard 2014).

Characters (from Lawrence & Britton 1991): Adult with compact body form, length 1–16 mm; head deeply inserted; antenna 8–11-segmented, almost always geniculate, with compact, pilose, one- or three-segmented club; fore coxae large, transverse, fore trochantin concealed, fore coxal cavity open; fore tibiae dentate; elytra with six or fewer striae, truncate, exposing one or two abdominal segments; middle coxal cavities very widely separated, open laterally; tarsal formula 5-5-5 or 5-5-4; abdomen with five ventrites, none connate. Larva with head prognathous; one or no stemmata; antenna three-segmented; frontoclypeal suture absent; labrum fused; mandibular mola absent; ventral mouth-parts prognathous; penicillus of hairs present at base of each mandible; maxilla without lobes; maxillary palp four- or five-segmented; labial palp two- or three-segmented; hypopharyngeal sclerome absent; hypostomal rods absent; ventral epicranial ridges absent; legs five-segmented; two or no tarsungular setae; urogomphi almost always two-segmented; abdominal spiracles biforous.

Histeridae [Niponiidae]
    |--Niponius [Niponiinae] B14
    |    `--N. osoriceps Lewis 1885 B14
    |--Trypeticus [Trypeticinae, Trypeticini] B14
    |    `--T. cinctipygus (Marseul 1864) B14
    |--Trypanaeus [Trypanaeinae] B14
    |    `--T. bipustulatus (Fabricius 1801) B14
    |--Chlamydopsinae B14
    |    |--Eucurtia comata (Blackburn 1901) B14
    |    |--Pheidoliphila magna Dégallier & Caterino 2005 B14
    |    `--Chlamydopsis L19
    |--Onthophilinae KC01
    |    |--Peploglyptus LeConte 1880 KC01
    |    |    `--P. belfragei LeConte 1880 KC01
    |    `--Onthophilus Leach 1817 KC01
    |         |--O. cynomysi KC01
    |         |--O. deflectus KC01
    |         `--O. punctatus (Müller 1776) B14
    |--Hetaeriinae KC01
    |    |--Mroczkowskiella Mazur 1984 [incl. Echinodes Zimmerman 1869] KC01
    |    |--Ulkeus Horn 1885 KC01
    |    |--Terapus Marseul 1862 KC01
    |    |--Chrysetaerius Reichensperger 1923 KC01
    |    |--Euclasea Lewis 1888 KC01
    |    |--Reninus Lewis 1889 [incl. Renia Lewis 1885 non Guenée 1854] KC01
    |    |    `--R. salvini (Lewis 1888) KC01
    |    `--Hetaerius Erichson 1834 KC01
    |         |--H. blanchardi KC01
    |         `--H. tristriatus Horn 1874 B14
    |--Tribalinae KC01
    |    |--Idolia Lewis 1885 KC01
    |    |--Plagiogramma Tarsia in Curia 1935 non Greville 1859 (ICBN) KC01
    |    |    `--P. subtropica (Casey 1893) KC01
    |    |--Epierus Erichson 1834 KC01
    |    |    `--E. pulicarius KC01
    |    |--Pseudepierus Casey 1916 KC01
    |    |    `--P. gentilis (Horn 1883) KC01
    |    |--Stictostix Marseul 1870 KC01
    |    |    `--S. californicus KC01
    |    |--Caerosternus LeConte 1852 KC01
    |    |    `--C. americanus (LeConte 1845) KC01
    |    |--Tribalus L01
    |    |    |--T. acceptus L01
    |    |    |--T. hornii Lewis 1901 L01
    |    |    `--T. rubriculus L01
    |    `--Tribalasia Cooman 1941 C41
    |         `--*T. vallata Cooman 1941 C41
    |--Dendrophilinae KC01
    |    |--Dendrophilus Leach 1817 [Dendrophilini] KC01
    |    |--Anapleus Horn 1873 [Anapleini] KC01
    |    |    `--A. marginatus KC01
    |    |--Bacaniini KC01
    |    |    |--Bacanius LeConte 1853 KC01
    |    |    |    `--B. (Gomyister Mazur 1984) KC01
    |    |    `--Geocolus Wenzel 1944 KC01
    |    |         `--G. caecus Wenzel 1944 KC01
    |    `--Paromalini B14
    |--Abraeinae [Teretriinae] B14
    |    |--Abraeini KC01
    |    |--Acritini KC01
    |    |    |--Halacritus Schmidt 1793 [incl. Paracritus Brethes 1823] KC01
    |    |    |    `--H. lividus MC13
    |    |    |--Aeletes Horn 1873 KC01
    |    |    |    `--A. (Acritinus Casey 1916) KC01
    |    |    `--Acritus LeConte 1853 KC01
    |    |         |  i. s.: A. attaphilus KC01
    |    |         `--A. (Pycnacritus Casey 1916) KC01
    |    |--Teretriini B14
    |    `--Althanini C40
    |         |--Althanus C40
    |         `--Heudister Cooman 1940 C40
    |              `--*H. mieni Cooman 1940 C40
    |--Saprininae KC01
    |    |--Saprinus B14
    |    |--Gnathoncus Duval 1858 KC01
    |    |--Eremosaprinus Ross 1939 KC01
    |    |--Hypocaccus Thomson 1867 KC01
    |    |    `--H. (Baeckmanniolus Reichardt 1926) KC01
    |    |--Neopachylopus Reichardt 1926 KC01
    |    |    `--N. sulcifrons (Mannerheim 1843) KC01
    |    |--Monachister Mazur 1991 KC01
    |    |    `--M. californicus Mazur 1991 KC01
    |    |--Philoxenus Mazur 1991 KC01
    |    |    `--P. desertorum Mazur 1991 KC01
    |    |--Chelyoxenus Hubbard 1894 KC01
    |    |    `--C. xerobatis Hubbard 1894 KC01
    |    |--Aphelosternus Wenzel 1962 KC01
    |    |    `--A. interstitialis (LeConte 1851) KC01
    |    |--Geomysaprinus Ross 1940 KC01
    |    |    |  i. s.: G. obscurus KC01
    |    |    |         G. obsidianus KC01
    |    |    `--G. (Priscosaprinus Wenzel 1962) KC01
    |    |--Xerosaprinus Wenzel 1962 KC01
    |    |    |--X. (Auchmosaprinus Wenzel 1962) KC01
    |    |    |--X. (Lophobregmus Wenzel 1962) KC01
    |    |    `--X. (Vastosaprinus Wenzel 1962) KC01
    |    `--Euspilotus Lewis 1907 KC01
    |         |  i. s.: E. rossi KC01
    |         |--E. (Hesperosaprinus Wenzel 1962) KC01
    |         `--E. (Neosaprinus Bickhardt 1909) KC01
    `--Histerinae B14
         |  i. s.: Pachylister inaequalis (Olivier 1789) B14
         |         Yarmister Wenzel 1939 KC01
         |           `--Y. barberi Wenzel 1939 KC01
         |--Omalodes Erichson 1834 [Omalodini] KC01
         |--Platysomatini KC01
         |--Exosterinini KC01
         |    |--Tribalister Horn 1873 KC01
         |    |--Pseudister Bickhardt 1917 KC01
         |    |--Phelisteroides hospes (Lewis 1902) [=Pseudister hospes] KC01
         |    `--Phelister Marseul 1853 KC01
         |         |--P. balzanii Schmidt 1889 S89
         |         |--P. fulvulus S89
         |         `--P. speculipygus C41
         |--Hololeptini B14
         |    |--Oxysternus maximus (Linnaeus 1767) B14
         |    |--Iliotona Carnochan 1917 KC01
         |    |    `--I. cacti LeConte 1851 KC01
         |    `--Hololepta Paykull 1811 [incl. Lioderma Marseul 1857, Lionota Marseul 1853] KC01
         |         |  i. s.: H. batchiana Mars 1860 M86
         |         |         H. plana (Sulzer 1776) B14
         |         |         H. sidnensis Mars 1860 M86
         |         `--H. (Leionota Dejean 1837) KC01
         `--Histerini KC01
              |--Hister B14
              |--Atholus Thomson 1862 [incl. Atholister Reitter 1909] KC01
              |--Merohister Reitter 1909 KC01
              |    |--M. grandis KC01
              |    `--M. oculatus KC01
              |--Psiloscelis Marseul 1853 KC01
              |    |--P. corrosa KC01
              |    `--P. subopacus KC01
              |--Margarinotus Marseul 1853 KC01
              |    |  i. s.: M. egregius KC01
              |    |         M. guttifer KC01
              |    |         M. umbiculatus KC01
              |    |--M. (Paralister Bickhardt 1916) KC01
              |    |--M. (Promethister Kryzhanovskij 1966) KC01
              |    |--M. (Ptomister Houlbert & Monnot 1922) KC01
              |    `--M. (Stenister Reichhardt 1920) KC01
              |         `--M. (S.) obscurus KC01
              `--Nicotikis Marseul 1883 [incl. Mendelius Lewis 1908] C41
                   |--*N. incisipyge (Marseul 1883) [=Platysoma incisipyge, Eblisia incisipyge] C41
                   |--N. gratus Cooman 1941 C41
                   |--N. lineipennis [=Mendelius lineipennis] C41
                   `--N. tenuipes (Lewis 1905) [=Eblisia tenuipes, *Mendelius tenuipes] C41

Histeridae incertae sedis:
  Epiechinus LB91
  Plaesius Z93
    |--P. cossyphus Marseul 1864 L01
    |--P. javanus Z93
    `--P. pudicus L01
  Apobletes L01
    |--A. foliaceus L01
    `--A. migneauxi Marseul 1860 L01
  Cypturus L01
    |--*C aenescens C41
    |--C. assamensis C41
    |--C. bengalensis Lewis 1901 L01
    |--C. perroti Cooman 1941 C41
    `--C. thugi C41
  Pelorurus L01
    |--P. cregoei Lewis 1901 L01
    |--P. formosus L01
    `--P. glaucopterus L01
  Pachylomalus C41
  Eulomalus C41
    |--E. laevicauda C41
    `--E. seitzi Cooman 1941 C41
  Eblisia C41
  Binhister C41
    |--*B. barbarus C41
    |--B. chujoi Cooman 1941 C41
    `--B. noziri C41

*Type species of generic name indicated

REFERENCES

[B14] Bouchard, P. (ed.) 2014. The Book of Beetles: A lifesize guide to six hundred of nature's gems. Ivy Press: Lewes (United Kingdom).

[C40] Cooman, A. de. 1940. Coléoptères Histeridae d'Extrême-Orient, principalement du Tonkin. Notes d'Entomologie Chinoise 8 (3): 41–46.

[C41] Cooman, A. de. 1941. Coléoptères Histeridae d'Extrême-Orient, principalement de Tonkin. Notes d'Entomologie Chinoise 8 (7): 291–333.

[KC01] Kovarik, P. W., & M. S. Carerino. 2001. Histeridae Gyllenhal, 1808. In: Arnett, R. H., Jr & M. C. Thomas (eds) American Beetles vol. 1. Archostemata, Myxophaga, Adephaga, Polyphaga: Staphyliniformia pp. 212–227. CRC Press: Boca Raton.

[LB91] Lawrence, J. F., & E. B. Britton. 1991. Coleoptera (beetles). In: CSIRO. The Insects of Australia: A textbook for students and research workers 2^nd ed. vol. 2 pp. 543–683. Melbourne University Press: Carlton (Victoria).

[L19] Lea, A. M. 1919. Notes on some miscellaneous Coleoptera with descriptions of new species.—Part V. Transactions of the Royal Society of South Australia 43: 166–261, pls 25–27.

[L01] Lewis, G. 1901. On new species of Histeridae and notices of others. Annals and Magazine of Natural History, series 7, 7: 241–245.

[M86] Macleay, W. 1886. The insects of the Fly River, New Guinea, "Coleoptera". Proceedings of the Linnean Society of New South Wales, series 2, 1 (1): 136–157.

[S89] Schmidt, J. 1889. Descrizione di una nuova specie di Histeridae. Annali del Museo Civico di Storia Naturale di Genova, Serie 2^a, 7: 112.

[Z93] Zimmerman, E. C. 1993. Australian Weevils (Coleoptera: Curculionoidea) vol. 3. Nanophyidae, Rhynchophoridae, Erirhinidae, Curculionidae: Amycterinae, literature consulted. CSIRO Australia.

Last updated: 13 December 2020.

Hydrophilidae

Sphaeridium scarabaeoides, copyright Joyce Gross.

Belongs within: Hydrophiloidea.
Contains: Hydrophilini, Berosini, Chaetarthriini.

The Hydrophilidae are a group of beetles in which the majority of species are aquatic though many members of the subfamily Sphaeridiinae are terrestrial. Aquatic species swim by alternate movements of the hind legs and usually breathe using a bubble of air covering the ventral surface of the abdomen (Van Tassell 2001). Distinctive features of the Hydrophilidae include well developed maxillary palps and antennae with a three-segmented club preceded by a small cup-like segment or cupule. Larvae are phytophagous or saprophagous but the adults are predators (Lawrence & Britton 1991). Several subfamilies are recognised of which the Epimetopinae are distinguished by the presence of a median canthus dividing the eye, and a projecting pronotum mostly covering the head (Van Tassell 2001).

Characters (from Lawrence & Britton 1991): Antennae usually short, 7- to 9-segmented, with 3-segmented pubescent club preceded by glabrous cup-like segment (cupule); clypeus large, frontoclypeal suture more or less angulate, often attached to median line (endocarina); maxillary palps well developed, usually longer than antennae. Larvae with six stemmata on each side, usually possessing metapneustic respiratory system with only eighth spiracles function and located in respiratory chamber (atrium) at end of abdomen.

Hydrophilidae [Sphaeridiidae]
    |--Amphiopinae LB91
    |--Epimetopus Lacordaire 1854 (see below for synonymy) VT01
    |    `--E. lanceolatus Perkins 2012 B14
    |--Hydrochus Leach 1817 (see below for synonymy) VT01
    |    |--H. chubu Balfour-Browne & Satô 1962 I92
    |    `--H. serricollis LB91
    |--Hydrophilinae [Chaetarthriinae] VT01
    |    |  i. s.: Troglochares Spangler 1981 S86
    |    |           `--T. ashmolei Spangler 1981 S86
    |    |--Hydrophilini BB68
    |    |--Berosini VT01
    |    |--Chaetarthriini M74
    |    |--Laccobius Erichson 1837 [Laccobiini, Oocyclini] VT01
    |    |    `--L. nigriceps [incl. L. nigriceps var. maculiceps] C01
    |    |--Sperchopsini VT01
    |    |    |--Sperchopsis LeConte 1862 VT01
    |    |    |    `--S. tesselata VT01
    |    |    `--Ametor Semenov 1900 VT01
    |    |         |--A. latus (Horn 1873) VT01
    |    |         `--A. scabrosus (Horn 1873) VT01
    |    `--Anacaenini B14
    |         |--Paracymus Thompson 1867 VT01
    |         |--Crenitis Bedel 1881 VT01
    |         |--Horelophus [Horelophinae] B14
    |         |    `--H. walkeri Orchymont 1913 B14
    |         `--Anacaena Thomson 1859 (see below for synonymy) VT01
    |              `--A. limbata VT01
    `--Sphaeridiinae B14
         |  i. s.: Notocercyon LB91
         |         Pseudohydrobius LB91
         |           |--P. flavus Lea 1919 L19
         |           `--P. floricola L19
         |--Omicrus Sharp 1879 [Omicrini] VT01
         |    |--O. intermedius Smetana 1975 VT01
         |    `--O. palmarum (Schwarz 1878) VT01
         |--Sphaeridium Fabricius 1775 [incl. Sphaeridiolinus Minozzi 1921, Spaeridiolinus (l. c.); Sphaeridiini] VT01
         |    |--S. bipustulatum [incl. S. bipustulatum var. quadrimaculatum] C01
         |    |--S. dimidiatum B70
         |    |--S. discolor LB91
         |    |--S. pustulatum VT01
         |    `--S. scarabaeoides (Linnaeus 1758) B14
         |--Coelostomatini VT01
         |    |--Coelostoma fabrieii P05
         |    |--Phaenonotum Sharp 1882 VT01
         |    |    `--P. exstriatum VT01
         |    `--Dactylosternum Wollaston 1854 [=Dactilosternum (l. c.)] VT01
         |         |--D. abdominale Z93
         |         `--D. hydrophiloides Z93
         `--Megasternini VT01
              |--Pelosoma Mulsant 1844 [incl. Merosoma Balfour-Brown 1939] VT01
              |--Pemelus Horn 1890 VT01
              |--Deltostethus Sharp 1882 [incl. Ictinosternum Smetana 1978] VT01
              |    `--D. columbiensis VT01
              |--Agna Smetana 1978 VT01
              |    `--A. capillata VT01
              |--Tectosternum Balfour-Browne 1958 [incl. Genyon Smetana 1978] VT01
              |    `--T. naviculare VT01
              |--Megasternum Mulsant 1844 VT01
              |    `--M. concinnum VT01
              |--Cryptopleurum Mulsant 1844 VT01
              |    `--C. atomarium C01
              |--Cycrillum Knisch 1921 VT01
              |    `--C. strigicolle (Sharp 1882) VT01
              |--Oosternum Sharp 1882 VT01, S62 [incl. Crypteuna Motschulsky 1863 (nom. rej.) VT01]
              |    |--O. attacomis Spangler 1962 S62
              |    |--O. costatum S62
              |    `--O. pubescens S62
              `--Cercyon Leach 1817 VT01
                   |--C. analis (Paykull 1798) E02
                   |--C. haemorrhoidalis LB91
                   |--C. marinus VT01
                   `--C. quisiquilius [incl. C. quisiquilius var. scutellare] C01

Hydrophilidae incertae sedis:
  Zetemnes tarsalis P02
  Angarolarva aquatica P02
  Hydrobiites crassus Ponomarenko 1985 RJ93
  Cretotaenia S02
  Hydrophilopsia S02
  Rygmodus H82
    |--R. modestus T27
    `--R. tibialis Broun 1893 H82
  Andotypus MW15
  Sternolophus B70
    |--S. immariginatus PH10
    `--S. marginicollis B70

Anacaena Thomson 1859 [incl. Crenitulus Winters 1926, Crenophilus Agassiz 1859, Cryniphilus Motschulsky 1845, Metacymus Sharp 1882] VT01

Epimetopus Lacordaire 1854 [incl. Ceratoderus Mulsant 1851 non Westwood 1841, Sepidulum LeConte 1874; Epimetopidae, Epimetopinae] VT01

Hydrochus Leach 1817 [=Hydrochous Bedel 1881; incl. Amrishius Makhan 1998, Deepakius Makhan 1998, Kiransus Makhan 1994, Rishwanius Makhan 1998; Hydrochidae, Hydrochinae] VT01

*Type species of generic name indicated

REFERENCES

[BB68] Basford, N. L., J. E. Butler, C. A. Leone & F. J. Rohlf. 1968. Immunologic comparisons of selected Coleoptera with analyses of relationships using numerical taxonomic methods. Systematic Zoology 17 (4): 388–406.

[B14] Bouchard, P. (ed.) 2014. The Book of Beetles: A lifesize guide to six hundred of nature's gems. Ivy Press: Lewes cUnited Kingdom).

[B70] Britton, E. B. 1970. Coleoptera (beetles). In: CSIRO. The Insects of Australia: A textbook for students and research workers pp. 495–621. Melbourne University Press.

[C01] Csiki, E. 1901. Bogarak [Coleopteren]. In: Horváth, G. (ed.) Zichy Jenő Gróf Harmadik Ázsiai Utazása [Dritte Asiatische Forschungsreise des Grafen Eugen Zichy] vol. 2. Zichy Jenő Gróf Harmadik Ázsiai Utazásának Állattani Eredményei [Zoologische Ergebnisse der Dritten Asiatischen Forschungsreise des Grafen Eugen Zichy] pp. 75–120. Victor Hornyánszky: Budapest, and Karl W. Hierseman: Leipzig.

[E02] Emberson, R. M. 2002. The beetle (Coleoptera) fauna of the Chatham Islands: additions and corrections. New Zealand Entomologist 25: 69–77.

[H82] Helmore, D. W. 1982. Drawings of New Zealand insects. Bulletin of the Entomological Society of New Zealand 8: 1–52.

[I92] Iwahashi, J. (ed.) 1992. Reddo Deeta Animaruzu: a pictorial of Japanese fauna facing extinction. JICC: Tokyo.

[LB91] Lawrence, J. F., & E. B. Britton. 1991. Coleoptera (beetles). In: CSIRO. The Insects of Australia: A textbook for students and research workers 2^nd ed. vol. 2 pp. 543–683. Melbourne University Press: Carlton (Victoria).

[L19] Lea, A. M. 1919. Notes on some miscellaneous Coleoptera with descriptions of new species.—Part V. Transactions of the Royal Society of South Australia 43: 166–261, pls 25–27.

[MW15] McKenna, D. D., A. L. Wild, K. Kanda, C. L. Bellamy, R. G. Beutel, M. S. Caterino, C. W. Farnum, D. C. Hawks, M. A. Ivie, M. L. Jameson, R. A. B. Leschen, A. E. Marvaldi, J. V. McHugh, A. F. Newton, J. A. Robertson, M. K. Thayer, M. F. Whiting, J. F. Lawrence, A. Ślipiński, D. R. Maddison & B. D. Farrell. 2015. The beetle tree of life reveals that Coleoptera survived end-Permian mass extinction to diversify during the Cretaceous terrestrial revolution. Systematic Entomology 40 (4): 835–880.

[M74] Miller, D. C. 1974. Revision of the New World Chaetarthria (Coleoptera: Hydrophilidae). Entomologica Americana 49 (1): 1–123.

[P05] Pinder, A. M. 2005. A review of biodiversity in wetlands with organic sediments on the Swan Coastal Plain, Western Australia, with an emphasis on aquatic invertebrates. Journal of the Royal Society of Western Australia 88 (3): 129–132.

[PH10] Pinder, A. M., S. A. Halse, R. J. Shiel & J. M. McRae. 2010. An arid zone awash with diversity: patterns in the distribution of aquatic invertebrates in the Pilbara region of Western Australia. Records of the Western Australian Museum Supplement 78 (1): 205–246.

[P02] Ponomarenko, A. G. 2002. Superorder Scarabaeidea Laicharting, 1781. Order Coleoptera Linné, 1758. The beetles. In: Rasnitsyn, A. P., & D. L. J. Quicke (eds) History of Insects pp. 164–176. Kluwer Academic Publishers: Dordrecht.

[RJ93] Ross, A. J., & E. A. Jarzembowski. 1993. Arthropoda (Hexapoda; Insecta). In: Benton, M. J. (ed.) The Fossil Record 2 pp. 363–426. Chapman & Hall: London.

[S02] Sinitshenkova, N. D. 2002. Ecological history of the aquatic insects. In: Rasnitsyn, A. P., & D. L. J. Quicke (eds) History of Insects pp. 388–426. Kluwer Academic Publishers: Dordrecht.

[S62] Spangler, P. J. 1962. A new species of the genus Oosternum and a key to the U. S. species (Coleoptera: Hydrophilidae). Proceedings of the Biological Society of Washington 75: 97–100.

[S86] Spangler, P. J. 1986. Insecta: Coleoptera. In: Botosaneanu, L. (ed.) Stygofauna Mundi: A Faunistic, Distributional, and Ecological Synthesis of the World Fauna inhabiting Subterranean Waters (including the Marine Interstitial) pp. 622–631. E. J. Brill/Dr W. Backhuys: Leiden.

[T27] Thomson, G. M. 1927. The pollination of New Zealand flowers by birds and insects. Transactions and Proceedings of the New Zealand Institute 57: 106–125.

[VT01] Van Tassell, E. R. 2001. Hydrophilidae Latreille, 1802. In: Arnett, R. H., Jr & M. C. Thomas (eds) American Beetles vol. 1. Archostemata, Myxophaga, Adephaga, Polyphaga: Staphyliniformia pp. 187–208. CRC Press: Boca Raton.

[Z93] Zimmerman, E. C. 1993. Australian Weevils (Coleoptera: Curculionoidea) vol. 3. Nanophyidae, Rhynchophoridae, Erirhinidae, Curculionidae: Amycterinae, literature consulted. CSIRO Australia.

Last updated: 13 December 2020.