Alismatales

Streaked arrowgrass Triglochin striatum, copyright Tim Rudman.

Belongs within: Lilianae.
Contains: Araceae, Alismataceae, Hydrocharitaceae, Potamogetonales.

The Alismatanae are a clade of monocotyledonous flowering plants supported by molecular data, many of which are aquatic or semi-aquatic. Members of the clade have extrorse anthers (releasing pollen outside the flower) and seeds with a large cotyledon.

<==Alismatales [Alismatanae, Helobieae, Juncagineae, Naiadeae, Najadales, Potameae, Zostereae] DS04
    |--Tofieldiaceae DS04
    |    |--Pleea tenuifolia DS04
    |    `--Tofieldia SR07
    |         |--T. calyculata DS04
    |         |--T. glutinosa (Michx.) Persoon 1805 CD07
    |         |--T. occidentalis H93
    |         |--T. palustris H44
    |         `--T. pusilla DS04
    `--+--Araceae SR07
       `--+--Alismataceae DS04
          `--+--Butomales HE80
             |    |--Hydrocharitaceae HE80
             |    |--Limnocharis P88 [Limnocharitaceae W03]
             |    |    |--L. flava W03
             |    |    `--L. humboldtii [=Hydrocleis humboldtii] B78
             |    `--Butomaceae DS04
             |         |--Hydrocleys nymphoides (von Humboldt & Bonpland) Buchenau 1868 HE80
             |         |--Butomus umbellatus SR07, DS04
             |         `--Butomites cretaceus Velenivsky 1889 CBH93
             `--+--Scheuchzeriaceae DS04
                |    |--Tetroncium magellanicum YY22, CL85
                |    `--Scheuchzeria palustris SR07, DS04
                |         |--S. p. ssp. palustris H93
                |         `--S. p. ssp. americana H93
                `--+--Potamogetonales DS04
                   `--Juncaginaceae [Juncaginales] DS04
                        |--Lilaea scilloides H93
                        |--Lamprocarpites nitidus Heer 1882 CBH93
                        `--Triglochin Linnaeus 1753 DS04, ME70
                             |  i. s.: T. concinna H93
                             |           |--T. c. var. concinna H93
                             |           `--T. c. var. debilis H93
                             |         T. maritima DS04 [incl. T. elatum V72]
                             |         T. palustre Linnaeus 1753 ME70
                             |--T. sect. Cycnogeton B78
                             |    |--T. maundii [incl. Maundia triglochinoides] B78
                             |    `--T. procera B78 (see below for synonymy)
                             |         |--T. p. var. procera B78
                             |         |--T. p. var. dubia [=T. dubium] B78
                             |         `--T. p. var. eleutherocarpa B78
                             `--T. sect. Eutriglochin B78
                                  |--T. centrocarpa [incl. T. minutissima, T. nanum, T. trichophora] B78
                                  |    |--T. c. var. centrocarpa B78
                                  |    `--T. c. var. calcitrapa B78
                                  |--T. mucronata B78
                                  `--T. striatum Ruiz & Pav. 1802 B78, ME70 (see below for synonymy)
                                       |--T. s. var. striatum C06
                                       `--T. s. var. filifolium Buch. 1868 [incl. T. triandrum] C06

Alismatales incertae sedis:
  Maundiaceae APG16
  Posidonia S95 [Posidoniaceae APG16]
    |--P. australis PP64
    |--P. oceanica [=Caulinia oceanica] B78
    `--P. sinuosa S95
  Zannichelliaceae HE80
    |--Zannichellia Linnaeus 1753 ME70
    |    |--Z. palustris Linnaeus 1753 ME70
    |    `--Z. pedunculata CS77
    `--Lepilaena Drum. ex Harv. 1855 ME70 [incl. Hexatheca B78]
         |--*L. australis Drum. ex Harv. 1855 ME70
         |--L. bilocularis Kirk 1896 ME70
         |--L. cylindrocarpa [=Zannichellia cylindrocarpa; incl. Hexatheca australis ms] B78
         `--L. preissii ME70 [=Zannichellia preissii C06]

Triglochin procera B78 [incl. Cycnogeton huegelii B78, T. huegelii GK00, C. linearis B78, T. linearis B78]

Triglochin striatum Ruiz & Pav. 1802 B78, ME70 [incl. T. decipiens B78, T. flaccidum Cunn. 1837 ME70, T. montevidense B78]

*Type species of generic name indicated

REFERENCES

[APG16] Angiosperm Phylogeny Group. 2016. An update of the Angiosperm Phylogeny Group classification for the orders and families of flowering plants: APG IV. Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society 181: 1–20.

[B78] Bentham, G. 1878. Flora Australiensis: A description of the plants of the Australian Territory vol. 7. Roxburghiaceae to Filices. L. Reeve & Co.: London.

[CD07] Cantino, P. D., J. A. Doyle, S. W. Graham, W. S. Judd, R. G. Olmstead, D. E. Soltis, P. S. Soltis & M. J. Donoghue. 2007. Towards a phylogenetic nomenclature of Tracheophyta. Taxon 56 (3): E1–E44.

[C06] Cheeseman, T. F. 1906. Manual of the New Zealand Flora. John Mackay, Government Printer: Wellington.

[CL85] Cokendolpher, J. C., & D. Lanfranco L. 1985. Opiliones from the Cape Horn Archipelago: new southern records for harvestmen. Journal of Arachnology 13: 311–319.

[CBH93] Collinson, M. E., M. C. Boulter & P. L. Holmes. 1993. Magnoliophyta (‘Angiospermae’). In: Benton, M. J. (ed.) The Fossil Record 2 pp. 809–841. Chapman & Hall: London.

[CS77] Cramp, S., & K. E. L. Simmons (eds) 1977. Handbook of the Birds of Europe, the Middle East and North Africa: The Birds of the Western Palaearctic vol. 1. Ostrich to Ducks. Oxford University Press: Oxford.

[DS04] Davis, J. I., D. W. Stevenson, G. Petersen, O. Seberg, L. M. Campbell, J. V. Freudenstein, D. H. Goldman, C. R. Hardy, F. A. Michelangeli, M. P. Simmons, C. D. Specht, F. Vergara-Silva & M. Gandolfo. 2004. A phylogeny of the monocots, as inferred from rbcL and atpA sequence variation, and a comparison of methods for calculating jackknife and bootstrap values. Systematic Botany 29 (3): 467–510.

[GK00] Gibson, N., & G. J. Keighery. 2000. Flora and vegetation of the Byenup-Muir reserve system, south-west Western Australia. CALMScience 3 (3): 323–402.

[H44] Hammer, M. 1944. Studies on the oribatids and collemboles of Greenland. Meddelelser om Grønland 141 (3): 1–210.

[HE80] Healy, A. J., & E. Edgar. 1980. Flora of New Zealand vol. 3. Adventive cyperaceous, petalous and spathaceous monocotyledons. P. D. Hasselberg, Government Printer: Wellington (New Zealand).

[H93] Hickman, J. C. (ed.) 1993. The Jepson Manual: Higher Plants of California. University of California Press: Berkeley (California).

[ME70] Moore, L. B., & E. Edgar. 1970. Flora of New Zealand vol. 2. Indigenous Tracheophyta: Monocotyledones except Gramineae. A. R. Shearer, Government Printer: Wellington (New Zealand).

[PP64] Peres, J. M., & J. Picard. 1964. Nouveau manuel de bionomie benthique de la mer Mediterranee. Recueil des Travaux de la Station Marine d'Endoume, Bulletin 31 (27): 5–137.

[P88] Polunin, I. 1988. Plants and Flowers of Malaysia. Times Editions: Singapore.

[SR07] Saarela, J. M., H. S. Rai, J. A. Doyle, P. K. Endress, S. Mathews, A. D. Marchant, B. G. Briggs & S. W. Graham. 2007. Hydatellaceae identified as a new branch near the base of the angiosperm phylogenetic tree. Nature 446: 312–315.

[S95] Scheltema, A. H. 1995. Falcidens poias, a new species of chaetoderm Aplacophora from Rottnest Island, Western Australia (Chaetodermomorpha, Chaetodermatidae). Molluscan Research 16: 45–49.

[V72] Voss, E. G. 1972. Michigan Flora. Part I. Gymnosperms and Monocots. Cranbrook Institute of Science and University of Michigan Herbarium.

[W03] Waterhouse, B. M. 2003. Know your enemy: recent records of potentially serious weeds in northern Australia, Papua New Guinea and Papua (Indonesia). Telopea 10 (1): 477–485.

[YY22] Yampolsky, C., & H. Yampolsky. 1922. Distribution of sex forms in the phanerogamic flora. Bibliotheca Genetica 3: 1–62.

Potamogetonales

Aponogeton crispus, from Wikimedia.

Belongs within: Alismatanae.
Contains: Potamogetonaceae.

The Potamogetonales are a group of aquatic flowering plants found in marine or fresh water. Members include the freshwater Aponogeton, found in the Old World tropics and subtropics, which bear long-petioled, submerged and/or floating leaves, and flowers in spikes (borne singly or in clusters of two to ten) with flowers sessile (Yadav & Gaikwad 2003).

Characters (from Healy & Edgar 1980, as Potamogetonales + Apogetonales): Fresh-water or marine rhizomatous perennials. Leaves linear to orbicular or oblong, sheathing at base; sheath often ligule-like above. Flowers small, bisexual or unisexual, flowers in spikes or solitary, ebracteate. Perianth-segments 1–4 or 0. Stamens 1–6. Carpels 1–6.

<==Potamogetonales
    |--Cymodoceaceae [Cymodoceales] HL09
    |    |--Halodule wrightii H93
    |    |--Thalassodendron Hartog 1970 HL09
    |    |    `--T. ciliatum (Forsskål) Hartog 1970 [=Zostera ciliata Forsskål 1775] HL09
    |    `--Cymodocea DS04 [incl. Amphibolis B78]
    |         |--C. antarctica (see below for synonymy) B78
    |         |--C. ciliata B78
    |         |--C. isoetifolia B78
    |         |--C. nodosa GFW98
    |         `--C. serrulata [=Caulinia serrulata] B78
    `--+--+--Potamogetonaceae DS04
       |  `--Ruppia Linnaeus 1753 ME70 [Ruppiaceae HE80]
       |       |--R. cirrhosa [incl. R. spiralis] H93
       |       |--R. maritima Y98
       |       |    |--R. m. var. maritima C06
       |       |    |--R. m. var. occidentalis V72
       |       |    `--R. m. var. rostellata C06
       |       |--R. megacarpa Mason 1967 ME70
       |       |--R. polycarpa Mason 1967 ME70
       |       `--R. tuberosa KM08
       `--Aponogetonales HE80
            |--Zosteraceae HE80
            |    |--Phyllospadix H93
            |    |    |--P. iwatensis B79
            |    |    |--P. scouleri H93
            |    |    `--P. torreyi H93
            |    `--Zostera Linnaeus 1753 ME70
            |         |  i. s.: Z. hornemanniana PP64
            |         |         Z. marina [incl. Z. marina var. latifolia] H93
            |         |         Z. nana A27
            |         |         Z. noltii BD95
            |         |         Z. pacifica [incl. Z. asiatica] H93
            |         |         Z. tasmanica Martens ex Aschers. 1867–1868 C06
            |         `--Z. sect. Zosterella ME70
            |              |--Z. capricorni Aschers. 1876 ME70
            |              `--Z. muelleri Irmisch ex Aschers. 1867 [incl. Z. novazelandica Setchell 1933] ME70
            `--Aponogeton Linnaeus 1781 (see below for synonymy) YG03
                 |--*A. natans (Linnaeus) Engl. & Krause 1906 (see below for synonymy) YG03
                 |--A. abyssinicus YG03
                 |--A. appendiculatus Bruggen 1968 YG03
                 |--A. azureus CV06
                 |--A. bruggenii Yadav & Govekar 1994 YG03
                 |--A. crispus Thunberg 1781 (see below for synonymy) YG03
                 |--A. decaryi YG03
                 |--A. distachyus Linnaeus 1781 [=A. distachyon] HE80
                 |--A. elongatus B78
                 |--A. euryspermus LK14
                 |--A. fenestralis M16
                 |--A. kimberleyensis LK14
                 |--A. lakhonensis Camus 1909 [incl. A. luteus, A. pygmaeus Krause 1910] YG03
                 |--‘*Uvirandra’ madagascariensis Mirbel 1802 [=Urirandra madagascariensis] YG03
                 |--A. satarensis Sundararagh., Kulkarni & Yadav 1982 YG03
                 `--A. undulatus Roxburgh 1832 (see below for synonymy) YG03

Aponogeton Linnaeus 1781 [=Amogeton Necker 1790 (nom. inv.); incl. Uvirandra Mirbel 1802, Urirandra; Aponogetonaceae, Aponogetonineae] YG03

Aponogeton crispus Thunberg 1781 [=A. crispum; incl. A. echinatus Roxburgh 1832, A. echinatum] YG03

*Aponogeton natans (Linnaeus) Engl. & Krause 1906 [=*Amogeton natans; incl. Parua kelanga, A. monostachyon Linnaeus 1782, Spathium monostachyum Edgew. 1843] YG03

Aponogeton undulatus Roxburgh 1832 [=A. undulatum, Spathium undulatum (Roxburgh) Edgew. 1843, Ouvirandra undulata (Roxburgh) Edgew. 1844; incl. Aponogeton microphyllum Roxburgh 1832, Spathium microphyllum (Roxburgh) Voigt 1845, A. stachyosporus de Wit 1958] YG03

Cymodocea antarctica [=Amphibolis antarctica, Caulinia antarctica, Ruppia antarctica; incl. Amphibolis zosterifolia] B78

*Type species of generic name indicated

REFERENCES

[A27] Andersen, J. C. 1927. Popular names of New Zealand plants. Part 2. Transactions and Proceedings of the New Zealand Institute 57: 905–977.

[BD95] Bakalem, A., & J.-C. Dauvin. 1995. Inventaire des crustacés amphipodes (Gammaridea, Caprellidea, Hyperiidea) des costes d'Algérie: essai de synthèse. Mésogée 54: 49–62.

[B78] Bentham, G. 1878. Flora Australiensis: A description of the plants of the Australian Territory vol. 7. Roxburghiaceae to Filices. L. Reeve & Co.: London.

[B79] Buss, L. W. 1979. Habitat selection, directional growth and spatial refuges: why colonial animals have more hiding places. In: Larwood, G., & B. R. Rosen (eds) Biology and Systematics of Colonial Organisms pp. 459–497. Academic Press: London.

[C06] Cheeseman, T. F. 1906. Manual of the New Zealand Flora. John Mackay, Government Printer: Wellington.

[CV06] Craven, P., & P. Vorster. 2006. Patterns of plant diversity and endemism in Namibia. Bothalia 36 (2): 175–189.

[DS04] Davis, J. I., D. W. Stevenson, G. Petersen, O. Seberg, L. M. Campbell, J. V. Freudenstein, D. H. Goldman, C. R. Hardy, F. A. Michelangeli, M. P. Simmons, C. D. Specht, F. Vergara-Silva & M. Gandolfo. 2004. A phylogeny of the monocots, as inferred from rbcL and atpA sequence variation, and a comparison of methods for calculating jackknife and bootstrap values. Systematic Botany 29 (3): 467–510.

[GFW98] Gattuso, J.-P., M. Frankignoulle & R. Wollast. 1998. Carbon and carbonate metabolism in coastal aquatic ecosystems. Annual Review of Ecology and Systematics 29: 405–434.

[HE80] Healy, A. J., & E. Edgar. 1980. Flora of New Zealand vol. 3. Adventive cyperaceous, petalous and spathaceous monocotyledons. P. D. Hasselberg, Government Printer: Wellington (New Zealand).

[H93] Hickman, J. C. (ed.) 1993. The Jepson Manual: Higher Plants of California. University of California Press: Berkeley (California).

[HL09] Huisman, J. M., F. Leliaert, H. Veerbruggen & R. A. Townsend. 2009. Marine benthic plants of Western Australia's shelf-edge atolls. Records of the Western Australian Museum Supplement 77: 50–87.

[KM08] Keighery, G. J., & W. Muir. 2008. Vegetation and vascular flora of Faure Island, Shark Bay, Western Australia. Records of the Western Australian Museum Supplement 75: 11–19.

[LK14] Lyons, M. N., G. J. Keighery, L. A. Gibson & T. Handasyde. 2014. Flora and vegetation communities of selected islands off the Kimberley coast of Western Australia. Records of the Western Australian Museum Supplement 81: 205–244.

[M16] Maiden, J. H. 1916. Exhibit. Journal and Proceedings of the Royal Society of New South Wales 49 (4): xix–xx.

[ME70] Moore, L. B., & E. Edgar. 1970. Flora of New Zealand vol. 2. Indigenous Tracheophyta: Monocotyledones except Gramineae. A. R. Shearer, Government Printer: Wellington (New Zealand).

[PP64] Peres, J. M., & J. Picard. 1964. Nouveau manuel de bionomie benthique de la mer Mediterranee. Recueil des Travaux de la Station Marine d'Endoume, Bulletin 31 (27): 5–137.

[V72] Voss, E. G. 1972. Michigan Flora. Part I. Gymnosperms and Monocots. Cranbrook Institute of Science and University of Michigan Herbarium.

[YG03] Yadav, S. R., & S. P. Gaikwad. 2003. A revision of the Indian Aponogetonaceae. Bulletin of the Botanical Survey of India 45: 39–76.

[Y98] Yannitsaros, A. 1998. Additions to the flora of Kithira (Greece) I. Willdenowia 28: 77–94.

Last updated: 5 January 2022.

Potamogetonaceae

Fennel pondweed Potamogeton pectinatus, copyright Christian Fischer.

Belongs within: Potamogetonales.

The Potamogetonaceae are a cosmopolitan group of aquatic herbs, often bearing a combination of narrow submerged and broader floating leaves. Members include the cosmopolitan curled pondweed Potamogeton crispus, in which leaves are entirely submerged and have more or less crimped margins (Healy & Edgar 1980).

Characters (from Healy & Edgar 1980): Aquatic perennial herbs of brackish or fresh water. Leaves simple, usually alternate, often dimorphic, submersed ones narrower and more delicate than floating ones; in axil, a delicate membranous stipule, either free or adnate below. Inflorescence a many-flowered spike; peduncle axillary with 0, 1 or 2 bracts at base. Flowers small, green, bisexual, actinomorphic, without bracteoles, segments 4, free, valvate, concave. Stamens 4, on claw of segments; anthers 2-celled, apparently sessile, extrorse. Carpels 4, sessile, free, superior; stigma sessile or nearly so; ovule solitary, strongly curved. Achenes drupe-like when fresh; endocarp stony, splitting by separation of vertically-oriented operculum on outer face.

<==Potamogetonaceae [Potamogetonineae]
    |--Diplanthera wrightii YY22, S00
    |--Althenia YY22
    |--Groenlandia HE80
    |--Potamogetophyllum vernonense Fontaine 1905 CBH93
    `--Potamogeton Linnaeus 1753 ME70
         |  i. s.: P. acutifolius B78
         |         P. alpinus H93
         |           |--P. a. ssp. alpinus H93
         |           `--P. a. ssp. tenuifolius H93
         |         P. amplifolius B97
         |         P. capillaceus V72
         |         P. confervoides V72
         |         P. crispus Linnaeus 1753 HE80
         |         P. diversifolius H93
         |         P. drummondii GK00
         |         P. epihydrus H93
         |           |  i. s.: P. e. var. ramosus V72
         |           |--P. e. ssp. epihydrus H93
         |           `--P. e. ssp. nuttallii H93
         |         P. fluitans C55
         |         P. foliosus H93
         |           |--P. f. var. foliosus H93
         |           |--P. f. var. fibrillosus H93
         |           `--P. f. var. macellus V72
         |         P. friesii V72
         |         P. gramineus CS77
         |         P. hillii V72
         |         P. hybridus B78
         |         P. illinoensis H93
         |         P. indicus M72
         |         P. javanicus B78
         |         P. lateralis V72
         |         P. latifolius H93
         |         P. × longiligulatus [P. strictfolius × P. zosteriformis] V72
         |         P. lucens C55
         |         P. mucronatus S00
         |         P. natans DS04
         |         P. nodosus PP07
         |         P. oakesianus V72
         |         P. obtusifolius [incl. P. compressus] B78
         |         P. octandrus LK14
         |         P. perfoliatus C55
         |         P. polygonifolius ME70
         |         P. praelongus H93
         |         P. pulcher V72
         |         P. pusillus [incl. P. panormitanus] V72
         |           |--P. p. var. pusillus H93
         |           |--P. ‘berchtoldii’ var. lacunatus V72
         |           |--P. ‘berchtoldii’ var. polyphyllus V72
         |           `--P. p. var. tenuissimus [incl. P. berchtoldii] H93
         |         P. richardsonii [=P. perfoliatus var. richardsonii] V72
         |         P. robbinsii H93
         |         P. spirillus V72
         |         P. strictifolius V72
         |         P. tenuicaulis B78
         |         P. tricarinatus LK14
         |         P. vaseyi V72
         |         P. zosterifolius V72
         |         P. zosteriformis H93
         |--P. subg. Potamogeton ME70
         |    |--P. cheesemanii Bennett 1883 ME70 (see below for synonymy)
         |    |--P. ochreatus Raoul 1844 ME70
         |    `--P. suboblongus Hagström 1916 ME70
         `--P. subg. Coleogeton KG01
              |--P. × bottnicus [P. pectinatus × P. vaginatus] KG01
              |--P. filiformis KG01
              |    |--P. f. var. filiformis V72
              |    |--P. f. var. borealis V72
              |    `--P. f. var. macounii V72
              |--P. pectinatus Linnaeus 1753 ME70
              |--P. × suecicus [P. pectinatus × P. filiformis] KG01
              `--P. vaginatus KG01

Potamogeton cheesemanii Bennett 1883 ME70 [incl. P. natans var. australis Kirk ex Bennett 1887 C06, P. cheesemanii f. corymboides Hagström 1916 ME70, P. cheesemanii f. frondosus Hagström 1916 ME70, P. membranaceus Hagström 1916 ME70, P. porrigens Hagström 1916 ME70]

*Type species of generic name indicated

REFERENCES

[B78] Bentham, G. 1878. Flora Australiensis: A description of the plants of the Australian Territory vol. 7. Roxburghiaceae to Filices. L. Reeve & Co.: London.

[B97] Brown, K. M. 1997. Temporal and spatial patterns of abundance in the gastropod assemblage of a macrophyte bed. American Malacological Bulletin 14 (1): 27–33.

[C55] Candolle, A. de. 1855. Géographie Botanique Raisonée: Ou exposition des faits principaux et des lois concernant la distribution géographique des plantes de l’époque actuelle vol. 2. Librairie de Victor Masson: Paris.

[C06] Cheeseman, T. F. 1906. Manual of the New Zealand Flora. John Mackay, Government Printer: Wellington.

[CBH93] Collinson, M. E., M. C. Boulter & P. L. Holmes. 1993. Magnoliophyta (‘Angiospermae’). In: Benton, M. J. (ed.) The Fossil Record 2 pp. 809–841. Chapman & Hall: London.

[CS77] Cramp, S., & K. E. L. Simmons (eds) 1977. Handbook of the Birds of Europe, the Middle East and North Africa: The Birds of the Western Palaearctic vol. 1. Ostrich to Ducks. Oxford University Press: Oxford.

[DS04] Davis, J. I., D. W. Stevenson, G. Petersen, O. Seberg, L. M. Campbell, J. V. Freudenstein, D. H. Goldman, C. R. Hardy, F. A. Michelangeli, M. P. Simmons, C. D. Specht, F. Vergara-Silva & M. Gandolfo. 2004. A phylogeny of the monocots, as inferred from rbcL and atpA sequence variation, and a comparison of methods for calculating jackknife and bootstrap values. Systematic Botany 29 (3): 467–510.

[GK00] Gibson, N., & G. J. Keighery. 2000. Flora and vegetation of the Byenup-Muir reserve system, south-west Western Australia. CALMScience 3 (3): 323–402.

[HE80] Healy, A. J., & E. Edgar. 1980. Flora of New Zealand vol. 3. Adventive cyperaceous, petalous and spathaceous monocotyledons. P. D. Hasselberg, Government Printer: Wellington (New Zealand).

[H93] Hickman, J. C. (ed.) 1993. The Jepson Manual: Higher Plants of California. University of California Press: Berkeley (California).

[KG01] King, R. A., R. J. Gornall, C. D. Preston & J. M. Croft. 2001. Molecular confirmation of Potamogeton × bottnicus (P. pectinatus × P. vaginatus, Potamogetonaceae) in Britain. Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society 135 (1): 67–70.

[LK14] Lyons, M. N., G. J. Keighery, L. A. Gibson & T. Handasyde. 2014. Flora and vegetation communities of selected islands off the Kimberley coast of Western Australia. Records of the Western Australian Museum Supplement 81: 205–244.

[M72] Mitra, S. N. 1972. Observations on the vegetation of the Upper Damodar catchment area. Journal of the Bombay Natural History Society 69 (1): 17–25.

[PP07] Pandey, R. P., & P. M. Padhye. 2007. Studies on phytodiversity of Arid Machia Safari Park-Kailana in Jodhpur (Rajasthan). Bulletin of the Botanical Survey of India 49: 15–78.

[S00] Siddiqi, M. R. 2000. Tylenchida: Parasites of plants and insects 2^nd ed. CABI Publishing: Wallingford (UK).

[V72] Voss, E. G. 1972. Michigan Flora. Part I. Gymnosperms and Monocots. Cranbrook Institute of Science and University of Michigan Herbarium.

[YY22] Yampolsky, C., & H. Yampolsky. 1922. Distribution of sex forms in the phanerogamic flora. Bibliotheca Genetica 3: 1–62.

Last updated: 5 January 2022.

Aroideae

Philodendron insigne, copyright Bernard Dupont.

Belongs within: Araceae.
Contains: Arisaema.

The Aroideae is a clade within the family Araceae with the spadix (flower-spike) divided into a male and female region. Members of the Aroideae except the Zamioculcadeae are united by the presence of lactifers and of pollen with a thin thin ectexine, thick and spongy endexine and massive intine (Angiosperm Phylogeny Website). Notable members of the clade include taro Colocasia esculenta, widely grown for its edible corms. Many, such as species of Philodendron, are popular ornamental plants grown primarily for their foliage. The titan arum Amorphophallus titanum produces the world's largest unbranched inflorescence, reaching a height of up to 2.5 metres.

Synapomorphies (from the Angiosperm Phylogeny Website, as 'Zamioculcadoideae + Aroideae'): Spathe differentiated into tube plus blade, spadix differentiated into zones with staminate and carpellate flowers; flowers imperfect; pollen inaperturate.

<==Aroideae
    |--Zamioculcas [Zamioculcadeae] TB04
    |    `--Z. zamiifolia TB04
    `--+--+--Nephthytideae TB04
       |  |    |--Anchomanes difformis TB04
       |  |    `--Nephthytis afzelii TB04
       |  `--Aglaonema [Aglaonemateae] TB04
       |       |--A. griffithii P88
       |       |--A. modestum TB04
       |       `--A. oblongifolium K03
       `--+--Anubias [Anubiadeae] TB04
          |    `--A. barteri TB04
          |         |--A. b. var. barteri TB04
          |         `--A. b. var. caladiifolia TB04
          |--+--Culcasieae TB04
          |  |    |--Culcasia saxatilis TB04
          |  |    `--+--Cercestis stigmaticus TB04
          |  |       `--Rhektophyllum mirabile TB04
          |  `--+--Dieffenbachia [Dieffenbachieae] TB04
          |     |    `--D. pittieri TB04
          |     `--Spathicarpa [Spathicarpeae] TB04
          |          `--S. sagittifolia TB04
          |--+--Montrichardia [Montrichardieae] TB04
          |  |    `--M. arborescens [incl. M. aculeata] BTA75
          |  `--+--Homalomena [Homalomeneae] TB04
          |     |    |--H. propinga K03
          |     |    `--H. rubescens TB04
          |     `--Philodendron [Philodendreae, Philodendroideae] TB04
          |          |  i. s.: P. callosum NS06
          |          |         P. consanguineum J87
          |          |         P. sinuatum MM96
          |          |--P. insigne TB04
          |          |--P. rudgeanum TB04
          |          |--P. solimoesense TB04
          |          `--+--P. fragrantissimum TB04
          |             `--+--P. billietiae TB04
          |                `---P. melinonii TB04
          `--+--+--Caladieae TB04
             |  |    |--Caladium TB04
             |  |    |    |--‘Arum’ arborescens V01
             |  |    |    |--‘Arum’ auritum V01
             |  |    |    |--C. bicolor TB04 [=Arum bicolor V01]
             |  |    |    |--‘Arum’ helleborifolium V01
             |  |    |    |--C. nymphaeaefolium V01
             |  |    |    |--‘Arum’ sagittaefolium V01
             |  |    |    |--‘Arum’ seguinum V01
             |  |    |    `--C. solocasia AP80
             |  |    `--Xanthosoma TB04
             |  |         |--X. sagittifolium TB04
             |  |         `--X. undipes C09
             |  `--Thomsonieae TB04
             |       |--Pseudodracontium FPC04
             |       `--Amorphophallus TB04
             |            |--A. galbra LK14
             |            |--A. gigas B14
             |            |--A. paeoniifolius TB04
             |            |    |--A. p. var. paeoniifolius TB04
             |            |    `--A. p. var. campanulatus TB04
             |            `--A. titanum CG12
             `--+--Peltandra [Peltandreae] TB04
                |    `--P. virginica TB04
                `--+--+--Arisaema TB04
                   |  `--Pistia [Pistieae] TB04
                   |       `--P. stratiotes TB04
                   `--Colocasieae [Colocasioideae] TB04
                        |--Protarum FPC04
                        |--Steudnera FPC04
                        |--Colocasia HE80
                        |    |--C. esculenta (Linnaeus) Schott in Schott & Endlicher 1832 HE80 (see below for synonymy)
                        |    |    |--C. e. var. esculenta LK14
                        |    |    `--C. e. var. aquatilis LK14
                        |    `--C. macrorrhiza M87
                        `--Alocasia TB04
                             |--A. cuprea H03
                             |--A. denudata P88
                             |--A. macrorrhiza (Linnaeus) Don in Sweet 1839 HE80
                             `--A. odora TB04

Aroideae incertae sedis:
  Arum HE80
    |--A. dioscoridis PT98
    |--A. dracunculus D97
    |--A. italicum Miller 1768 HE80
    `--A. maculatum TG88
  Arisarum [Arisareae] FPC04
    `--A. vulgare PT98
  Ambrosina [Ambrosineae] FPC04
  Calla [Calloideae] NS06
    `--C. palustris NS06

Colocasia esculenta (Linnaeus) Schott in Schott & Endlicher 1832 HE80 [=Arum esculentum V01, Caladium esculentum HE80; incl. C. esculenta var. antiquorum HE80, Arum colocasia C55]

*Type species of generic name indicated

REFERENCES

[AP80] Andrews, K. L., & S. L. Poe. 1980. Spider mites of El Salvador, Central America (Acari: Tetranychidae). Florida Entomologist 63 (4): 502–505.

[BTA75] Baker, E. W., D. M. Tuttle & M. J. Abbatiello. 1975. The false spider mites of northwestern and north central Mexico (Acarina: Tenuipalpidae). Smithsonian Contributions to Zoology 194: 1–23.

[B14] Bouchard, P. (ed.) 2014. The Book of Beetles: A lifesize guide to six hundred of nature's gems. Ivy Press: Lewes (United Kingdom).

[C55] Candolle, A. de. 1855. Géographie Botanique Raisonée: Ou exposition des faits principaux et des lois concernant la distribution géographique des plantes de l’époque actuelle vol. 2. Librairie de Victor Masson: Paris.

[C09] Chaverri, L. G. 2009. Culicidae (mosquitos, zancudos). In: Brown, B. V., A. Borkent, J. M. Cumming, D. M. Wood, N. E. Woodley & M. A. Zumbado (eds) Manual of Central American Diptera vol. 1 pp. 369–388. NRC Research Press: Ottawa.

[CG12] Clouse, R., & G. Giribet. 2012. On the Cyphophthalmi (Arachnida, Opiliones) types from the Museo Civico di Storia Naturale "Giacomo Doria". Bulletin of the Museum of Comparative Zoology 160 (5): 241–257.

[D97] Duméril, A. M. C. 1797. Extrait d'une dissertation sur l'organe de l'odorat dans les insectes. Bulletin des Sciences, par la Societé Philomathique de Paris 1 (5): 34.

[FPC04] Friis, E. M., K. R. Pedersen & P. R. Crane. 2004. Araceae from the Early Cretaceous of Portugal: evidence on the emergence of monocotyledons. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the USA 101 (47): 16565–16570.

[H03] Heads, M. 2003. Ericaceae in Malesia: vicariance biogeography, terrane tectonics and ecology. Telopea 10 (1): 311–449.

[HE80] Healy, A. J., & E. Edgar. 1980. Flora of New Zealand vol. 3. Adventive cyperaceous, petalous and spathaceous monocotyledons. P. D. Hasselberg, Government Printer: Wellington (New Zealand).

[J87] Judd, W. S. 1987. Floristic study of Morne La Visite and Pic Macaya National Parks, Haiti. Bulletin of the Florida State Museum—Biological Sciences 32 (1): 1–136.

[K03] Kulip, J. 2003. An ethnobotanical survey of medicinal and other useful plants of Muruts in Sabah, Malaysia. Telopea 10 (1): 81–98.

[LK14] Lyons, M. N., G. J. Keighery, L. A. Gibson & T. Handasyde. 2014. Flora and vegetation communities of selected islands off the Kimberley coast of Western Australia. Records of the Western Australian Museum Supplement 81: 205–244.

[MM96] Mound, L. A., & R. Marullo. 1996. The thrips of Central and South America: an introduction (Insecta: Thysanoptera). Memoirs on Entomology, International 6: 1–487.

[M87] Mueller, F. von. 1887. Some hitherto undescribed plants of New South Wales. Proceedings of the Linnean Society of New South Wales, series 2, 1 (4): 1105–1110.

[NS06] Nie, Z.-L., H. Sun, H. Li & J. Wen. 2006. Intercontinental biogeography of subfamily Orontioideae (Symplocarpus, Lysichiton, and Orontium) of Araceae in eastern Asia and North America. Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 40 (1): 155–165.

[PT98] Panitsa, M., & D. Tzanoudakis. 1998. Contribution to the study of the Greek flora: flora and vegetation of the E Aegean islands Agathonisi and Pharmakonisi. Willdenowia 28: 95–116.

[P88] Polunin, I. 1988. Plants and Flowers of Malaysia. Times Editions: Singapore.

[TB04] Tam, S.-M., P. C. Boyce, T. M. Upson, D. Barabé, A. Bruneau, F. Forest & J. S. Parker. 2004. Intergeneric and infrafamilial phylogeny of subfamily Monsteroideae (Araceae) revealed by chloroplast trnL-F sequences. American Journal of Botany 91 (3): 490–498.

[TG88] Tepfer, D., A. Goldmann, N. Pamboukdjian, M. Maille, A. Lepingle, D. Chevalier, J. Dénarié & C. Rosenberg. 1988. A plasmid of Rhizobium meliloti 41 encodes catabolism of two compounds from root exudate of Calystegium sepium. Journal of Bacteriology 170 (3): 1153–1161.

[V01] Ventenat, C. 1801. Dissertation sur le genre Arum. Bulletin des Sciences, par la Societé Philomathique de Paris 2 (46): 171–172.

Last updated: 13 November 2018.