Liriomyza

Liriomyza pusilla, copyright Aleksandrs Balodis.

Belongs within: Agromyzidae.

Liriomyza is a diverse genus of leaf-mining flies feeding on a wide range of plant hosts, with the highest diversity of species found in northern temperate regions (Boucher 2010).

Characters (from Boucher 2010): Frons and scutellum usually bright yellow (either or both occasionally dark); lunule not especially high or large; three (sometimes two) postsutural and one presutural dorsocentral bristles; M₁ ending closer to wing tip than R₄₊₅; knob of halter completely white or yellow; male usually with stridulatory mechanism on membrane connecting abdominal tergites and sternites; surstylus usually present, with one or two (rarely three) spines and sometimes few weak hairs; epandrium often with one or two (sometimes more) spines at posteroventral margin, or conspicuously sclerotised on inner margin.

<==Liriomyza [incl. Praspedomyza] S87
    |--L. arctii B10
    |--L. brassicae B88
    |--L. chenopodii M83
    |--L. cortesi B10
    |--L. fricki S87
    |--L. galiivora S87
    |--L. helichrysi B88
    |--L. huidobrensis B10
    |--L. philadelphivora S87
    |--L. pusilla RD77
    |--L. septentrionalis B10
    |--L. sativae B10
    |--L. schmidti S87
    |--L. singula S87
    `--L. trifolii B10

*Type species of generic name indicated

REFERENCES

[B88] Bouček, Z. 1988. Australasian Chalcidoidea (Hymenoptera): A biosystematic revision of genera of fourteen families, with a reclassification of species. CAB International: Wallingford (UK).

[B10] Boucher, S. 2010. Agromyzidae (leaf-mining flies). In: Brown, B. V., A. Borkent, J. M. Cumming, D. M. Wood, N. E. Woodley & M. A. Zumbado (eds) Manual of Central American Diptera vol. 2 pp. 1057–1071. NRC Research Press: Ottawa.

[M83] Martin, N. A. 1983. Miscellaneous observations on a pasture fauna: an annotated species list. DSIR Entomology Division Report 3: 1–98.

[RD77] Richards, O. W., & R. G. Davies. 1977. Imms' General Textbook of Entomology 10^th ed. vol. 2. Classification and Biology. Chapman and Hall: London.

[S87] Spencer, K. A. 1987. Agromyzidae. In: McAlpine, J. F. (ed.) Manual of Nearctic Diptera vol. 2 pp. 869–879. Research Branch, Agriculture Canada.

Cerodontha

Cerodontha sp., copyright Steve Kerr.

Belongs within: Agromyzidae.

Cerodontha is a genus of leaf-mining flies that develop on species of Monocotyledoneae. The genus is characterised by the presence in the male terminalia of L-shaped subepandrial sclerites (Boucher 2010).

<==Cerodontha B10
    |  i. s.: C. australis [=C. denticornis] M83
    |         C. flavocingulata S87
    |         C. frankensis S87
    |         C. robusta CM91
    |         C. scirpivora S87
    |--C. (Cerodontha) dorsalis B10
    |--C. (Dizygomyza) B10
    |    |--‘Dizygomyza’ cambii [=Phytobia cambii] RD77
    |    `--C. (D.) luctuosa B10
    `--C. (Poemyza) B10
         |--C. (P.) muscina B10
         `--C. (P.) pygmaea B10

*Type species of generic name indicated

REFERENCES

[B10] Boucher, S. 2010. Agromyzidae (leaf-mining flies). In: Brown, B. V., A. Borkent, J. M. Cumming, D. M. Wood, N. E. Woodley & M. A. Zumbado (eds) Manual of Central American Diptera vol. 2 pp. 1057–1071. NRC Research Press: Ottawa.

[CM91] Colless, D. H., & D. K. McAlpine. 1991. Diptera (flies). In: CSIRO. The Insects of Australia: A textbook for students and research workers 2^nd ed. vol. 2 pp. 717–786. Melbourne University Press: Carlton (Victoria).

[M83] Martin, N. A. 1983. Miscellaneous observations on a pasture fauna: an annotated species list. DSIR Entomology Division Report 3: 1–98.

[RD77] Richards, O. W., & R. G. Davies. 1977. Imms' General Textbook of Entomology 10^th ed. vol. 2. Classification and Biology. Chapman and Hall: London.

[S87] Spencer, K. A. 1987. Agromyzidae. In: McAlpine, J. F. (ed.) Manual of Nearctic Diptera vol. 2 pp. 869–879. Research Branch, Agriculture Canada.

Phytomyza

Phytomyza clematadi, copyright Plant and Food Research.

Belongs within: Agromyzidae.

Phytomyza is a diverse genus of agromyzid flies including both leaf-mining species and borers in seeds and stems. Representatives include P. rufipes which is a pest on species of Brassica (Boucher 2010).

Characters (from Boucher 2010): Fronto-orbital setulae distinctly proclinate; costa extending only to vein R₄₊₅; crossvein dm-cu usually absent; halter white.

<==Phytomyza [incl. Chromatomyia] B10
    |--P. atricornis B88
    |--P. chelonei B10
    |--P. clematadi Watt 1923 S69
    |--P. clematidicola B88
    |--P. cytisi A71
    |--P. davisii S87
    |--P. gregaria B10
    |--P. horticola RD77 [=Chromatomyia horticola B88]
    |--P. ilicicola WT11
    |--P. ilicis A71
    |--P. loewii B10
    |--P. parvicella S87
    |--P. pedicularidis B10
    |--P. plantaginis M83
    |--P. rufipes B10
    |--P. syngenesiae B10
    `--P. varipes S87

*Type species of generic name indicated

REFERENCES

[A71] Askew, R. R. 1971. Parasitic Insects. Heinemann Educational Books: London.

[B88] Bouček, Z. 1988. Australasian Chalcidoidea (Hymenoptera): A biosystematic revision of genera of fourteen families, with a reclassification of species. CAB International: Wallingford (UK).

[B10] Boucher, S. 2010. Agromyzidae (leaf-mining flies). In: Brown, B. V., A. Borkent, J. M. Cumming, D. M. Wood, N. E. Woodley & M. A. Zumbado (eds) Manual of Central American Diptera vol. 2 pp. 1057–1071. NRC Research Press: Ottawa.

[M83] Martin, N. A. 1983. Miscellaneous observations on a pasture fauna: an annotated species list. DSIR Entomology Division Report 3: 1–98.

[RD77] Richards, O. W., & R. G. Davies. 1977. Imms' General Textbook of Entomology 10^th ed. vol. 2. Classification and Biology. Chapman and Hall: London.

[S87] Spencer, K. A. 1987. Agromyzidae. In: McAlpine, J. F. (ed.) Manual of Nearctic Diptera vol. 2 pp. 869–879. Research Branch, Agriculture Canada.

[S69] Steyskal, G. C. 1969. The mistreatment of the Latin genitive case in forming names of parasites. Systematic Zoology 18 (3): 339–342.

[WT11] Wiegmann, B. M., M. D. Trautwein, I. S. Winkler, N. B. Barr, J.-W. Kim, C. Lambkin, M. A. Bertone, B. K. Cassel, K. M. Bayless, A. M. Heimberg, B. M. Wheeler, K. J. Peterson, T. Pape, B. J. Sinclair, J. H. Skevington, V. Blagoderov, J. Caravas, S. N. Kutty, U. Schmidt-Ott, G. E. Kampmeier, F. C. Thompson, D. A. Grimaldi, A. T. Beckenbach, G. W. Courtney, M. Friedrich, R. Meier & D. K. Yeates. 2011. Episodic radiations in the fly tree of life. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the USA 108 (14): 5690–5695.

Last updated: 2 July 2021.

Agromyza

Mating Agromyza, from here.

Belongs within: Agromyzidae.

Agromyza is a genus of leaf-mining flies most diverse in temperate regions of the Holarctic. Larvae of most species are leaf-miners and have been recorded from a wide range of host plants (Boucher 2010).

Characters (from Boucher 2010): Body without metallic sheen; gena usually angular, deepest at rear; usually three or more dorsocentral bristles (anterior pair sometimes weak or absent); prescutellar bristles well developed; subcostal vein developed throughout its length and joined with vein R₁ before reaching costa; halter usually white (rarely black); stridulatory mechanism present on lateral margin of fused first and second abdominal tergite and on inner surface of hind femur; surstylus with numerous spines and fused with epandrium.

<==Agromyza B10
    |--A. albipennis B10
    |--A. allia Frost 1943 S69
    |--A. alunulata S87
    |--A. angulata G17
    |--A. animata B10
    |--A. carbonaria K01
    |--A. demeijerei A71
    |--A. fusca B10
    |--A. gibsoni G38
    |--A. megaepistoma B10
    |--A. parvicornis RD77
    |--A. pruni RD77
    |--A. pseudoreptans M90
    |--A. venezolana B10
    `--A. virens G38

*Type species of generic name indicated

REFERENCES

[A71] Askew, R. R. 1971. Parasitic Insects. Heinemann Educational Books: London.

[B10] Boucher, S. 2010. Agromyzidae (leaf-mining flies). In: Brown, B. V., A. Borkent, J. M. Cumming, D. M. Wood, N. E. Woodley & M. A. Zumbado (eds) Manual of Central American Diptera vol. 2 pp. 1057–1071. NRC Research Press: Ottawa.

[G38] Gahan, A. B. 1938. Notes on some genera and species of Chalcidoidea (Hymenoptera). Proceedings of the Entomological Society of Washington 40 (8): 209–227.

[G17] Girault, A. A. 1917. Descriptiones hymenopterorum chalcidoidicarum variorum cum observationibus. III. Privately published (reprinted Gordh, G., A. S. Menke, E. C. Dahms & J. C. Hall. 1979. The privately printed papers of A. A. Girault. Memoirs of the American Entomological Institute 28: 102–111).

[K01] Kertész, K. 1901. Legyek [Dipteren]. In: Horváth, G. (ed.) Zichy Jenő Gróf Harmadik Ázsiai Utazása [Dritte Asiatische Forschungsreise des Grafen Eugen Zichy] vol. 2. Zichy Jenő Gróf Harmadik Ázsiai Utazásának Állattani Eredményei [Zoologische Ergebnisse der Dritten Asiatischen Forschungsreise des Grafen Eugen Zichy] pp. 179–201. Victor Hornyánszky: Budapest, and Karl W. Hierseman: Leipzig.

[M90] McAlpine, J. F. 1990. Insecta: Diptera adults. In: Dindal, D. L. (ed.) Soil Biology Guide pp. 1211–1252. John Wiley & Sones: New York.

[RD77] Richards, O. W., & R. G. Davies. 1977. Imms' General Textbook of Entomology 10^th ed. vol. 2. Classification and Biology. Chapman and Hall: London.

[S87] Spencer, K. A. 1987. Agromyzidae. In: McAlpine, J. F. (ed.) Manual of Nearctic Diptera vol. 2 pp. 869–879. Research Branch, Agriculture Canada.

[S69] Steyskal, G. C. 1969. The mistreatment of the Latin genitive case in forming names of parasites. Systematic Zoology 18 (3): 339–342.

Last updated: 2 July 2021.

Agromyzidae

Cambium miner Phytobia sp., copyright Rami P.

Belongs within: Schizophora.
Contains: Agromyza, Melanagromyza, Phytomyza, Cerodontha, Liriomyza.

The Agromyzidae are a group of mostly small or minute flies, the larvae of which form mines or galls in plants. Females have a well-sclerotised ovipositor that is used to insert eggs into plant tissue. As a result of damage from oviposition and larval feeding, some species are economically significant pests, particularly those such as the vegetable leaf miner Liriomyza sativae that may attack a wide range of hosts. The majority of species, however, restrict themselves to a single host species or closely related host species only (Boucher 2010). The fossil record of the family is limited; however, feeding channels in wood similar to those formed by the modern genus Phytobia are known from the Upper Miocene (Spencer 1987).

Agromyzids are divided between the subfamilies Agromyzinae, in which the subcostal vein fuses with vein R₁ before reaching the costa, and Phytomyzinae, in which the two veins usually reach the costa independently (some Phytobia species have the subcostal vein as in Agromyzinae). The subfamilies are also distinguished by the larval cephalopharyngeal skeleton having two upper arms in Agromyzinae but only one in Phytomyzinae (Boucher 2010).

Characters (from Boucher 2010): Minute to medium-sized flies (wing length 0.9–6.5 mm, usually 2–3 mm). Often yellow and/or black, brown or gray, few have some metallic greenish, bluish or coppery coloration. Head with first flagellomere small, round, or sometimes enlarged, elongate, or with anterodorsal projection or spine and with well-developed dorsobasal arista. Fronto-orbital and ocellar bristles trong; postocellar bristles divergent; fronto-orbital setulae in one or more rows, usually reclinate but sometimes proclinate, upright or absent; vibrissa well developed, some males with vibrissal fasciculus. Scutum with two to five dorsocentral bristles present but many genera in Phytomyzinae with three postsutural and one presutural dorsocentral bristles; acrostichals present (in up to ten rows) or absent. Costal break present near end of R₁, humeral break absent; Sc incomplete distally or reaching C as linear fold, independently of R₁, or Sc complete and fusing with R₁ before reaching costa; CuA₂ and A₁ present, forming small cell cup; A₁ not reaching wing margin. Abdomen tapered, composed of six visible segments. Females with abdominal segment 7 modified in large conical nonretractile oviscape.

<==Agromyzidae
    |  i. s.: Ceratomyza lateralis K01
    |         Selachops G10
    |         Aulagromyza B10
    |           |--A. nitida B10
    |           `--A. orbitalis B10
    |         Xeniomyza S87
    |         Penetagromyza S87
    |         Gymnophytomyza S87
    |         Pseudoliriomyza cordiae O98
    |--Agromyzinae B10
    |    |--Agromyza B10
    |    |--Tropicomyia Spencer 1973 S87
    |    |--Hexomyza S87
    |    |--Melanagromyza B10
    |    |--Ophiomyia B10
    |    |    |--O. aberrans S87
    |    |    |--O. centrosematis O98
    |    |    |--O. labiatarum S87
    |    |    |--O. lantanae B10
    |    |    |--O. maura B10
    |    |    |--O. phaseoli B10
    |    |    `--O. solanicola B88
    |    `--Japanagromyza B10
    |         |--J. jamaicensis B10
    |         |--J. maculata [=Geratomyza maculata] B10
    |         |--J. nebulifera B10
    |         |--J. orbitalis B10
    |         |--J. phaseoli B10
    |         |--J. polygoni B10
    |         `--J. spadix [=Geratomyza spadix] B10
    `--Phytomyzinae B10
         |--Phytomyza B10
         |--Haplopeodes B10
         |--Galiomyza B10
         |--Cerodontha B10
         |--Liriomyza B10
         |--Metopomyza S87
         |--Napomyza lateralis S87
         |--Paraphytomyza S87
         |    |--P. nitida S87
         |    `--P. orbitalis S87
         |--Pseudonapomyza B10
         |    |--P. asiatica B10
         |    |--P. cingulata B88
         |    `--P. lacteipennis B10
         |--Nemorimyza B10
         |    |--N. maculosa B10
         |    |--N. posticata B10
         |    `--N. ranchograndensis B10
         |--Amauromyza B10 [incl. Campanulomyza S87, Melanophytobia S87]
         |    |--A. abnormalis B10
         |    |--A. boliviensis B10
         |    |--A. (Trilobomyza) flavifrons S87
         |    |--A. karli S87
         |    `--A. (Catalpomyza) pleuralis S87
         |--Calycomyza B10
         |    |--C. devia B10
         |    |--C. illustris B10
         |    |--C. menthae S87
         |    |--C. meridiana B10
         |    `--C. obscura B10
         |--Phytoliriomyza B10 [incl. Lemurimyza S87, Nesomyza S87, Pteridomyza S87]
         |    |--P. conjunctimontis B10
         |    |--P. costaricensis B10
         |    |--P. cyathea Spencer 1976 M03
         |    |--P. hilarella S87
         |    |--P. leechi B10
         |    `--P. pacifica S87
         `--Phytobia B10
              |--P. coylesi S87
              |--P. guatemalensis B10
              |--P. kallima B10
              |--P. mentula B10
              |--P. pipinna B10
              |--P. rabelloi B10
              `--P. unica B10

*Type species of generic name indicated

REFERENCES

[B88] Bouček, Z. 1988. Australasian Chalcidoidea (Hymenoptera): A biosystematic revision of genera of fourteen families, with a reclassification of species. CAB International: Wallingford (UK).

[B10] Boucher, S. 2010. Agromyzidae (leaf-mining flies). In: Brown, B. V., A. Borkent, J. M. Cumming, D. M. Wood, N. E. Woodley & M. A. Zumbado (eds) Manual of Central American Diptera vol. 2 pp. 1057–1071. NRC Research Press: Ottawa.

[G10] Gaimari, S. D. 2010. Odiniidae (odiniid flies). In: Brown, B. V., A. Borkent, J. M. Cumming, D. M. Wood, N. E. Woodley & M. A. Zumbado (eds) Manual of Central American Diptera vol. 2 pp. 1049–1055. NRC Research Press: Ottawa.

[K01] Kertész, K. 1901. Legyek [Dipteren]. In: Horváth, G. (ed.) Zichy Jenő Gróf Harmadik Ázsiai Utazása [Dritte Asiatische Forschungsreise des Grafen Eugen Zichy] vol. 2. Zichy Jenő Gróf Harmadik Ázsiai Utazásának Állattani Eredményei [Zoologische Ergebnisse der Dritten Asiatischen Forschungsreise des Grafen Eugen Zichy] pp. 179–201. Victor Hornyánszky: Budapest, and Karl W. Hierseman: Leipzig.

[M03] Martin, N. 2003. Changes in abundance of the silver fern leaf miner. Weta 25: 31–32.

[O98] Oosterbroek, P. 1998. The Families of Diptera of the Malay Archipelago. Brill: Leiden.

[S87] Spencer, K. A. 1987. Agromyzidae. In: McAlpine, J. F. (ed.) Manual of Nearctic Diptera vol. 2 pp. 869–879. Research Branch, Agriculture Canada.

Last updated: 2 July 2021.