Aristidoideae

Aristida stipoides, copyright Roger and Alison Heath.

Belongs within: Poaceae.
Contains: Aristida section Chaetaria.

The Aristidoideae, wiregrasses, are a group of relatively narrow-leaved grasses most commonly found in dry, open habitats.

Characters (from Grass Phylogeny Working Group 2001): Plants annual or perennial, caespitose, herbaceous, xerophytic or less commonly mesophytic. Culms solid or hollow. Leaves distichous; abaxial ligule absent or present as a line of hairs; adaxial ligule a fringed membrane or a fringe of hairs; blades relatively narrow, without pseudopetioles, venation parallel; sheaths non-auriculate. Inflorescences paniculate, bracts outside of the spikelets absent. Spikelets with bisexual florets, glumes 2, female-fertile floret 1, and no rachilla extension, cylindrical or laterally compressed, disarticulating above the glumes; lemma with three awns, the awns separate from each other, or fused below into a twisted column; palea short, less than half the lemma length; lodicules present or rarely absent, when present 2, free, membranous, glabrous, heavily vascularized; stamens 1 to 3; ovary glabrous, apical appendage absent, haustorial synergids absent, styles 2, free, close, stigmas 2. Caryopsis with the hilum short or long-linear; endosperm hard, without lipid, containing compound starch grains; embryo small or large, epiblast absent, scutellar cleft present or absent, mesocotyl internode elongated, embryonic leaf margins meeting. Basic chromosome numbers: x = 11, 12.

<==Aristidoideae [Aristideae]
    |--Sartidia GPWG01
    |--Stipagrostis GPWG01
    |    |--S. damarensis CV06
    |    |--S. garubensis CV06
    |    |--S. gonatostachys CV06
    |    |--S. hermannii CV06
    |    |--S. lanipes CV06
    |    |--S. namibensis CV06
    |    |--S. pellytronis CV06
    |    |--S. plumosa AGF98
    |    |--S. pogonoptila PP07
    |    |--S. ramulosa CV06
    |    |--S. sabulicola CV06
    |    |--S. seelyae CV06
    |    |--S. uniplumus CS77
    |    |--S. vulnerans AGF98
    |    `--S. zeyheri GPWG01
    `--Aristida GPWG01
         |  i. s.: A. adscensionis PP07
         |           |--A. a. var. adscensionis S06
         |           |--A. a. var. breviseta Hackel in Stuckert 1906 S06
         |           |--A. a. var. coerulescens S06
         |           |    |  i. s.: A. a. var. c. f. modestina Hackel in Stuckert 1906 S06
         |           |    |--A. a. var. c. subvar. coerulescens S06
         |           |    `--A. a. var. c. subvar. condensata S06
         |           |--A. a. var. laevis S06
         |           |--A. a. var. modesta S06
         |           `--A. a. var. scabriflora S06
         |         A. arizonica GPWG01
         |         A. basiramea V72
         |         A. californica H93
         |         A. congesta GPWG01
         |           |--A. c. ssp. congesta GPWG01
         |           `--A. c. ssp. barbicollis GPWG01
         |         A. dichotoma V72
         |         A. divaricata H93
         |         A. exserta LK14
         |         A. funiculata PP07
         |         A. holathera LK14
         |         A. inaequiglumis LK14
         |         A. ingrata LK14
         |         A. kimberleyensis LK14
         |         A. longispica V72
         |           |--A. l. var. longispica V72
         |           `--A. l. var. geniculata [incl. A. intermedia] V72
         |         A. mendocina [incl. A. cordobensis] S06
         |         A. murina [=A. pallens var. murina Trin. 1849] S06
         |         A. mutabilis PP07
         |         A. necopina V72
         |         A. oligantha H93
         |         A. orcuttiana H93
         |         A. pallens S06
         |           |--A. p. var. pallens S06
         |           |--A. p. var. intermedia S06
         |           |--A. p. var. macrochaeta Hackel in Stuckert 1906 S06
         |           `--A. p. var. tenuifolia S06
         |         A. perniciosa LK14
         |         A. pruinosa LK14
         |         A. purpurascens V72
         |         A. purpurea GPWG01
         |           |--A. p. var. purpurea GPWG01
         |           |--A. p. var. fendleriana H93
         |           |--A. p. var. longiseta GPWG01
         |           |--A. p. var. nealleyi [incl. A. glauca] H93
         |           |--A. p. var. parishii H93
         |           `--A. p. var. wrightii H93
         |         A. setacea S03
         |         A. setifolia S06
         |         A. spegazzinii S06
         |           |--A. s. var. spegazzinii S06
         |           |--A. s. var. abbreviata S06
         |           `--A. s. var. pallescens S06
         |         A. spiciformis M83
         |         A. stricta CS90
         |         A. ternipes H93
         |           |--A. t. var. ternipes H93
         |           `--A. t. var. hamulosa H93
         |         A. tuberculosa V72
         |--A. sect. Arthratherum B78
         |    |--A. arenaria [=Arthratherum arenarium; incl. Ari. contorta Muell. 1855] B78
         |    |--A. hygrometrica B78
         |    `--A. stipoides B78
         `--A. sect. Chaetaria B78

*Type species of generic name indicated

REFERENCES

[AGF98] Abd El-Ghani, M. M., & A. G. Fahmy. 1998. Composition of and changes in the spontaneous flora of Feiran Oasis, S Sinai, Egypt, in the last 60 years. Willdenowia 28: 123–134.

[B78] Bentham, G. 1878. Flora Australiensis: A description of the plants of the Australian Territory vol. 7. Roxburghiaceae to Filices. L. Reeve & Co.: London.

[CS90] Corey, D. T., & I. J. Stout. 1990. Ground surface arachnids in sandhill communities of Florida. Journal of Arachnology 18: 167–172.

[CS77] Cramp, S., & K. E. L. Simmons (eds) 1977. Handbook of the Birds of Europe, the Middle East and North Africa: The Birds of the Western Palaearctic vol. 1. Ostrich to Ducks. Oxford University Press: Oxford.

[CV06] Craven, P., & P. Vorster. 2006. Patterns of plant diversity and endemism in Namibia. Bothalia 36 (2): 175–189.

[GPWG01] Grass Phylogeny Working Group. 2001. Phylogeny and subfamilial classification of the grasses (Poaceae). Annals of the Missouri Botanical Garden 88 (3): 373–457.

[H93] Hickman, J. C. (ed.) 1993. The Jepson Manual: Higher Plants of California. University of California Press: Berkeley (California).

[M83] Myers, R. L. 1983. Site susceptibility to invasion by the exotic tree Melaleuca quinquenervia in southern Florida. Journal of Applied Ecology 20: 645–658.

[PP07] Pandey, R. P., & P. M. Padhye. 2007. Studies on phytodiversity of Arid Machia Safari Park-Kailana in Jodhpur (Rajasthan). Bulletin of the Botanical Survey of India 49: 15–78.

[S03] Singh, J. N. 2003. Grasses and their hydro-edaphic characteristics in the grassland habitat of Nilgiris Biosphere Reserve, Tamil Nadu. Bulletin of the Botanical Survey of India 45: 143–164.

[S06] Stuckert, T. 1906. Segunda contribución al conocimiento de las gramináceas Argentinas. Anales del Museo Nacional de Buenos Aires, serie 3, 6: 409–555.

[V72] Voss, E. G. 1972. Michigan Flora. Part I. Gymnosperms and Monocots. Cranbrook Institute of Science and University of Michigan Herbarium.

Coryphoideae

Chinese fan palm Livistona chinensis, copyright Forest and Kim Starr.

Belongs within: Arecaceae.
Contains: Licuala.

The Coryphoideae are a group of palms whose members often have palmate or costapalmate, induplicate leaves and/or apocarpous flowers.

<==Coryphoideae
    |--Borasseae HB09
    |    |--Hyphaeninae HB09
    |    `--Lataniinae HB09
    |         |--Latania doddigesii BP60
    |         `--Borassus flabellifer HB09, KJ05
    `--Corypheae BBB03
         |  i. s.: Guihaia BBB03
         |         Kerriodoxa BBB03
         `--Livistoninae BBB03
              |--Licuala SDK-L03
              |--Johannesteijsmannia altifrons SDK-L03, P88
              `--Livistona B12
                   |--L. alfredii MLP09
                   |--L. australis (Brown) von Martius 1838 HE80 [=Corypha australis B78]
                   |--L. benthamii B00
                   |--L. chinensis A80b
                   |    |--L. c. var. chinensis A80b
                   |    |--L. c. var. boninensis A80a
                   |    `--L. c. var. subglobosa A80b
                   |--L. decipiens B00
                   |--L. drudei B00
                   |--L. eastonii LK14
                   |--L. humilis [incl. L. leichhardtii] B78
                   |--L. inermis B78
                   |--L. lorophylla B12
                   |--L. mariae B00
                   |--L. muelleri B00
                   |--L. nasmophila B12
                   `--L. nitida B00

Coryphoideae incertae sedis:
  Chamaerops humilis Z03, R-CT01
  Copernicia Z03
    |--C. alba F11
    `--C. australis F11
  Chuniophoenix Z03
  Phoenix Z03
    |--P. canariensis Chabaud 1882 HE80
    |--P. dactylifera MLP09
    |--P. reclinata DS04
    |--P. sylvestris KJ05
    `--P. theophrasti D81
  Medemia Z03
  Satranalia Z03
  Thrinax F11 [Thrinacinae SDK-L03]
    `--T. radiata F11

*Type species of generic name indicated

REFERENCES

[A80a] Aoki, J. 1980a. A revision of the oribatid mites of Japan. I. The families Phthiracaridae and Oribotritiidae. Bulletin of the Institute of Environmental Science and Technology, Yokohama National University 6 (2): 1–89.

[A80b] Aoki, J. 1980b. A revision of the oribatid mites of Japan. III. Families Protoplophoridae, Archoplophoridae and Mesoplophoridae. Proceedings of the Japanese Society of Systematic Zoology 18: 5–16.

[BP60] Baker, E. W., & A. E. Pritchard. 1960. The tetranychoid mites of Africa. Hilgardia 29 (11): 455–574.

[BBB03] Barfod, A. S., T. Burholt & F. Borchsenius. 2003. Contrasting pollination modes in three species of Licuala (Arecaceae: Coryphoideae). Telopea 10 (1): 207–223.

[B78] Bentham, G. 1878. Flora Australiensis: A description of the plants of the Australian Territory vol. 7. Roxburghiaceae to Filices. L. Reeve & Co.: London.

[B00] Braby, M. F. 2000. Butterflies of Australia: their identification, biology and distribution vol. 1. CSIRO Publishing: Collingwood (Victoria).

[B12] Braby, M. F. 2012. The butterflies of El Questro Wilderness Park, with remarks on the taxonomy of the Kimberley fauna, Australia. Records of the Western Australian Museum 27 (2): 161–175.

[DS04] Davis, J. I., D. W. Stevenson, G. Petersen, O. Seberg, L. M. Campbell, J. V. Freudenstein, D. H. Goldman, C. R. Hardy, F. A. Michelangeli, M. P. Simmons, C. D. Specht, F. Vergara-Silva & M. Gandolfo. 2004. A phylogeny of the monocots, as inferred from rbcL and atpA sequence variation, and a comparison of methods for calculating jackknife and bootstrap values. Systematic Botany 29 (3): 467–510.

[D81] Day, D. 1981. The Doomsday Book of Animals: A unique natural history of three hundred vanished species. Ebury Press: London.

[F11] Fraga, R. M. 2011. Family Icteridae (New World blackbirds). In: Hoyo, J. del, A. Elliott & D. A. Christie (eds) Handbook of the Birds of the World vol. 16. Tanagers to New World Blackbirds pp. 684–807. Lynx Edicions: Barcelona.

[HE80] Healy, A. J., & E. Edgar. 1980. Flora of New Zealand vol. 3. Adventive cyperaceous, petalous and spathaceous monocotyledons. P. D. Hasselberg, Government Printer: Wellington (New Zealand).

[HB09] Heatubun, C. D., W. J. Baker, J. P. Mogea, M. M. Harley, S. S. Tjitrosoedirdjo & J. Dransfield. 2009. A monograph of Cyrtostachys (Arecaceae). Kew Bulletin 64 (1): 67–94.

[KJ05] Katewa, S. S., A. Jain, B. L. Chaudhary & P. Galav. 2005. Some unreported medicinal uses of plants from the tribal area of Southern Rajasthan. Bulletin of the Botanical Survey of India 47: 121–130.

[LK14] Lyons, M. N., G. J. Keighery, L. A. Gibson & T. Handasyde. 2014. Flora and vegetation communities of selected islands off the Kimberley coast of Western Australia. Records of the Western Australian Museum Supplement 81: 205–244.

[MLP09] McKenzie, N. L., S. van Leeuwen & A. M. Pinder. 2009. Introduction to the Pilbara Biodiversity Survey, 2002–2007. Records of the Western Australian Museum Supplement 78 (1): 3–89.

[P88] Polunin, I. 1988. Plants and Flowers of Malaysia. Times Editions: Singapore.

[R-CT01] Ragusa-di Chiara, S., & H. Tsolakis. 2001. Phytoseiid faunas of natural and agricultural ecosystems in Sicily. In: Halliday, R. B., D. E. Walter, H. C. Proctor, R. A. Norton & M. J. Colloff (eds) Acarology: Proceedings of the 10^th International Congress pp. 522–529. CSIRO Publishing: Melbourne.

[SDK-L05] Saw, L. G., J. Dransfield & D. M. Keith-Lucas. 2003. Morphological diversity of the genus Licuala (Palmae). Telopea 10 (1): 187–206.

[Z03] Zona, S. 2003. Endosperm condition and the paradox of Ptychococcus paradoxus. Telopea 10 (1): 179–185.

Cyperaceae

Saw-sedge Cladium mariscus, copyright Krzysztof Ziarnek, Kenraiz.

Belongs within: Poales.
Contains: Kobresia, Chrysitricheae, Hypolytreae, Bisboeckelereae, Scleria, Cryptangieae, Schoeneae, Carpheae, Rhynchospora, Scirpeae, Eleocharis, Abildgaardieae, Fuireneae.

The Cyperaceae, sedges, are a cosmopolitan group of grass-like plants commonly found in damp, open habitats. Phylogenetic analysis supports a basal division between the subfamilies Mapanioideae and Cyperoideae with members of the Mapanioideae producing flowers in a 'pseudanthium' that is believed to be derived from numerous reduced, unisexual flowers grouped tightly together to simulate a single flower. The Cyperoideae produce hermaphroditic or unisexual flowers arranged in spikelets. Within the Cyperoideae, the Rhynchosporeae possess both hermaphroditic and unisexual flowers, with only one or two glumes (rarely more) in the middle of a spike producing flowers (Moore & Edgar 1970).

Characters (from Hickman 1993): Annual or perennial, often rhizomed, often of wet open places, generally monoecious; roots fibrous, hairy. Stem generally three-sided. Leaves often 3-ranked; sheath generally closed; ligule generally absent; blade various (rarely absent), parallel-veined. Inflorescence with spikelets variously clustered, flowers generally sessile in axil of flower bract. Flower small, generaly wind-pollinated; perianth absent or bristle-like; stamens generally 3, anthers attached at base, 4-chambered; ovary superior, 1-chambered, 1-ovuled, style 2-3-branched. Fruit an achene, generally three-sided.

<==Cyperaceae [Cyperales]
    |--Mapanioideae SB19
    |    |--Chrysitricheae SB19
    |    `--Hypolytreae SB19
    `--Cyperoideae SB19
         |--Trilepideae SB19
         |    |--Afrotrilepis pilosa SB19
         |    `--+--Microdracoides squamosa SB19
         |       |--Trilepis lhotzkiana SB19
         |       `--Coleochloa SB19
         |            |--C. abyssinica SB19
         |            `--C. setifera SB19
         `--+--Cladium [Cladieae] SB19
            |    |--C. californicum [=C. mariscus var. californicum] H93
            |    |--C. costatum SB19
            |    |--C. gunnii Hook. f. 1858 ME70 (see below for synonymy)
            |    |--C. jamaicense RJ11
            |    |--C. mariscoides V72
            |    |--C. mariscus B78
            |    |--C. procerum B00
            |    `--C. undulatum [incl. Lepidosperma zeylanicum] B78
            `--+--+--Bisboeckelereae SB19
               |  `--Scleria SB19
               `--+--Cryptangieae SB19
                  |--Schoeneae SB19
                  `--+--Carpheae SB19
                     `--+--Rhynchosporeae SB19
                        |    |--Rhynchospora CS77
                        |    |--Vincentia Gaud. 1829 ME70
                        |    |    `--*V. angustifolia ME70
                        |    |--Morelotia Gaud. 1829 ME70
                        |    |    |--*M. gahniaeformis [=Gahnia gahniaeformis] ME70
                        |    |    `--M. affinis (Brong.) Blake 1969 (see below for synonymy) ME70
                        |    |--Remirea maritima [incl. R. wightiana] B78
                        |    |    |--R. m. var. maritima B78
                        |    |    `--R. m. var. pedunculata B78
                        |    `--Elynanthus B78
                        |         |--E. octandrus [=Schoenus octandrus] B78
                        |         `--E. revolutus B78
                        `--+--+--Khoosokia caricoides SB19
                           |  `--+--Dulichieae SB19
                           |     |    |--Dulichium arundinaceum SB19
                           |     |    `--+--Blysmopsis rufa SB19
                           |     |       `--Blysmus SB19
                           |     |            |--B. compressus O88
                           |     |            `--B. sinocompressus SB19
                           |     `--Scirpeae SB19
                           `--+--+--Eleocharis SB19
                              |  `--Abildgaardieae SB19
                              `--Fuireneae SB19

Cyperaceae incertae sedis:
  Cephalocarpus YY22
  Elyna spicata YY22, C55
  Fintelmannia YY22
  Hoppia YY22
  Microschoenus YY22
  Pteroscleria YY22
  Schoenoxiphium YY22
  Didymia YY22
  Cohesia YY22
  Hemicarex YY22
  Kobresia O88
  Volkiella CV06
  Cladiocarya europaea JD05
  Caricoidea nitens JD05
  Schoenoides oligocephalus LC95
  Psilocarya V72
    |--P. nitens V72
    `--P. scirpoides V72
  Caricopsis laxa Samylina 1960 CBH3
  Cyperaceapollis Krutzsch 1970 CBH93
  Asterochaete Nees 1834 KC01
  Chaetospora Br. 1918 KC01
  Durandia Boeck. 1896 KC01
  Vaginaria Rich. ex Pers. 1805 KC01
  Chaetodiscus gilberti (n. d.) B78
  Rhynchocladium SB19

Cladium gunnii Hook. f. 1858 ME70 [incl. C. laxiflorum C06, C. nudum B78, Schoenus nudus B78, Gahnia sulcata B78]

Morelotia affinis (Brong.) Blake 1969 [=Lampocarya affinis Brong. 1829, Gahnia affinis (Brong.) Steud. 1855, Machaerina affinis (Brong.) Kern 1962, Mariscus affinis (Brong.) Kuntze 1891, Gahnia arenaria Hook. f. 1864; incl. Morelotia gahniaeformis var. minor Rich. 1832] ME70

*Type species of generic name indicated

REFERENCES

[B78] Bentham, G. 1878. Flora Australiensis: A description of the plants of the Australian Territory vol. 7. Roxburghiaceae to Filices. L. Reeve & Co.: London.

[B00] Braby, M. F. 2000. Butterflies of Australia: their identification, biology and distribution vol. 1. CSIRO Publishing: Collingwood (Victoria).

[C55] Candolle, A. de. 1855. Géographie Botanique Raisonée: Ou exposition des faits principaux et des lois concernant la distribution géographique des plantes de l’époque actuelle vol. 2. Librairie de Victor Masson: Paris.

[C06] Cheeseman, T. F. 1906. Manual of the New Zealand Flora. John Mackay, Government Printer: Wellington.

[CBH93] Collinson, M. E., M. C. Boulter & P. L. Holmes. 1993. Magnoliophyta (‘Angiospermae’). In: Benton, M. J. (ed.) The Fossil Record 2 pp. 809–841. Chapman & Hall: London.

[CS77] Cramp, S., & K. E. L. Simmons (eds) 1977. Handbook of the Birds of Europe, the Middle East and North Africa: The Birds of the Western Palaearctic vol. 1. Ostrich to Ducks. Oxford University Press: Oxford.

[CV06] Craven, P., & P. Vorster. 2006. Patterns of plant diversity and endemism in Namibia. Bothalia 36 (2): 175–189.

[H93] Hickman, J. C. (ed.) 1993. The Jepson Manual: Higher Plants of California. University of California Press: Berkeley (California).

[JD05] Junge, F. W., M. Dolezych, H. Walther, T. Böttger, A. Kühl, L. Kunzmann, P. Morgenstern, T. Steinberg & R. Stange. 2005. Ein Fenster in Landschaft und Vegetation vor 37 Millionen Jahren: Lithologische, sedimentgeochemische und paläobotanische Befunde aus einem Paläoflusssystem des Weißelsterbeckens. Mauritiana 19 (2): 185–273.

[KC01] Kirk, P. M., P. F. Cannon, J. C. David & J. A. Stalpers. 2001. Ainsworth & Bisby's Dictionary of the Fungi 9^th ed. CAB International: Wallingford (UK).

[LC95] Linder, H. P., & M. D. Crisp. 1995. Nothofagus and Pacific biogeography. Cladistics 11: 5–32.

[ME70] Moore, L. B., & E. Edgar. 1970. Flora of New Zealand vol. 2. Indigenous Tracheophyta: Monocotyledones except Gramineae. A. R. Shearer, Government Printer: Wellington (New Zealand).

[O88] Ohba, H. 1988. The alpine flora of the Nepal Himalayas: an introductory note. In: Ohba, H., & S. B. Malla (eds) The Himalayan Plants vol. 1. The University Museum, University of Tokyo, Bulletin 31: 19–46.

[RJ11] Rising, J. D., A. Jaramillo, J. L. Copete, P. G. Ryan & S. C. Madge. 2011. Family Emberizidae (buntings and New World sparrows). In: Hoyo, J. del, A. Elliott & D. A. Christie (eds) Handbook of the Birds of the World vol. 16. Tanagers to New World Blackbirds pp. 428–683. Lynx Edicions: Barcelona.

[SB19] Semmouri, I., K. Bauters, É. Léveillé-Bourret, J. R. Starr, P. Goetghebeur & I. Larridon. 2019. Phylogeny and systematics of Cyperaceae, the evolution and importance of embryo morphology. Botanical Review 85: 1–39.

[V72] Voss, E. G. 1972. Michigan Flora. Part I. Gymnosperms and Monocots. Cranbrook Institute of Science and University of Michigan Herbarium.

[YY22] Yampolsky, C., & H. Yampolsky. 1922. Distribution of sex forms in the phanerogamic flora. Bibliotheca Genetica 3: 1–62.

Last updated: 4 January 2022.

Brachiaria

Creeping signalgrass Brachiaria plantaginea, copyright Forest & Kim Starr.

Belongs within: Panicoideae.

Brachiaria, signalgrasses, is a genus of grasses growing to about a metre in height found in warmer parts of the world.

Characters (from Flora of China): Annual or perennial. Leaf blades linear to lanceolate, often with cartilaginous margins. Inflorescence composed of racemes along a central axis; raceme rachis triquetrous or flattened, sometimes winged; spikelets sessile or pedicelled, single or paired, rarely in fascicles or on secondary racemelets. Spikelets plump, usually elliptic, florets 2; lower glume adaxial, varying in length from very small and veinless to many-veined and subequaling spikelet, base sheathing, sometimes extended downward as a short stipe; upper glume and lower lemma similar, as long as spikelet, membranous or cartilaginous; upper lemma coriaceous, smooth, striate or rugose, margins inrolled, apex obtuse to acute, occasionally minutely mucronate; upper palea apex tucked within lemma. x = 7, 9.

<==Brachiaria
    |--B. distachya BB01
    |--B. eruciformis S03
    |--B. lata PP07
    |    |--B. l. var. lata PP07
    |    `--B. l. var. pubescens PP07
    |--B. mutica B10
    |--B. paspaloides SR07
    |--B. plantaginea SMSP06
    |--B. ramosa PP07
    |    |--B. r. var. ramosa PP07
    |    `--B. r. var. pubescens PP07
    |--B. remota S03
    |--B. reptans S03
    |--B. semiundulata S03
    |--B. setigera S03
    |--B. shoenfelderi CV06
    |--B. semiverticillata S03
    |--B. subquadripara BMM99
    `--B. xantholeuca BMM99

*Type species of generic name indicated

REFERENCES

[BB01] Bauer, R., D. Begerow, A. Nagler & F. Oberwinkler. 2001. The Georgefischeriales: a phylogenetic hypothesis. Mycological Research 105 (4): 416–424.

[B10] Boucher, S. 2010. Agromyzidae (leaf-mining flies). In: Brown, B. V., A. Borkent, J. M. Cumming, D. M. Wood, N. E. Woodley & M. A. Zumbado (eds) Manual of Central American Diptera vol. 2 pp. 1057–1071. NRC Research Press: Ottawa.

[BMM99] Braun, U., J. Mouchacca & E. H. C. McKenzie. 1999. Cercosporoid hyphomycetes from New Caledonia and some other South Pacific islands. New Zealand Journal of Botany 37: 297–327.

[CV06] Craven, P., & P. Vorster. 2006. Patterns of plant diversity and endemism in Namibia. Bothalia 36 (2): 175–189.

[PP07] Pandey, R. P., & P. M. Padhye. 2007. Studies on phytodiversity of Arid Machia Safari Park-Kailana in Jodhpur (Rajasthan). Bulletin of the Botanical Survey of India 49: 15–78.

[SR07] Sankar, R. V., K. Ravikumar, N. M. Ganesh Babu & D. K. Ved. 2007. Botany of Anapady MPCA, Palghat district, Kerala with special emphasis on species of conservation concern. Bulletin of the Botanical Survey of India 49: 165–172.

[SM-SP06] Scherer, A. L., J. de F. Martins Scherer & M. V. Petry. 2006. Reprodução e análise da composição de ninhos de Zenaida auriculata (Des Murs, 1847) (Aves: Columbiformes, Columbidae) em uma unidade petroquímica no Rio Grande do Sul, Brasil. Comunicações do Museo de Ciências e Tecnologia da PUCRS, Serie Zoologia 19 (1): 29–38.

[S03] Singh, J. N. 2003. Grasses and their hydro-edaphic characteristics in the grassland habitat of Nilgiris Biosphere Reserve, Tamil Nadu. Bulletin of the Botanical Survey of India 45: 143–164.

Commelinidae

Pineapple bush Dasypogon bromeliifolius, copyright Russell Cumming.

Belongs within: Liliidae.
Contains: Poales, Commelinales, Zingiberales, Arecaceae.

The Commelinidae are a clade of monocotyledons united by the presence of UV-fluorescent ferulic acid in the cell walls. Many members of the clade also have bracteate inflorescences, starchy pollen and endosperm, and silica bodies in the plant (Cantino et al. 2007).

<==Commelinidae [Arecanae, Commelinanae, Commeliniflorae]
    |--+--Poales APG16
    |  `--+--Commelinales APG16
    |     `--+--Ensete SR07
    |        `--Zingiberales APG16
    `--Arecales APG16
         |--Arecaceae APG16
         `--Dasypogonaceae [Dasypogonales] APG16
              |  i. s.: Acanthocarpus KM08
              |           |--A. canaliculatus B00
              |           |--A. preissii KM08
              |           |--A. robustus KM08
              |           `--A. verticillatus B00
              |         Xerolirion divaricata G04a
              |         Chamaexeros serra OS04
              |--+--Baxteria australis DS04
              |  `--Kingia australis DS04
              `--+--Calectasia cyanea DS04
                 `--Dasypogon SR07
                      |--D. bromeliifolius RL05
                      `--D. hookeri Drumm. 1843 CD07

*Type species of generic name indicated

REFERENCES

[APG16] Angiosperm Phylogeny Group. 2016. An update of the Angiosperm Phylogeny Group classification for the orders and families of flowering plants: APG IV. Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society 181: 1–20.

[B00] Braby, M. F. 2000. Butterflies of Australia: their identification, biology and distribution vol. 1. CSIRO Publishing: Collingwood (Victoria).

[CD07] Cantino, P. D., J. A. Doyle, S. W. Graham, W. S. Judd, R. G. Olmstead, D. E. Soltis, P. S. Soltis & M. J. Donoghue. 2007. Towards a phylogenetic nomenclature of Tracheophyta. Taxon 56 (3): E1–E44.

[DS04] Davis, J. I., D. W. Stevenson, G. Petersen, O. Seberg, L. M. Campbell, J. V. Freudenstein, D. H. Goldman, C. R. Hardy, F. A. Michelangeli, M. P. Simmons, C. D. Specht, F. Vergara-Silva & M. Gandolfo. 2004. A phylogeny of the monocots, as inferred from rbcL and atpA sequence variation, and a comparison of methods for calculating jackknife and bootstrap values. Systematic Botany 29 (3): 467–510.

[G04] Gibson, N. 2004. Flora and vegetation of the Eastern Goldfields Ranges: part 6. Mt Manning Range. Journal of the Royal Society of Western Australia 87 (2): 35–47.

[KM08] Keighery, G. J., & W. Muir. 2008. Vegetation and vascular flora of Faure Island, Shark Bay, Western Australia. Records of the Western Australian Museum Supplement 75: 11–19.

[OS04] Obbens, F. J., & L. W. Sage. 2004. Vegetation and flora of a diverse upland remnant of the Western Australian wheatbelt (Nature Reserve A21064). Journal of the Royal Society of Western Australia 87 (1): 19–28.

[RL05] Rafferty, C., & B. B. Lamont. 2005. Selective feeding by macropods on vegetation regenerating following fire. Journal of the Royal Society of Western Australia 88 (4): 155–165.

[SR07] Saarela, J. M., H. S. Rai, J. A. Doyle, P. K. Endress, S. Mathews, A. D. Marchant, B. G. Briggs & S. W. Graham. 2007. Hydatellaceae identified as a new branch near the base of the angiosperm phylogenetic tree. Nature 446: 312–315.

Poales

Feathered yellow-eye Xyris complanata, copyright Mark Marathon.

Belongs within: Commelinidae.
Contains: Typhaceae, Bromeliaceae, Eriocaulaceae, Restionaceae, Poaceae, Cyperaceae, Juncaceae.

The Poales are a clade of monocotyledonous flowering plants united by molecular analyses, as well as by the presence of epidermal silica bodies (phytoliths). Members include the Rapateaceae, a mostly South American group of rush-like herbs with a V-shaped sheath on the leaves and capitate inflorescences bearing conspicuous flowers.

Characters (from Angiosperm Phylogeny Web): Mycorrhizae absent; vessel elements in roots often with simple perforation plates, vessels also in stem and leaf, also with simple perforation plates; SiO₂ epidermal; raphides absent; inflorescence indeterminate; style well developed, stigmas small, dry; micropyle bistomal, both integuments ca. 2 cells across; cotyledon hyperphyllar, haustorial; whole nuclear genome duplication [σ/sigma event]; mitochondrial sdh3 [succinate dehydrogenase 3] gene lost.

<==Poales [Glumales, Glumiflorae, Juncales, Xyridaceae, Xyridales, Xyrideae, Xyridineae]
    |  i. s.: Lyginia OS04 [Lyginiaceae DS04]
    |           `--L. barbata [incl. L. imberbis, L. symphyonema] B78
    |         Hopkinsiaceae DS04
    |--Rapateaceae [Rapateoideae] DS04
    |    |--Rapatea xiphoides DS04
    |    `--+--+--Cephalostemon flavus DS04
    |       |  `--Spathanthus bicolor DS04
    |       `--+--Stegolepis DS04
    |          |    |--S. ligulata BS05
    |          |    `--S. parvipetala DS04
    |          `--Saxofridericioideae DS04
    |               |--Kunhardtia radiata DS04
    |               `--+--Epidryos allenii DS04
    |                  `--Schoenocephalium cucullatum DS04
    `--+--Typhaceae DS04
       `--+--Bromeliaceae SR07
          `--+--+--Eriocaulaceae DS04
             |  `--+--Abolboda [Abolbodoideae] DS04
             |     |    `--A. macrostachya DS04
             |     `--+--Aratitiyopea lopezii DS04
             |        `--Orectanthe sceptrum DS04
             `--+--+--Flagellariaceae [Flagellarieae] DS04
                |  |    |--Flagellaria indica GPWG01
                |  |    `--Susum YY22
                |  `--+--Restionaceae SR07
                |     `--+--Joinvillea [Joinvilleaceae] DS04
                |        |    |--J. ascendens GPWG01
                |        |    `--J. plicata GPWG01 [=Flagellaria plicata B78]
                |        `--+--Poaceae SR07
                |           `--Ecdeiocolea [Ecdeiocoleaceae] SR07
                |                `--E. monostachya DS04
                `--+--Mayaca [Mayacaceae] SR07
                   |    `--M. sellowiana DS04
                   `--+--+--+--Cyperaceae SR07
                      |  |  `--Juncaceae DS04
                      |  `--+--Prionium [Prioniaceae] DS04
                      |     |    `--P. serratum DS04
                      |     `--Thurnia [Thurniaceae] DS04
                      |          |--T. jenmani DS04
                      |          `--T. polycephala DS04
                      `--Xyridoideae DS04
                           |--Achlyphila DS04
                           `--Xyris SR07
                                |--X. bicephala DS04
                                |--X. caroliniana [incl. X. flexuosa] V72
                                |--X. cheumatophila LK14
                                |--X. complanata [incl. X. elongata, X. laevis, X. scabra, X. walkeri] B78
                                |    |--X. c. var. complanata B78
                                |    |--X. c. var. bracteata B78
                                |    `--X. c. var. leptocaulis B78
                                |--X. difformis V72
                                |--X. flexifolia [incl. X. aemula] B78
                                |--X. gracilis [incl. X. juncea] B78
                                |--X. gracillima B78
                                |--X. indica LK14
                                |--X. jupicai DS04
                                |--X. lacera [incl. X. teretifolia] B78
                                |--X. lanata B78
                                |--X. laxiflora B78
                                |--X. montana V72
                                |--X. operculata B78
                                |    |--X. o. var. operculata B78
                                |    |--X. o. var. bracteata non X. complanata var. bracteata B78
                                |    `--X. o. var. macrocephala B78
                                |--X. pauciflora [incl. X. denticulata, X. oligantha, X. paludosa, X. pusilla] B78
                                `--X. torta V72

*Type species of generic name indicated

REFERENCES

[BS05] Barfuss, M. H. J., R. Samuel, W. Till & T. F. Stuessy. 2005. Phylogenetic relationships in subfamily Tillandsioideae (Bromeliaceae) based on DNA sequence data from seven plastid regions. American Journal of Botany 92 (2): 337–351.

[B78] Bentham, G. 1878. Flora Australiensis: A description of the plants of the Australian Territory vol. 7. Roxburghiaceae to Filices. L. Reeve & Co.: London.

[DS04] Davis, J. I., D. W. Stevenson, G. Petersen, O. Seberg, L. M. Campbell, J. V. Freudenstein, D. H. Goldman, C. R. Hardy, F. A. Michelangeli, M. P. Simmons, C. D. Specht, F. Vergara-Silva & M. Gandolfo. 2004. A phylogeny of the monocots, as inferred from rbcL and atpA sequence variation, and a comparison of methods for calculating jackknife and bootstrap values. Systematic Botany 29 (3): 467–510.

[GPWG01] Grass Phylogeny Working Group. 2001. Phylogeny and subfamilial classification of the grasses (Poaceae). Annals of the Missouri Botanical Garden 88 (3): 373–457.

[LK14] Lyons, M. N., G. J. Keighery, L. A. Gibson & T. Handasyde. 2014. Flora and vegetation communities of selected islands off the Kimberley coast of Western Australia. Records of the Western Australian Museum Supplement 81: 205–244.

[OS04] Obbens, F. J., & L. W. Sage. 2004. Vegetation and flora of a diverse upland remnant of the Western Australian wheatbelt (Nature Reserve A21064). Journal of the Royal Society of Western Australia 87 (1): 19–28.

[SR07] Saarela, J. M., H. S. Rai, J. A. Doyle, P. K. Endress, S. Mathews, A. D. Marchant, B. G. Briggs & S. W. Graham. 2007. Hydatellaceae identified as a new branch near the base of the angiosperm phylogenetic tree. Nature 446: 312–315.

[V72] Voss, E. G. 1972. Michigan Flora. Part I. Gymnosperms and Monocots. Cranbrook Institute of Science and University of Michigan Herbarium.

[YY22] Yampolsky, C., & H. Yampolsky. 1922. Distribution of sex forms in the phanerogamic flora. Bibliotheca Genetica 3: 1–62.

Last updated: 4 January 2022.

Restionaceae

Scale-rush Lepyrodia scariosa, copyright John Tann.

Belongs within: Poales.

The Restionaceae are a group of rush-like plants found in southern parts of the world, particularly Africa, Australasia and southeast Asia. Leaves are reduced to sheaths around the photosynthetic stems.

<==Restionaceae [Anarthriaceae, Centrolepidaceae, Farinosae, Restionineae] APG16
    |--Anarthria DS04
    |    |--A. gracilis GK00
    |    |--A. laevis GK00
    |    |--A. polyphylla DS04
    |    |--A. prolifera DS04
    |    `--A. scabra GK00
    `--+--Baloskion tetraphyllum DS04
       `--+--+--Thamnochortus cinereus DS04
          |  `--Elegia DS04
          |       |--E. capensis GPWG01
          |       |--E. fenestrata DS04
          |       `--E. stipularis GPWG01
          `--Lepyrodia DS04
               |--L. caudata D95
               |--L. drummondiana GK00
               |--L. glauca DS04
               |--L. gracilis D95
               |--L. interrupta D95
               |--L. macra GK00
               |--L. muirii GK00
               `--L. scariosa DS04

Restionaceae incertae sedis:
  Leptocarpus Br. 1810 (nom. cons.) ME70
    |--*L. aristatus ME70
    |--L. similis Edgar 1969 [incl. L. simplex var. fasciculatus Hooker 1853] ME70
    |--L. simplex [=Restio simplex] C06
    `--L. tenax GK00
  Phyllocomos YY22
  Askidiosperma YY22
  Cannomois YY22
  Chaetanthus YY22
  Dielsia YY22
  Dovea YY22
  Harperia lateriflora OS04
  Hypodiscus YY22
  Hypolaena OS04
    |--H. exsulca OS04
    `--H. lateriflora A27
  Lepidobolus preissianus OS04
  Onychos YY22
  Restio complanatus BR65
  Staberona YY22
  Willdenowia YY22
  Loxocarya RL05
  Empodisma gracillimum HE80, P05
  Alexgeorgia nitens RL05
  Desmocladus RL05
    |--D. asper OS04
    |--D. fasciculata RL05
    `--D. flexuosa RL05
  Chondropetalum GPWG01
  Apodasmia ceramophila GK00, GKL04
  Meeboldina denmarkica GK00
  Sporadanthus Muell. 1874 ME70
    `--*S. traversii (Muell.) Muell. ex Kirk 1878 [=Lepyrodia traversii Muell. 1873] ME70
  Calorophus Labill. 1806 ME70
    |--*C. elongata ME70
    `--C. minor Hook. f. 1853 ME70 (see below for synonymy)
  Brizula drummondii GK00
  Aphelia SR07
    |--A. brizula SR07
    `--A. cyperoides GK00
  Gaimardia Gaud. 1825 ME70
    |--*G. australis ME70
    `--G. setacea Hook. f. 1853 ME70
  Centrolepis Labill. 1804 [incl. Alepyrum Brown 1810, Pseudalepyrum Dandy 1932] ME70
    |--*C. fascicularis ME70
    |--C. alepyroides GK00
    |--C. aristata GK00
    |--C. banksii LK14
    |--C. cephaloformis G04
    |--C. ciliata (Hooker) Druce 1917 HE80 (see below for synonymy)
    |--C. curta LK14
    |--C. drummondiana GK00
    |--C. exserta LK14
    |--C. glabra GK00
    |--C. humillima GK00
    |--C. minima Kirk 1891 HE80 (see below for synonymy)
    |--C. monogyna SR07
    |--C. mutica GK00
    |--C. pallida (Hooker) Cheeseman 1906 HE80 (see below for synonymy)
    |--C. pilosa GK00
    |--C. polygyna GK00
    `--C. strigosa (Brown) Roemer & Schultes 1817 HE80 [=Desvauxia strigosa Brown 1810 ME70]

Nomina nuda: Chaetanthus aristatus Gibson & Keighery 2000 GK00
             Chordifex laxus Gibson & Keighery 2000 GK00
             Hypolaena humilis Gibson & Keighery 2000 GK00
             Meeboldina cana Gibson & Keighery 2000 GK00
             Meeboldina coangustata Gibson & Keighery 2000 GK00
             Meeboldina kraussii Gibson & Keighery 2000 GK00
             Meeboldina roycei Gibson & Keighery 2000 GK00
             Meeboldina scariosa Gibson & Keighery 2000 GK00
             Meeboldina tephrina Gibson & Keighery 2000 GK00
             Sporadanthus strictus Gibson & Keighery 2000 GK00 GK00

Calorophus minor Hook. f. 1853 ME70 [=C. elongatus var. minor Hook. f. 1858 ME70, Empodisma minor HE80, Hypolaena lateriflora var. minor (Hook. f.) Cheeseman 1906 ME70]

Centrolepis ciliata (Hooker) Druce 1917 HE80 [=Gaimardia ciliata Hooker 1844 ME70, Alepyrum ciliatum (Hooker) Hieron. 1888 ME70, Pseudalepyrum ciliatum (Hooker) Dandy 1932 ME70; incl. Centrolepis viridis var. ligulata Kirk 1891 ME70, Gaimardia ciliata var. ligulata (Kirk) Cheesem. 1925 ME70, Pseudalepyrum ciliatum var. ligulatum (Hooker) Dandy 1932 ME70, Alepyrum viride Kirk 1882 (n. n.) ME70, Centrolepis viridis Kirk 1891 ME70]

Centrolepis minima Kirk 1891 HE80 [=Gaimardia minima (Kirk) Cheesem. 1925 non Col. 1890 ME70, Pseudalepyrum minimum (Kirk) Dandy 1932 ME70]

Centrolepis pallida (Hooker) Cheeseman 1906 HE80 [=Gaimardia pallida Hooker 1844 ME70, Alepyrum pallidum (Hooker) Hooker 1853 ME70, Pseudalepyrum pallidum (Hooker) Dandy 1932 ME70]

*Type species of generic name indicated

REFERENCES

[A27] Andersen, J. C. 1927. Popular names of New Zealand plants. Transactions and Proceedings of the New Zealand Institute 57: 905–977.

[APG16] Angiosperm Phylogeny Group. 2016. An update of the Angiosperm Phylogeny Group classification for the orders and families of flowering plants: APG IV. Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society 181: 1–20.

[BM65] Black, J. M., & E. L. Robertson. 1965. Flora of South Australia. Part IV. Oleaceae–Compositae. W. L. Hawes, Government Printer: Adelaide.

[C06] Cheeseman, T. F. 1906. Manual of the New Zealand Flora. John Mackay, Government Printer: Wellington.

[DS04] Davis, J. I., D. W. Stevenson, G. Petersen, O. Seberg, L. M. Campbell, J. V. Freudenstein, D. H. Goldman, C. R. Hardy, F. A. Michelangeli, M. P. Simmons, C. D. Specht, F. Vergara-Silva & M. Gandolfo. 2004. A phylogeny of the monocots, as inferred from rbcL and atpA sequence variation, and a comparison of methods for calculating jackknife and bootstrap values. Systematic Botany 29 (3): 467–510.

[G04] Gibson, N. 2004. Flora and vegetation of the Eastern Goldfields Ranges: part 7. Middle and South Ironcap, Digger Rock and Hatter Hill. Journal of the Royal Society of Western Australia 87 (2): 49–62.

[GK00] Gibson, N., & G. J. Keighery. 2000. Flora and vegetation of the Byenup-Muir reserve system, south-west Western Australia. CALMScience 3 (3): 323–402.

[GKL04] Gibson, N., G. J. Keighery & J. A. K. Lane. 2004. Five years monitoring of the Lake Muir-Unicup wetland system, south-western Australia. Journal of the Royal Society of Western Australia 87 (2): 29–33.

[GPWG01] Grass Phylogeny Working Group. 2001. Phylogeny and subfamilial classification of the grasses (Poaceae). Annals of the Missouri Botanical Garden 88 (3): 373–457.

[HE80] Healy, A. J., & E. Edgar. 1980. Flora of New Zealand vol. 3. Adventive cyperaceous, petalous and spathaceous monocotyledons. P. D. Hasselberg, Government Printer: Wellington (New Zealand).

[LK14] Lyons, M. N., G. J. Keighery, L. A. Gibson & T. Handasyde. 2014. Flora and vegetation communities of selected islands off the Kimberley coast of Western Australia. Records of the Western Australian Museum Supplement 81: 205–244.

[ME70] Moore, L. B., & E. Edgar. 1970. Flora of New Zealand vol. 2. Indigenous Tracheophyta: Monocotyledones except Gramineae. A. R. Shearer, Government Printer: Wellington (New Zealand).

[OS04] Obbens, F. J., & L. W. Sage. 2004. Vegetation and flora of a diverse upland remnant of the Western Australian wheatbelt (Nature Reserve A21064). Journal of the Royal Society of Western Australia 87 (1): 19–28.

[P05] Pinder, A. M. 2005. A review of biodiversity in wetlands with organic sediments on the Swan Coastal Plain, Western Australia, with an emphasis on aquatic invertebrates. Journal of the Royal Society of Western Australia 88 (3): 129–132.

[RL05] Rafferty, C., & B. B. Lamont. 2005. Selective feeding by macropods on vegetation regenerating following fire. Journal of the Royal Society of Western Australia 88 (4): 155–165.

[SR07] Saarela, J. M., H. S. Rai, J. A. Doyle, P. K. Endress, S. Mathews, A. D. Marchant, B. G. Briggs & S. W. Graham. 2007. Hydatellaceae identified as a new branch near the base of the angiosperm phylogenetic tree. Nature 446: 312–315.

[YY22] Yampolsky, C., & H. Yampolsky. 1922. Distribution of sex forms in the phanerogamic flora. Bibliotheca Genetica 3: 1–62.

Bromelioideae

Horticultural variant of Amazonian zebra plant Aechmea chantinii, copyright BotBIn.

Belongs within: Bromeliaceae.

The Bromelioideae are a group of herbaceous, often epiphytic, plants that grow with leaves arranged in water-collecting rosettes. Notable species include the pineapple Ananas comosus, widely grown around the world for its edible 'fruits', formed from the coalesced berries of a compound inflorescence. Over 250 species have been placed in the genus Aechmea, members of which have brilliantly coloured, spike-like inflorescences, but phylogenetic analyses indicate that this genus is polyphyletic (Schulte et al. 2005).

<==Bromelioideae
    |--Greigia SHZ05
    |    |--G. mulfordii Smith 1949 SHZ05
    |    `--G. sphacelata (Ruiz & Pavon) Regel 1865 SHZ05
    `--+--Bromelia SHZ05
       |    |--B. ananas C55
       |    |--B. balansae OMM08
       |    |--B. keratas BS05
       |    |--B. pinguin B10
       |    |--B. plumieri (Morren) Smith 1967 SHZ05
       |    `--B. serra Grisebach 1879 SHZ05
       |--+--Deinacanthon urbanianum (Mez) Mez 1896 SHZ05
       |  `--Ochagavia SHZ05
       |       |  i. s.: O carnea SHZ05
       |       |--O. elegans Philippi 1856 SHZ05
       |       `--+--O. litoralis (Philippi) Zizka, Trumpler & Zoellner 2002 SHZ05
       |          `--Fascicularia bicolor (Ruiz & Pavon) Mez 1896 SHZ05
       |               |--F. b. ssp. bicolor SHZ05
       |               `--F. b. ssp. canaliculata SHZ05
       `--+--Fernseea itatiaiae (Wawra) Baker 1889 SHZ05
          `--+--Orthophytum supthutii Gross & Barthlott 1900 SHZ05
             |--Cryptanthus SHZ05
             |    |--C. glaziovii Mez 1891 SHZ05
             |    `--+--C. bahianus Smith 1943 SHZ05
             |       `--Acanthostachys strobilacea (Schultes) Klotzsch 1840 SHZ05
             |--+--Neoglaziovia variegata (Arruda da Camara) Mez 1894 SHZ05
             |  `--Ananas SHZ05
             |       |--A. comosus (Linnaeus) Merrill 1917 SHZ05
             |       |--A. nanus (Smith) Smith 1962 SHZ05
             |       `--A. sativus FS-K03
             `--+--+--Ronnbergia petersii Smith 1973 SHZ05
                |  `--‘Aechmea’ subg. Pothuava SHZ05
                |       |--A. drakeana André 1888 SHZ05
                |       `--A. squarrosa L03
                `--+--+--‘Quesnelia’ lateralis Wawra 1880 SHZ05
                   |  `--+--Billbergia SHZ05
                   |     |    |--B. decora Poeppig & Endlicher 1838 SHZ05
                   |     |    `--B. nutans Wendland ex Regel 1869 SHZ05
                   |     `--+--Edmundoa lindenii (Regel) Leme 1997 SHZ05
                   |        |--‘Aechmea (subg. Platyaechmea)’ fasciata (Lindley) Baker 1879 SHZ05
                   |        |--+--‘Aechmea (subg. Pothuava)’ nudicaulis (Linnaeus) Grisebach 1864 SHZ05
                   |        |  `--‘Quesnelia’ liboniana (de Johnge) Mez 1922 SHZ05
                   |        |--+--‘Aechmea (subg. Platyaechmea)’ distichantha Lemaire 1853 SHZ05
                   |        |  `--‘Aechmea’ subg. Ortgiesia SHZ05
                   |        |       |--A. gracilis Lindman 1891 SHZ05
                   |        |       `--+--A. calyculata (Morren) Baker 1879 SHZ05
                   |        |          |--A. kertesziae Reitz 1952 SHZ05
                   |        |          `--‘A. (subg. Lamprococcus)’ racinae Smith 1941 SHZ05
                   |        `--+--Nidularium procerum Lindman 1891 SHZ05
                   |           |--Wittrockia superba Lindman 1891 SHZ05
                   |           `--Neoregelia SHZ05
                   |                |--N. binotii (Antoine) Smith 1936 SHZ05
                   |                `--+--N. laevis (Mez) Smith 1934 SHZ05
                   |                   `--‘Aechmea (subg. Ortgiesia)’ pimenti-velosoi Reitz 1952 SHZ05
                   `--+--Lymania alvimii (Smith & Read) Read 1984 SHZ05
                      |--Streptocalyx poeppigii Beer 1856 SHZ05
                      |--Hohenbergia stellata Schultes 1830 SHZ05
                      |--Chevaliera SHZ05
                      |    |--‘Aechmea’ comata L03
                      |    `--C. sphaerocephala Baker 1879 SHZ05
                      |--Araeococcus SHZ05
                      |    |--A. flagellifolius Harms 1929 SHZ05
                      |    `--A. goeldianus Smith 1955 SHZ05
                      |--+--‘Quesnelia’ edmundoi Smith 1955 SHZ05
                      |  `--Canistrum fosterianum Smith 1952 SHZ05
                      |--Portea SHZ05
                      |    |--P. leptantha Harms 1929 SHZ05
                      |    `--+--P. petropolitana (Wawra) Mez 1892 SHZ05
                      |       `--‘Aechmea’ (subg. Macrochordion) lamarchei Mez 1892 SHZ05
                      |--+--Hohenbergiopsis guatemalensis (Smith) Smith & Read 1976 SHZ05
                      |  |--Ursulaea tuitensis (Magana & Lott) Read & Baensch 1994 SHZ05
                      |  `--+--Androlepis skinneri (Koch) Brongniart ex Houllet 1870 SHZ05
                      |     `--‘Aechmea’ subg. Podaechmea SHZ05
                      |          |--A. lueddemanniana (Koch) Mez 1934 SHZ05
                      |          `--A. mexicana Baker 1879 SHZ05
                      `--Aechmea SHZ05
                           |  i. s.: A. bactreata C-MM-R07
                           |         A. bromeliifolia SHZ05
                           |--A. subg. Aechmea SHZ05
                           |    |--A. filicaulis (Grisebach) Mez 1894 SHZ05
                           |    `--A. mertensii (Meyer) Schultes 1809 SHZ05
                           |--A. subg. Lamprococcus SHZ05
                           |    |--A. farinosa (Regel) Smith 1966 SHZ05
                           |    |--A. fulgens Brongniart 1841 SHZ05
                           |    `--A. warasii Pereira 1972 SHZ05
                           `--A. (subg. Platyaechmea) chantinii (Carrière) Baker 1889 SHZ05

*Type species of generic name indicated

REFERENCES

[BS05] Barfuss, M. H. J., R. Samuel, W. Till & T. F. Stuessy. 2005. Phylogenetic relationships in subfamily Tillandsioideae (Bromeliaceae) based on DNA sequence data from seven plastid regions. American Journal of Botany 92 (2): 337–351.

[B10] Boucher, S. 2010. Agromyzidae (leaf-mining flies). In: Brown, B. V., A. Borkent, J. M. Cumming, D. M. Wood, N. E. Woodley & M. A. Zumbado (eds) Manual of Central American Diptera vol. 2 pp. 1057–1071. NRC Research Press: Ottawa.

[C55] Candolle, A. de. 1855. Géographie Botanique Raisonée: Ou exposition des faits principaux et des lois concernant la distribution géographique des plantes de l’époque actuelle vol. 2. Librairie de Victor Masson: Paris.

[C-MM-R07] Castaño-Meneses, G., & B. E. Mejía-Recamier. 2007. Community structure of mites in Tillandsia violacea (Bromeliaceae) from a temperate forest of central Mexico. In: Morales-Malacara, J. B., V. M. Behan-Pelletier, E. Ueckermann, T. M. Pérez, E. G. Estrada-Venegas & M. Badii (eds) Acarology XI: Proceedings of the International Congress pp. 657–664. Instituto de Biología and Faculdad de Ciencias, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Sociedad Latinoamericana de Acarología: México.

[FS-K03] Foissner, W., M. Strüder-Kypke, G. W. M. van der Staay, S. Y. Moon-van der Staay & J. H. P. Hackstein. 2003. Endemic ciliates (Protozoa, Ciliophora) from tank bromeliads (Bromeliaceae): a combined morphological, molecular, and ecological study. European Journal of Protistology 39 (4): 365–372.

[L03] Leme, E. M. C. 2003. Nominal extinction and the taxonomist’s responsibility: the example of Bromeliaceae in Brazil. Taxon 52: 299–302.

[OMM08] Osses, F., E. G. Martins & G. Machado. 2008. Oviposition site selection by the bromeliad-dweller harvestman Bourguyia hamata (Arachnida: Opiliones). Journal of Ethology 26 (2): 233–241.

[SHZ05] Schulte, K., R. Horres & G. Zizka. 2005. Molecular phylogeny of Bromelioideae and its implications on biogeography and the evolution of CAM in the family (Poales, Bromeliaceae). Senckenbergiana Biologica 85 (1): 113–125.

Last updated: 21 December 2019.