Equisetopsida

Rough horsetail Equisetum hyemale, copyright Liné1.

Belongs within: Monilophyta.

The Equisetopsida includes the modern horsetails, Equisetum, and their fossil relatives. Members of this group have whorled leaves, and most have a eustele stem structure with a hollow pith surrounded by vascular bundles (Doyle 1998).

<==Equisetopsida [Equisetophyta, Sphenophyta, Sphenophytae, Sphenopsida]
    |  i. s.: Equisetires keuperiana W70
    |         Schizoneura Z02
    |           |--S. australis Etheridge 1893 F71
    |           `--S. paradoxa W70
    |         Phyllotheca Z02
    |           |--P. australis F71
    |           |--P. robusta F71
    |           `--P. wonthaggiensis [=Equisetites wonthaggiensis] KDD98
    |         Archaeocalamites radiatus D98, F71 [=Calamites radiatus F71]
    |--Calamostachys A38 [Calamostachyales Z02]
    |--Sphenophyllum [Sphenophyllales] D98
    |    |--S. antiquum A38
    |    `--S. cuneifolium A38
    `--Equisetales D98
         |--Calamites suckowi D98, A38
         `--Equisetum Linnaeus 1753 CD07 (see below for synonymy)
              |  i. s.: E. endoi BO02
              |         E. filum BO02
              |         E. inglisii D06
              |         E. renaultii BO02
              |         E. robustum SM03
              |         E. × schaffneri D06
              |--E. subg. Equisetum D06
              |    |--E. × dubium [=E. arvense × E. telmateia] D06
              |    |--E. × litorale [E. arvense × E. fluviatile] D06
              |    |--E. × rothmaleri [E. arvense × E. palustre; incl. E. × rogesianum] D06
              |    |--E. × wallichianum Page 1974 (see below for synonymy) D06
              |    |--E. sect. Equisetum D06
              |    |    |--*E. fluviatile Linnaeus 1753 [incl. E. maximum (nom. inv.)] D06
              |    |    |--E. bogotense D06
              |    |    |--E. diffusum Don 1825 (see below for synonymy) D06
              |    |    |--E. × dycei Page 1981 [E. fluviatile × E. palustre] D06
              |    |    |--E. × font-queri [E. palustre × E. telmateia] D06
              |    |    |--E. palustre Linnaeus 1753 (see below for synonymy) D06
              |    |    `--E. telmateia Ehrh. 1783 D06, CD07
              |    `--E. sect. Heterophyadica Br. 1839 D06
              |         |--E. (sect. *Heterophyadica) arvense Linnaeus 1753 (see below for synonymy) D06
              |         |--E. × calderi [E. arvense × E. pratense] D06
              |         |--E. pratense D06
              |         |--E. × suecicum [E. arvense × E. pratense] D06
              |         `--E. sylvaticum D06
              `--E. subg. Hippochaete (Milde) Baker 1887 [=Hippochaete Milde 1865] D06
                   |--E. × ferrissii [E. hyemale var. affine × E. laevigatum] D06
                   |--E. × mexicanum [E. hyemale var. affine × E. myriochaetum] D06
                   |--E. × moorei [E. hyemale var. hyemale × E. ramosissimum ssp. ramosissimum] D06
                   |--E. × naegelianum [E. ramosissimum ssp. ramosissimum × E. variegatum] D06
                   |--E. sect. Hippochaete [=Hippochaete sect. Euhippochaete Farwell 1916] D06
                   |    |  i. s.: E. scirpoides D06
                   |    |         E. × trachyodon [=Hippochaete trachyodon; Equisetum hyemale × E. variegatum] D06
                   |    |         E. variegatum D06
                   |    `--E. subsect. Perennantia (Doell) Hauke 1962 (see below for synonymy) D06
                   |         `--E. (sect. *Hippochaete, subsect. *Perennantia) hyemale Linnaeus 1753 (see below for synonymy) D06
                   |              |--E. h. var. hyemale D06
                   |              `--E. h. var. affine D06
                   |--E. sect. Ambigua (Farwell) Hauke 1962 [=Hippochaete sect. Ambigua Farwell 1916] D06
                   |    |--E. (sect. *Ambigua) laevigatum Br. 1844 D06
                   |    |--E. myriochaetum D06
                   |    `--E. ramosissimum Desf. 1800 [=Hippochaete ramosissima] D06
                   |         |--E. r. ssp. ramosissimum [incl. E. ramosissimum var. altissimum, E. elongatum] D06
                   |         `--E. r. ssp. debile (Roxburgh) Hauke 1962 D06 (see below for synonymy)
                   `--E. sect. Incunabula Hauke 1962 [=Hippochaete subg. Incunabula (Hauke) Holub 1972] D06
                        `--E. (sect. *Incunabula) giganteum Linnaeus 1763 (see below for synonymy) D06

Equisetum Linnaeus 1753 CD07 [incl. Allostelites Börner 1912 D06; Equisetaceae, Gonopterides, Iulospermae, Peltasporae, Peltata, Peltiflorae, Peltigerae]

Equisetum subsect. Perennantia (Doell) Hauke 1962 [=E. II Sclerocaulon b. Perennantia Doell 1857] D06

Equisetum (sect. *Heterophyadica) arvense Linnaeus 1753 [incl. E. boreale, E. plantula Griffith 1849, E. saxicola] D06

Equisetum diffusum Don 1825 [incl. E. bicarinatum, E. diffusum var. caespitosum, E. leave, E. mekongense Page 1974, E. diffusum var. nudum, E. diffusum var. paucidentatum Page 1974, E. diffusum var. polystachyum Milde 1867, E. diffusum var. ramosum non E. ramosum Payot. 1860] D06

Equisetum (sect. *Incunabula) giganteum Linnaeus 1763 [incl. E. elongatum var. affine non E. hyemale var. affine, E. brasiliense, E. caracasanum, E. elongatum var. dolosum, E. martii, E. poeppigianum, E. elongatum var. scaberrimum] D06

Equisetum (sect. *Hippochaete, subsect. *Perennantia) hyemale Linnaeus 1753 [=Hippochaete hiemale, H. hyemalis] D06

Equisetum palustre Linnaeus 1753 [incl. E. palustre var. americana Victorin 1927, E. arenarium Opiz 1819, E. nodosum Hoppe 1794, E. pratense de Schlechtendal 1823-1824 (preoc.), E. ramosum Payot. 1860, E. palustre var. szechuanense Page 1974, E. tenellum Fries 1846, E. tuberosum Hectot ap. De Candolle 1815, E. veronense Pollini 1816] D06

Equisetum ramosissimum ssp. debile (Roxburgh) Hauke 1962 D06 [=E. debilis D06, E. debile Roxburgh ex Vaucher 1822 I88, Hippochaete debilis (Vaucher) Holub 1972 D06; incl. E. huegelii Milde 1861 D06, E. pallens Wallich 1828 D06, E. debile var. pashan Mahabale 1938 D06]

Equisetum × wallichianum Page 1974 [E. arvense × E. diffusum; incl. E. scoparium Wallich 1828 (n. n.)] D06

*Type species of generic name indicated

REFERENCES

[A38] Alcock, F. J. 1938. Geology of Saint John region, New Brunswick. Geological Survey of Canada Memoir 216: 1-65.

[BO02] Barale, G., & M. Ouaja. 2002. La biodiversité végétale des gisements d’âge Jurassique supérieur-Crétacé inférieur de Merbah El Asfer (Sud-Tunisien). Cretaceous Research 23: 707-737.

[CD07] Cantino, P. D., J. A. Doyle, S. W. Graham, W. S. Judd, R. G. Olmstead, D. E. Soltis, P. S. Soltis & M. J. Donoghue. 2007. Towards a phylogenetic nomenclature of Tracheophyta. Taxon 56 (3): E1-E44.

[D06] Datta, A. 2006. The family Equisetaceae in India. Bulletin of the Botanical Survey of India 48 (1-4): 1-58.

[D98] Doyle, J. A. 1998. Phylogeny of vascular plants. Annual Review of Ecology and Systematics 29: 567-599.

[F71] Fletcher, H. O. 1971. Catalogue of type specimens of fossils in the Australian Museum, Sydney. Australian Museum Memoir 13: 1-167.

[I88] Iwatsuki, K. 1988. An enumeration of the pteridophytes of Nepal. In The Himalayan Plants vol. 1 (H. Ohba & S. B. Malla, eds) The University Museum, University of Tokyo, Bulletin 31: 231-339.

[KDD98] Krassilov, V. A., D. L. Dilcher & J. G. Douglas. 1998. New ephedroid plant from the Lower Cretaceous Koonwarra fossil bed, Victoria, Australia. Alcheringa 22 (2): 123-133.

[SM03] Saldarriaga, J. F., M. L. McEwan, N. M. Fast, F. J. R. Taylor & P. J. Keeling. 2003. Multiple protein phylogenies show that Oxyrrhis marina and Perkinsus marinus are early branches of the dinoflagellate lineage. International Journal of Systematic and Evolutionary Microbiology 53: 355-365.

[W70] Wills, L. J. 1970. The Triassic succession in the central Midlands in its regional setting. Quarterly Journal of the Geological Society of London 126: 225-283.

[Z02] Zherikhin, V. V. 2002. Ecological history of the terrestrial insects. In History of Insects (A. P. Rasnitsyn & D. L. J. Quicke, eds) pp. 331-388. Kluwer Academic Publishers: Dordrecht.

Lomariopsidaceae

Elaphoglossum peltatum, photographed by Robbin Moran.

Belongs within: Leptosporangiatae.

The Lomariopsidaceae is a family of tropical hemiepiphytic ferns.

Characters (from Smith et al. 2006): Rhizomes creeping or sometimes climbing (plants hemiepiphytic); petioles with round vascular bundles arranged in a gutter-shape; blades 1-pinnate, pinnae entire or crenate, often articulate, auriculate in some genera; veins free, more or less parallel or pinnate; sori discrete, round, and with round-reniform to reniform indusia, or exindusiate, or sporangia acrostichoid and the fronds dimorphic; spores bilateral, monolete, variously winged or ornamented; x = 41 (lower numbers known in some Lomariopsis species).

<==Lomariopsidaceae
    |--Lomariopsis I88
    |    |--L. amydrophlebia J87
    |    `--L. cochinchinensis Fée 1845 I88
    `--Elaphoglossum R-SN07
         |--E. chartaceum J87
         |--E. crinitum [=Hymenodium crinitum] J87
         |--E. firmum L54
         |--E. formosum L54
         |--E. hirtum L54
         |--E. huacsaro J87
         |--E. latifolium J87
         |--E. longifolium L54
         |--E. marginatum (Wallich) Moore 1857 [=Acrostichum marginatum Wallich ex Fée 1845] I88
         |--E. moranii Mickel 1992 R-SN07
         |--E. pachyphyllum J87
         |--E. peltatum J87
         |--E. pilosum L54
         |--E. revolutum J87
         `--E. stelligerum (Wallich) Moore ex Alston & Bonner 1956 (see below for synonymy) I88

Elaphoglossum stelligerum (Wallich) Moore ex Alston & Bonner 1956 [=Acrostichum stelligerum Wallich ex Baker in Hooker & Baker 1874; incl. A. yunnanense Baker 1898, Elaphoglossum yunnanense (Baker) Christensen 1931] I88

*Type species of generic name indicated

REFERENCES

[I88] Iwatsuki, K. 1988. An enumeration of the pteridophytes of Nepal. In The Himalayan Plants vol. 1 (H. Ohba & S. B. Malla, eds) The University Museum, University of Tokyo, Bulletin 31: 231-339.

[J87] Judd, W. S. 1987. Floristic study of Morne La Visite and Pic Macaya National Parks, Haiti. Bulletin of the Florida State Museum – Biological Sciences 32 (1): 1-136.

[L54] Lötschert, W. 1954. Beitrag zur Pteridophyten-Flora von Mittel-Amerika. Senckenbergiana Biologica 35 (1-2): 109-119.

[R-SN07] Retana-Salazar, A. P., & K. Nishida. 2007. First gall-inducing thrips on Elaphoglossum ferns: a new genus and species of thrips, Jersonithrips galligenus from Costa Rica (Insecta, Thysanoptera, Phlaeothripidae). Senckenbergiana Biologica 87 (2): 143-148.

Smith, A. R., K. M. Pryer, E. Schuettpelz, P. Korall, H. Schneider & P. G. Wolf. 2006. A classification for extant ferns. Taxon 55 (3): 705-731.

Thelypteridaceae

Long beech fern Thelypteris phegopteris, from Michael Hough.

Belongs within: Pteridales.

The Thelypteridaceae are a mostly tropical family of ferns, whose distinguishing features include an indument of transparent needle-like hairs and an absence of blade scales (A. R. Smith).

Characters (from A. R. Smith): Plants terrestrial or on rock (occasionally epiphytic). Stems creeping to erect, scaly at apex. Leaves monomorphic or somewhat dimorphic (to dimorphic). Petiole in cross section with 2 crescent-shaped vascular bundles at base. Blade pinnate to pinnate-pinnatifid, rarely more than 2-pinnate (occasionally simple); rachis grooved adaxially or not, grooves not continuous with grooves of next order. Veins free or anastomosing, running to margin, areoles with or without included free veinlets. Indument of transparent, needlelike, hooked, septate, or stellate hairs, or rarely hairs lacking. Sori inframedial to supramedial, occasionally nearly marginal, round or oblong, rarely elongate along veins; indusia reniform or sometimes absent. Spores bilateral, monolete (rarely globose-tetrahedral and trilete), usually with a prominent, crested, echinate, or reticulate perispore. Gametophytes green, cordate, usually hairy or glandular; antheridia 3-celled.

Thelypteridaceae
    |--Ampelopteris prolifera (Retzius) Copel. 1947 B06 (see below for synonymy)
    |--Stegnogramma pozoi YM03
    |    |--S. p. var. pozoi I88
    |    `--S. p. var. mollissima (Fischer) Iwats. 1963 (see below for synonymy) I88
    |--Amphineuron opulentum BB07
    |--Pronephrium B06
    |    |--P. asperum K03
    |    `--P. nudatum (Roxburgh) Holtt. 1972 B06 (see below for synonymy)
    |--Christella dentata (Forskål) Brownsey & Jermy 1973 B06 (see below for synonymy)
    |    |--C. d. var. dentata B06
    |    `--C. d. var. himalayensis Punetha & Kholia 1990 B06
    |--Macrothelypteris torresiana (Gaud.) Ching 1963 B06 (see below for synonymy)
    |--Cyclosorus SS04
    |    |--C. dentatus [incl. Dryopteris parasitica Kuntze 1891] C49
    |    |--C. gongylodes [=Aspidium gongylodes Schkuhr 1809] C49
    |    |--C. interruptus P05
    |    |--C. pennigerus [=Dryopteris pennigera (Forster) Christensen 1905] C49
    |    `--C. striatus SS04
    `--Thelypteris I88
         |--T. appendiculata (Presl) Reed 1968 (see below for synonymy) I88
         |--T. arida (Don) Morton 1959 (see below for synonymy) I88
         |--T. articulata (Houlst. & Moore) Tagawa & Iwats. 1975 (see below for synonymy) I88
         |--T. asplenioides J87
         |--T. asterothrix J87
         |--T. auriculata (Smith) Iwats. 1961 (see below for synonymy) I88
         |--T. aurita (Hooker) Ching 1936 (see below for synonymy) I88
         |--T. ciliata (Wallich) Ching 1936 (see below for synonymy) I88
         |--T. crinipes (Hooker) Iwats. 1963 (see below for synonymy) I88
         |--T. cylindrothrix (Ros.) Iwats. 1966 (see below for synonymy) I88
         |--T. decussata J87
         |--T. erubescens (Wallich) Ching 1936 (see below for synonymy) I88
         |--T. esquirolii (Christ) Ching 1936 (see below for synonymy) I88
         |--T. falciloba (Hooker) Ching 1936 (see below for synonymy) I88
         |--T. flaccida (Blume) Ching 1936 (see below for synonymy) I88
         |--T. hispidula J87
         |--T. imitata J87
         |--T. lakhimpurensis (Ros.) Iwats. 1965 (see below for synonymy) I88
         |--T. melanochlaena L54
         |--T. normalis L54
         |--T. noveboracensis EBS98
         |--T. ornata (Wallich) Ching 1936 (see below for synonymy) I88
         |--T. palustris C49
         |    |--T. p. var. palustris C49
         |    `--T. p. var. squamigera [=Aspidium squamigerum (Schlecht) Adumb. 1825] C49
         |--T. papilio (Hope) Iwats. 1965 (see below for synonymy) I88
         |--T. papyracea (Bedd.) Reed 1968 (see below for synonymy) I88
         |--T. parasitica (Linnaeus) Tard. 1938 (see below for synonymy) I88
         |--T. patens J87
         |--T. penangiana (Hooker) Reed 1968 (see below for synonymy) I88
         |--T. phegopteris (Linnaeus) Slosson in Rydberg 1917 (see below for synonymy) I88
         |--T. pseudosancta L54
         |--T. pyrrhorhachis (Kunze) Nayer & Kaur 1974 (see below for synonymy) I88
         |--T. repens (Hope) Ching 1936 (see below for synonymy) I88
         |--T. resinifera L54
         |--T. rudis J87
         |--T. sagittata J87
         |--T. sancta J87
         |--T. serra J87
         |--T. sprengelii L54
         |--T. subpubescens (Blume) Iwats. 1965 (see below for synonymy) I88
         |--T. tylodes (Kunze) Ching 1936 (see below for synonymy) I88
         |--T. uliginosa [incl. Dryopteris setigera, T. setigera (Blume) Ching 1936] C49
         `--T. yunkweiensis Ching 1936 [=Pseudophegopteris yunkweiensis (Ching) Ching 1963] I88

Ampelopteris prolifera (Retzius) Copel. 1947 B06 [=Hemionitis prolifera Retzius 1791 B06, Goniopteris prolifera (Retzius) Presl 1836 I88, Meniscium proliferum (Retzius) Swartz 1806 I88, Polypodium proliferum (Retzius) Roxburgh 1844 I88]

Christella dentata (Forskål) Brownsey & Jermy 1973 B06 [=Polypodium dentatum Forskål 1773 B06, Thelypteris dentata (Forskål) St. John 1936 I88; incl. Nephrodium procurrens (Mett.) Baker in Hooker 1867 I88]

Macrothelypteris torresiana (Gaud.) Ching 1963 B06 [=Polystichum torresianum Gaud. in Freyc. 1824 B06, Thelypteris torresiana (Gaud.) Alston 1960 I88; incl. Nephrodium setigerum I88, N. tenericaule (Hooker) Hooker 1862 B06, Lastrea tenericaulis (Hooker) Moore 1858 I88]

Pronephrium nudatum (Roxburgh) Holtt. 1972 B06 [=Polypodium nudatum Roxburgh 1844 I88, Thelypteris nudata (Roxburgh) Morton 1974 I88; incl. Nephrodium moulmeinense Bedd. 1883 I88, Polypodium multilineatum Wallich ex Hooker 1863 I88, Goniopteris multilineata Bedd. 1867 B06, Nephrodium multilineatum (Wallich) Bedd. 1892 I88, Thelypteris multilineata (Wallich) Morton 1959 I88]

Stegnogramma pozoi var. mollissima (Fischer) Iwats. 1963 [=Gymnogramma mollissima Fischer ex Kunze 1850; incl. Gymnogramma totta, Leptogramma totta] I88

Thelypteris appendiculata (Presl) Reed 1968 [=Nephrodium appendiculatum Presl 1851, Christella appendiculata (Presl) Holtt. 1976, Polypodium appendiculatum (Presl) Bedd. 1868 non Poiret 1804; incl. Nephrodium extensum var. microsorum Clarke 1880, N. microsorum (Clarke) Bedd. 1883 non Hooker 1862, N. molliusculum Bedd. 1892, Thelypteris molliuscula (Bedd.) Iwats. 1966, N. pubescens Don 1825] I88

Thelypteris arida (Don) Morton 1959 [=Aspidium aridum Don 1825, Christella arida (Don) Holtt. in Nayar & Kaur 1974, Nephrodium aridum (Don) Smith 1841] I88

Thelypteris articulata (Houlst. & Moore) Tagawa & Iwats. 1975 [=Nephrodium articulatum Houlst. & Moore 1851, Aspidium articulatum Lowe 1857 non Swartz 1801, Pronephrium articulatum (Houlst. & Moore) Holtt. 1972; incl. Nephrodium glandulosum var. laete-strigosum Clarke 1880, Cyclosorus laete-strigosus (Clarke) Ching 1938, Thelypteris laete-strigosa (Clarke) Iwats. 1966, Nephrodium pennigerum] I88

Thelypteris auriculata (Smith) Iwats. 1961 [=Polypodium auriculatum Wallich ex Hooker 1862 nec Linnaeus 1753 nec Raddi 1819 nec Presl 1822, Phegopteris auriculata Smith 1875, Cyclogramma auriculata (Smith) Ching 1963] I88

Thelypteris aurita (Hooker) Ching 1936 [=Gymnogramma aurita Hooker 1854, Leptogramma aurita (Hooker) Bedd. 1883, Pseudophegopteris aurita (Hooker) Ching 1963] I88

Thelypteris ciliata (Wallich) Ching 1936 [=Aspidium ciliatum Wallich ex Bentham 1861, Lastrea calcarata var. ciliata (Wallich) Bedd. 1883, Nephrodium ciliatum (Wallich) Clarke 1880, Trigonospora ciliata (Wallich) Holtt. 1971] I88

Thelypteris crinipes (Hooker) Iwats. 1963 [=Nephrodium crinipes Hooker 1862, Christella crinipes (Hooker) Holtt. in Nayar & Kaur 1974] I88

Thelypteris cylindrothrix (Ros.) Iwats. 1966 [=Dryopteris cylindrothrix Ros. 1913, Christella cylindrothrix (Ros.) Holtt. in Nayar & Kaur 1974, Cyclosorus cylindrothrix (Ros.) Ching 1938; incl. Nephrodium parasiticum var. aureum Clarke 1880, N. molle var. aureum (Clarke) Bedd. 1883] I88

Thelypteris erubescens (Wallich) Ching 1936 [=Polypodium erubescens Wallich ex Hooker 1862, Glaphyropteridopsis erubescens (Wallich) Ching 1963, Phegopteris erubescens (Wallich) Smith 1875] I88

Thelypteris esquirolii (Christ) Ching 1936 [=Dryopteris esquirolii Christ 1907, Pseudocyclosorus esquirolii (Christ) Ching 1963; incl. D. duclouxii Christ 1907, Thelypteris duclouxii (Christ) Ching 1936] I88

Thelypteris falciloba (Hooker) Ching 1936 [=Lastrea falciloba Hooker 1857, Lastrea calcarata var. falciloba (Hooker) Bedd. 1883, Nephrodium falcilobum, Pneumatopteris falciloba (Hooker) Ching 1963; incl. N. falcilobum var. puberula Wallich ex Clarke 1880] I88

Thelypteris flaccida (Blume) Ching 1936 [=Aspidium flaccidum Blume 1828, Lastrea flaccida, Metathelypteris flaccida (Blume) Ching 1963; incl. Lastrea gracilescens, Nephrodium gracilescens] I88

Thelypteris lakhimpurensis (Ros.) Iwats. 1965 [=Dryopteris lakhimpurensis Ros. 1917, Pronephrium lakhimpurensis (Ros.) Holtt. 1972] I88

Thelypteris ornata (Wallich) Ching 1936 [=Polypodium ornatum Wallich ex Bedd. 1864, Macrothelypteris ornata (Wallich) Ching 1963, Phegopteris ornata] I88

Thelypteris papilio (Hope) Iwats. 1965 [=Nephrodium papilio Hope 1899, Christella papilio (Hope) Holtt. in Nayar & Kaur 1974] I88

Thelypteris papyracea (Bedd.) Reed 1968 [=Nephrodium papyraceum Bedd. 1892, Christella papyracea (Bedd.) Holtt. in Nayar & Kaur 1974] I88

Thelypteris parasitica (Linnaeus) Tard. 1938 [=Polypodium parasiticum Linnaeus 1753, Christella parasitica (Linnaeus) Léveillé 1915, Cyclosorus parasiticus (Linnaeus) Farwell 1931, Nephrodium parasiticum] I88

Thelypteris penangiana (Hooker) Reed 1968 [=Polypodium penangianum Hooker 1863, Po. lineatum var. penangianum (Hooker) Clarke 1880, Pronephrium penangianum (Hooker) Holtt. 1972; incl. Nephrodium costatum, Polypodium lineatum Wallich ex Hooker 1863] I88

Thelypteris phegopteris (Linnaeus) Slosson in Rydberg 1917 [=Polypodium phegopteris, Phegopteris vulgaris; incl. Ph. connectilis (Michaux) Watt 1870] I88

Thelypteris pyrrhorhachis (Kunze) Nayer & Kaur 1974 [=Polypodium pyrrhorhachis Kunze 1851, Pseudophegopteris pyrrhorhachis (Kunze) Ching 1963; incl. Po. distans var. adnatum Clarke 1880, Thelypteris brunnea Ching 1936, Po. distans Don 1825 non Kaulf. 1824, Phegopteris distans, Po. laete-repens Troft. ex Hope 1899, Po. paludosum Bedd. 1863 non Blume 1829, Thelypteris paludosa Iwats. 1961] I88

Thelypteris repens (Hope) Ching 1936 [=Nephrodium repens Hope 1899; incl. Nephrodium canum Baker 1867 non Thelypteris cana (Smith) Ching 1936, Pseudocyclosorus canus (Baker) Holtt. & Grimes 1979] I88

Thelypteris subpubescens (Blume) Iwats. 1965 [=Aspidium subpubescens Blume 1828, Christella subpubescens (Blume) Holtt. 1976] I88

Thelypteris tylodes (Kunze) Ching 1936 [=Aspidium tylodes Kunze 1851, Lastrea ochthodes var. tylodes (Kunze) Bedd. 1883, Nephrodium tylodes (Kunze) Hope 1903, Pseudocyclosorus tylodes (Kunze) Ching 1963; incl. N. prolixum] I88

*Type species of generic name indicated

REFERENCES

[BB07] Baishya, A. K. & P. J. Bora. 2007. Cross community ethno-medico botany of Dibru-Saikhowa Biosphere Reserve, Assam. Bulletin of the Botanical Survey of India 49 (1-4): 121-154.

[B06] Biswas, A. 2006. Pteridophytes of Indian Botanic Garden, Howrah. Bulletin of the Botanical Survey of India 48 (1-4): 175-188.

[C49] Crookes, M. W. 1949. A revised and annotated list of New Zealand Filicinae. Transactions and Proceedings of the Royal Society of New Zealand 77 (2): 209-225.

[EBS98] Elliott, K. J., L. R. Boring & W. T. Swank. 1998. Changes in vegetation structure and diversity after grass-to-forest succession in a southern Appalachian watershed. American Midland Naturalist 140: 219-232.

[I88] Iwatsuki, K. 1988. An enumeration of the pteridophytes of Nepal. In The Himalayan Plants vol. 1 (H. Ohba & S. B. Malla, eds) The University Museum, University of Tokyo, Bulletin 31: 231-339.

[J87] Judd, W. S. 1987. Floristic study of Morne La Visite and Pic Macaya National Parks, Haiti. Bulletin of the Florida State Museum – Biological Sciences 32 (1): 1-136.

[K03] Kulip, J. 2003. An ethnobotanical survey of medicinal and other useful plants of Muruts in Sabah, Malaysia. Telopea 10 (1): 81-98.

[L54] Lötschert, W. 1954. Beitrag zur Pteridophyten-Flora von Mittel-Amerika. Senckenbergiana Biologica 35 (1-2): 109-119.

[P05] Pinder, A. M. 2005. A review of biodiversity in wetlands with organic sediments on the Swan Coastal Plain, Western Australia, with an emphasis on aquatic invertebrates. Journal of the Royal Society of Western Australia 88 (3): 129-132.

[SS04] Schneider, H., E. Schuettpelz, K. M. Pryer, R. Cranfill, S. Magallón & R. Lupia. 2004. Ferns diversified in the shadow of angiosperms. Nature 428: 553-557.

[YM03] Yatabe, Y., & N. Murakami. 2003. Recognition of cryptic species in the Asplenium nidus complex using molecular data – a progress report. Telopea 10 (1): 487-496.

Dennstaedtiaceae

Lace fern Microlepia strigosa, photographed by David Eickhoff.

Belongs within: Pteridales.

The Dennstaedtiaceae is a cosmopolitan family of mostly terrestrial ferns. Though primarily tropical, species of Pteridium (bracken) are found in almost all habitats and P. aquilinum is perhaps the world's most common fern.

Characters (from R. B. Cranfill): Plants perennial, mostly terrestrial, rarely epiphytic, generally in mesic, forested habitats. Stems short- to long-creeping, solenostelic (occasionally protostelic), bearing hairs (or less often scales), often branching by means of buds on proximal part of petiole. Leaves monomorphic, circinate in bud. Petiole not articulate, with 1-many vascular bundles, hairy or glabrous (occasionally scaly). Blade 1-pinnate to decompound (rarely simple), glabrous or hairy or with mixture of hairs and glands; rachis and costae grooved adaxially (not grooved in some genera). Veins free or sometimes joined at margin in fertile segments, pinnate or forking in ultimate segments. Sori near or at blade margin on vein tips or submarginal commissural vein; true (inner) indusia present, free or fused with portion of blade margin to form cup or pouch, or obscured by revolute and usually modified portion of blade margin (indusia rarely absent); sporangial stalk of 1-3 rows of cells. Spores not green, tetrahedral or bilateral, monolete or trilete. Gametophytes green, cordate, with archegonia and antheridia borne on lower surface.

Dennstaedtiaceae
    |--Monachosorum henryi Christ 1898 [=Phegopteris subdigitata (Blume) Bedd. 1883 (nom. illeg.)] I88
    |--Histiopteris incisa (Thunberg) Smith 1875 (see below for synonymy) I88
    |--Odontosoria J87
    |    |--O. aculeata J87
    |    `--O. fumarioides J87
    |--Hypolepis I88
    |    |--H. distans A27
    |    |--H. hispaniolica J87
    |    |--H. millefolium HR96
    |    |--H. punctata (Thunberg) Mett. ex Kuhn 1868 I88 (see below for synonymy)
    |    |--H. rugosula C49
    |    `--H. tenuifolia A27
    |--Dennstaedtia SL05
    |    |--D. appendiculata (Wallich) Smith 1875 [=Dicksonia appendiculata Wallich ex Hooker 1844] I88
    |    |--D. globulifera J87
    |    |--D. hirsta CW97
    |    |--D. punctilobula SL05
    |    |--D. rubiginosa L54
    |    `--D. scabra (Wallich) Moore 1861 [=Dicksonia scabra Wallich ex Hooker 1844] I88
    |--Microlepia I88
    |    |--M. calvescens (Wallich) Presl 1849 (see below for synonymy) I88
    |    |--M. firma Mett. ex Kuhn 1869 I88
    |    |--M. hookeriana (Wallich) Presl 1849 [=Davallia hookeriana Wallich ex Hooker 1846] I88
    |    |--M. platyphylla (Don) Smith 1842 [=Davallia platyphylla Don 1825] I88
    |    |--M. speluncae (Linnaeus) Moore 1857 (see below for synonymy) I88
    |    |--M. strigosa (Thunberg) Presl 1849 (see below for synonymy) I88
    |    `--M. trapeziformis (Roxburgh) Kuhn 1882 [=Davallia trapeziformis Roxburgh 1844] I88
    `--Pteridium SS04
         |--P. aquilinum (Linnaeus) Kuhn in Deck. 1879 [=Pteris aquilina Linnaeus 1753] I88
         |    |--P. a. var. aquilinum I88
         |    |--P. a. var. caudatum CW97
         |    `--P. a. var. wightianum (Wallich) Tryon 1941 [incl. P. capense var. densum (Wallich) Nakai 1949] I88
         `--P. esculentum (Forster) Diels 1899 CW97, C49 [=P. aquilinum var. esculentum (Forster) Kuhn 1882 C49]

Nomen nudum: Hypolepis amissa Squinabol 1889 S89

Histiopteris incisa (Thunberg) Smith 1875 [=Pteris incisa Thunberg 1800, Lithobrochia incisa (Thunberg) Presl 1836] I88

Hypolepis punctata (Thunberg) Mett. ex Kuhn 1868 I88 [=Polypodium punctatum Thunberg 1784 I88, Dryopteris punctata (Thunberg) Christensen 1905 C49; incl. H. petriana Carse 1918 C49]

Microlepia calvescens (Wallich) Presl 1849 [=Davallia calvescens Wallich ex Hooker 1846, D. marginalis var. calvescens (Wallich) Clarke 1880, Microlepia marginalis var. calvescens (Wallich) Bedd. 1883; incl. D. scabra Don 1825] I88

Microlepia speluncae (Linnaeus) Moore 1857 [=Polypodium speluncae Linnaeus 1753; incl. Davallia flaccida Don 1825, D. villosa Don 1825] I88

Microlepia strigosa (Thunberg) Presl 1849 [=Trichomanes strigosum Thunberg 1784, Dicksonia strigosa (Thunberg) Thunberg 1794; incl. Davallia polypodioides Don 1825] I88

*Type species of generic name indicated

REFERENCES

[A27] Andersen, J. C. 1927. Popular names of New Zealand plants. Transactions and Proceedings of the New Zealand Institute 57: 905-977.

[CW97] Castillo, U. F., A. L. Wilkins, D. R. Lauren, B. L. Smith, N. R. Towers, M. E. Alonso-Amelot & R. Jaimes-Espinoza. 1997. Isoptaquiloside and caudatoside, illudane-type sesquiterpene glucosides from Pteridium aquilinum var. caudatum. Phytochemistry 44: 901-906.

[C49] Crookes, M. W. 1949. A revised and annotated list of New Zealand Filicinae. Transactions and Proceedings of the Royal Society of New Zealand 77 (2): 209-225.

[HR96] Heather, B. D., & H. A. Robertson. 1996. The Field Guide to the Birds of New Zealand. Viking: Auckland.

[I88] Iwatsuki, K. 1988. An enumeration of the pteridophytes of Nepal. In The Himalayan Plants vol. 1 (H. Ohba & S. B. Malla, eds) The University Museum, University of Tokyo, Bulletin 31: 231-339.

[J87] Judd, W. S. 1987. Floristic study of Morne La Visite and Pic Macaya National Parks, Haiti. Bulletin of the Florida State Museum – Biological Sciences 32 (1): 1-136.

[L54] Lötschert, W. 1954. Beitrag zur Pteridophyten-Flora von Mittel-Amerika. Senckenbergiana Biologica 35 (1-2): 109-119.

[SS04] Schneider, H., E. Schuettpelz, K. M. Pryer, R. Cranfill, S. Magallón & R. Lupia. 2004. Ferns diversified in the shadow of angiosperms. Nature 428: 553-557.

[SL05] Small, R. L., E. B. Lickey, J. Shaw & W. D. Hauk. 2005. Amplification of noncoding chloroplast DNA for phylogenetic studies in lycophytes and monilophytes with a comparative example of relative phylogenetic utility from Ophioglossaceae. Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 36: 509-522.

[S89] Squinabol, S. 1889. Res Ligusticae. VII. – Cenno preliminare sulla flora fossile di Santa Giustina. Annali del Museo Civico di Storia Naturale di Genova, Serie 2a 7: 73-76.

Dicksoniaceae

Fossil frond of Coniopteris hymenophylloides, from here.

Belongs within: Leptosporangiatae.

The Dicksoniaceae are a group of mostly terrestrial (occasionally epiphytic) ferns, most of which are tree ferns though some have creeping rhizomes. They are distinguished from other tree ferns in the Cyatheaceae by having hairs rather than scales on the trunk. Members of the Dicksoniaceae are found in the tropics, as well as temperate regions of the Southern Hemisphere.

Characters (from Large & Braggins 2004): Generally with rhizome forming tree-like trunk. Covering of long tapering hairs composed of cells arranged end to end. Fronds may be 1-3 m in length. Sori positioned towards margins of pinnules, taking form of elongate or rounded receptacles. Sorus enclosed by thin indusium and small reflexed lobe of frond lamina. Spores rounded-triangular (trilete).

<==Dicksoniaceae
    |--Cibotium barometz (Linnaeus) Smith 1842 [=Polypodium barometz Linnaeus 1753] I88
    |--Haydenia Seward 1912 BO02
    |    `--H. thyrsopteroides BO02
    |--Culcita J87
    |    |--C. coniifolia J87
    |    `--C. straminea H03
    |--Dicksonia L’Heritier 1788 A61
    |    |--D. antarctica PS01
    |    |--D. externa HRS06
    |    |--D. fibrosa Colenso 1846 (see below for synonymy) A61
    |    |--D. lanata Colenso 1846 [incl. D. laevis Heward in Hook. f. 1846] A61
    |    `--D. squarrosa (Forst. f.) Swartz 1806 (see below for synonymy) A61
    `--Coniopteris BO02
         |--C. dicksonioides SS04
         |--C. hymenophylloides F71
         |    |--C. h. var. hymenophyloides F71
         |    `--C. h. var. australica F71
         `--C. manamanensis BO02

Nomina nuda: Dicksonia lanata Colenso 1845 C45

Dicksonia fibrosa Colenso 1846 [incl. D. intermedia Colenso ex Hook. & Baker 1873, D. microcarpa Colenso 1888, D. sparrmanniana Colenso 1880] A61

Dicksonia squarrosa (Forst. f.) Swartz 1806 [=Trichomanes squarrosum Forst. f. 1786; incl. D. gracilis Colenso 1883] A61

*Type species of generic name indicated

REFERENCES

[A61] Allan, H. H. 1961. Flora of New Zealand vol. 1. Indigenous Tracheophyta: Psilopsida, Lycopsida, Filicopsida, Gymnospermae, Dicotyledones. R. E. Owen, Government Printer: Wellington (New Zealand).

[BO02] Barale, G., & M. Ouaja. 2002. La biodiversité végétale des gisements d’âge Jurassique supérieur-Crétacé inférieur de Merbah El Asfer (Sud-Tunisien). Cretaceous Research 23: 707-737.

[C45] Colenso, W. 1845. Memoranda of an excursion, made in the Northern Island of New Zealand, in the summer of 1841-2; intended as a contribution towards the natural productions of the New Zealand groupe: with particular reference to their botany (concluded). Tasmanian Journal of Natural Science 2: 241-308.

[F71] Fletcher, H. O. 1971. Catalogue of type specimens of fossils in the Australian Museum, Sydney. Australian Museum Memoir 13: 1-167.

[HRS06] Hahn, I., U. Römer & R. P. Schlatter. 2006. Population numbers and status of land birds of the Juan Fernández Archipelago, Chile (Aves: Falconiformes, Columbiformes, Strigiformes, Caprimulgiformes, Passeriformes). Senckenbergiana Biologica 86 (1): 109-125.

[H03] Heads, M. 2003. Ericaceae in Malesia: Vicariance biogeography, terrane tectonics and ecology. Telopea 10 (1): 311-449.

[I88] Iwatsuki, K. 1988. An enumeration of the pteridophytes of Nepal. In The Himalayan Plants vol. 1 (H. Ohba & S. B. Malla, eds) The University Museum, University of Tokyo, Bulletin 31: 231-339.

[J87] Judd, W. S. 1987. Floristic study of Morne La Visite and Pic Macaya National Parks, Haiti. Bulletin of the Florida State Museum—Biological Sciences 32 (1): 1-136.

Large, M. F., & J. E. Braggins. 2004. Tree Ferns. CSIRO Publishing.

[PS01] Pryer, K. M., A. R. Smith, J. S. Hunt & J. Y. Dubuisson. 2001. rbcL data reveal two monophyletic groups of filmy ferns (Filicopsida: Hymenophyllaceae). American Journal of Botany 88 (6): 1118-1130.

[SS04] Schneider, H., E. Schuettpelz, K. M. Pryer, R. Cranfill, S. Magallón & R. Lupia. 2004. Ferns diversified in the shadow of angiosperms. Nature 428: 553-557.

Vittariaceae

Shoestring fern Vittaria lineata, from Riverbanks Outdoor Store.

Belongs within: Pteridaceae.

The Vittariaceae are a group of mostly epiphytic or lithophytic ferns found primarily in damp forests of the Old and New World tropics. A number of species are known to have ribbon-shaped gametophytes that are able to propagate themselves asexually through filamentous gemmae.

Characters (from Lindsay 2003): Plants with creeping rhizomes on which fronds usually arranged in two rows on dorsal surface; fronds usually simple, pendulous, lacking sclerenchyma, venation reticulate (occasionally reduced to a mid-rib with or without a few free lateral veins); epidermis of fronds containing spicule cells (elongated idioblasts containing needle-like crystals). Sporangia arranged in simple or branched soral lines, soral lines usually containing paraphyses. Gametophytes (where known) ribbon-shaped, perennial, usually bearing filamentous gemmae.

<==Vittariaceae
    |  i. s.: Rheopteris cheesmaniae Alston 1956 L03
    |         Monogramma [incl. Vaginularia] L03
    |--+--Haplopteris L03
    |  |    |  i. s.: H. elongata L03 [=Vittaria elongata Swartz 1806 L03, I88]
    |  |    |         H. scolopendrina [=Vittaria scolopendrina] L03
    |  |    |--+--‘Vittaria’ anguste-elongata L03
    |  |    |  `--H. zosterifolia [=Vittaria zosterifolia] L03
    |  |    `--+--H. ensiformis [=Vittaria ensiformis] L03
    |  |       `--‘Vittaria’ flexuosa Fée 1852 L03, I88
    |  `--+--Hecistopteris pumila L03
    |     `--Radiovittaria [=Vittaria subg. Radiovittaria] L03
    |          |--‘Vittaria’ minima L03
    |          `--+--‘Vittaria’ remota L03
    |             `--+--‘Vittaria’ gardneriana L03
    |                `--‘Vittaria’ stipitata L03
    `--+--Antrophyum L03
       |    |--A. obovatum Baker 1898 I88
       |    |--A. plantagineum L03
       |    `--A. reticulatum (Forster) Kaulf. 1824 (see below for synonymy) I88
       `--+--Ananthocorus angustifolius [=Vittaria angustifolia; incl. V. costata] L03
          |--Scoliosorus L03
          |    |--‘Antrophyum’ (subg. Scoliosorus) ensiforme L03
          |    `--‘Antrophyum’ subg. Antrophyopsis L03
          |         |--A. boryanum L03
          |         `--A. mannianum L03
          |--+--Anetium citrifolium L03
          |  `--Polytaenium [=Antrophyum subg. Polytaenium] L03
          |       |--‘Antrophyum’ lineatum L03
          |       `--+--‘Antrophyum’ cajenense L03
          |          `--‘Antrophyum’ lanceolatum L03
          `--Vittaria L03
               |  i. s.: V. filifolia L54
               |         V. forrestiana Ching 1941 I88
               |         V. moritiziana J87
               |         V. sikkimensis Kuhn 1869 I88
               |         V. taeniophylla Copel. 1906 [incl. V. revoluta Don 1825 non von Willdenow ex Kaulf. 1824] I88
               |--+--V. appalachiana L03
               |  `--V. graminifolia L03
               `--+--V. isoetifolia L03
                  `--+--V. dimorpha L03
                     `--V. lineata L03

Antrophyum reticulatum (Forster) Kaulf. 1824 [incl. Hemionitis coriacea Don 1825, Antrophyum coriaceum (Don) Wallich ex Hooker 1868] I88

*Type species of generic name indicated

REFERENCES

[I88] Iwatsuki, K. 1988. An enumeration of the pteridophytes of Nepal. In The Himalayan Plants vol. 1 (H. Ohba & S. B. Malla, eds) The University Museum, University of Tokyo, Bulletin 31: 231-339.

[J87] Judd, W. S. 1987. Floristic study of Morne La Visite and Pic Macaya National Parks, Haiti. Bulletin of the Florida State Museum – Biological Sciences 32 (1): 1-136.

[L03] Lindsay, S. 2003. Considerations for a revision of the fern family Vittariaceae for Flora Malesiana. Telopea 10 (1): 99-112.

[L54] Lötschert, W. 1954. Beitrag zur Pteridophyten-Flora von Mittel-Amerika. Senckenbergiana Biologica 35 (1-2): 109-119.

Pteridaceae

Mangrove fern Acrostichum aureum, photographed by Andrés Hernández.

Belongs within: Pteridales.
Contains: Vittariaceae, Adiantum, Pteris.

The Pteridaceae is a cosmopolitan family of ferns with abaxial sori lacking indusia or protected by a reflexed or revolute leaf margin (M. D. Windham). The molecular phylogenetic analysis of ferns by Schneider et al. (2004) suggested that the Pteridaceae may be paraphyletic with regard to the Vittariaceae. The Pteridaceae also includes the aquatic genus Ceratopteris, as well as the semi-aquatic Acrostichum. Cheilanthes, the lip ferns, is a cosmopolitan genus of ferns found growing on rocks in warm, dry regions.

Characters (from M. D. Windham): Plants perennial (occasionally annual), on rock or terrestrial, of small (rarely large) stature . Stems compact to creeping, branched or unbranched, dictyostelic, bearing hairs and/or scales. Leaves monomorphic to dimorphic, circinate or noncircinate in bud . Petioles usually with persistent scales proximally, lacking spines; vascular bundles 1-several, roundish or crescent-shaped in cross section. Blades 1-6-pinnate, without laminar buds . Indument on petioles, rachises, costae, and blades, rarely absent or commonly of hairs, glands, and/or scales, occasionally of white or yellow farina. Veins pinnate or parallel in ultimate segments of blades, simple or forked, free or infrequently anastomosing in complex patterns. Sori borne abaxially on veins, often confluent with age and forming a continuous submarginal band, or sporangia densely covering abaxial surface (acrostichoid); receptacle not or only slightly elevated. Indusia (when present) formed by reflexed, recurved, or revolute leaf margin (false indusium). Sporangia stalk of 2--3 rows of cells; annulus vertical, interrupted by stalk; spores 64 or 32 (rarely 16) per sporangium. Spores all 1 kind, brown, black, or gray (rarely yellow), globose to globose-tetrahedral or trigonal, occasionally with prominent equatorial ridge, trilete, or trigonal, variously ornamented (usually cristate or rugose). Gametophytes green, aboveground, obcordate to reniform, sometimes asymmetric, usually glabrous (glandular-farinose in Notholaena); archegonia and antheridia borne on abaxial surface, antheridia 3-celled.

Pteridaceae [Adiantaceae]
    |--+--Bommeria SS04
    |  |    |--B. ehrenbergiana SS04
    |  |    `--B. pedata L54
    |  `--+--Vittariaceae SS04
    |     `--+--Adiantum SS04
    |        `--Hewardia regia SS04
    `--+--Pteris SS04
       `--+--Acrostichum SS04
          |    |--A. aureum SS04
          |    |--A. danaeifolium SS04
          |    `--A. speciosum WF01
          `--+--Magnastriatites SS04
             `--Ceratopteris SS04
                  |--C. richardii SL05
                  `--C. thalictroides (Linnaeus) Brongniart 1822 (see below for synonymy) I88

Pteridaceae incertae sedis:
  Argyrochosma YS03
  Anopteris hexagonia J87
  Gymnopteris Bernhardi 1799 YS03
    `--G. vestita (Bedd.) Underwood 1902 (see below for synonymy) I88
  Notholaena Brown 1810 [=Chrysochosma (Kümm.) Pichi Sermolli 1989] YS03
    |--*N. trichomanoides (Linnaeus) Brown 1810 [=Pteris trichomanoides] YS03
    `--N. parryi GCR98
  Paragymnopteris Shing 1993 YS03
    `--*P. marantae (Linnaeus) Shing 1993 (see below for synonymy) YS03
  Pellaea Link 1841 A61
    |--P. atropurpurea SL05
    |--P. falcata (Br.) Fée 1850-1852 (see below for synonymy) A61
    `--P. rotundifolia (Forster) Hook. 1858 (see below for synonymy) A61
  Cheilanthes Swartz 1806 A61 [incl. Aleuritopteris I88]
    |--C. albomarginata Clarke 1880 [=C. farinosa var. albomarginata (Clarke) Bedd. 1892] I88
    |--C. anceps Blanford 1886 I88
    |--C. angustifolia L54
    |--C. aurea L54
    |--C. austrotenuifolia G04
    |--C. brownii LK14
    |--C. caudata LK14
    |--C. chrysophylla Hooker 1852 [=C. farinosa var. chrysophylla (Hooker) Clarke 1880] I88
    |--C. contigua LK14
    |--C. dalhousiae Hooker 1852 (see below for synonymy) I88
    |--C. deltoidea KLN06
    |--C. distans (Brown) Mett. 1859 [=Notholaena distans Brown 1810] A61
    |--C. duthiei Baker 1891 I88
    |--C. farinosa (Forskål) Kaulf. 1824 (see below for synonymy) I88
    |--C. fragillima LK14
    |--C. fragrans D30
    |--C. kaulfussii L54
    |--C. lanosa SL05
    |--C. lasiophylla G04
    |--C. notholaenoides J87
    |--C. nudiuscula LK14
    |--C. odora C74
    |--C. persica GCR98
    |--C. pteridioides PT98
    |--C. pumilio LK14 [=Notholaena pumilio Brown 1810 YS03]
    |--C. pyramidalis L54
    |--C. rufa Don 1825 I88
    |--C. setigera Blume 1828 A61 (see below for synonymy)
    |--C. sieberi Kunze in Lehm. 1846 [incl. C. erecta Colenso 1896] A61
    |--C. subvillosa Hooker 1852 [=Aleuritopteris subvillosa (Hooker) Ching 1941] I88
    |--C. tamburii (Hooker) Moore 1861 [=Pellaea tamburii Hooker 1858] I88
    |--C. tenuifolia (Burmann) Swartz 1806 I88 (see below for synonymy)
    `--C. vellea PT98 [=Notholaena vellea Brown 1810 YS03]
  Neurocallis SS04
  Paesia St. Hilaire 1833 A61
    `--P. scaberula (Rich.) Kuhn 1882 (see below for synonymy) A61
  Paraceterach muelleri LK14
  Platyzoma microphyllum LK14

Nomina nuda: Pellaea saportana Squinabol 1889 S89

Ceratopteris thalictroides (Linnaeus) Brongniart 1822 [=Acrostichum thalictroides Linnaeus 1753; incl. A. siliquosum Linnaeus 1753, Ceratopteris siliquasa (Linnaeus) Copel. 1935] I88

Cheilanthes dalhousiae Hooker 1852 [=C. farinosa var. dalhousiae (Hooker) Clarke 1880, Leptolepidium dalhousiae] I88

Cheilanthes farinosa (Forskål) Kaulf. 1824 [=Pteris farinosa Forskål 1775; incl. C. dealbata Don 1825 non Pursh 1814, C. grisea Blanford 1886, Aleuritopteris grisea (Blanford) Panigr. 1961] I88

Cheilanthes setigera Blume 1828 A61 [incl. Dryopteris setigera A61, Thelypteris setigera (Blume) Ching 1936 C49]

Cheilanthes tenuifolia (Burmann) Swartz 1806 I88 [=Trichomanes tenuifolium Burmann 1768 I88; incl. C. kirkii Armstrong 1881 (n. n.) A61, C. venosa Colenso 1893 A61]

Gymnopteris vestita (Bedd.) Underwood 1902 [=Syngramma vestita Bedd. 1883, Grammitis vestita Wallich ex Bedd. 1883 (n. n.), Gymnogramma vestita] I88

Paesia scaberula (Rich.) Kuhn 1882 [=Pteris scaberula Rich. 1832, Allosurus scaberulus Presl 1836; incl. Pt. microphylla Cunn. 1837] A61

*Paragymnopteris marantae (Linnaeus) Shing 1993 [=Acrostichum marantae Linnaeus 1753, Notholaena marantae (Linnaeus) Brown 1810, Paraceterach marantae (Linnaeus) Tryon 1986] YS03

Pellaea rotundifolia (Forster) Hook. 1858 [=Pteris rotundifolia Forster 1786, Allosurus rotundifolius Kunze 1856, Platyloma rotundifolia Smith 1841] A61

Pteris falcata (Br.) Fée 1850-1852 [=Pteris falcata Br. 1810, Platyloma falcata Smith 1841; incl. Pt. seticaulis Hook. 1840] A61

*Type species of generic name indicated

REFERENCES

[A61] Allan, H. H. 1961. Flora of New Zealand vol. 1. Indigenous Tracheophyta: Psilopsida, Lycopsida, Filicopsida, Gymnospermae, Dicotyledones. R. E. Owen, Government Printer: Wellington (New Zealand).

[C74] Coineau, Y. 1974. Éléments pour une monographie morphologique, écologique et biologique des Caeculidae (Acariens). Mémoires du Muséum National d'Histoire Naturelle, nouvelle série, Série A, Zoologie 81: 1–299, 224 pls.

[C49] Crookes, M. W. 1949. A revised and annotated list of New Zealand Filicinae. Transactions and Proceedings of the Royal Society of New Zealand 77 (2): 209–225.

[D30] Druce, G. C. 1930. Account of a botanical tour in Cyprus. Proceedings of the Linnean Society of London 141: 50–52.

[G04] Gibson, N. 2004. Flora and vegetation of the Eastern Goldfields Ranges: part 6. Mt Manning Range. Journal of the Royal Society of Western Australia 87 (2): 35–47.

[GCR98] Gratani, L., M. F. Crescente & G. Rossi. 1998. Photosynthetic performance and water use efficiency of the fern Cheilanthes persica. Photosynthetica 35: 507–516.

[I88] Iwatsuki, K. 1988. An enumeration of the pteridophytes of Nepal. In: Ohba, H., & S. B. Malla (eds) The Himalayan Plants vol. 1. The University Museum, University of Tokyo, Bulletin 31: 231–339.

[J87] Judd, W. S. 1987. Floristic study of Morne La Visite and Pic Macaya National Parks, Haiti. Bulletin of the Florida State Museum—Biological Sciences 32 (1): 1–136.

[KLN06] Klopper, R. R., P. Lemmer & J. Nel. 2006. Pteridophyta: Pteridaceae. Cheilanthes deltoidea, a new locality in Gauteng, South Africa. Bothalia 36 (2): 173–174.

[L54] Lötschert, W. 1954. Beitrag zur Pteridophyten-Flora von Mittel-Amerika. Senckenbergiana Biologica 35 (1–2): 109–119.

[LK14] Lyons, M. N., G. J. Keighery, L. A. Gibson & T. Handasyde. 2014. Flora and vegetation communities of selected islands off the Kimberley coast of Western Australia. Records of the Western Australian Museum Supplement 81: 205–244.

[PT98] Panitsa, M., & D. Tzanoudakis. 1998. Contribution to the study of the Greek flora: flora and vegetation of the E Aegean islands Agathonisi and Pharmakonisi. Willdenowia 28: 95–116.

[SS04] Schneider, H., E. Schuettpelz, K. M. Pryer, R. Cranfill, S. Magallón & R. Lupia. 2004. Ferns diversified in the shadow of angiosperms. Nature 428: 553–557.

[SL05] Small, R. L., E. B. Lickey, J. Shaw & W. D. Hauk. 2005. Amplification of noncoding chloroplast DNA for phylogenetic studies in lycophytes and monilophytes with a comparative example of relative phylogenetic utility from Ophioglossaceae. Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 36: 509–522.

[S89] Squinabol, S. 1889. Res Ligusticae. VII.—Cenno preliminare sulla flora fossile di Santa Giustina. Annali del Museo Civico di Storia Naturale di Genova, Serie 2a 7: 73–76.

[WF01] Woinarski, J. C. Z., A. Fisher, K. Brennan, I. Morris & R. Chatto. 2001. Patterns of bird species richness and composition on islands off Arnhem Land, Northern Territory, Australia. Austral Ecology 26: 1–13.

[YS03] Yatskievych, G., & A. R. Smith. 2003. Typification of Notholaena R. Br. (Pteridaceae). Taxon 52: 331–336.

Davalliaceae

Araiostegia pseudocystopteris, photographed by Stephen McDaniel.

Belongs within: Pteridales.

The Davalliaceae is a family of mostly epiphytic ferns found in tropical and warm-temperate parts of the Old World.

Characters (from Kramer 1990): Epiphytic, less often epilithic or terrestrial ferns with short- to long-creeping, fleshy stem; cortex little sclerotic; stele a peculiar type of strongly dorsiventral dictyostele, only some perforations associated with leaf traces. Stem densely and permanently clothed in scales with often cordate or peltate base, the scales often toothed, sometimes clathrate; surface and/or margin of scales bearing hairs, these glandular or not; rarely hairs on stem beside scales. Roots mostly ventral. Leaves inserted in two alternate rows on dorsal side of stem, on short phyllopodia, with a functional articulation at base of petiole. Petiole more or less sclerotic, with two lateral, almost continuous pneumatophores, with two large adaxial and a varying number of smaller abaxial bundles (in some species only one or none), all together forming a U or a semi-circle; petiole usually long, stramineous to brown, adaxially flattened or more often with a groove, this continuous with grooves on axes of higher order, middle of groove usually raised, ridge-like. Lamina mostly simply pinnate to several times pinnate + pinnatifid, rarely simple, occasionally weakly to strongly dimorphic; axes adaxially grooved, grooves with raised centre; edges of laminal parts continuous with ridges (wings) bordering axis groove; costae and costules adaxially convex. Lamina often firm in texture, usually triangular, less often narrowed at base, when mature mostly without macroscopical epidermal appendages; dissection pattern anadromous or occasionally catadromous or isodromous. Ultimate free divisions dentate to pinnatifid, less often entire. Veins pinnately branched, free, ending behind margin, rarely reaching it; costae adaxially not grooved; "false veins" occasionally present between true veins. Stomata polocytic. Sori terminal on anterior fork of a vein, or situated in the fork (but one of the branches may be reduced), near the margin, nearly always uninerval, isodiametric or longer than wide; indusium attached at base, often also at sides or part of them, rarely reniform, with a short point of attachment, or absent; outer edge free, equalling margin or not; segments not rarely protracted into small projections flanking sori. Soral trichomes present or not. Receptacle not elevated; sporangia long-stalked, stalk proximally 1- or 2-seriate, distally 3-seriate. Annulus vertical, indurated part not reaching stalk or stomium. Spores monolete.

Davalliaceae
    |--Gymnogrammitis dareiformis (Hooker) Ching ex Tard. & Christensen in Lecomte 1939 (see below for synonymy) I88
    |--Leucostegia immersa (Wallich) Presl 1836 [=Davallia immersa Wallich ex Hooker 1846] I88
    |--Davallodes membranulosum (Wallich) Copel. 1927 (see below for synonymy) I88
    |--Pachypleuria I88
    |--Davallia SS04
    |    |--D. clarkei Baker in Hooker & Baker 1874 SS04, I88 [=Araiostegia clarkei (Baker) Copel. 1927 I88]
    |    |--D. denticulata SS04
    |    |--D. griffithiana Hooker 1846 [=Humata griffithiana (Hooker) Christensen 1931] I88
    |    |--D. novae-zealandiae C45
    |    `--D. trichomanoides Blume 1828 [incl. D. bullata Wallich ex Hooker 1846] I88
    `--Araiostegia I88
         |--A. beddomei (Hope) Ching 1959 [=Davallia beddomei Hope 1899] I88
         |--A. delavayi (Bedd.) Ching 1959 [=Davallia pulchra var. delavayi Bedd. ex Clarke & Baker 1888] I88
         |--A. hookeri (Moore) Ching 1959 (see below for synonymy) I88
         |--A. multidentata (Hooker & Baker) Copel. 1927 (see below for synonymy) I88
         |--A. pseudocystopteris (Kunze) Copel. (see below for synonymy) I88
         `--A. pulchra (Don) Copel. 1927 [=Davallia pulchra Don 1825, Leucostegia pulchra (Don) Smith 1842] I88

Araiostegia hookeri (Moore) Ching 1959 [=Acrophorus hookeri Moore ex Bedd. 1865, Leucostegia hookeri (Moore) Bedd. 1883] I88

Araiostegia multidentata (Hooker & Baker) Copel. 1927 [=Davallia multidentata Hooker & Baker 1867, Leucostegia multidentata (Hooker & Baker) Bedd. 1876] I88

Araiostegia pseudocystopteris (Kunze) Copel. [=Davallia pseudocystopteris Kunze 1850, D. pulchra var. pseudocystopteris (Kunze) Clarke 1880, Leucostegia pseudocystopteris (Kunze) Bedd. 1876] I88

Davallodes membranulosum (Wallich) Copel. 1927 [=Davallia membranulosa Wallich ex Hooker 1846, Araiostegia membranulosa (Hooker) Holtt. ex Sen, Sen & Holtt. 1972, Leucostegia membranulosa (Wallich) Smith 1875] I88

Gymnogrammitis dareiformis (Hooker) Ching ex Tard. & Christensen in Lecomte 1939 [=Polypodium dareiforme Hooker 1860, Araiostegia dareiformis (Hooker) Copel. 1931, Davallia dareiformis (Hooker) Levinge ex Clarke 1880] I88

*Type species of generic name indicated

REFERENCES

[C45] Colenso, W. 1845. Memoranda of an excursion, made in the Northern Island of New Zealand, in the summer of 1841-2; intended as a contribution towards the natural productions of the New Zealand groupe: with particular reference to their botany. Tasmanian Journal of Natural Science 2: 210-234.

[I88] Iwatsuki, K. 1988. An enumeration of the pteridophytes of Nepal. In The Himalayan Plants vol. 1 (H. Ohba & S. B. Malla, eds) The University Museum, University of Tokyo, Bulletin 31: 231-339.

Kramer, K. U. 1990. Davalliaceae. In: Kramer, K. U., & P. S. Green (eds) The Families and Genera of Vascular Plants vol. 1. Pteridophytes and Gymnosperms pp. 74-81. Springer.

[SS04] Schneider, H., E. Schuettpelz, K. M. Pryer, R. Cranfill, S. Magallón & R. Lupia. 2004. Ferns diversified in the shadow of angiosperms. Nature 428: 553-557.

Grammitidaceae

Finger fern Grammitis billardieri, from here.

Belongs within: Pteridales.

The Grammitidaceae is a mostly epiphytic family of ferns. Many species are found in montane cloud forests.

Characters (from A. R. Smith): Plants perennial, mostly small, on rock or commonly epiphytic [rarely terrestrial]. Stems long- to short-creeping or suberect, usually unbranched, bearing scales [rarely scales absent], solenostelic (having phloem on both sides of xylem) to dictyostelic (having complex nets of xylem). Leaves erect, arching, or pendent, monomorphic [rarely with specialized fertile areas], less than 50 cm [rarely longer], usually scaleless throughout. Petioles often dark-colored and wiry, commonly terete, usually less than 2 mm diam., articulate or not articulate, with 1 or 2 vascular strands. Blades simple and entire to commonly pinnatifid or 1-pinnate, rarely 2-pinnate or more divided, glabrous or commonly bearing hairs, especially on petioles and rachises; hairs tan to dark reddish brown [or transparent], unicellular to multicellular; rachises often dark-colored, not grooved adaxially. Veins free [to anastomosing in simple patterns]; hydathodes present or absent, sometimes obscured by lime dots adaxially. Sori abaxial on veins, round to oblong [occasionally elongate]; paraphyses present or absent, these glandular or hairlike; sporangia with stalk of 1 row of cells; indusia absent. Spores greenish, tetrahedral-globose, trilete, surface commonly papillate. Gametophytes greenish, borne aboveground, ribbon-shaped, sometimes bearing multicellular gemmae.

Grammitidaceae
    |--Micropolypodium P03
    |--Lomaphlebia P03
    |--Luisma P03
    |--Ceradenia P03
    |--Enterosora P03
    |--Melpomene flabelliformis P03
    |--Acrosorus P03
    |--Calymmodon P03
    |--Chrysogrammitis P03
    |--Scleroglossum P03
    |--Themelium P03
    |--Adenophorus P03
    |--Terpsichore P03
    |    |--T. elastica P03
    |    `--T. kirkii P03
    |--Cochlidium [incl. Xiphopteris] P03
    |    |--‘Xiphopteris’ hieronymusii P03
    |    |--C. serrulatum [=*Xiphopteris serrulata] P03
    |    `--‘Xiphopteris’ sikkimensis (Hieronymus) Copel. 1947 [=Polypodium sikkimense Hieronymus 1905] I88
    |--Lellingeria P03
    |    |--L. oosora P03
    |    |--L. saffordii P03
    |    `--L. subcoriacea P03
    |--Prosaptia [incl. Ctenopteris] P03
    |    |--‘Ctenopteris’ blechnoides P03
    |    |--‘Ctenopteris’ curtisii P03
    |    |--‘Polypodium’ grammitidis Br. 1810 [=Ctenopteris grammitidis (Br.) Smith 1875] C49
    |    |--‘Ctenopteris’ lasiostipes P03
    |    |--‘Ctenopteris’ mollicoma P03
    |    |--‘Ctenopteris’ nutans P03
    |    |--‘Ctenopteris’ repandula P03
    |    |--‘Ctenopteris’ subfalcata (Blume) Kunze 1848 [=Polypodium subfalcatum Blume 1828] I88
    |    |--P. venulosa [=*Ctenopteris venulosa] P03
    |    `--‘Ctenopteris’ whartoniana P03
    `--Grammitis P03
         |--G. adspersa H03
         |--G. apiculata J87
         |--G. billardieri Willdenow 1810 C49 (see below for synonymy)
         |    |--G. b. ssp. billardieri M03
         |    `--‘Polypodium australe’ ssp. nanum M03
         |--G. ceratocarpa H03
         |--G. ciliata Colenso 1844 [incl. Polypodium australe var. villosum Hooker 1855] C49
         |--G. clemensiae H03
         |--G. collina H03
         |--G. crassa Fée 1850-1852 C49
         |--G. cretata J87
         |--G. cryptophlebia P03
         |--G. cultrata J87
         |--G. firma J87
         |--G. furcata J87
         |--G. givenii W91
         |--G. lasiosora H03
         |--G. marginella J87
         |--G. mesocarpa H03
         |--G. moniliformis J87
         |--G. nimbata L03
         |--G. oblanceolata H03
         |--G. ornatissimum H03
         |--G. padangense H03
         |--G. pendula J87
         |--G. pervillei P03
         |--G. plerogrammoides H03
         |--G. pseudaustralis H03
         |--G. pumila Armstrong 1882 [=Polypodium australe var. pumilum Cheeseman 1906] C49
         |--G. reducta H03
         |--G. reinwardtii P03
         |--G. rupestris H03
         |--G. salticola H03
         |--G. samoensis P03
         |--G. stenophylla [incl. G. kairatuensis] P03
         |--G. tomensis P03
         `--G. universa P03

Grammitis billardieri Willdenow 1810 C49 [=Polypodium billardieri (Willdenow) Christensen 1906 C49; incl. P. australe Mett. 1857 C49, G. australis M03]

*Type species of generic name indicated

REFERENCES

[C49] Crookes, M. W. 1949. A revised and annotated list of New Zealand Filicinae. Transactions and Proceedings of the Royal Society of New Zealand 77 (2): 209-225.

[H03] Heads, M. 2003. Ericaceae in Malesia: Vicariance biogeography, terrane tectonics and ecology. Telopea 10 (1): 311-449.

[I88] Iwatsuki, K. 1988. An enumeration of the pteridophytes of Nepal. In The Himalayan Plants vol. 1 (H. Ohba & S. B. Malla, eds) The University Museum, University of Tokyo, Bulletin 31: 231-339.

[J87] Judd, W. S. 1987. Floristic study of Morne La Visite and Pic Macaya National Parks, Haiti. Bulletin of the Florida State Museum – Biological Sciences 32 (1): 1-136.

[L03] Lindsay, S. 2003. Considerations for a revision of the fern family Vittariaceae for Flora Malesiana. Telopea 10 (1): 99-112.

[M03] Macloskie, G. 1903. Pteridophyta, ferns and fernlike plants. In Reports of the Princeton University Expeditions to Patagonia, 1896-1899, vol. 8 – Botany (W. B. Scott, ed.) pp. 127-138. The University: Princeton (New Jersey).

[P03] Parris, B. S. 2003. The distribution of Grammitidaceae (Filicales) inside and outside Malesia. Telopea 10 (1): 451-466.

[W91] Williams, P. A. 1991. Subalpine and alpine vegetation of granite ranges in western Nelson, New Zealand. New Zealand Journal of Botany 29: 317-330.