Santalales

Decaisnina signata, copyright Greg Calvert.

Belongs within: Gunneridae.
Contains: Olacaceae, Aquilapollenites, Santalaceae, Loranthus, Amyema.

The Santalales are a clade of flowering plants supported by molecular analyses whose members produce small flowers with a valvate perianth and stamens with anther sacs and filaments (Nickrent et al. 2005). A large proportion of its members, including such forms as the sandalwoods and mistletoes, are at least partially parasitic on other plants.

<==Santalales [Santaliflorae] APG16
    |--Balanophoraceae [Balanophoreae] NDA05
    |    |  i. s.: Rhopalocnemis H03
    |    |         Ditepalanthus H03
    |    |         Exorhopala H03
    |    |         Corynaea YY22
    |    |         Lathrophytum YY22
    |    |         Ombrophytum YY22
    |    |         Balanopollis minutus Salard-Cheboldaeff 1978 CBH93
    |    |--Lophophytum YY22 [Lophophytoideae T00]
    |    |--Mystropetalon NDA05 [Mystropetaloideae T00]
    |    |    `--M. thomii NDA05
    |    |--Sarcophytoideae T00
    |    |    |--Chlamydophytum T00
    |    |    `--Sarcophyte T00
    |    |--Helosidoideae [Scybalioideae] T00
    |    |    |--Scybalium YY22
    |    |    `--Helosis [incl. Durogaster Lloyd 1919] KC01
    |    |         `--H. brasiliensis KC01
    |    |--Dactylanthoideae T00
    |    |    |--Hachettia austrocaledonica T00, NDA05
    |    |    `--Dactylanthus Hooker 1859 A61
    |    |         `--D. taylori Hooker 1859 A61
    |    `--Balanophoroideae T00
    |         |--Langsdorffia T00
    |         |--Thonningia T00
    |         `--Balanophora fungosa H03
    |              |--B. f. ssp. fungosa H03
    |              `--B. f. ssp. indica H03
    `--+--Santalaceae NDA05
       `--+--Schoepfia [Schoepfiaceae] NDA05
          |    |--S. jasminodora SDT88
          |    `--S. schreberi NDA05
          `--Loranthaceae [Loranthoideae] B12
               |--Oryctanthus YY22
               |--Struthanthus YY22
               |--Phthirusa YY22
               |--Macrosolen platyphyllus [=Elytranthe platyphylla] P88
               |--Nuytsia floribunda RL05
               |--Agelanthus discolor CV06
               |--Alepis flavida (Hooker) Van Tieghem 1894 BS01, A61 (see below for synonymy)
               |--Ileostylus micranthus (Hooker) Van Tieghem 1894 BS01, A61 (see below for synonymy)
               |--Amylotheca dictyophleba B00b
               |--Benthamina alyxifolia B00b
               |--Gaiadendron H11
               |--Psittacanthus H11
               |--Loranthus A61
               |--Amyema B12
               |--Gothanipollis CBH93
               |--Spinulaepollis arceuthobioides CBH93
               |--Expressipollis striatus CBH93
               |--Aciella Tiegh. 1894 KC01
               |--Dendrophagus Toumey 1900 KC01
               |--Lepidella Tiegh. 1911 KC01
               |--Atkinsonia Muell. 1865 KC01
               |    `--A. ligustrina F08
               |--Tupeia Cham. & Schlecht. 1828 A61
               |    `--T. antarctica (Forster) Cham. & Schlecht. 1828 (see below for synonymy) A61
               |--Elytranthe Blume 1830 A61
               |    `--E. adamsii (Cheesem.) Engl. 1897 (see below for synonymy) A61
               |--Lysiana LK14
               |    |--L. exocarpi B00b
               |    `--L. spathulata LK14
               |--Peraxilla BS01
               |    |--P. colensoi (Hooker) Van Tieghem 1894 BS01, A61 (see below for synonymy)
               |    `--P. tetrapetala Van Tieghem 1894 BS01, A61 (see below for synonymy)
               |--Phrygilanthus Eichl. 1868 A61
               |    |--P. raoulii (Van Tieghem) Engl. 1897 [=Mullerina raoulii Van Tieghem 1895] A61
               |    `--P. tenuiflorus (Hooker) Engl. 1897 (see below for synonymy) A61
               |--Muellerina B00a
               |    |--M. celastroides B00a
               |    `--M. eucalyptoides [=Phrygilanthus eucalyptoides] B00b
               |--Loranthacites CBH93
               |    |--L. catterallii Srivastava 1969 YB02
               |    `--L. succineus Conwentz 1886 CBH93
               |--Diplatia B00a
               |    |--D. furcata B00a
               |    |--D. grandibractea LK14
               |    `--D. tomentosa B00b
               |--Dendropemon J87
               |    |--D. bistratus J87
               |    |--D. parvifolius J87
               |    `--D. pycnophyllus J87
               |--Dendrophthoe NDA05
               |    |--D. acacioides VT13
               |    |--D. curvata B00a
               |    |--D. falcata KJ05
               |    |--D. glabrescens B12
               |    |--D. homoplastica B00b
               |    |--D. odontocalyx LK14
               |    |--D. pentandra NDA05
               |    `--D. vitellina B00a
               `--Decaisnina LK14
                    |--D. angustata LK14
                    |--D. biangulata LK14
                    |--D. brittenii LK14
                    |    |--D. b. ssp. brittenii LK14
                    |    `--D. b. ssp. speciosa LK14
                    `--D. signata LK14
                         |--D. s. ssp. signata LK14
                         `--D. s. ssp. cardiophylla LK14

Santalales incertae sedis:
  Helixanthera coccinea P88
  Opiliaceae T00
    |--Opilia amentacea VT13
    |--Cansjera leptostachya LK14
    `--Opilioxylon nigerinum Koeniguer 1970 CBH93
  Eremolepidaceae T00
    |--Eubrachion T00
    |--Lepidoceras T00
    `--Antidaphne [incl. Eremolepis] T00
         `--‘Eremolepis’ wrightii J87
  Misodendrum A-LL98 [=Myzodendron A-LL98; Misodendraceae T00, Myzodendraceae]
    |--M. linearifolium de Candolle 1830 [=Angelopogon linearifolius ms, Myzodendron linearifolium] A-LL98
    |    |--M. l. var. linearifolium A-LL98
    |    `--M. l. var. contractum Skottsberg 1913 (see below for synonymy) A-LL98
    |--M. oblongifolium de Candolle 1830 [=Angelopogon heterophyllus ms] A-LL98
    `--M. punctulatum (see below for synonymy) A-LL98
  Olacaceae APG16
  Daenikera NDA05
  Aquilapollenites CBH93

Nomina nuda: Peraxilla haastii [=Elytranthe haastii] C06
             Peraxilla uniflora [=Elytranthe uniflora] C06
             Trilepidea ralphii Van Tieghem 1895 C06

Alepis flavida (Hooker) Van Tieghem 1894 BS01, A61 [=Loranthus flavidus Hooker 1853 A61, Elytranthe flavida (Hooker) Engl. 1897 A61; incl. L. polychroa Colenso 1885 C06, Alepis polychroa (Colenso) Van Tieghem 1895 C06]

Elytranthe adamsii (Cheesem.) Engl. 1897 [=Loranthus adamsii Cheesem. 1881, Trilepidea adamsii (Cheesem.) Van Tieghem 1894] A61

Ileostylus micranthus (Hooker) Van Tieghem 1894 BS01, A61 [=Loranthus micranthus Hooker 1853 A61; incl. Viscum antarcticum Cunn. 1839 non Forster 1786 A61, Ileostylus kirkii Van Tieghem 1895 A61]

Misodendrum linearifolium var. contractum Skottsberg 1913 [=M. linearifolium f. monoica Skottsberg 1913 (n. n.)] A-LL98

Misodendrum punctulatum [incl. Mi. punctulatum var. magellanicum de Candolle 1830, Mi. rioquinoense Kuntze 1893, Myzodendron rioquinoense] A-LL98

Peraxilla colensoi (Hooker) Van Tieghem 1894 BS01, A61 [=Loranthus colensoi Hooker 1844 A61, Elytranthe colensoi (Hooker) Engl. 1897 A61]

Peraxilla tetrapetala Van Tieghem 1894 BS01, A61 [=Loranthus tetrapetalus Murr. 1774 A61, Elytranthe tetrapetala (Murr.) Engl. 1897 A61; incl. L. decussatus Kirk 1871 A61, Peraxilla decussata C06, L. fieldii Buchan. 1884 A61, Neamyza fieldii Van Tieghem 1895 C06, L. punctatus Col. 1883 A61, Elytranthe punctata C06, Peraxilla punctata C06]

Phrygilanthus tenuiflorus (Hooker) Engl. 1897 [=Loranthus tenuiflorus Hooker 1853, Hookerella tenuiflora (Hooker) Van Tieghem 1895] A61

Tupeia antarctica (Forster) Cham. & Schlecht. 1828 [=Viscum antarcticum Forster 1786; incl. T. cunninghamii Miq. 1844, V. pubigerum Cunn. 1839, T. pubigera Miq. 1844, T. undulata Colenso 1884] A61

*Type species of generic name indicated

REFERENCES

[A61] Allan, H. H. 1961. Flora of New Zealand vol. 1. Indigenous Tracheophyta: Psilopsida, Lycopsida, Filicopsida, Gymnospermae, Dicotyledones. R. E. Owen, Government Printer: Wellington (New Zealand).

[APG16] Angiosperm Phylogeny Group. 2016. An update of the Angiosperm Phylogeny Group classification for the orders and families of flowering plants: APG IV. Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society 181: 1–20.

[A-LL98] Arroyo-Leuenberger, S., & B. E. Leuenberger. 1998. Type specimens of names in Misodendraceae at the Berlin-Dahlem herbarium (B). Willdenowia 28: 249–252.

[BS01] Bannister, P., & G. L. Strong. 2001. The distribution and population structure of the temperate mistletoe Ileostylus micranthus in the Northern Cemetery, Dunedin, New Zealand. New Zealand Journal of Botany 39: 225–233.

[B00a] Braby, M. F. 2000a. Butterflies of Australia: their identification, biology and distribution vol. 1. CSIRO Publishing: Collingwood (Victoria).

[B00b] Braby, M. F. 2000b. Butterflies of Australia: their identification, biology and distribution vol. 2. CSIRO Publishing: Collingwood (Victoria).

[B12] Braby, M. F. 2012. The butterflies of El Questro Wilderness Park, with remarks on the taxonomy of the Kimberley fauna, Australia. Records of the Western Australian Museum 27 (2): 161–175.

[C06] Cheeseman, T. F. 1906. Manual of the New Zealand Flora. John Mackay, Government Printer: Wellington.

[CBH93] Collinson, M. E., M. C. Boulter & P. L. Holmes. 1993. Magnoliophyta (‘Angiospermae’). In: Benton, M. J. (ed.) The Fossil Record 2 pp. 809–841. Chapman & Hall: London.

[CV06] Craven, P., & P. Vorster. 2006. Patterns of plant diversity and endemism in Namibia. Bothalia 36 (2): 175–189.

[F08] Fletcher, J. J. 1908. Notes and exhibits. Proceedings of the Linnean Society of New South Wales 33: 344.

[H03] Heads, M. 2003. Ericaceae in Malesia: Vicariance biogeography, terrane tectonics and ecology. Telopea 10 (1): 311–449.

[H11] Hilty, S. L. 2011. Family Thraupidae (tanagers). In: Hoyo, J. del, A. Elliott & D. A. Christie (eds) Handbook of the Birds of the World vol. 16. Tanagers to New World Blackbirds pp. 46–329. Lynx Edicions: Barcelona.

[J87] Judd, W. S. 1987. Floristic study of Morne La Visite and Pic Macaya National Parks, Haiti. Bulletin of the Florida State Museum—Biological Sciences 32 (1): 1–136.

[KJ05] Katewa, S. S., A. Jain, B. L. Chaudhary & P. Galav. 2005. Some unreported medicinal uses of plants from the tribal area of Southern Rajasthan. Bulletin of the Botanical Survey of India 47 (1-4): 121–130.

[KC01] Kirk, P. M., P. F. Cannon, J. C. David & J. A. Stalpers. 2001. Ainsworth & Bisby's Dictionary of the Fungi 9^th ed. CAB International: Wallingford (UK).

[LK14] Lyons, M. N., G. J. Keighery, L. A. Gibson & T. Handasyde. 2014. Flora and vegetation communities of selected islands off the Kimberley coast of Western Australia. Records of the Western Australian Museum Supplement 81: 205–244.

[NDA05] Nickrent, D. L., J. P. Der & F. E. Anderson. 2005. Discovery of the photosynthetic relatives of the "Maltese mushroom" Cynomorium. BMC Evolutionary Biology 5: 38.

[P88] Polunin, I. 1988. Plants and Flowers of Malaysia. Times Editions: Singapore.

[RL05] Rafferty, C., & B. B. Lamont. 2005. Selective feeding by macropods on vegetation regenerating following fire. Journal of the Royal Society of Western Australia 88 (4): 155–165.

[SDT88] Schaefer, C. W., W. R. Dolling & S. Tachikawa. 1988. The shieldbug genus Parastrachia and its position within the Pentatomoidea (Insecta: Hemiptera). Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 93: 283–311.

[T00] Thorne, R. F. 2000. The classification and geography of the flowering plants: dicotyledons of the class Angiospermae (subclasses Magnoliidae, Ranunculidae, Caryophyllidae, Dilleniidae, Rosidae, Asteridae, and Lamiidae). The Botanical Review 66: 441–647.

[VT13] Vigilante, T., J. Toohey, A. Gorring, V. Blundell, T. Saunders, S. Mangolamara, K. George, J. Oobagooma, M. Waina, K. Morgan & K. Doohan. 2013. Island country: aboriginal connections, values and knowledge of the Western Australian Kimberley islands in the context of an island biological survey. Records of the Western Australian Museum Supplement 81: 145–182.

[YY22] Yampolsky, C., & H. Yampolsky. 1922. Distribution of sex forms in the phanerogamic flora. Bibliotheca Genetica 3: 1–62.

[YB02] Yi, S., & D. J. Batten. 2002. Palynology of Upper Cretaceous (uppermost Campanian-Maastrichtian) deposits in the South Yellow Sea Basin, offshore Korea. Cretaceous Research 23: 687–706.

Santalaceae

Sandalwood Santalum lanceolatum, from here.

Belongs within: Santalales.

The Santalaceae are a cosmopolitan group of semi-parasitic or parasitic flowering plants. The ancestral habit of the family is as terrestrially growing root semi-parasites but aerial stem parastism has evolved within the Santalaceae on more than one occasion. Some members of the family such as Indian sandalwood Santalum album are valued for their highly aromatic wood, which has unfortunately lead to some species becoming endangered.

Characters (from Allan 1961): Trees, shrubs or herbs, sometimes parasitic, with usually opposite, entire, exstipulate, sometimes scale-like leaves. Inflorescence various, often of racemes or spikes; flowers minute, regular, perfect to unisexual. Perianth of one series of four or five sepaloid or petaloid valvate tepals; stamens opposite tepals; filaments short, anthers 2-celled, basifixed on short filaments. Ovary inferior, embedded in receptacle, or superior, 1-loculed; carpels (2)-3-5; ovules usually 3, pendulous on basal placentae; stigma capitate to 3-5-lobed. Fruit nut-like to drupaceous; seed without testa, embryo straight, endosperm fleshy.

<==Santalaceae [Amphorogynaceae, Cervantesiaceae, Comandraceae, Nanodeaceae, Thesiaceae, Viscaceae, Viscoideae] APG16
    |--Okoubaka T00
    |--Phacellaria YY22
    |--Anthobolus YY22
    |--Buckleya lanceolata LO98
    |--Pyrularia pubera YY22, EBS98
    |--Omphacomeria YY22
    |--Campereia YY22
    |--Colpoon YY22
    |--Nanodea YY22
    |--Osyris alba YY22, R-RR-GM-S98
    |--Scleromelum YY22
    |--Sclerophyron YY22
    |--Jordina rhombifolia MF05
    |--Quinchamalium NDA05
    |--Thesianthium inclusum Conwentz 1886 CBH93
    |--Santalumidtes cainozoicus CBH93
    |--Viscoxylon haustoria Selmeier 1975 CBH93
    |--Notothixos B00b
    |    |--N. incanus B00b
    |    `--N. leiophyllus B00a
    |--Mida Cunningham ex Engl. 1837 A61
    |    `--M. salicifolia Cunningham 1838 (see below for synonymy) A61
    |         |--M. s. var. salicifolia A61
    |         `--M. s. var. myrtifolia (Cunningham) Allan 1961 [=M. myrtifolia Cunningham 1838] A61
    |--Ginalloa H03
    |    |--G. arnottiana H03
    |    |--G. flagellaris H03
    |    `--G. nuda H03
    |--Comandra umbellata H93
    |    |--C. u. ssp. umbellata H93
    |    |--C. u. ssp. californica H93
    |    `--C. u. ssp. pallida H93
    |--Choretrum OS04
    |    |--C. glomeratum OS04
    |    |    |--C. g. var. glomeratum OS04
    |    |    `--C. g. var. chrysanthum OS04
    |    |--C. pritzelii Mol93
    |    `--C. spicatum C08
    |--Dendrophthora J87
    |    |--D. brachystacha J87
    |    |--D. carnosa J87
    |    |--D. cupressoides J87
    |    |--D. serpyllifolia J87
    |    `--D. versicolor J87
    |--Exocarpus Labill. 1798 A61
    |    |--E. aphylla MM09
    |    |--E. bidwillii Hooker 1854 A61
    |    |--E. cupressiformis MM09
    |    |--E. latifolius VT13
    |    |--E. sparteus MM09
    |    `--E. strictus B00a
    |--Thesium CV06
    |    |--T. bergeri Zuccarini 1837 PL04
    |    |--T. emodi O88
    |    |--T. himalense O88
    |    |--T. kernerianum H09
    |    |--T. linophyllon [incl. T. divaricatum] H91
    |    `--T. xerophyticum CV06
    |--Santalum BR65
    |    |--S. acuminatum OS04
    |    |--S. album SK02
    |    |--S. fernandezianum D81
    |    |--S. lanceolatum BR65
    |    |    |--S. l. var. lanceolatum BR65
    |    |    `--S. l. var. angustifolium BR65
    |    `--S. spicatum G04
    |--Leptomeria RL05
    |    |--L. cunninghamii RL05
    |    |--L. lehmannii GK00
    |    |--L. pauciflora GK00
    |    |--L. preissiana B00b
    |    |--L. scrobiculata GK00
    |    |--L. spinosa GK00
    |    `--L. squarrulosa GK00
    |--Korthalsella Tiegh. 1896 A61
    |    |--K. amentacea [=Heterixia amentacea] C06
    |    |--K. breviarticulata B00a
    |    |--K. japonica RR02
    |    |--K. lindsayi (Oliver) Engl. 1897 (see below for synonymy) A61
    |    |    |--K. l. var. lindsayi A61
    |    |    `--K. l. var. clavata (Kirk) Danser 1937 [=Viscum clavatum Kirk 1892, K. clavata Cheeseman 1906] A61
    |    |--K. rubra B00a
    |    `--K. salicornioides (Cunn.) Van Tieghem 1896 [=Viscum salicornioides Cunn. 1839] A61
    |--Viscum CD07
    |    |--V. album Linnaeus 1753 CD07
    |    |--V. articulatum P03
    |    |--V. cruciatum H03
    |    |--V. miquelii JD05
    |    |--V. orientale P03
    |    |--V. ovalifolium LK14
    |    `--V. whitei LK14
    |         |--V. w. ssp. whitei LK14
    |         `--V. w. ssp. flexicaule LK14
    |--Phoradendron J87
    |    |--P. anceps J87
    |    |--P. bolleanum BT72
    |    |--P. californicum [incl. P. californicum var. distans] H93
    |    |--P. densum [=P. bolleanum var. densum] H93
    |    |--P. juniperinum [incl. P. juniperinum var. ligatum] H93
    |    |--P. leucarpum MS10 [=P. californicum var. leucocarpum H93]
    |    |--P. libocedri [=P. juniperinum var. libocedri] H93
    |    |--P. macrophyllum [=P. flavescens var. macrophyllum, P. tomentosum var. macrophyllum] H93
    |    |--P. pauciflorum [=P. bolleanum var. pauciflorum] H93
    |    |--P. piperoides J87
    |    |--P. tomentosum H93
    |    `--P. villosum [=P. flavescens var. villosum] H93
    `--Arceuthobium NDA05
         |--A. abietinum [=A. campylopodum f. abietinum] H93
         |--A. americanum H93
         |--A. bicarinatum N96
         |--A. californicum H93
         |--A. campylopodum H93
         |--A. cryptopodum [=Razamofskya cryptopoda] N96
         |--A. cyanocarpum [=A. campylopodum f. cyanocarpum] H93
         |--A. divaricatum [=A. campylopodum f. divaricatum] H93
         |--A. douglasii H93
         |--A. littorum H93
         |--A. monticola H93
         |--A. occidentale H93
         |--A. pusillium Moc93
         |--A. siskiyouense H93
         `--A. tsugense [=A. campylopodum f. tsugense] H93
              |--A. t. ssp. tsugense H93
              `--A. t. ssp. mertensianae H93

Korthalsella lindsayi (Oliver) Engl. 1897 [=Viscum lindsayi Oliver ex Hooker 1864, Heterixia lindsayi Van Tieghem 1896] A61

Mida salicifolia Cunningham 1838 [incl. Santalum cunninghamii Hooker 1854, M. cunninghamii (Hooker) Chatin 1891, Fusanus cunninghamii Benth. & Hooker ex Kirk 1889, M. eucalyptoides Cunningham 1838, Santalum mida Hook. 1843] A61

*Type species of generic name indicated

REFERENCES

[A61] Allan, H. H. 1961. Flora of New Zealand vol. 1. Indigenous Tracheophyta: Psilopsida, Lycopsida, Filicopsida, Gymnospermae, Dicotyledones. R. E. Owen, Government Printer: Wellington (New Zealand).

[APG16] Angiosperm Phylogeny Group. 2016. An update of the Angiosperm Phylogeny Group classification for the orders and families of flowering plants: APG IV. Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society 181: 1–20.

[BT72] Baker, E. W., & D. M. Tuttle. 1972. New species and further notes on the Tetranychoidea mostly from the southwestern United States (Acarina: Tetranychidae and Tenuipalpidae). Smithsonian Contributions to Zoology 116: 1–37.

[BR65] Black, J. M., & E. L. Robertson. 1965. Flora of South Australia. Part IV. Oleaceae–Compositae. W. L. Hawes, Government Printer: Adelaide.

[B00a] Braby, M. F. 2000a. Butterflies of Australia: their identification, biology and distribution vol. 1. CSIRO Publishing: Collingwood (Victoria).

[B00b] Braby, M. F. 2000b. Butterflies of Australia: their identification, biology and distribution vol. 2. CSIRO Publishing: Collingwood (Victoria).

[C08] Cambage, R. H. 1908. Notes on the native flora of New South Wales. Part VI. Deepwater to Torrington and Emmaville. Proceedings of the Linnean Society of New South Wales 33 (1): 45–65, pls 1–2.

[CD07] Cantino, P. D., J. A. Doyle, S. W. Graham, W. S. Judd, R. G. Olmstead, D. E. Soltis, P. S. Soltis & M. J. Donoghue. 2007. Towards a phylogenetic nomenclature of Tracheophyta. Taxon 56 (3): E1–E44.

[C06] Cheeseman, T. F. 1906. Manual of the New Zealand Flora. John Mackay, Government Printer: Wellington.

[CBH93] Collinson, M. E., M. C. Boulter & P. L. Holmes. 1993. Magnoliophyta (‘Angiospermae’). In: Benton, M. J. (ed.) The Fossil Record 2 pp. 809–841. Chapman & Hall: London.

[CV06] Craven, P., & P. Vorster. 2006. Patterns of plant diversity and endemism in Namibia. Bothalia 36 (2): 175–189.

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Last updated: 29 August 2020.