Ceratium

Ceratium fusus, from Phyto'pedia.

Belongs within: Peridiniphycidae.
Contains: Ceratium horridum, Ceratium tripos.

Ceratium is a diverse genus of flagellates, including both freshwater and marine species, with three or four horns radiating from the theca.

Characters (from Steidinger & Williams 1970): Theca with 3–4 horns, 1 apical, 2 to 3 antapical, 1 sometimes rudimentary. Some species with spatula-like epitheca and no apical horn. Plate formula: 4', 5'', 5''' and 2''''. Chloroplasts present. Obvious thecate ventral area composed of 4 plates occupying at least 2/3rds of midbody's ventral surface.

<==Ceratium Schrank 1793 (see below for synonymy) FT93
    |--C. fusus LO03
    |    |--C. f. var. fusus [=C. f. ssp. boreale Pavillard 1931] S73
    |    `--C. f. var. seta (Ehrenberg) Sournia 1966 [=Peridinium seta] S73
    `--+--C. lineatum LO03
       `--C. tripos LO03

Ceratium incertae sedis:
  *C. pleuroceras Schrank 1793 SW70
  C. angustum Campbell 1934 [=C. angusta (l. c.), C. angustua (l. c.), C. angustula (l. c.)] S73
  C. arcticum S73
    |--C. a. var. arcticum S73
    |--C. a. var. longipes (Bailey) Graham & Bronikovsky 1944 [=Peridinium longipes, C. longipes] S73
    `--C. a. var. ventricosum (Ostenfeld) Graham & Bronikovsky 1944 [=C. longipes var. ventricosum] S73
  C. arcuatum S73
  C. arietinum S73
    |--C. a. var. arietinum S73
    |--C. a. var. bucephalum (Cleve) Sournia 1966 (see below for synonymy) S73
    |--C. a. var. gracilentum (Jörgensen) Sournia 1966 (see below for synonymy) S73
    `--C. ‘bucephalum’ var. heterocamptum S73
  C. aultii Graham & Bronikovsky 1944 S73
  C. azoricum SW70
  C. balticum (Möbius) Balech 1944 [=C. furca var. balticum] S73
  C. belone SW70
  C. bigelowii SW70
  C. boehmii Graham & Bronikovsky 1944 S73
  C. brachyceros SW70
  C. breve [=C. brave (l. c.)] S73
    |--C. b. var. breve S73
    |--C. b. var. curvulum S73
    `--C. b. var. schmidtii (Jörgensen) Sournia 1966 [=C. schmidtii] S73
  C. brunellii Rampi 1942 S73
  C. californiense [=C. gallicum f. californiense, C. macroceros f. californiense (Kofoid) Silva 1952] S73
  C. candelabrum S73
    |  i. s.: C. c. f. commune Böhm 1931 S73
    |--C. c. var. candelabrum (see below for synonymy) S73
    |    |--C. c. var. c. f. candelabrum S73
    |    `--C. c. var. c. f. subcandelabrum Lopez 1966 S73
    |--C. c. var. depressum [=C. furca var. depressum] S73
    |    |--C. c. var. d. f. depressum S73
    |    `--C. c. var. d. f. hiemale Böhm 1931 S73
    `--C. c. var. subrotundum Pavillard 1930 [=C. c. f. subrotundum (Pavillard) Sournia 1968] S73
  C. carnegiei Graham & Bronikovsky 1944 S73
  C. carolinianum SW70
  C. carriense S73
    |--C. c. var. carriense [=C. c. f. eucarriense Böhm 1931] S73
    `--C. c. var. volans S73
  C. concilians S73
    |--C. c. var. concilians S73
    `--C. c. var. subaequale Graham & Bronikovsky 1944 S73
  C. contortum S73
    |  i. s.: C. c. f. subcontortum (Schröder) Steemann Nielsen 1934 [=C. subcontortum] S73
    |--C. c. var. contortum S73
    |--C. c. var. karstenii (Pavillard) Sournia 1966 (see below for synonymy) S73
    |--C. c. var. longinum (Karsten) Sournia 1966 (see below for synonymy) S73
    `--C. c. var. robustum (Karsten) Sournia 1966 (see below for synonymy) S73
  C. contrarium S73 [=C. contrarium f. typicum Böhm 1931 S73, C. trichoceros var. contrarium SW70]
  C. cornutum (Ehrenberg 1838) Claparède & Lachmann 1859 FT93
  C. declinatum SW70
    |--C. d. f. declinatum SW70
    `--C. d. f. normale SW70
  C. deflexum SW70
  C. denticulatum (Jörgensen) Paulsen 1931 (see below for synonymy) S73
  C. digitatum S73
  C. egyptiacum Halim 1963 S73
    |--C. e. f. egyptiacum S73
    `--C. e. f. suezense Halim 1965 S73
  C. euarcuatum SW70
  C. extensum S73
    |--C. e. f. extensum S73
    |--C. e. f. strictoides Böhm 1931 S73
    `--C. e. f. strictum (Okamura & Nishikawa) Steemann Nielsen 1934 [=C. fusus var. strictum] S73
  C. falcatiforme [=C. inflatum ssp. falcatiforme (Jörgensen) Peters 1934] S73
  C. falcatum [=C. pennatum f. falcatum, C. inflatum ssp. falcatum (Kofoid) Peters 1934] S73
  C. filicorne Steemann Nielsen 1934 S73
  C. furca LO03
    |  i. s.: C. f. var. hircus (Schröder) Margalef ex Sournia 1973 [=C. hircus Schröder 1909] S73
    |         C. ‘hircus’ var. sinicum Nie 1936 S73
    |--C. f. ssp. furca (see below for synonymy) S73
    `--C. f. ssp. eugrammum S73
  C. gibberum S73
    |--C. g. var. gibberum S73
    `--C. g. var. dispar (Pouchet) Sournia 1966 (see below for synonymy) S73
  C. gracile S73
  C. gravidum S73
    |--C. g. var. gravidum S73
    |--C. g. var. angustum non C. angustum Campbell 1934 S73
    `--C. g. var. elongatum Wood 1963 S73
  C. hexacanthum S73
    |--C. h. f. hexacanthum S73
    |--C. h. f. hiemale non C. candelabrum var. depressum f. hiemale Böhm 1931 S73
    |--C. h. f. pavillardii (Rampi) Sournia 1968 [=C. aestuarium var. pavillardii Rampi 1939] S73
    `--C. h. f. spirale [=C. reticulatum ssp. spirale] S73
  C. hirundinella (Müller) Bergh 1882 [=Bursaria hirundinella Müller 1773] FT93
  C. horridum S73
  C. humile SW70
  C. hundhausenii [=C. carriense f. hundhausenii (Schröder) Wood 1954 (nom. inv.)] S73
  C. incisum SW70
  C. inflatum S73
    |--C. i. f. inflatum S73
    `--C. i. f. concavum (Gourret) Böhm 1931 S73
  C. kofoidii SW70
  C. lamellicorne [=C. platycorne var. lamellicorne (Kofoid) Peters 1934] S73
  C. lanceolatum SW70
  C. longirostrum [=C. inflatum ssp. longirostrum (Gourret) Peters 1934] S73
  C. lunula SW70
  C. macroceros [=C. tripos var. macroceros] S73
    |  i. s.: C. m. f. claviceps (see below for synonymy) S73
    |--C. m. var. macroceros S73
    |--C. m. var. gallicum (Kofoid) Sournia 1966 [=C. gallicum] S73
    `--C. m. var. hainanense Nie 1936 S73
  C. massiliense SW70
  C. minutum SW70
  C. obesum Pavillard 1930 S73
  C. ‘pacificum’ Wood 1963 (preoc.) S73
  C. paradoxides SW70
  C. pentagonum S73
    |  i. s.: C. p. f. subpentagonum Lopez 1966 S73
    |--C. p. ssp. pentagonum S73
    |--C. p. ssp. pacificum Graham & Bronikovsky 1944 S73
    |--C. p. ssp. robustum (Cleve) Graham & Bronikovsky 1944 (see below for synonymy) S73
    |--C. p. ssp. subrobustum (Jörgensen) Peters 1934 (see below for synonymy) S73
    `--C. p. ssp. tenerum (Jörgensen) Graham & Bronikovsky 1944 S73
  C. petersii Steemann Nielsen 1934 S73
  C. platycorne S73
    |--C. p. ssp. platycorne S73
    `--C. p. ssp. dilatatum (Kofoid) Steemann Nielsen 1939 [=C. tripos f. dilatatum] S73
  C. protuberans (Karsten) Kofoid 1908 [=C. tripos ssp. protuberans] S73
  C. pulchellum Schröder 1906 (see below for synonymy) S73
    |--C. p. var. pulchellum S73
    |--C. p. var. indicum Böhm 1931 S73
    `--C. p. var. joergensenii Wang 1936 S73
  C. ramakrishnii Subrahmanyan 1968 S73
  C. ranipes S73
    |--C. r. var. ranipes S73
    `--C. r. var. furcellatum (Lemmermann) Böhm 1931 [=C. tripos var. furcellatum] S73
  C. reticulatum D01
  C. schroederi Nie 1936 S73
  C. schroeteri S73
  C. semipulchellum (Jörgensen) Steemann Nielsen 1934 (see below for synonymy) S73
  C. setaceum S73
    |--C. s. ssp. setaceum S73
    `--C. s. ssp. robustum Peters 1934 non C. arcuatum f. robustum (Karsten) Böhm 1931 S73
  C. symmetricum [=C. gracile var. symmetricum] S73
    |--C. s. var. symmetricum S73
    |--C. s. var. coarctatum (Pavillard) Graham & Bronikovsky 1944 S73
    `--C. s. var. orthoceras (Jörgensen) Graham & Bronikovsky 1944 (see below for synonymy) S73
  C. tasmaniae Wood 1963 S73
  C. teres SW70
  C. trichoceros S73
  C. tripodioides (Jörgensen) Steemann Nielsen 1934 (see below for synonymy) S73
  C. uteri Campbell 1934 S73
  C. vultur S73
    |  i. s.: C. v. f. japonicum (Schröder) Wood ex Sournia 1973 [=C. japonicum Schröder 1906] S73
    |--C. v. var. vultur S73
    |--C. v. var. pavillardii (Jörgensen) Graham & Bronikovsky 1944 non C. aestuarium var. pavillardii Rampi 1939 S73
    |--C. v. var. productum Wood 1963 S73
    |--C. v. var. recurvum (Jörgensen) Steemann Nielsen 1934 [=C. sumatranum var. recurvum] S73
    |--C. v. var. regulare Graham & Bronikovsky 1944 S73
    |--C. v. var. reversum Graham & Bronikovsky 1944 S73
    `--C. v. var. sumatranum (Karsten) Steemann Nielsen 1934 (see below for synonymy) S73

Nomina invalida: Ceratium arietinum f. centertum Jörgensen in Halim 1960 S73
                 C. azoricum f. nordicum Balech 1962 S73
                 C. brachyspinum Athanassopoulos 1931 [=C. tripos var. brachyspinum Athanassopoulos 1931, C. tripos var. brevispinum Athanassopoulos 1931] S73
                 C. candelabrum f. eucandelabrum Böhm 1931 S73
                 C. concilians f. contortum Böhm 1931 S73
                 C. declinatum ssp. angusticorne Peters 1934 [=C. d. var. angusticorne (Peters) Graham & Bronikovsky 1944] S73
                 C. declinatum ssp. laticorne Peters 1934 [=C. d. var. laticorne (Peters) Graham & Bronikovsky 1944] S73
                 C. declinatum f. orthoceras Böhm 1931 S73
                 C. furca var. berghii f. subberghii Lopez 1966 S73
                 C. hexacanthum var. reflexum Steidinger & Williams 1970 S73
                 C. massiliense f. ellipticum Böhm 1931 S73
                 C. pulchellum f. tenuicorne Böhm 1931 S73
                 C. tripos var. ponticum f. longissimum Böhm 1931 S73
                 C. tripos var. ponticum f. nobile Böhm 1931 S73
                 C. tripos var. ponticum f. patulum Böhm 1931 S73

Ceratium Schrank 1793 [incl. Amphiceratium Vanhöffen 1896, Biceratium Vanhöffen 1896, Ceratophorus Diesing 1850 non Schuckard 1837 (ICZN), Dimastigoaulax Diesing 1866, Hirundinella Bory de Saint-Vincent 1826, Poroceratium Vanhöffen 1896, Tripos Bory de Saint-Vincent 1823] FT93

Ceratium arietinum var. bucephalum (Cleve) Sournia 1966 [=C. tripos var. bucephalum, C. arietinum ssp. bucephalum (Cleve) Graham & Bronikovsky 1944] S73

Ceratium arietinum var. gracilentum (Jörgensen) Sournia 1966 [=C. arietinum ssp. gracilentum (Jörgensen) Peters 1934, C. gracilentum (Jörgensen) Rampi 1952] S73

Ceratium candelabrum var. candelabrum [=C. c. var. genuinum Pavillard 1931 non C. tripos ssp. genuinum Pavillard 1931] S73

Ceratium contortum var. karstenii (Pavillard) Sournia 1966 [=C. hexacanthum var. karstenii Pavillard 1930, C. arcuatum f. karstenii (Pavillard) Peters 1934] S73

Ceratium contortum var. longinum (Karsten) Sournia 1966 [=C. arcuatum f. longinum (Karsten) Peters 1934, C. tripos ssp. longinum] S73

Ceratium contortum var. robustum (Karsten) Sournia 1966 [=C. arcuatum f. robustum (Karsten) Böhm 1931, C. tripos ssp. arcuatum var. robustum] S73

Ceratium denticulatum (Jörgensen) Paulsen 1931 [=C. horridum ssp. buceros var. denticulatum, C. horridum ssp. buceros var. tenue f. denticulatum] S73

Ceratium furca ssp. furca [=C. f. f. berghii (Lemmermann) Halim 1968, C. f. var. berghii f. berghii (Lemmermann) Lopez 1966] S73

Ceratium gibberum var. dispar (Pouchet) Sournia 1966 [=C. tripos var. dispar, C. concilians var. dispar Böhm 1931 (nom. inv.)] S73

Ceratium macroceros f. claviceps [=C. contrarium var. claviceps (Schröder) Graham & Bronikovsky 1944, C. trichoceros f. claviceps Wood 1954 (nom. inv.)] S73

Ceratium pentagonum ssp. robustum (Cleve) Graham & Bronikovsky 1944 nec C. tripos ssp. arcuatum var. robustum nec C. setaceum ssp. robustum Peters 1934 [=C. lineatum var. robustum] S73

Ceratium pentagonum ssp. subrobustum (Jörgensen) Peters 1934 [=C. subrobustum (Jörgensen) Steemann Nielsen 1934] S73

Ceratium pulchellum Schröder 1906 [=C. tripos ssp. pulchellum (Schröder) Peters 1934, C. tripos var. pulchellum (Schröder) Margalef ex Sournia 1973] S73

Ceratium semipulchellum (Jörgensen) Steemann Nielsen 1934 [=C. pulchellum f. semipulchellum, C. tripos ssp. semipulchellum (Jörgensen) Peters 1934] S73

Ceratium symmetricum var. orthoceras (Jörgensen) Graham & Bronikovsky 1944 [=C. gracile f. orthoceras, C. orthoceras (Jörgensen) Pavillard 1931] S73

Ceratium tripodioides (Jörgensen) Steemann Nielsen 1934 [=C. pulchellum f. tripodioides, C. tripos var. tripodioides (Jörgensen) Paulsen 1931] S73

Ceratium vultur var. sumatranum (Karsten) Steemann Nielsen 1934 [=C. tripos ssp. vultur var. sumatranum, C. vultur f. sumatranum (Karsten) Sournia 1968] S73

*Type species of generic name indicated

REFERENCES

[D01] Daday, E. 1901. Édesvizi mikroszkópi állatok [Mikroskopische Süsswasserthiere]. In: Horváth, G. (ed.) Zichy Jenő Gróf Harmadik Ázsiai Utazása [Dritte Asiatische Forschungsreise des Grafen Eugen Zichy] vol. 2. Zichy Jenő Gróf Harmadik Ázsiai Utazásának Állattani Eredményei [Zoologische Ergebnisse der Dritten Asiatischen Forschungsreise des Grafen Eugen Zichy] pp. 375–470. Victor Hornyánszky: Budapest, and Karl W. Hierseman: Leipzig.

[FT93] Fensome, R. A., F. J. R. Taylor, G. Norris, W. A. S. Sarjeant, D. I. Wharton & G. L. Williams. 1993. A classification of living and fossil dinoflagellates. Micropaleontology Special Publication 7: i–viii, 1–351.

[LO03] Lee, J. J., R. Olea, M. Cevasco, X. Pochon, M. Correia, M. Shpigel & J. Pawlowski. 2003. A marine dinoflagellate, Amphidinium eilatiensis n. sp., from the benthos of a mariculture sedimentation pond in Eilat, Israel. Journal of Eukaryotic Microbiology 50 (6): 439–448.

[S73] Sournia, A. 1973. Catalogue des espèces et taxons infraspécifiques de Dinoflagellés marins actuels publiés depuis la révision de J. Schiller. I. Dinoflagellés libres. Beihefte zur Nova Hedwigia 48: 1–92.

[SW70] Steidinger, K. A., & J. Williams. 1970. Dinoflagellates. Memoirs of the Hourglass Cruises 2: 1–251.

Peridiniphycidae

Impagidinium dispertitum, from here.

Belongs within: Peridinea.
Contains: Blepharocysta, Areoligeraceae, Leptodinioideae, Goniodomaceae, Ceratocorys, Cribroperidinioideae, Ceratium, Gonyaulax, Peridiniales.

The Peridiniphycidae are a major group of dinoflagellates With a tabulation that accords with, or derives from, a pattern in which there are five or six latitudinal plate series, and which lack a sagittal suture (Adl et al. 2012).

Peridiniphycidae AS12
    |--+--Gonyaulacales (see below for synonymy) JG17
    |  |    |  i. s.: Stephodinium Deflandre 1936 FT93
    |  |    |           `--S. coronatum Deflandre 1936 RC02
    |  |    |         Isthmocystis Duxbury 1979 FT93
    |  |    |         Coronifera Cookson & Eisenack 1958 FT93
    |  |    |           |--C. oceanica Cookson & Eisenack 1958 I02
    |  |    |           `--C. tubulosa Cookson & Eisenack 1974 I02
    |  |    |         Scriniodinium Klement 1957 FT93
    |  |    |           |--S. ceratophorum Cookson & Eisenack 1960 RC02
    |  |    |           `--S. crystallinum (Deflandre 1939) Klement 1960 RC02
    |  |    |         Actinotheca Cookson & Eisenack 1960 FT93
    |  |    |           `--A. aphroditae Cookson & Eisenack 1960 RC02
    |  |    |         Aireiana Cookson & Eisenack 1965 FT93
    |  |    |         Amphorosphaeridium Davey 1969 FT93
    |  |    |         Arachnodinium Wilson & Clowes 1982 FT93
    |  |    |           `--A. antarcticum QS03
    |  |    |         Archeotectatum Habib 1972 FT93
    |  |    |         Barbatacysta Courtinat 1989 FT93
    |  |    |         Belodinium Cookson & Eisenack 1960 FT93
    |  |    |         Callaiosphaeridium Davey & Williams 1966 [=Hexasphaera Clarke & Verdier 1967] FT93
    |  |    |         Chytroeisphaeridia (Sarjeant 1962) Downie & Sarjeant 1965 (see below for synonymy) FT93
    |  |    |           `--C. simplicia Wall 1965 S73
    |  |    |         Cometodinium Deflandre & Courteville 1939 FT93
    |  |    |         Compositosphaeridium Dodekova 1974 FT93
    |  |    |           `--‘Hystrichosphaeridium’ polonicum Górka 1965 FT93
    |  |    |         Corradinisphaeridium Masure 1986 FT93
    |  |    |         Diphasiosphaera Duxbury 1980 FT93
    |  |    |         Discorsia Duxbury 1977 FT93
    |  |    |         Dissiliodinium Drugg 1978 FT93
    |  |    |         Emslandia Gerlach 1961 FT93
    |  |    |           `--E. spiridoides (Benedek 1972) Benedek & Sarjeant 1981 FT93
    |  |    |         Escharisphaeridia Erkmen & Sarjeant 1980 FT93
    |  |    |         Fibrocysta Stover & Evitt 1978 FT93
    |  |    |           `--‘Lanternosphaeridium’ radiatum Morgenroth 1966 FT93
    |  |    |         Filisphaera Bujak 1984 FT93
    |  |    |         Foucheria Monteil 1992 FT93
    |  |    |         Furzidinium Stancliffe 1991 FT93
    |  |    |         Galeacysta Corradini & Biffi 1988 FT93
    |  |    |         Gelatia Bujak 1984 FT93
    |  |    |         Glossodinium Ioannides et al. 1977 FT93
    |  |    |           `--G. dimorphum Ioannides et al. 1977 RC02
    |  |    |         Gongylodinium Fenton et al. 1980 FT93
    |  |    |         Gordiacysta Miles 1990 FT93
    |  |    |         Habibacysta Head et al. 1989 FT93
    |  |    |         Helbydinium Snape 1992 FT93
    |  |    |         Hemiplacophora Cookson & Eisenack 1965 FT93
    |  |    |         Hemisphaeridium Bujak 1980 FT93
    |  |    |         Histiophora Klement 1960 FT93
    |  |    |         Hurunuia Wilson 1984 FT93
    |  |    |         Hystrichodinium Deflandre 1935 [incl. Heliodinium Alberti 1961] FT93
    |  |    |         Hystrichosphaerina Alberti 1961 FT93
    |  |    |         Invertocysta Edwards 1984 FT93
    |  |    |         Kaiwaradinium Wilson 1978 FT93
    |  |    |         Kiokansium Stover & Evitt 1978 [incl. Bacchidinium Davey 1979] FT93
    |  |    |           |--‘Cleistosphaeridium’ polypes (Cookson & Eisenack 1962) Davey 1969 FT93
    |  |    |           |--K. unituberculatum (Tasch in Tasch et al. 1964) Stover & Evitt 1978 RC02
    |  |    |           `--K. williamsii Singh 1983 FT93
    |  |    |         Komewuia Cookson & Eisenack 1969 [incl. Pontiadinium Stover & Evitt 1978] FT93
    |  |    |         Lagenorhytis Duxbury 1979 [=Speetonia Duxbury 1977 non Black 1971] FT93
    |  |    |         Lanternosphaeridium Morgenroth 1966 FT93
    |  |    |           `--L. lanosum Morgenroth 1966 FT93
    |  |    |         Liesbergia Berger 1986 FT93
    |  |    |         Melitasphaeridium Harland & Hill 1979 FT93
    |  |    |         Mosaicodinium Dodekova 1990 FT93
    |  |    |         Muraticysta Head et al. 1989 FT93
    |  |    |         Nelchinopsis Wiggins 1972 [incl. Alaskadinium Duxbury 1977] FT93
    |  |    |         Neodiacrodium Federova-Shakhmundes 1975 FT93
    |  |    |         Nexosispinum Davey 1979 FT93
    |  |    |         Pervosphaeridium Yun 1981 FT93
    |  |    |           `--‘Hystrichosphaeridium’ truncigerum Deflandre 1937 FT93
    |  |    |         Pilosidinium Courtinat 1989 FT93
    |  |    |         Polystephanephorus Sarjeant 1961 FT93
    |  |    |         Protoellipsodinium Davey & Verdier 1971 FT93
    |  |    |         Pyxidiniopsis Habib 1975 FT93
    |  |    |           `--P. crassimurata Wilson 1988 QS03
    |  |    |         Saturnodinium Brinkhuis et al. 1992 FT93
    |  |    |         Sentusidinium Sarjeant & Stover 1978 [=Tenua Davey 1978 non Eisenack 1958] FT93
    |  |    |         Sirmiodiniopsis Drugg 1978 [incl. Arkellidinium Beju 1979] FT93
    |  |    |         Surculosphaeridium Davey et al. 1966 FT93
    |  |    |         Taeniophora Klement 1960 FT93
    |  |    |         Trichodinium Eisenack & Cookson 1960 FT93
    |  |    |         Vexillocysta Harding 1990 FT93
    |  |    |         Xenicodinium Klement 1960 [incl. Stomodinium He 1984] FT93
    |  |    |         Yalkalpodinium Morgan 1980 FT93
    |  |    |         Areoligeraceae QS03
    |  |    |         Leptodinioideae FT93
    |  |    |         Peridinella AS12
    |  |    |         Pyrophacus AS12
    |  |    |--Goniodomaceae JG17
    |  |    `--+--+--‘Amphidinium’ corpulentum C-SC04
    |  |       |  `--+--Ceratocoryaceae [Ceratocorydae, Ceratocoryinae, Ceratocorys, Ceratocorythaceae] FT93
    |  |       |     |    |--Ceratocorys C-SC04
    |  |       |     |    `--Maghrebinia Below 1981 FT93
    |  |       |     |         `--*M. perforata (Clarke & Verdier 1967) Below 1981 FT93
    |  |       |     `--Protoceratium Bergh 1881 JG17, FT93 [incl. Clathrocysta Stein 1883 FT93]
    |  |       |          |--*P. aceros Bergh 1881 SW70
    |  |       |          |--P. areolatum SW70
    |  |       |          |--P. reticulatum (Claparède & Lachmann 1859) Bütschli 1885 FT93 (see below for synonymy)
    |  |       |          `--P. spinulosum SW70
    |  |       `--+--+--Cribroperidinioideae JG17
    |  |          |  `--Ceratiaceae (see below for synonymy) FT93
    |  |          |       |--Ceratium C-SC04
    |  |          |       |--Australisphaera Davey 1978 FT93
    |  |          |       |--Balmula Bint 1986 FT93
    |  |          |       |--Odontochitinopsis Eisenack 1961 FT93
    |  |          |       |--Vesperopsis Bint 1986 FT93
    |  |          |       |--Aptea Eisenack 1958 [incl. Doidyx Sarjeant 1966] FT93
    |  |          |       |    `--A. polymorpha Eisenack 1958 RC02
    |  |          |       |--Nyktericysta Bint 1986 FT93
    |  |          |       |    `--N. davisii Bint 1986 FT93
    |  |          |       |--Phoberocysta Millioud 1969 FT93
    |  |          |       |    `--P. neocomica (Gocht 1957) Millioud 1969 RC02
    |  |          |       |--Pseudoceratium Gocht 1957 (see below for synonymy) FT93
    |  |          |       |    |--P. ludbrookiae RC02
    |  |          |       |    `--P. turneri RC02
    |  |          |       |--Xenascus Cookson & Eisenack 1969 FT93
    |  |          |       |    |--X. australensis Cookson & Eisenack 1969 RC02
    |  |          |       |    `--X. ceratioides (Deflandre) Lentin & Williams 1973 I02
    |  |          |       |--Muderongia Cookson & Eisenack 1958 (see below for synonymy) FT93
    |  |          |       |    |--M. australis Helby 1967 RC02
    |  |          |       |    |--M. macwhaei Cookson & Eisenack 1958 RC02
    |  |          |       |    `--M. tetracantha (Gocht 1957) Alberti 1961 RC02
    |  |          |       |--Endoceratium Vozzhennikova 1965 FT93
    |  |          |       |    |--E. dettmanniae (Cookson & Hughes 1964) Stover & Evitt 1978 FT93
    |  |          |       |    |--E. exquisitum Morgan 1980 RC02
    |  |          |       |    |--E. ludbrookiae (Cookson & Eisenack) Loeblich & Loeblich 1966 RC02
    |  |          |       |    `--E. turneri (Cookson & Eisenack) Stover & Evitt 1978 RC02
    |  |          |       `--Odontochitina Deflandre 1935 FT93
    |  |          |            |--O. ancala VH02
    |  |          |            |--O. costata Alberti 1961 RC02
    |  |          |            |--O. cribropoda Deflandre & Cookson 1955 RC02
    |  |          |            |--O. operculata (Wetzel 1933) Deflandre & Cookson 1955 RC02
    |  |          |            |--O. porifera Cookson 1956 FT93
    |  |          |            |--O. rhakodes VH02
    |  |          |            `--O. singhii Morgan 1980 RC02
    |  |          `--+--Crypthecodinium Biecheler 1938 C-SC04, FT93 [Crypthecodiniaceae, Crypthecodinidae]
    |  |             |    |--C. cohnii (Seligo 1886) Chatton 1952 FT93 [=Glenodinium cohnii S73]
    |  |             |    `--C. setense Biecheler 1938 FT93
    |  |             `--Gonyaulacoideae QS03
    |  |                  |--Gonyaulax C-SC04
    |  |                  |--Spiniferella cornuta (Gerlach 1961) Stover & Hardenboll 1994 QS03
    |  |                  |--Tectatodinium Wall 1967 FT93
    |  |                  |--Achomosphaera Evitt 1963 FT93
    |  |                  |--Amylax Meunier 1909 FT93
    |  |                  |--Avellodinium Duxbury 1977 FT93
    |  |                  |--Catastomocystis Singh 1983 FT93
    |  |                  |--Ectosphaeropsis Londeix & Jan du Chêne 1988 FT93
    |  |                  |--Exiguisphaera Duxbury 1979 FT93
    |  |                  |--Hystrichostrongylon Agelopoulos 1964 FT93
    |  |                  |--Okerisphaeridium Kunz 1990 FT93
    |  |                  |--Pentadinium Gerlach 1961 (see below for synonymy) FT93
    |  |                  |--Prionodinium Leffingwell & Morgan 1977 FT93
    |  |                  |--Pterodinium Eisenack 1958 FT93
    |  |                  |--Rottnestia Cookson & Eisenack 1961 FT93
    |  |                  |--Trabeculidium Duxbury 1980 FT93
    |  |                  |--Tubotuberella Vozzhennikova 1967 (see below for synonymy) FT93
    |  |                  |--Unipontidinium Wrenn 1988 FT93
    |  |                  |--Gonyaulacysta Deflandre 1964 FT93
    |  |                  |    `--G. jurassica (Deflandre 1939) Norris & Sarjeant 1965 FT93
    |  |                  |--Acanthogonyaulax (Kofoid 1911) Graham 1942 FT93
    |  |                  |    `--A. spinifera (Murray & Whiting) Graham 1942 [=Ceratocorys spinifera] S73
    |  |                  |--Corrudinium Stover & Evitt 1978 FT93
    |  |                  |    `--C. incompositum (Drugg 1970) Stover & Evitt 1978 FT93
    |  |                  |--Bitectatodinium Wilson 1973 [incl. Caledonidinium Reid 1974] FT93
    |  |                  |    `--B. tepikiense Wilson 1973 FT93
    |  |                  |--Ataxiodinium Reid 1974 FT93
    |  |                  |    `--A. choane MS02
    |  |                  |--Cannosphaeropsis Wetzel 1933 FT93
    |  |                  |    `--C. mirabilis Cookson & Eisenack 1958 FT93
    |  |                  |--Evittosphaerula Manum 1979 FT93
    |  |                  |    `--E. paratabulata Manum 1979 FT93
    |  |                  |--Hystrichosphaeropsis Deflandre 1935 FT93
    |  |                  |    `--H. ovum Deflandre 1935 FT93
    |  |                  |--Psaligonyaulax Sarjeant 1966 FT93
    |  |                  |    `--P. deflandrei Sarjeant 1966 RC02
    |  |                  |--Spiraulax Kofoid 1911 FT93
    |  |                  |    `--S. kofoidii Graham 1942 (see below for synonymy) S73
    |  |                  |--Triblastula Wetzel 1933 FT93
    |  |                  |    |--T. nuda Wetzel 1961 FT93
    |  |                  |    |--T. tabulata Wetzel 1961 FT93
    |  |                  |    `--T. utinensis Wetzel 1933 FT93
    |  |                  |--Nematosphaeropsis Deflandre & Cookson 1955 (see below for synonymy) FT93
    |  |                  |    |--N. densiradiata (Cookson & Eisenack 1962) Stover & Evitt 1978 RC02
    |  |                  |    |--N. labyrinthea (see below for synonymy) FT93
    |  |                  |    |--N. lemniscata Bujak 1984 FT93
    |  |                  |    `--‘Adnatosphaeridium’ reticulense (Pastiels 1848) de Coninck 1969 FT93
    |  |                  `--Impagidinium Stover & Evitt 1978 FT93
    |  |                       |--I. aculeatum MS02
    |  |                       |--I. cassiculum Wilson 1988 QS03
    |  |                       |--I. dispertitum (Cookson & Eisenack 1965) Stover & Evitt 1978 FT93
    |  |                       |--I. pallidum MS02
    |  |                       |--I. paradoxum MS02
    |  |                       |--I. sphaericum (Wall 1967) Lentin & Williams 1981 FT93
    |  |                       `--I. waipawaense QS03
    |  `--Shublikodiniaceae (see below for synonymy) FT93
    |       |--Rhaetogonyaulax Sarjeant 1966 [incl. Shublikodinium Wiggins 1973] FT93
    |       |    |--R. arctica (Wiggins 1973) Stover & Evitt 1978 FT93
    |       |    `--R. rhaetica (Sarjeant 1963) Loeblich & Loeblich 1968 FT93
    |       `--Dapcodinium Evitt 1961 FT93
    |            |--D. ovale Below 1987 FT93
    |            |--D. polyedricum Below 1987 FT93
    |            `--D. priscum Evitt 1961 FT93
    `--+--+--‘Gyrodinium’ dorsum C-SC04
       |  |--Borghiellaceae JG17
       |  |    |--Baldinia AS12
       |  |    `--Borghiella AS12
       |  `--Symbiodiniaceae JG17
       |       |--+--‘Gymnodinium’ beii LO03
       |       |  |--‘Gymnodinium’ simplex C-SC04 [=Protodinium simplex S73]
       |       |  `--Polarella glacialis C-SC04
       |       `--+--‘Gymnodinium’ varians C-SC04
       |          `--Symbiodinium Freudenthal 1962 C-SC04, FT93
       |               |--S. corculorum C-SC04
       |               |--S. microadriaticum Freudenthal 1962 [=Zooxanthella microadriatica] FT93
       |               `--S. pilosum WC02
       `--Peridiniales JG17

Peridiniphycidae incertae sedis:
  Podolampadaceae [Lissodiniaceae, Lissodinidae, Podolampidae, Podolampinae] AS12
    |--Blepharocysta FT93
    |--Lissodinium Matzenauer 1933 FT93
    |--Podolampas Stein 1883 [incl. Parrocelia Gourret 1883] FT93
    |    |--*P. bipes Stein 1883 SW70, FT93
    |    |--P. antarctica Balech in Balech & El-Sayed 1965 S73
    |    |--P. elegans SW70
    |    |--P. graeca Athanassopoulos 1931 S73
    |    |--P. palmipes SW70
    |    |--P. reticulata SW70
    |    `--P. spinifer SW70
    |--Gaarderiella AS12
    |--Heterobractum AS12
    `--Mysticella AS12

Nomen invalidum: Podolampas maxima Balech 1967 [=P. maximum] S73

Ceratiaceae [Ceratidae, Ceratieae, Ceratiinae, Ceratiineae, Endoceratiaceae, Muderongiaceae, Muderongidae, Odontochitinaceae, Pseudoceratiaceae, Pseudoceratidae] FT93

Chytroeisphaeridia (Sarjeant 1962) Downie & Sarjeant 1965 [incl. Tapeinosphaeridium Ioannides et al. 1977] FT93

Gonyaulacales [Achilleodiniaceae, Actinothecaceae, Apteodinaceae, Apteodinidae, Avellodiniaceae, Belodiniaceae, Belodinidae, Cannosphaeropsitaceae, Compositosphaeraceae, Cordosphaeridiaceae, Coroniferaceae, Ctenidodiniaceae, Dichadogonyaulaceae, Endoscriniaceae, Eodiniaceae, Eodinidae, Florentiniaceae, Goniaulacaceae, Gonyaulacaceae, Gonyaulaceae, Gonyaulacida, Gonyaulacidae, Gonyaulacineae, Gonyaulacoidia, Gonyaulacystaceae, Gonyaulacystineae, Hystrichodiniaceae, Hystrichodinidae, Hystrichokolpomaceae, Hystrichosphaeraceae, Hystrichosphaeridae, Lingulodiniaceae, Lithodiniaceae, Nelchinopsaceae, Protoceratiaceae, Scriniodiniaceae, Silicisphaeraceae, Spiniferitaceae, Stephodiniaceae, Stephodinidae, Systematophoraceae, Thalassiphoraceae] JG17

Muderongia Cookson & Eisenack 1958 [incl. Pseudomuderongia Jain & Khowaja-Ateequzzaman 1984] FT93

Nematosphaeropsis Deflandre & Cookson 1955 [incl. Coccopterum Silva 1970, Pterococcus Lohmann 1904 nec Pallas 1773 nec Hasskarl 1842] FT93

Nematosphaeropsis labyrinthea [=Pterococcus labyrinthus, *Coccopterum labyrinthum (Ostenfeld 1903) Silva 1970] FT93

Pentadinium Gerlach 1961 [incl. Planinosphaeridium Eisenack 1965, Toenisbergia Benedek et al. 1982] FT93

Protoceratium reticulatum (Claparède & Lachmann 1859) Bütschli 1885 FT93 [incl. Operculodinium centrocarpum S73, O. psilatum S73]

Pseudoceratium Gocht 1957 [incl. Eopseudoceratium (Neale & Sarjeant 1962) Lentin & Williams 1973] FT93

Shublikodiniaceae [Dapcodinieae, Dapcodiniinae, Rhaetogonyaulacaceae, Rhaetogonyaulacinae, Rhaetogonyaulacineae, Rhaetogonyaulacoideae] FT93

Spiraulax kofoidii Graham 1942 [=Spiraulax joliffei non Gonyaulax joliffei, Spiraulaxina kofoidii (Graham) Loeblich 1970] S73

Tubotuberella Vozzhennikova 1967 [incl. Dimidiadinium Brideaux 1977, Glabridinium Brideaux 1977] FT93

*Type species of generic name indicated

REFERENCES

[AS12] Adl, S. M., A. G. B. Simpson, C. E. Lane, J. Lukeš, D. Bass, S. S. Bowser, M. W. Brown, F. Burki, M. Dunthorn, V. Hampl, A. Heiss, M. Hoppenrath, E. Lara, E. Le Gall, D. H. Lynn, H. McManus, E. A. D. Mitchell, S. E. Mozley-Stanridge, L. W. Parfrey, J. Pawlowski, S. Rueckert, L. Shadwick, C. L. Schoch, A. Smirnov & F. W. Spiegel. 2012. The revised classification of eukaryotes. Journal of Eukaryotic Microbiology 59 (5): 429–493.

[C-SC04] Cavalier-Smith, T., & E. E. Chao. 2004. Protalveolate phylogeny and systematics and the origins of Sporozoa and dinoflagellates (phylum Myzozoa nom. nov.) European Journal of Protistology 40: 185–212.

[FT93] Fensome, R. A., F. J. R. Taylor, G. Norris, W. A. S. Sarjeant, D. I. Wharton & G. L. Williams. 1993. A classification of living and fossil dinoflagellates. Micropaleontology Special Publication 7: i–viii, 1–351.

[I02] Ibrahim, M. I. A. 2002. Late Albian-Middle Cenomanian palynofacies and palynostratigraphy, Abu Gharadig-5 well, Western Desert, Egypt. Cretaceous Research 23: 775–788.

[JG17] Janouškovec, J., G. S. Gavelis, F. Burki, D. Dinh, T. R. Bachvaroff, S. G. Gornik, K. J. Bright, B. Imanian, S. L. Strom, C. F. Delwiche, R. F. Waller, R. A. Fensome, B. S. Leander, F. L. Rohwer & J. F. Saldarriaga. 2017. Major transitions in dinoflagellate evolution unveiled by phylotranscriptomics. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the USA 114 (2): E171–E180.

[LO03] Lee, J. J., R. Olea, M. Cevasco, X. Pochon, M. Correia, M. Shpigel & J. Pawlowski. 2003. A marine dinoflagellate, Amphidinium eilatiensis n. sp., from the benthos of a mariculture sedimentation pond in Eilat, Israel. Journal of Eukaryotic Microbiology 50 (6): 439–448.

[MS02] Marret, F., & J. Scourse. 2002. Control of modern dinoflagellate cyst distribution in the Irish and Celtic seas by seasonal stratification dynamics. Marine Micropaleontology 47: 101–116.

[QS03] Quattrocchio, M. E., & W. A. S. Sarjeant. 2003. Dinoflagellates from the Chorrillo Chico Formation (Paleocene) of southern Chile. Ameghiniana 40 (2): 129–153.

[RC02] Riding, J. B., & J. A. Crame. 2002. Aptian to Coniacian (Early–Late Cretaceous) palynostratigraphy of the Gustav Group, James Ross Basin, Antarctica. Cretaceous Research 23: 739–760.

[S73] Sournia, A. 1973. Catalogue des espèces et taxons infraspécifiques de Dinoflagellés marins actuels publiés depuis la révision de J. Schiller. I. Dinoflagellés libres. Beihefte zur Nova Hedwigia 48: 1–92.

[SW70] Steidinger, K. A., & J. Williams. 1970. Dinoflagellates. Memoirs of the Hourglass Cruises 2: 1–251.

[VH02] Vallejo, C., P. A. Hochuli, W. Winkler & K. von Salis. 2002. Palynological and sequence stratigraphic analysis of the Napo Group in the Pungarayacu 30 well, sub-Andean zone, Ecuador. Cretaceous Research 23: 845–859.

[WC02] Wright, A.-D. G., & A. Colorni. 2002. Taxonomic re-assignment of Cryptocaryon irritans, a marine fish parasite. European Journal of Protistology 37: 375–378.