Pyrgotidae

Sphecomyiella valida, copyright Carl Barrentine.

Belongs within: Tephritoidea.

The Pyrgotidae are a group of flies whose larvae are endoparasites of adult scarabaeid beetles. They may be divided between the subfamilies Pyrgotinae, in which sternites 1 and 2 are fused into a synsternite, and the Neotropical Teretrurinae, in which these sternites remain free (Hernández-Ortiz 2010).

Characters (from Hernández-Ortiz 2010): Medium to large-sized flies (body length 5–30 mm), body usually robust with long legs, wing pattern often spotted, banded or reticulated, rarely hyaline. Head spherical with frons large, antennal bases projecting anteriorly, pedicel elongate; arista setiform; ocelli often absent; frons weakly depressed, frontal bristles and vibrissa absent, face broad with deep antennal grooves; mouthparts of moderate size. Scutum mostly bare, setulose, or distinctly haired, sometimes black spotted, major bristles relatively short; scutellum short and broad with one to four pairs of marginal bristles. Legs long in both sexes, frequently without strong bristles, but covered in short setulae; hind tibia tapering to base or with strong constriction in basal third or near midlength. Wing with or without subcostal break, C weakening after vein R₄₊₅; Sc complete to C or disappearing close to C; R₁ dorsally setulose; R₂₊₃ sometimes with stump vein at apical third; cell cup closed by CuA₂ usually forming acute angle in lower apical corner, sometimes short. Preabdomen elongate, robust, more or less petiolate; lateral membrane broad; syntergite 1+2 elongate, usually with several long hairs on lateral sides near base. Female terminalia with syntergosternite 7 robust and strong basally forming conical tube turned ventrally, sometimes longer than rest of abdominal length. Apical margin of syntergosternite 7 sometimes provided with ventral hook-like sclerite or two apicolateral claw-like sclerites; aculeus usually shorter than length of syntergosternite 7. Male terminalia with epandrium globose, curved ventrally; lateral surstyli usually short and robust basally, medial surstyli without prensisetae developed; aedeagus coiled and elongated; glans more or less developed, sometimes partially sclerotised.

<==Pyrgotidae
    |--Teretrurinae [Teretrurini] H-O10
    |    |--Pyrgotosoma H-O10
    |    `--Teretrura H-O10
    `--Pyrgotinae H-O10
         |--Descoleia [Toxurinae, Toxurini] H-O10
         |    `--D. teretrura H-O10
         `--Pyrgotini H-O10
              |--Anapyrgota personta H-O10
              |--Idiopyrgota setiventris H-O10
              |--Carrerapyrgota H-O10
              |--Pyrgotella chagnoni S87
              |--Boreothrinax H-O10
              |    |--B. dichaetus H-O10
              |    `--B. shewelli S87
              |--Neopyrgota H-O10
              |    |--N. major H-O10
              |    `--N. picea H-O10
              |--Stenopyrgota H-O10
              |    |--S. crassitibia H-O10
              |    `--S. mexicana H-O10
              |--Pyrgota H-O10
              |    |--P. longipes H-O10
              |    |--P. lugens H-O10
              |    `--P. undata H-O10
              |--Leptopyrgota H-O10
              |    |--L. albitarsis H-O10
              |    |--L. amplipennis H-O10
              |    `--L. undulata H-O10
              `--Sphecomyiella [incl. Stirothrinax] H-O10
                   |--S. cribrata [=Stirothrinax cribratus] H-O10
                   |--S. knudseni [=Stirothrinax knudseni] H-O10
                   `--S. valida H-O10

Pyrgotidae incertae sedis:
  Cardiacera miliacea WT11
  Maenomenus ensifer H-O10
  Peltodasia flaviseta H-O10
  Lopadops H-O10
  Tropidothrinax H-O10
  Toxopyrgota K10
  Adapsilia O98
    |--A. aequalis O98
    `--A. illingworthana CM91
  Eumorphomyia CM74
  Campylocera robusta O98
  Tephritopyrgota O98
  Apyrgota O98
  Plectrobrachis O98
  Taeniomastix O98
  Trichopeltia O98
  Epice setifemur O98
  Euphya O98

*Type species of generic name indicated

REFERENCES

[CM74] Colless, D. H., & D. K. McAlpine. 1974. Diptera (flies). In: CSIRO. The Insects of Australia: A textbook for students and research workers. Supplement 1974 pp. 91–96. Melbourne University Press.

[CM91] Colless, D. H., & D. K. McAlpine. 1991. Diptera (flies). In: CSIRO. The Insects of Australia: A textbook for students and research workers 2^nd ed. vol. 2 pp. 717–786. Melbourne University Press: Carlton (Victoria).

[H-O10] Hernández-Ortiz, V. 2010. Pyrgotidae (pyrgotid flies). In: Brown, B. V., A. Borkent, J. M. Cumming, D. M. Wood, N. E. Woodley & M. A. Zumbado (eds) Manual of Central American Diptera vol. 2 pp. 955–961. NRC Research Press: Ottawa.

[K10] Korneyev, V. A. 2010. Ctenostylidae (ctenostylid flies). In: Brown, B. V., A. Borkent, J. M. Cumming, D. M. Wood, N. E. Woodley & M. A. Zumbado (eds) Manual of Central American Diptera vol. 2 pp. 963–969. NRC Research Press: Ottawa.

[O98] Oosterbroek, P. 1998. The Families of Diptera of the Malay Archipelago. Brill: Leiden.

[S87] Steyskal, G. C. 1987. Pyrgotidae. In: McAlpine, J. F. (ed.) Manual of Nearctic Diptera vol. 2 pp. 813–816. Research Branch, Agriculture Canada.

[WT11] Wiegmann, B. M., M. D. Trautwein, I. S. Winkler, N. B. Barr, J.-W. Kim, C. Lambkin, M. A. Bertone, B. K. Cassel, K. M. Bayless, A. M. Heimberg, B. M. Wheeler, K. J. Peterson, T. Pape, B. J. Sinclair, J. H. Skevington, V. Blagoderov, J. Caravas, S. N. Kutty, U. Schmidt-Ott, G. E. Kampmeier, F. C. Thompson, D. A. Grimaldi, A. T. Beckenbach, G. W. Courtney, M. Friedrich, R. Meier & D. K. Yeates. 2011. Episodic radiations in the fly tree of life. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the USA 108 (14): 5690–5695.

Last updated: 30 June 2021.

Bactrocera

Oriental fruit fly Bactrocera dorsalis, from the United States Department of Agriculture.

Belongs within: Tephritidae.

Bactrocera is a widespread genus of fruit flies, a number of species of which are significant horticultural pests. Members have wings with a broad cell bm, about twice as wide as cell cup, and the first antennal flagellomere is long, usually reaching the ventral margin of the face.

<==Bactrocera
    |--B. atrisetosa MHG04
    |--B. carambolae MHG04
    |--B. correcta MHG04
    |--B. cucurbitae (Coquillett 1899) [=Dacus cucurbitae, Zeugodacus cucurbitae] DK08
    |--B. decipiens MHG04
    |--B. dorsalis KP10
    |--B. kirki MHG04
    |--B. occipitalis MHG04
    |--B. oleae KP10
    |--B. papayae MHG04
    |--B. passiflorae MHG04
    |--B. philippinensis MHG04
    |--B. tau MHG04
    |--B. trilineola MHG04
    |--B. trivialis MHG04
    |--B. tryoni CM91 [=Dacus (Bactrocera) tryoni CM91, D. (Strumeta) tryoni CM70]
    |--B. umbrosa MHG04
    |--B. xanthodes MHG04
    `--B. zonata MHG04

*Type species of generic name indicated

REFERENCES

[CM70] Colless, D. H., & D. K. McAlpine. 1970. Diptera (flies). In: CSIRO. The Insects of Australia: A textbook for students and research workers pp. 656–740. Melbourne University Press.

[CM91] Colless, D. H., & D. K. McAlpine. 1991. Diptera (flies). In: CSIRO. The Insects of Australia: A textbook for students and research workers 2^nd ed. vol. 2 pp. 717–786. Melbourne University Press: Carlton (Victoria).

[DK08] Dohm, P., D. Kovač, A. Freidberg & R. Bin Hashim. 2008. Biology of the Oriental bamboo-inhabiting fly Felderimyia gombakensis and observations on mating trophallaxis in Felderimyia (Insecta, Diptera, Tephritidae, Phytalmiinae, Acanthonevrini). Senckenbergiana Biologica 88 (2): 311–318.

[KP10] Kutty, S. N., T. Pape, B. M. Wiegmann & R. Meier. 2010. Molecular phylogeny of the Calyptratae (Diptera: Cyclorrhapha) with an emphasis on the superfamily Oestroidea and the position of Mystacinobiidae and McAlpine's fly. Systematic Entomology 35: 614–635.

[MHG04] Maynard, G. V., J. G. Hamilton & J. F. Grimshaw. 2004. Quarantine—phytosanitary, sanitary and incursion management: an Australian entomological perspective. Australian Journal of Entomology 43 (3): 318–328.

Richardiidae

Richardia sp., copyright Andreas Kay.

Belongs within: Tephritoidea.

The Richardiidae are a group of flies, restricted to the New World, that mostly breed in decaying vegetable matter. They are divided between the subfamilies Epiplateinae, in which males have the phallus tip more or less simple and females have separate cerci on the ovipositor, and Richardiinae with an apically complex phallus and ovipositor cerci fused and adapted for piercing (Hancock 2010).

Characters (from Hancock 2010): Small to medium-sized (body length 3–15 mm). Head with single orbital seta. Stalk-eyes or genal extensions occasionally present. Frons may be considerably extended or swollen; occiput depressed above neck but occasionally enlarged behind eyes. Body colour yellow to brown or black, sometimes with darker or pruinose bands or stripes on scutum. Dorsum of thorax often setulose; thoracic chaetotaxy not extensive, presutural dorsocentrals absent. Scutellum with two or four marginal setae; if four then one pair basolateral. Postmesocoxal bridge often complete. Wings with one subcostal break, sometimes also with humeral break; cup closed apically by short sinuous or slightly convex vein. Wings frequently with apical spot, median band, basal and other markings. Legs often banded and usually bearing ventral femoral bristles on all or some legs. Two basal abdominal tergites fused, may be narrowed (pedunculate) or tapering basally more gradually. Usually strong preapical bristles present laterally on tergite 2. Occasionally with metallic blue or green abdomen contrasting with thorax. Male genitalia complex with long coiled phallus. Female with piercing-style ovipositor; two spermathecae present.

<==Richardiidae H10
    |--Epiplateinae H10
    |    |--Schnusimyia parvula H10
    |    |--Epiplatea H10
    |    |    |--E. erosa S87
    |    |    `--E. hondurana H10
    |    |--Omomyia H10
    |    |    |--O. hirsuta S87
    |    |    `--O. regularis S87
    |    `--Automola H10
    |         |--A. atomaria H10
    |         |--A. caloptera H10
    |         `--A. rufa H10
    `--Richardiinae H10
         |--Macrostenomyia guerinii H10
         |--Coniceps niger H10
         |--Oedematella czernyi H10
         |--Ozaenina H10
         |--Oceanicia H10
         |--Johnrichardia H10
         |--Antineuromyia H10
         |--Odontomerella H10
         |--Hemixantha flavicornis H10
         |--Setellida caerulescens H10
         |--Spheneuolena H10
         |--Euolena egregia H10
         |--Acompha H10
         |--Neoidiotypa appendiculata H10
         |--Panermya H10
         |--Megalothoraca H10
         |--Batrachophthalmum H10
         |--Poecilomyia longicornis H10
         |--Cladiscophleps H10
         |--Beebeomyia H10
         |--Maerorichardia H10
         |--Richardiodes H10
         |--Sepsisoma H10
         |    |--S. erythrocephalum H10
         |    `--S. flavescens H10
         |--Setellia H10
         |    |--S. apex H10
         |    |--S. costalis H10
         |    `--S. unispinosa H10
         |--Coilometopia H10
         |    |--C. costalis H10
         |    |--C. longicornis H10
         |    `--C. trimaculata H10
         |--Odontomera H10
         |    |--O. basistriga H10
         |    |--O. ferruginea H10
         |    |--O. fulvida [=Megamerina fulvida] MB10
         |    `--O. nitens H10
         |--Melanoloma H10
         |    |--M. affinis H10
         |    |--M. canospila H10
         |    |--M. decrepita H10
         |    `--M. viatrix H10
         `--Richardia H10
              |--R. eburneosignata H10
              |--R. teevani S87
              |    |--R. t. teevani S87
              |    `--R. t. annulipes S87
              `--R. telescopica H10

*Type species of generic name indicated

REFERENCES

[H10] Hancock, E. G. 2010. Richardiidae (richardiid flies). In: Brown, B. V., A. Borkent, J. M. Cumming, D. M. Wood, N. E. Woodley & M. A. Zumbado (eds) Manual of Central American Diptera vol. 2 pp. 871–879. NRC Research Press: Ottawa.

[MB10] Marshall, S. A., & M. Buck. 2010. Syringogastridae (syringogastrid flies). In: Brown, B. V., A. Borkent, J. M. Cumming, D. M. Wood, N. E. Woodley & M. A. Zumbado (eds) Manual of Central American Diptera vol. 2 pp. 843–846. NRC Research Press: Ottawa.

[S87] Steyskal, G. C. 1987. Richardiidae. In: McAlpine, J. F. (ed.) Manual of Nearctic Diptera vol. 2 pp. 833–837. Research Branch, Agriculture Canada.

Last updated: 2 July 2021.

Lonchaeidae

Lonchaea sp., copyright Kurt Schaefer.

Belongs within: Tephritoidea.

The Lonchaeidae, lance flies, are a group of small, mostly shiny black to dark metallic flies whose larvae are found mostly in damaged plant tissue or decaying vegetation. Poststigmatal setae are present in members of the genus Dasiops but not in the remaining genera in the Lonchaeinae. Lonchaeinae may be divided between the Lonchaeini, with a setulose lunule, and Earomyiini, in which the lunule is bare (Norrbom & Korytkowski 2010).

Characters (from McAlpine 1987): Stout-bodied hairy flies, 3–6 mm long, usually shining blue black, sometimes dull brown, with a wide high head and a broad flat abdomen. Wing usually clear, occasionally yellowish to brownish fumose. Head with frons narrower in male than in female; interfrontal area strongly sclerotised and hairy; orbital plate reaching one-quarter to one-third distance from vertex to lunule; lunule large, exposed, and bare or setulose. Face broad, depressed, usually without strong facial carina or antennal grooves. A single reclinate orbital bristle present; ocellar and inner and outer vertical bristles strong; postocellar bristles divergent, rather weak; one to several rows of subvibrissal hairs present below eyes; no distinct vibrissae present, but sometimes one or more subvibrissal hairs enlarged and vibrissa-like. First flagellomere short and porrect to long and decumbent, black to yellowish orange; arista bare to pubescent or plumose. Palpus moderately large, fairly broad, flattened at apex. Compound eye large, round to high oval, pilose or bare. Scutum rather strongly arched, always black or brown in background color, pruinose to highly polished; setulae, hairs, and bristles fairly dense and strong. One postpronotal, one presutural supra-alar, two notopleural, one postsutural supra-alar, two postalar, two postsutural dorsocentral, and two prescutellar acrostichal bristles present; a weak postsutural intra-alar bristle also frequently present; scutellum with four marginal bristles, i.e. an anterior pair and a posterior pair, with or without additional hairs on margins, apex, and disc; proepisternum with a single bristle; proepimeron with one to many hairs; declivity above anterior spiracle with or without poststigmatal bristles; katepisternum with one to three bristles and numerous setulae; anepisternum with numerous hairs and bristles, sometimes without anterodorsal ones but always with posterior ones; anepimeron usually bare, sometimes with one to several hairs in middle; meron bare. Prosternum usually bare, sometimes with a few fine hairs at side; metasternal area bare. Wing rather strongly tapered from base to apex, i.e. anal lobe and alula well-developed. C extending to M, constricted but not completely broken at position of humeral and subcostal breaks; Sc complete and free from R₁; pterostigmal section (between insertions of Sc and R₁) short to long; cells bm and dm separated; cell cup present; A₁ continuing to or near to wing margin as a fold or not. Upper calypter well-developed, with whitish to brownish margins and fringes; cilia at calyptral fold often longer, stronger, and darker than others. Halter entirely blackish. Legs stocky; coxae, femora, and tibiae blackish; tarsi yellow to black. Femora rather swollen with many hairs and bristles. Tibiae with many rows of setulae but very few bristles; preapical dorsal bristle usually indistinguishable except occasionally on mid tibia; apicoventral bristle present on mid tibia. Abdomen broad and flat. Seven pairs of spiracles in membrane adjacent to respective tergites and sternites. Male terminalia with tergite 6 rarely present, otherwise absent or indistinguishably fused with tergite 5; sternite 6 varying from well-developed, symmetric, separate, and in a ventral position to reduced, asymmetric, fused with sternites 7 and 8, and shifted to a laterodorsal position on left side. Tergite 9, the epandrium, and sternite 9, the hypandrium, and associated structures symmetric; gonopod with base broadly fused to hypandrium, always with a tiny setula on inner face near apex; paramere reduced and semi-membranous to strongly developed and toothed; aedeagal guide sometimes fairly elaborate; surstylus articulated with lateral margins of epandrium, occasionally pendulant, otherwise at least partially enclosed within lateral margins of epandrium in other genera, with or without strong prensisetae. Aedeagus short, unsegmented, and spout-like to elongate, bisegmented, and ornamented. Cerci in form of simple lobes that are usually flap-like, variously sclerotised, and hairy, rarely tooth-like and bare. Female with abdominal sternite 6 and sometimes sternite 5 with a median anteriorly directed apodeme arising from anterior margin; tergite 7 and sternite 7 fused laterally, each with a pair of long flexible straplike extensions from posterior margin. Segment 8 in form of four elongate rods that make up main shaft of ovipositor; cerci fused to form short, variously shaped, and bristled apical segment of ovipositor; three spermathecae present, usually elongate and wrinkled, but sometimes bell-shaped or spherical and smooth. Larva slender, rather peg-shaped in outline, smooth except for ventral creeping welts. Cephalopharyngeal skeleton consisting of following paired structures: a stout untoothed mandible (mouth hook), a quadrangular to triangular dental sclerite, an elongate hypopharyngeal sclerite, a slender parastomal bar, and a more or less anvil-shaped tentoropharyngeal sclerite. Anterior spiracles each with five to ten papillae arranged fan-wise. Posterior spiracles each on a raised heavily sclerotised stump-like posterior spiracular tubercle; each spiracular plate usually with a dorsolateral lobe or ridge; each spiracle with three oval radially arranged slits and four groups of branched spiracular hairs.

<==Lonchaeidae NK10
    |--Dasiops [Dasiopinae] NK10
    |    |--D. alveofrons NK10
    |    `--D. saltans NK10
    `--Lonchaeinae NK10
         |--Earomyiini NK10
         |    |--Earomyia aberrans NK10
         |    |--Protearomyia trichopleura NK10
         |    |--Chaetolonchaea americana NK10
         |    `--Lamprolonchaea NK10
         |         |--L. brouniana CM91
         |         |--L. metatarsata O98
         |         `--L. smaragdi NK10 [incl. L. aurea M87]
         `--Lonchaeini NK10
              |--Setisquamalonchaea fumosa NK10, M87
              |--Neosilba NK10
              |    |--N. batesi NK10
              |    `--N. perezi NK10
              |--Silba NK10
              |    |--S. devians NK10
              |    |--S. gibbosa O98
              |    `--S. pendula M99
              `--Lonchaea NK10
                   |--L. aristella RD77
                   |--L. corticis NK10
                   |--L. dasyops K01
                   |--L. laevis BM76
                   |--L. polita NK10
                   `--L. striatifrons M81

*Type species of generic name indicated

REFERENCES

[BM76] Bohart, R. M., & A. S. Menke. 1976. Sphecid Wasps of the World. University of California Press: Berkeley.

[CM91] Colless, D. H., & D. K. McAlpine. 1991. Diptera (flies). In: CSIRO. The Insects of Australia: A textbook for students and research workers 2^nd ed. vol. 2 pp. 717–786. Melbourne University Press: Carlton (Victoria).

[K01] Kertész, K. 1901. Legyek [Dipteren]. In: Horváth, G. (ed.) Zichy Jenő Gróf Harmadik Ázsiai Utazása [Dritte Asiatische Forschungsreise des Grafen Eugen Zichy] vol. 2. Zichy Jenő Gróf Harmadik Ázsiai Utazásának Állattani Eredményei [Zoologische Ergebnisse der Dritten Asiatischen Forschungsreise des Grafen Eugen Zichy] pp. 179–201. Victor Hornyánszky: Budapest, and Karl W. Hierseman: Leipzig.

[M81] McAlpine, J. F. 1981. Morphology and terminology—adults. In: McAlpine, J. F., B. V. Peterson, G. E. Shewell, H. J. Teskey, J. R. Vockeroth & D. S. Wood (eds) Manual of Nearctic Diptera vol. 1 pp. 9–63. Research Branch, Agriculture Canada.

[M87] McAlpine, J. F. 1987. Lonchaeidae. In: McAlpine, J. F. (ed.) Manual of Nearctic Diptera vol. 2 pp. 791–797. Research Branch, Agriculture Canada.

[M99] Moraes, G. J. de. 1999. Pest status of the cassava green mite in Brazil and strategies for its control. In: Needham, G. R., R. Mitchell, D. J. Horn & W. C. Welbourn (eds) Acarology IX vol. 2. Symposia pp. 287–291. Ohio Biological Survey: Columbus (Ohio).

[NK10] Norrbom, A. L., & C. A. Korytkowski. 2010. Lonchaeidae (lance flies). In: Brown, B. V., A. Borkent, J. M. Cumming, D. M. Wood, N. E. Woodley & M. A. Zumbado (eds) Manual of Central American Diptera vol. 2 pp. 857–863. NRC Research Press: Ottawa.

[O98] Oosterbroek, P. 1998. The Families of Diptera of the Malay Archipelago. Brill: Leiden.

[RD77] Richards, O. W., & R. G. Davies. 1977. Imms' General Textbook of Entomology 10^th ed. vol. 2. Classification and Biology. Chapman and Hall: London.

Last updated: 2 July 2021.

Ulidiidae

Physiphora aenea, copyright Dr Yeshwanth.

Belongs within: Tephritoidea.
Contains: Lipsanini, Pterocallini.

The Ulidiidae, picture-winged flies, are a group of medium-sized flies with usually contrastingly patterned wings and mostly saprophagous larvae (Kameneva & Korneyev 2010). Members of the subfamily Otitinae are characterised by an aedeagus that is bristly or hairy or has teeth or blades on the stem, with a more or less simple tip. Males of Ulidiinae have a bare aedeagus, sometimes with a specialised end structure (Steyskal 1987).

Characters (from Kameneva & Korneyev 2010): Medium-sized (body length 2–14 mm, most commonly 4–7 mm), usually with moderately elongate body. Coloration yellow to brown or black with pattern of microtrichose spots or bands, often with metallic blue or green sheen. Inner and outer vertical, ocellar, divergent postocellar and orbital (one or two, anterior one shortest) setae present; frontal setae usually absent. Frons sometimes pitted or wrinkled. Clypeus moderately large. Proboscis with moderately developed prementum. Thorax usually longer than broad. Wings with pattern of dark spots or bands, rarely completely hyaline; Sc vein complete, C with distinct humeral break, subcostal break indistinct. Legs moderately developed, usually without rows of spines or strong setae; tibiae without dorsal setulae or setae. Females with telescopic ovipositor; males with long phallus, hidden in membranous pocket on ventral side of abdomen and bearing no glans at apex.

<==Ulidiidae [Otitidae, Pterocallidae] KK10
    |--Ortalinae K01
    |    |--Anacampta hyalinata K01
    |    |--Ortalis K01
    |    |    |--O. astrolabei Boisduval 1835 B35
    |    |    `--O. formosa K01
    |    `--Ceroxys M90
    |         |--C. latiusculus S87
    |         `--C. picta K01
    |--Ulidiinae KK10
    |    |  i. s.: Pseudeuxesta prima O98
    |    |--Lipsanini KK10
    |    |--Pterocallini KK10
    |    |--Physiphora KK10 [incl. Chrysomyza RD77; Ulidiini KK10]
    |    |    |--P. aenea S87
    |    |    |--P. clausa KK10
    |    |    `--P. demandata S87
    |    `--Seiopterini KK10
    |         |--Seioptera vibrans S87, T90
    |         |--Pseudoseioptera KK10
    |         `--Homalocephala similis KK10, S87
    `--Otitinae KK10
         |  i. s.: Curranops S87
         |         Tujunga S87
         |         Ulidiotites S87
         |         Herina O98
         |           |--H. canadensis S87
         |           `--H. palustris WT11
         |--Otitini KK10
         |    |--Idana marginata KK10, S87
         |    |--Tetanops (Eurycephalomyia) myopaeformis KK10
         |    |--Diacrita costalis KK10
         |    `--Otites S87
         |--Cephaliini KK10
         |    |--Delphinia picta KK10
         |    |--Tritoxa flexa KK10, S87
         |    |--Pterotaenia fasciata KK10
         |    `--Proteseia steyskali KK10
         `--Myennidini KK10
              |--Myennis octopunctata KK10, RD77
              |--Dyscrasis hendeli KK10
              |--Neodyscrasis steyskali KK10
              |--Pseudodyscrasis scutellaris KK10
              `--Pseudotephritis KK10
                   |--P. corticalis S87
                   `--P. cribellum M90

Ulidiidae incertae sedis:
  Melieria S87
    |--M. calligrapha GE05
    `--M. omissa WT11
  Myrmecothea myrmecoides S87
  Stictomyia longicornis KK10, S87
  Callopistromyia KK10
  Oedopa capito S87
  Cephalia S87
  Myiomyrmica fenestrata S87
  Psaeropterella S87
  Pseudotephritina cribellum S87
  Hiatus fulvipes S87
  Haigia nevadana S87
  Texasa chaetifrons S87
  Paroedopa punctigera S87
  Tetropismenus hirtus S87
  Polistomima stigma R78

*Type species of generic name indicated

REFERENCES

[B35] Boisduval, J. B. 1835. Voyage de Découvertes de l’Astrolabe. Exécuté par ordre du Roi, pendant les années 1826–1827–1828–1829, sous le commandement de M. J. Dumont d'Urville. Faune entomologique de l'océan Pacifique, avec l'illustration des insectes nouveaux recueillis pendant le voyage vol. 2. Coléoptères et autres ordres. J. Tastu: Paris.

[GE05] Grimaldi, D., & M. S. Engel. 2005. Evolution of the Insects. Cambridge University Press: New York.

[KK10] Kameneva, E. P., & V. A. Korneyev. 2010. Ulidiidae (picture-winged flies). In: Brown, B. V., A. Borkent, J. M. Cumming, D. M. Wood, N. E. Woodley & M. A. Zumbado (eds) Manual of Central American Diptera vol. 2 pp. 881–902. NRC Research Press: Ottawa.

[K01] Kertész, K. 1901. Legyek [Dipteren]. In: Horváth, G. (ed.) Zichy Jenő Gróf Harmadik Ázsiai Utazása [Dritte Asiatische Forschungsreise des Grafen Eugen Zichy] vol. 2. Zichy Jenő Gróf Harmadik Ázsiai Utazásának Állattani Eredményei [Zoologische Ergebnisse der Dritten Asiatischen Forschungsreise des Grafen Eugen Zichy] pp. 179–201. Victor Hornyánszky: Budapest, and Karl W. Hierseman: Leipzig.

[M90] McAlpine, J. F. 1990. Insecta: Diptera adults. In: Dindal, D. L. (ed.) Soil Biology Guide pp. 1211–1252. John Wiley & Sones: New York.

[O98] Oosterbroek, P. 1998. The Families of Diptera of the Malay Archipelago. Brill: Leiden.

[R78] Richards, O. W. 1978. The Australian social wasps (Hymenoptera: Vespidae). Australian Journal of Zoology, Supplementary Series 61: 1–132.

[RD77] Richards, O. W., & R. G. Davies. 1977. Imms' General Textbook of Entomology 10^th ed. vol. 2. Classification and Biology. Chapman and Hall: London.

[S87] Steyskal, G. C. 1987. Otitidae. In: McAlpine, J. F. (ed.) Manual of Nearctic Diptera vol. 2 pp. 799–808. Research Branch, Agriculture Canada.

[T90] Teskey, H. J. 1990. Insecta: Diptera larvae. In: Dindal, D. L. (ed.) Soil Biology Guide pp. 1253–1276. John Wiley & Sones: New York.

[WT11] Wiegmann, B. M., M. D. Trautwein, I. S. Winkler, N. B. Barr, J.-W. Kim, C. Lambkin, M. A. Bertone, B. K. Cassel, K. M. Bayless, A. M. Heimberg, B. M. Wheeler, K. J. Peterson, T. Pape, B. J. Sinclair, J. H. Skevington, V. Blagoderov, J. Caravas, S. N. Kutty, U. Schmidt-Ott, G. E. Kampmeier, F. C. Thompson, D. A. Grimaldi, A. T. Beckenbach, G. W. Courtney, M. Friedrich, R. Meier & D. K. Yeates. 2011. Episodic radiations in the fly tree of life. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the USA 108 (14): 5690–5695.

Last updated: 2 July 2021.

Piophilidae

Male Protopiophila latipes, from Rochefort et al. (2015).

Belongs within: Tephritoidea.

The Piophilidae, skipper flies, are a cosmopolitan family of small flies whose larvae are mostly scavengers, and in at least some species are capable of jumping. The cheese skipper Piophila casei is a widespread storage pest in animal products such as meat, cheese and hides (Ozerov & Norrbom 2010). Members of the small subfamily Neottiophilinae have wing vein R₁ setulose above whereas this vein is bare in the remaining species in the Piophilinae (McAlpine 1987).

Characters (from McAlpine 1987): Moderately small, 3–6 mm long, shining black to dull brownish yellow. Body usually with fairly strong black bristles, sometimes densely hairy. Frons frequently conspicuously yellowish, at least on anterior half. Wing frequently glassy, sometimes with brown markings. Head scarcely as wide as thorax, usually higher than long in side view. Compound eye nearly round, bare. Frons about as broad as long, similar in width in both sexes, wholly setulose; sides virtually parallel; anterior portion weakly sclerotised, usually yellowish; ocellar triangle and orbital plates heavily sclerotised and frequently contrasting in color with remainder of frons. Two or three orbital bristles present, usually outwardly directed; one pair of strong anterolaterally directed ocellar setae and several to many ocellar setulae present; inner and outer vertical bristles subequal; postocellar bristles divergent; vibrissae usually strong, rarely weak, sometimes duplicated, rarely beard-like in males. Lunule usually bare, rarely setulose. Face concave with rather deep antennal grooves. Clypeus rather small. Antenna short, porrect; first flagellomere usually oval, rarely twice as long as wide; arista bare or shortly pubescent, never plumose; pedicel usually about as long as wide, rarely greatly elongated, without a seam or lateral projections, usually with a conspicuous dorsal bristle; scape short, simple. Proboscis short, with membranous labella; palpus usually fairly small, rarely enlarged. Thorax with scutum densely hairy to almost bare, usually shining, rarely heavily pruinose; prescutellum absent; scutellum frequently flattened above, rarely lengthened or with a pair of tubercles. Prosternum free from propleuron. Zero to two postpronotal, zero or one presutural intra-alar, usually one postsutural intra-alar, zero to three presutural dorsocentral, one to three postsutural dorsocentral, and two notopleural bristles present; postsutural acrostichal bristles present or absent; four bristles on scutellum with or without additional hairs; anepisternum and anepimeron usually bare, sometimes setulose; katepisternum with one to several bristles and numerous setulae; proepisternal bristle present; proepimeral bristle absent; prosternum usually bare, rarely haired. Wing moderately broad, with well-developed anal lobe and alula; membrane usually glassy hyaline, rarely patterned. C with subcostal break and attenuated but not broken at position of humeral break; costal spines rarely present. R₁ rarely setulose; all veins otherwise bare; Sc complete and free from R. Cells bm and dm separated by crossvein bm-cu; cell cup complete. A₁ traceable to wing margin or abruptly discontinued before reaching wing margin. Legs rather stocky. Femora and tibiae simple; tibiae without preapical dorsal bristles but frequently with other rather strong bristles, especially ventrally and laterally near apex. Tarsi often strongly setulose, with unusually strong tarsal claws. Abdomen sparsely and shortly setulose to densely long haired, shiny black to dull brownish yellow, unpatterned. Male lacking sixth and seventh spiracles. Terminalia asymmetric; tergite 6 usually absent, but sometimes with fragments remaining at sides; left posterolateral margin of sternite 6 fused with sternite 7; sternite 7 likewise mostly fused with syntergosternite 8. Surstylus usually free and moveable, sometimes absent, sometimes fused with epandrium. Cerci usually in form of simple membranous lobes. Hypandrium with gonopod and paramere usually well developed, sometimes reduced or absent; aedeagus usually long and flexible, frequently coiled, often pubescent, sometimes much reduced, and with or without well-differentiated distal glans; aedeagal apodeme usually fused with hypandrium. Female with a rather weakly sclerotized telescopic piercing ovipositor. Sixth and seventh spiracles present in membrane between corresponding tergites and sternites. Tergite 7 and sternite 7 free from each other; each with two strap-like rods arising from posterior margins to form flexible longitudinal struts. Tergite 8 and sternite 8 each in form of two similar elongate straps in membrane. Epiproct, hypoproct, and fused cerci forming tip of ovipositor. Two spermathecae present, usually elongate, sclerotised. Larva maggot-like, peg-shaped, tapering to anterior end, white with blackish mouthparts and spiracular plates, and mostly smooth with spiculose intersegmental rings and creeping welts. Cephalopharyngeal skeleton of usual muscoid type; mandible without secondary teeth; discrete dental sclerite lacking; parastomal bar slender; hypopharyngeal sclerite and labial sclerites well-developed; tentoropharyngeal sclerite with more or less equally large dorsal and ventral wings. Anterior spiracle with four to twelve digits arranged fan-wise. Terminal segment with three or four pairs of tubercles surrounding spiracular plates. Posterior spiracles not on raised tubercles; each with three elongate more or less parallel slits.

<==Piophilidae ON10
    |  i. s.: Bocainomyia necrophila ON10
    |         Centrophlebomyia furcata ON10
    |         Protothyreophora grunini ON10
    |--Neottiophilinae [Neottiophilidae] ON10
    |    |--Neottiophilum praeustum ON10
    |    `--Actenoptera hilarella M87
    `--Piophilinae ON10
         |  i. s.: Lasiopiophila pilosa M87, ON10
         |         Stearibia nigriceps M87, ON10
         |         Liopiophila varipes M87
         |         Prochyliza M87
         |           |--P. azteca ON10
         |           |--P. inca ON10
         |           |--P. nigrimana ON10
         |           `--P. xanthostoma ON10
         |         Neopiophila setaluna M87
         |         Allopiophila luteata M87
         |         Arctopiophila M87
         |           |--A. arctica M87
         |           `--A. nigerrima M87
         |         Boreopiophila tomentosa M87
         |         Parapiophila M87
         |--Thyreophorini [Thyreophoridae] ON10
         |    |--Thyreophora cynophila GE05 [=Sphaerocera (Thyreophora) cynophila G20]
         |    `--Piophilosoma [incl. Chaetopiophila] CM91
         |         |--P. antipodum CM91
         |         |--P. palpatum M87
         |         `--P. scutellata CM70
         |--Mycetaulini ON10
         |    |--Pseudoceps M87
         |    |--Amphipogon hyperboreus M87
         |    `--Mycetaulus M87
         |         |--M. bipunctatus M87
         |         `--M. longipennis M87
         `--Piophilini ON10
              |--Piophila ON10
              |    |--P. australis CM91
              |    |--P. casei ON10
              |    `--P. contecta O98
              `--Protopiophila ON10
                   |--P. atrichosa ON10
                   |--P. australis CM70
                   |--P. latipes ON10
                   |--P. litigata ON10
                   |--P. nigriventris ON10
                   `--P. pallida ON10

*Type species of generic name indicated

REFERENCES

[CM70] Colless, D. H., & D. K. McAlpine. 1970. Diptera (flies). In: CSIRO. The Insects of Australia: A textbook for students and research workers pp. 656–740. Melbourne University Press.

[CM91] Colless, D. H., & D. K. McAlpine. 1991. Diptera (flies). In: CSIRO. The Insects of Australia: A textbook for students and research workers 2^nd ed. vol. 2 pp. 717–786. Melbourne University Press: Carlton (Victoria).

[G20] Goldfuss, G. A. 1820. Handbuch der Naturgeschichte vol. 3. Handbuch der Zoologie pt 1. Johann Leonhard Schrag: Nürnberg.

[GE05] Grimaldi, D., & M. S. Engel. 2005. Evolution of the Insects. Cambridge University Press: New York.

[M87] McAlpine, J. F. 1987. Piophilidae. In: McAlpine, J. F. (ed.) Manual of Nearctic Diptera vol. 2 pp. 845–852. Research Branch, Agriculture Canada.

[O98] Oosterbroek, P. 1998. The Families of Diptera of the Malay Archipelago. Brill: Leiden.

[ON10] Ozerov, A. L., & A. L. Norrbom. 2010. Piophilidae (skipper flies). In: Brown, B. V., A. Borkent, J. M. Cumming, D. M. Wood, N. E. Woodley & M. A. Zumbado (eds) Manual of Central American Diptera vol. 2 pp. 865–869. NRC Research Press: Ottawa.

Last updated 2 July 2021.

Pterocallini

Male Xanthacrona bipustulata, copyright John Smit.

Belongs within: Ulidiidae.

The Pterocallini are a predominantly Neotropical group of picture-winged flies characterised by features of the terminalia (Kameneva & Korneyev 2010).

Characters (from Kameneva & Korneyev 2010): Body without greenish or bluish sheen; cell cup without long posteroventral lobe; if lobe long and proepisternal seta rudimentary, then face without antennal grooves or keel; male genitalia with phallus bare, ejaculatory apodeme with apical portion at least as long as fanlike portion; female abdominal sternites 4–6 without apodemes.

<==Pterocallini [Pterocallinae] KK10
    |--Pterocalla plumitarsis KK10
    |--Goniaeola foveolata KK10
    |--Terpnomyennis nigra KK10
    |--Bothrometopa determinata KK10
    |--Rhyparella decempunctata KK10
    |--Terpnomyia angustifrons KK10
    |--Aciuroides KK10
    |--Cyrtomostoma gigas KK10
    |--Coscinum clavipes KK10
    |--Dasymetopa [incl. Euxestina] KK10
    |    `--D. lutulenta KK10
    |--Tetrapleura [incl. Micropterocerus] KK10
    |    `--T. picta KK10
    |--Plagiocephalus KK10
    |    |--P. intermedius KK10
    |    `--P. latifrons KK10
    |--Neomyennis KK10
    |    |--N. cyaneiventris KK10
    |    `--N. zebra KK10
    |--Cymatosus KK10
    |    |--C. bestifer KK10
    |    `--C. icarus KK10
    |--Ophthalmoptera K10
    |    |--O. elegans KK10
    |    `--O. undulata KK10
    |--Parophthalmoptera KK10
    |    |--P. bipunctata [=Ophthalmoptera (Parophthalmoptera) bipunctata] KK10
    |    `--P. picea KK10
    |--Pseudopterocalla KK10
    |    |--P. obscura KK10
    |    `--P. scutellata KK10
    |--Apterocerina KK10
    |    |--A. amoena KK10
    |    `--A. argentea KK10
    |--Chondrometopum KK10
    |    |--C. arcuatum KK10
    |    |--C. bifenestratum KK10
    |    `--C. leve KK10
    |--Pterocerina [incl. Sympaectria] KK10
    |    |--P. fenestrata KK10
    |    |--P. psidii KK10
    |    `--P. ruficauda KK10
    |--Paragorgopsis KK10
    |    |--P. euryale KK10
    |    |--P. maculata (n. d.) KK10
    |    `--P. mallea KK10
    |--Megalaemyia KK10
    |    |--M. albostriata KK10
    |    |--M. elsae KK10
    |    |--M. punctulata KK10
    |    `--M. radiata KK10
    `--Xanthacrona KK10
         |--X. bipustulata KK10
         |--X. phyllochaeta KK10
         |--X. tripustulata KK10
         `--X. tuberosa KK10

*Type species of generic name indicated

REFERENCES

[KK10] Kameneva, E. P., & V. A. Korneyev. 2010. Ulidiidae (picture-winged flies). In: Brown, B. V., A. Borkent, J. M. Cumming, D. M. Wood, N. E. Woodley & M. A. Zumbado (eds) Manual of Central American Diptera vol. 2 pp. 881–902. NRC Research Press: Ottawa.

Lipsanini

Cornsilk fly Euxesta eluta, copyright Gregg Nuessly.

Belongs within: Ulidiidae.

The Lipsanini are a predominantly Neotropical group of picture-winged flies with well-developed frontal setae or setulae. Members of the genus Eumecosomyia have vein A₁+CuA₁ in the wing strongly reduced in absent whereas members of other genera usually have this vein reaching the posterior margin of the wing (Kameneva & Korneyev 2010).

Characters (from Kameneva & Korneyev 2010): Frontal setae or setulae well developed; cell r₄₊₅ not closed apically; male with phallus setulose or bare, without subapical sclerotised hooks; female with two spermathecae.

<==Lipsanini KK10
    |--Eumetopiella rufipes KK10
    |--Euacaina cactipeodes KK10
    |--Vladolinia dolini KK10
    |--Stenomyia nasoni KK10
    |--Pareuxesta latifasciata KK10
    |--Axiologina ferrumequinum KK10
    |--*Euphara caerulea KK10
    |--Siopa longicornis KK10
    |--Cenchrometopa curvinervis KK10
    |--Steneretma laticauda KK10, S87
    |--Zacompsia [incl. Metopocampta] KK10
    |    |--Z. colorata KK10
    |    `--Z. fulva S87
    |--Eumecosomyia KK10
    |    |--E. hambletoni KK10
    |    `--E. nubila KK10
    |--Notogramma KK10
    |    |--N. cimiciforme KK10 [=N. cimiciformis BW09]
    |    `--N. purpuratum KK10
    |--Acrosticta KK10
    |    |--A. apicalis S87
    |    |--A. profunda KK10
    |    `--A. scrobiculata KK10
    |--Chaetopsis KK10
    |    |--C. aenea KK10
    |    |--C. fulvifrons S87
    |    |--C. major KK10
    |    `--C. praeceps KK10
    `--Euxesta KK10
         |--E. eluta KK10
         |--E. mazorca KK10
         |--E. nitidiventris RD77
         |--E. notata S87
         |--E. sororcula KK10
         `--E. stigmatias KK10

*Type species of generic name indicated

REFERENCES

[BW09] Buck, M., N. E. Woodley, A. Borkent, D. M. Wood, T. Pape, J. R. Vockeroth, V. Michelsen & S. A. Marshall. 2009. Key to Diptera families—adults. In: Brown, B. V., A. Borkent, J. M. Cumming, D. M. Wood, N. E. Woodley & M. A. Zumbado (eds) Manual of Central American Diptera vol. 1 pp. 95–156. NRC Research Press: Ottawa.

[KK10] Kameneva, E. P., & V. A. Korneyev. 2010. Ulidiidae (picture-winged flies). In: Brown, B. V., A. Borkent, J. M. Cumming, D. M. Wood, N. E. Woodley & M. A. Zumbado (eds) Manual of Central American Diptera vol. 2 pp. 881–902. NRC Research Press: Ottawa.

[RD77] Richards, O. W., & R. G. Davies. 1977. Imms' General Textbook of Entomology 10^th ed. vol. 2. Classification and Biology. Chapman and Hall: London.

[S87] Steyskal, G. C. 1987. Otitidae. In: McAlpine, J. F. (ed.) Manual of Nearctic Diptera vol. 2 pp. 799–808. Research Branch, Agriculture Canada.

Last updated: 1 July 2021.

Rhagoletis

Cherry fruit fly Rhagoletis cerasi, copyright Entomart.

Belongs within: Tephritidae.

Rhagoletis is a genus of fruit flies with multiple brown bands on the wings, crossveins r-m and dm-cu covered by separate bands, and a strong facial carina. Larvae feed on fruits of a range of plant families (Norrbom 2010).

<==Rhagoletis
    |--R. basiola R84
    |--R. berberides R84
    |--R. berberis R84
    |--R. boycei R84
    |--R. cerasi R84
    |--R. cingulata R84
    |--R. completa R84
    |--R. cornivora R84
    |--R. fausta R84
    |--R. indifferens R84
    |--R. juglandis R84
    |--R. juniperina R84
    |--R. lycopersella N10
    |--R. mendax R84
    |--R. nova N10
    |--R. pomonella N10
    |--R. ribicola R84
    |--R. striatella N10
    |--R. suavis R84
    |--R. tabellaria R84
    |--R. tomatis N10
    `--R. zephyria R84

*Type species of generic name indicated

REFERENCES

[N10] Norrbom, A. L. 2010. Tephritidae (fruit flies, moscas de frutas). In: Brown, B. V., A. Borkent, J. M. Cumming, D. M. Wood, N. E. Woodley & M. A. Zumbado (eds) Manual of Central American Diptera vol. 2 pp. 909–954. NRC Research Press: Ottawa.

[R84] Rogers, J. S. 1984. Deriving phylogenetic trees from allele frequencies. Systematic Zoology 33 (1): 52–63.

Tephritoidea

Signal fly Rivellia sp., copyright Stephen Cresswell.

Belongs within: Schizophora.
Contains: Lonchaeidae, Richardiidae, Piophilidae, Ulidiidae, Tephritidae, Pyrgotidae.

The Tephritoidea are a group of acalyptrate flies united by the reduction or loss of sternite 6 in the male, the presence in females of anterior rod-like apodemes on sternites 4 to 7, and division of the female tergosternite 7 into two sections, with the anterior section forming a tubular oviscape and the posterior section comprising two pairs of longitudinal taeniae. Many tephritoids have strikingly patterned wings that are held outwards in display. Members include the Platystomatidae, signal flies, a varied group with often metallic-coloured bodies characterised by the absence of frontal setae or of any extension of the posterior apex of wing cell cup, and the presence of setulae along the entire length of vein R₁ (Whittington 2010). Many platystomatids exhibit reduction in the abdominal tergites. The Ctenostylidae are nocturnal, long-legged flies with a large head, nearly the same size as the thorax (Korneyev 2010). The Tachiniscidae are tropical parasitoids (the only species whose larva has been identified has been raised from immature saturniid moths) that have often been treated as a subfamily of Tephritidae.

<==Tephritoidea [Otitoidea] WT11
    |--+--Lonchaeidae WT11
    |  `--Richardiidae WT11
    `--+--Piophilidae WT11
       `--+--Ulidiidae WT11
          `--+--+--+--Tephritidae WT11
             |  |  `--+--Pyrgotidae WT11
             |  |     `--Tachiniscidae [Tachiniscinae] WT11
             |  |          |--Tachinisca cyaneiventris N10
             |  |          |--Neortalotrypeta bicolor N10
             |  |          |--Agnitrena igniceps N10
             |  |          |--Ischyropteron Bigot 1889 N10, B89a [=Calopteromyia Bigot 1889 B89b]
             |  |          |    `--*I. nigricaudatum Bigot 1889 B89a [=*Calopteromyia nigricaudata B89b]
             |  |          `--Protortalotrypeta N10
             |  `--Ctenostylidae [Ctenostylinae, Lochmostyliinae] WT11
             |       |--Nepaliseta ashleyi K10, WT11
             |       |--Furciseta plaumanni K10
             |       |--*Ctenostylum rufum K10
             |       |--Sinolochmostylia K10
             |       |--Tauroscypson K10
             |       |    |--T. andina K10
             |       |    `--T. guiana K10
             |       |--Lochmostylia K10
             |       |    |--*L. borgmeieri K10
             |       |    `--L. lopesi K10
             |       `--Ramuliseta K10
             |            |--R. ashleyi K10
             |            |--R. lindneri O98
             |            `--R. palpifera O98
             `--Platystomatidae [Achiasidae] WT11
                  |  i. s.: Giraffomyia GE05
                  |         Lamprogaster CM91
                  |           |--L. imperialis ZS10
                  |           |--L. semicyanea [=Dryomyza semicyanea] O98
                  |           `--L. violacea C91
                  |         Achias W10
                  |           |--A. australis CM91
                  |           |--A. kimi O98
                  |           |--A. minax O98
                  |           |--A. oculata [=Diopsis (Achias) oculata] G20
                  |           `--A. rothschildi GE05
                  |         Plagiostenopterina W10
                  |         Euprosopia tenuicornis CM91
                  |         Elassogaster linearis CM91
                  |         Duomyia CM91
                  |         Lenophila dentipes CM74
                  |         Asyntona O98
                  |         Cleitamia astrolabei O98
                  |         Zygaenula O98
                  |         Pterogenia O98
                  |         Naupoda O98
                  |         Atopognathus complens O98
                  |         Trigonosoma decorum O98
                  |--Phasiamya O98 [Trapherinae W10]
                  |--Plastotephritinae W10
                  |--Scholastinae W10
                  |    |--Neohemigaster O98
                  |    |--Mesoctenia O98
                  |    `--Scholastes O98
                  |         |--S. foordi RJ93
                  |         `--S. lonchifer O98
                  `--Platystomatinae [Angitulinae] W10
                       |--Himeroessa pretiosa W10, S87
                       |--Angitula nigra O98
                       |--Pogonortalis doclea O98, S87
                       |--Platystoma Meigen 1803 BR05
                       |    |--P. lugubre [incl. P. umbrarum] RD77
                       |    `--P. seminationis [=Micropeza (Platystoma) seminationis] G20
                       |--Amphicnephes W10
                       |    |--A. pullus S87
                       |    `--A. stellatus W10
                       |--Senopterina W10 [=Stenopterina S87; incl. Bricinnia W10, Bricinniella W10]
                       |    |--S. brevipes W10
                       |    |--S. caerulescens W10
                       |    `--S. mexicana W10
                       `--Rivellia W10
                            |--R. basilaris BM76
                            |--R. bosci R13
                            |--R. flavimana W10
                            |--R. inaequata W10
                            |--R. occulta W10
                            |--R. syngenesiae WT11
                            `--R. trigona BM76

*Type species of generic name indicated

REFERENCES

[B89a] Bigot, J.-M.-F. 1889a. Novum genus Dipterorum, ex Trypetidis. Annales de la Société Entomologique de France, 6^e série 9: xxix–xxx.

[B89b] Bigot, J.-M.-F. 1889b. Ischyropteron. Annales de la Société Entomologique de France, 6^e série 9: xciii.

[BM76] Bohart, R. M., & A. S. Menke. 1976. Sphecid Wasps of the World. University of California Press: Berkeley.

[BR05] Bouchet, P., & J.-P. Rocroi. 2005. Classification and nomenclator of gastropod families. Malacologia 47 (1–2): 1–397.

[CM74] Colless, D. H., & D. K. McAlpine. 1974. Diptera (flies). In: CSIRO. The Insects of Australia: A textbook for students and research workers. Supplement 1974 pp. 91–96. Melbourne University Press.

[CM91] Colless, D. H., & D. K. McAlpine. 1991. Diptera (flies). In: CSIRO. The Insects of Australia: A textbook for students and research workers 2^nd ed. vol. 2 pp. 717–786. Melbourne University Press: Carlton (Victoria).

[C91] CSIRO. 1991. The Insects of Australia: A textbook for students and research workers 2^nd ed. vol. 1. Melbourne University Press: Carlton (Victoria).

[G20] Goldfuss, G. A. 1820. Handbuch der Naturgeschichte vol. 3. Handbuch der Zoologie pt 1. Johann Leonhard Schrag: Nürnberg.

[GE05] Grimaldi, D., & M. S. Engel. 2005. Evolution of the Insects. Cambridge University Press: New York.

[K10] Korneyev, V. A. 2010. Ctenostylidae (ctenostylid flies). In: Brown, B. V., A. Borkent, J. M. Cumming, D. M. Wood, N. E. Woodley & M. A. Zumbado (eds) Manual of Central American Diptera vol. 2 pp. 963–969. NRC Research Press: Ottawa.

[N10] Norrbom, A. L. 2010. Tephritidae (fruit flies, moscas de frutas). In: Brown, B. V., A. Borkent, J. M. Cumming, D. M. Wood, N. E. Woodley & M. A. Zumbado (eds) Manual of Central American Diptera vol. 2 pp. 909–954. NRC Research Press: Ottawa.

[O98] Oosterbroek, P. 1998. The Families of Diptera of the Malay Archipelago. Brill: Leiden.

[R13] Reuter, O. M. 1913. Lebensgewohnheiten und Instinkte der Insekten bis zum Erwachen der sozialen Instinkte. R. Friedländer & Sohn: Berlin.

[RD77] Richards, O. W., & R. G. Davies. 1977. Imms' General Textbook of Entomology 10^th ed. vol. 2. Classification and Biology. Chapman and Hall: London.

[RJ93] Ross, A. J., & E. A. Jarzembowski. 1993. Arthropoda (Hexapoda; Insecta). In: Benton, M. J. (ed.) The Fossil Record 2 pp. 363–426. Chapman & Hall: London.

[S87] Steyskal, G. C. 1987. Platystomatidae. In: McAlpine, J. F. (ed.) Manual of Nearctic Diptera vol. 2 pp. 809–812. Research Branch, Agriculture Canada.

[W10] Whittington, A. E. 2010. Platystomatidae (signal flies). In: Brown, B. V., A. Borkent, J. M. Cumming, D. M. Wood, N. E. Woodley & M. A. Zumbado (eds) Manual of Central American Diptera vol. 2 pp. 903–907. NRC Research Press: Ottawa.

[WT11] Wiegmann, B. M., M. D. Trautwein, I. S. Winkler, N. B. Barr, J.-W. Kim, C. Lambkin, M. A. Bertone, B. K. Cassel, K. M. Bayless, A. M. Heimberg, B. M. Wheeler, K. J. Peterson, T. Pape, B. J. Sinclair, J. H. Skevington, V. Blagoderov, J. Caravas, S. N. Kutty, U. Schmidt-Ott, G. E. Kampmeier, F. C. Thompson, D. A. Grimaldi, A. T. Beckenbach, G. W. Courtney, M. Friedrich, R. Meier & D. K. Yeates. 2011. Episodic radiations in the fly tree of life. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the USA 108 (14): 5690–5695.

[ZS10] Zborowski, P., & R. Storey. 2010. A Field Guide to Insects in Australia 3^rd ed. Reed New Holland: Sydney.

Last updated: 17 April 2022.

Tephritidae

Blepharoneura sp., copyright John Smit.

Belongs within: Tephritoidea.
Contains: Acanthonevrini, Bactrocera, Rhagoletis, Aciurina.

The Tephritidae include the fruit flies, a number of species of which are significant agricultural pests. The greater number of species are fruit- or seed-feeders as larvae; a number of Phytalmyiinae are saprophages in habitats such as fallen wood or damaged bamboo and some Tephritinae feed within induced galls in plant tissue (Norrbom 2010). Many tephritids are strikingly patterned, particularly on the wings. These patterned wings may be rotated in a paddle-like movement in courtship displays. Within the family, members of the subfamily Dacinae are characterised by the absence of postpronotal, dorsocentral, katepisternal and ocellar bristles. Members of the Tephritinae have the wing cell cup closed by a concavely bent vein, with the posteroapical corner of the cell being drawn into a point. The majority of Tephritinae breed in species of Asteraceae. Myopitinae have the apical closing vein of cup transverse or slightly convexly bent and the cell is not apically pointed (Foote & Steyskal 1987).

Characters (from Colless & McAlpine 1991): Incurved lower fronto-orbital bristles present; ocelli present; Sc usually bent forward distally towards costa almost at a right angle, costa broken at end of Sc, vein R₁ setulose above; S1 and S2 separate; abdominal segment 6 of female usually well developed.

<==Tephritidae [Trupaneidae, Trypaneidae, Trypetidae]
    |--Blepharoneura [Blepharoneurinae] N10
    |    |--B. atomaria N10
    |    `--B. femoralis N10
    |--Phytalmyiinae [Phytalmiidae] N10
    |    |  i. s.: Phytalmia GE05
    |    |           |--P. alcicornis GE05
    |    |           |--P. mouldsi CM91
    |    |           `--P. robertsi O98
    |    |         Diplochorda CM74
    |    `--Acanthonevrini DK08
    |--Myopitinae [Euribiinae, Urophorinae] FS87
    |    |--Rhynencina longirostris FS87
    |    |--Euribia Meigen 1800 BR05
    |    `--Urophora FS87
    |         |--U. affinis G05
    |         |--U. cardui HW96
    |         |--U. jaceana [incl. U. solstitialis] RD77
    |         |--U. macrura K01
    |         |--U. maura K01
    |         |--U. quadrifasciata HW96
    |         |--U. radiata Macquart 1847 E12
    |         |--U. sirunaseva HW96
    |         `--U. stylata HW96
    |--Dacinae N10
    |    |  i. s.: Dacus FS87
    |    |           |--D. aequalis Coquillet 1909 C09
    |    |           |--D. (Austrodacus) cucumis CM91
    |    |           |--D. dorsalis FS87
    |    |           |--D. (Afrodacus) jarvisi CM91
    |    |           |--D. longicornis C09
    |    |           |--D. neohumeralis VM72
    |    |           |--D. oleae B88
    |    |           `--D. tsuneonis RD77
    |    |         Bactrocera N10
    |    |         Ceratitis N10
    |    |           |--C. capitata N10
    |    |           `--C. giffardii B88
    |    |         Toxotrypana curvicauda FS87, N10
    |    `--Gastrozonini DK08
    |         |--Cyrtostola limbata (Hendel 1915) DK08
    |         `--Paraxarnuta anephelobasis Hardy 1973 DK08
    |--Trypetinae N10
    |    |--Trypeta N10
    |    |    |--T. acuticornis K01
    |    |    |--T. costaricana N10
    |    |    |--T. inclinata N10
    |    |    |--T. lappae K01
    |    |    |--T. rufata N10
    |    |    `--T. tussilaginis RD77
    |    `--Acidia speciosa K01
    `--Tephritinae N10
         |  i. s.: Pliomelaena H03
         |         Stephanotrypeta H03
         |           |--*S. brevicosta H03
         |           `--S. nigrofemorata H03
         |         Tephritis N10
         |           |--T. angustipennis FS87
         |           |--T. arizonaensis HGT96
         |           |--T. cerasi [=Micropeza (Tephritis) cerasi] G20
         |           |--T. irrorata K01
         |           |--T. leontodontis K01
         |           `--T. subpura N10
         |         Eutreta N10
         |           |--E. distincta N10
         |           |--E. frontalis FS87
         |           `--E. xanthochaeta N10
         |         Cecidochares N10
         |           |--C. connexa N10 [=Procecidochares connexa W03]
         |           `--C. fluminensis N10
         |         Myoleja FS87
         |         Anastrepha FS87
         |           |--A. avispa N10
         |           |--A. fraterculus N10
         |           |--A. grandicula N10
         |           |--A. ludens N10
         |           |--A. manihoti N10
         |           |--A. obliqua N10
         |           |--A. suspensa N10
         |           `--A. tripunctata N10
         |         Hexachaeta valida FS87, N10
         |         Paraterellia FS87
         |         Oedicarena FS87
         |           |--O. latifrons R84
         |           |--O. nigra N10
         |           `--O. persuasa N10
         |         Zonosemata FS87
         |           |--Z. electa N10
         |           |--Z. guybushi N10
         |           `--Z. vittigera N10
         |         Callachna gibba FS87
         |         Peronyma sarcinata FS87
         |         Stenopa FS87
         |           |--S. mexicana N10
         |           `--S. vulnerata FS87
         |         Cecidocharella borrichia FS87
         |         Procecidocharoides FS87
         |           |--P. flavissima N10
         |           |--P. penelope N10
         |           `--P. pullatus N10
         |         Procecidochares FS87
         |           |--P. alani N10
         |           |--P. gibba N10
         |           |--P. minuta GT96
         |           `--P. utilis N10
         |         Chaetostomella undosa FS87
         |         Orellia lappae FS87, F92
         |         Neaspilota FS87
         |         Chetostoma californicum FS87, N10
         |         Epochra canadensis FS87
         |         Strauzia longipennis FS87
         |         Ensina FS87
         |           |--E. longiceps N10
         |           `--E. sonchi FS87
         |         Rhagoletis FS87
         |         Oxyna FS87
         |           |--O. argyrocephala K01
         |           |--O. elongatula K01
         |           |--O. flavipennis K01
         |           `--O. parvula K01
         |         Rhagoletotrypeta FS87
         |           |--R. intermedia N10
         |           |--R. morgantei N10
         |           |--R. parallela N10
         |           `--R. rohweri N10
         |         Euleia FS87
         |         Gymnocarena FS87
         |           |--G. brunnea N10
         |           |--G. diffusa N10
         |           |--G. macalpinei N10
         |           `--G. mexicana N10
         |         Mylogymnocarena FS87
         |         Eurosta comma FS87
         |         Acidogona FS87 [incl. Xenochaeta N10]
         |           |--A. dichromata N10
         |           |--A. melanura N10
         |           `--A. stecki N10
         |         Icterica seriata FS87
         |         Xanthomyia platyptera FS87
         |         Jamesomyia geminata FS87
         |         Xanthaciura FS87
         |           |--X. bipuncta N10
         |           `--X. insecta N10
         |         Trupanea FS87
         |           |--T. actinobola FS87
         |           |--T. bisetosa HGT96
         |           |--T. bullocki N10
         |           |--T. jonesi HGT96
         |           |--T. nigricornis N10
         |           |--T. simulata N10
         |           `--T. vicina N10
         |         Dyseuaresta FS87
         |           |--D. bilineata N10
         |           |--D. mexicana N10
         |           |--D. sobrinata N10
         |           `--D. trinotata N10
         |         Valentibulla californica FS87
         |         Aciurina FS87
         |         Paracantha Coquillett 1899 FS87, C00
         |           |--*P. culta [=Carphotricha culta, Scriptotricha (l. c.) culta] C00
         |           |--P. gentilis N10
         |           |--P. ruficallosa N10
         |           `--P. trinotata N10
         |         Tomoplagia FS87
         |           |--T. obliqua FS87
         |           |--T. propleuralis N10
         |           |--T. quadriseriata N10
         |           `--T. stonei N10
         |         Euaresta FS87
         |           |--E. aequalis N10
         |           |--E. bullans CM91
         |           |--E. reticulata N10
         |           |--E. stigmatica N10
         |           `--E. toba N10
         |         Gonioxyna fuscata FS87
         |         Dioxyna FS87
         |           |--D. peregrina N10
         |           |--D. picciola [=Paroxyna picciola] HGT96
         |           |--D. sororcula HGT96
         |           `--D. thomae HGT96
         |         Campiglossa [incl. Paroxyna] N10
         |           |--C. albiceps HGT96
         |           |--‘Paroxyna’ clathrata FS87
         |           `--C. genalis N10
         |         Acinia picturata FS87, N10
         |         Neotephritis FS87
         |           |--N. cinerea N10
         |           |--N. finalis N10
         |           |--N. rava N10
         |           `--N. semifusca N10
         |         Metatephritis fenestrata FS87
         |         Tetreuaresta FS87
         |           |--T. bartica N10
         |           |--T. heringi N10
         |           `--T. obscuriventris N10
         |         Euarestoides acutangulus FS87, N10
         |         Acrotaenia testudinea FS87, N10
         |         Cryptotreta cislimitensis FS87, N10
         |         Acidoxantha O98
         |--Xyphosiini H03
         |--Noeetini H03
         `--Axiothaumini H03
              |--Axiothauma H03
              |--Cryptophorellia H03
              |--Orthocanthoides H03
              `--Terpnodesma Munro 1956 H03
                   |--*T. taeniaptera (Bezzi 1923) [=Terellia taeniaptera, Stephanotrypeta taeniaptera] H03
                   `--T. vittata (Freidberg 1979) [=Stephanotrypeta vittata] H03

Tephritidae incertae sedis:
  Pseudacidia clotho Z02
  Stemonocera GE05
  Schistopterum moebiusi Becker 1903 DK08
  Austronevra ZS10
  Adrama ZS10
  Trirhithrum coffeae BM76
  Pseudophorellia N10
    |--P. anypsilon N10
    `--P. hansoni N10
  Alujamyia farri N10
  Ceratodacus longicornis N10
  Agallamyia pendula N10
  Pyrgotoides N10
    |--*P. crassipes N10
    `--P. peruvianus N10
  Cryptodacus N10
    |--C. lopezi N10
    |--C. obliquus N10
    |--C. silvai N10
    `--C. tau N10
  Haywardina N10
    |--H. bimaculata N10
    `--H. cuculi N10
  Molynocoelia lutea N10
  Epochrinopsis N10
  Goedenia N10
    |--G. caurina N10
    `--G. grineliae N10
  Parastenopa N10
    |--P. elegans N10
    `--P. limata N10
  Rachiptera luculenta N10
  *Caenoriata pertinax N10
  *Euarestopsis paupera N10
  Neotaracia imox N10
  Polionota kohnae N10
  Neomyopites tresmilius N10
  Euphranta N10
    |--E. canadensis N10
    `--E. mexicana N10
  Carpomya N10
    |--C. tica N10
    `--C. vesuviana O98
  Lamproxyna nitidula N10
  Terellia N10
    |--T. longicauda F92
    |--T. occidentalis N10
    |--T. palposa N10
    `--T. serratulae HW96
  Acrotaeniacantha radiosa N10
  Baryplegma N10
    |--B. apiata N10
    `--B. pertusa N10
  Ostracocoelia mirabilis N10
  Dictyotrypeta N10
    |--*D. syssema N10
    |--D. crenulata N10
    `--D. incisa N10
  Dracontomyia N10
    |--D. borrichia N10
    `--D. riveti N10
  Polymorphomyia N10
    |--P. basilica N10
    |--P. footei N10
    `--P. pilosula N10
  Pseudeutreta anteapicalis N10
  Hetschkomyia maculipennis N10
  Lilloaciura N10
  Rhithrum vittatum N10
  Lamproxynella impluviata N10
  Pseudoedaspis decorata N10
  Plaumannimyia [incl. Trypanaresta] N10
    |--P. eugenia N10
    |--P. flava N10
    `--P. pallens N10
  Homoeothrix lindigi N10
  Lewinsohnia magna N10
  Neorhagoletis latifrons N10
  Neosphaeniscus m-nigrum N10
  Phacelochaeta quinquefasciata N10
  Cipomyia N10
  Eutretopsis N10
  Pseudopolionota radians N10
  Oedaspoides CM91
  Stylia CM70
  Dacopsis O98
  Themara O98
  Alloeomyia flavida O98
  Noeeta pupillata HW96
  Philophylla heraclei [=Acidia heraclei] RD77

*Type species of generic name indicated

REFERENCES

[BM76] Bohart, R. M., & A. S. Menke. 1976. Sphecid Wasps of the World. University of California Press: Berkeley.

[B88] Bouček, Z. 1988. Australasian Chalcidoidea (Hymenoptera): A biosystematic revision of genera of fourteen families, with a reclassification of species. CAB International: Wallingford (UK).

[BR05] Bouchet, P., & J.-P. Rocroi. 2005. Classification and nomenclator of gastropod families. Malacologia 47 (1–2): 1–397.

[C00] Cockerell, T. D. A. 1900. Scriptotricha or Paracantha? Annals and Magazine of Natural History, series 7, 5: 430.

[CM70] Colless, D. H., & D. K. McAlpine. 1970. Diptera (flies). In: CSIRO. The Insects of Australia: A textbook for students and research workers pp. 656–740. Melbourne University Press.

[CM74] Colless, D. H., & D. K. McAlpine. 1974. Diptera (flies). In: CSIRO. The Insects of Australia: A textbook for students and research workers. Supplement 1974 pp. 91–96. Melbourne University Press.

[CM91] Colless, D. H., & D. K. McAlpine. 1991. Diptera (flies). In: CSIRO. The Insects of Australia: A textbook for students and research workers 2^nd ed. vol. 2 pp. 717–786. Melbourne University Press: Carlton (Victoria).

[C09] Coquillet, D. W. 1909. Description of a new fruit-fly of the genus Dacus from New South Wales. Proceedings of the Linnean Society of New South Wales 33: 794–795.

[DK08] Dohm, P., D. Kovač, A. Freidberg & R. Bin Hashim. 2008. Biology of the Oriental bamboo-inhabiting fly Felderimyia gombakensis and observations on mating trophallaxis in Felderimyia (Insecta, Diptera, Tephritidae, Phytalmiinae, Acanthonevrini). Senckenbergiana Biologica 88 (2): 311–318.

[E12] Evenhuis, N. L. 2012. Publication and dating of the Exploration Scientifique de l’Algérie: Histoire Naturelle des Animaux Articulés (1846–1849) by Pierre Hippolyte Lucas. Zootaxa 3448: 1–61.

[F92] Fan Z. 1992. Key to the Common Flies of China 2^nd ed. Science Press: Beijing.

[FS87] Foote, R. H., & G. C. Steyskal. 1987. Tephritidae. In: McAlpine, J. F. (ed.) Manual of Nearctic Diptera vol. 2 pp. 817–831. Research Branch, Agriculture Canada.

[GT96] Goeden, R. D., & J. A. Teerink. 1996. Life histories and descriptions of adults and immature stages of two cryptic species, Aciurina ferruginea (Doane) and A. michaeli, new species (Diptera: Tephritidae), on Chrysothamnus viscidiflorus (Hooker) Nuttall in southern California. Proceedings of the Entomological Society of Washington 98 (3): 415–438.

[G20] Goldfuss, G. A. 1820. Handbuch der Naturgeschichte vol. 3. Handbuch der Zoologie pt 1. Johann Leonhard Schrag: Nürnberg.

[GE05] Grimaldi, D., & M. S. Engel. 2005. Evolution of the Insects. Cambridge University Press: New York.

[G05] Grissell, E. E. 2005. A review of North American species of Microdontomerus Crawford (Torymidae: Hymenoptera). Journal of Hymenoptera Research 14 (1): 22–65.

[H03] Hancock, D. L. 2003. The status and relationships of Terpnodesma Munro and establishment of the new tribe Axiothaumini (Diptera: Tephritidae: Tephritinae). African Entomology 11 (1): 143–145.

[HGT96] Headrick, D. H., R. D. Goeden & J. A. Teerink. 1996. Life history and description of immature stages of Dioxyna picciola (Bigot) (Diptera: Tephritidae) on Coreopsis spp. (Asteraceae) in southern California. Proceedings of the Entomological Society of Washington 98 (2): 332–349.

[HW96] Hoebeke, E. R., & A. G. Wheeler, Jr. 1996. Pteromalus elevatus (Walker) (Hymenoptera: Pteromalidae): North American records of an immigrant parasitoid of the gall fly Urophora jaceana (Diptera: Tephritidae). Proceedings of the Entomological Society of Washington 98 (1): 87–92.

[K01] Kertész, K. 1901. Legyek [Dipteren]. In: Horváth, G. (ed.) Zichy Jenő Gróf Harmadik Ázsiai Utazása [Dritte Asiatische Forschungsreise des Grafen Eugen Zichy] vol. 2. Zichy Jenő Gróf Harmadik Ázsiai Utazásának Állattani Eredményei [Zoologische Ergebnisse der Dritten Asiatischen Forschungsreise des Grafen Eugen Zichy] pp. 179–201. Victor Hornyánszky: Budapest, and Karl W. Hierseman: Leipzig.

[N10] Norrbom, A. L. 2010. Tephritidae (fruit flies, moscas de frutas). In: Brown, B. V., A. Borkent, J. M. Cumming, D. M. Wood, N. E. Woodley & M. A. Zumbado (eds) Manual of Central American Diptera vol. 2 pp. 909–954. NRC Research Press: Ottawa.

[O98] Oosterbroek, P. 1998. The Families of Diptera of the Malay Archipelago. Brill: Leiden.

[RD77] Richards, O. W., & R. G. Davies. 1977. Imms' General Textbook of Entomology 10^th ed. vol. 2. Classification and Biology. Chapman and Hall: London.

[R84] Rogers, J. S. 1984. Deriving phylogenetic trees from allele frequencies. Systematic Zoology 33 (1): 52–63.

[VM72] Vogt, W. G., & D. G. McPherson. 1972. The weighted separation index: a multivariate technique for separating members of closely-related species using qualitative differences. Systematic Zoology 21 (2): 187–198.

[W03] Waterhouse, B. M. 2003. Know your enemy: recent records of potentially serious weeds in northern Australia, Papua New Guinea and Papua (Indonesia). Telopea 10 (1): 477–485.

[ZS10] Zborowski, P., & R. Storey. 2010. A Field Guide to Insects in Australia 3^rd ed. Reed New Holland: Sydney.

[Z02] Zherikhin, V. V. 2002. Ecological history of the terrestrial insects. In: Rasnitsyn, A. P., & D. L. J. Quicke (eds) History of Insects pp. 331–388. Kluwer Academic Publishers: Dordrecht.

Last updated: 1 July 2021.