Novialoidea

Cast of Rhamphorhynchus muensteri in the Musée d'Histoire Naturelle, Brussels, copyright M0tty.

Belongs within: Pterosauria.
Contains: Pterodactyloidea.

The Novialoidea are a clade of pterosaurs defined by Kellner (2003) as the most exclusive clade containing Campylognathoides and Quetzalcoatlus. Members of this clade have the third phalanx of the wing finger shorter than the first and second phalanges (Kellner 2003).

<==Novialoidea (see below for synonymy) K03
    |--Campylognathoides Strand 1928 RK13, U03
    |    |--C. indicus Jain 1974 W91
    |    |--C. liasicus (Quenstedt 1858) K03 [=Pterodactylus liasicus E13]
    |    `--C. zitteli [=Campylognathus zitteli] W13
    `--+--Cacibupteryx Gasparini et al. 2004 RK13, A08
       |    `--C. caribensis W13
       |--Dorygnathus Wagner 1860 RK13, U03 [incl. Parapsicephalus Arthaber 1919 W13]
       |    |--D. banthensis (Theodori 1830) K03 (see below for synonymy)
       |    `--D. purdoni Newton 1888 [=Scaphognathus purdoni, Parapsicephalus purdoni] W13
       |--+--Angustinaripterus He, Yan & Su 1983 RK13, U03
       |  |    `--A. longicephalus W13
       |  `--Harpactognathus Carpenter, Unwin et al. 2003 RK13, CU03
       |       `--*H. gentryii Carpenter, Unwin et al. 2003 CU03
       `--Breviquartossa U03
            |--Pterodactyloidea RK13
            `--Rhamphorhynchus von Meyer 1847 RK13, A08
                 |--R. jessoni Lydekker 1890 W91
                 |--R. longicaudus (Münster 1839) WK08, K03 [=Pterodactylus longicaudus W91]
                 |--R. longiceps U03 [incl. R. kokeni W91]
                 |--R. muensteri (Goldfuss 1831) W13 (see below for synonymy)
                 |--R. phyllurus Marsh 1882 W91
                 `--R. tendagurensis Reck 1931 W91

Novialoidea incertae sedis:
  Carniadactylus Dalla Vecchia 2009 W13
    `--*C. rosenfeldi (Dalla Vecchia 1995) W13, DV03 [=Eudimorphodon rosenfeldi W13]
  Fenghuangopterus lii W13
  Jianchangopterus zhaoianus W13
  Pterorhynchus Czerkas & Ji 2002 RK13, A08
    `--P. wellnhoferi W13
  Sericipterus wucaiwanensis W13
  Qinglongopterus guoi W13
  Bellubrunnus rothgaengeri W13
  Nesodactylus Colbert 1969 U03
    `--N. hesperius W13
  Rhamphocephalus Seeley 1880 [incl. Dolichorhamphus Seeley 1885, Pteromonodactylus Teryaev 1967] A08
    |--R. bucklandi (von Meyer 1832) [=Pterodactylus bucklandi] W91
    |--R. depressirostris W13
    `--R. prestwichi W91

Dorygnathus banthensis (Theodori 1830) K03 [=Ornithocephalus banthensis W91, Pterodactylus banthensis W91; incl. Dorygnathus mistelgauensis W13, Parapsicephalus mistelgauensis D07]

Novialoidea [Angustinaripterinae, Campylognathoididae, Monofenestrata, Parapsicephalinae, Pteromonodactylidae, Rhamphorhynchae, Rhamphorhynchinae] K03

Rhamphorhynchus muensteri (Goldfuss 1831) W13 [=Ornithocephalus muensteri W13, Pterodactylus muensteri W13; incl. R. gemmingi U03, R. intermedius U03]

Inorganic: Rhamphorhynchus gemmingi minilorientalus Okamura 1987 O87

*Type species of generic name indicated

REFERENCES

[A08] Averianov, A. O. 2008. Superorder Pterosauria. In: Ivakhnenko, M. F., & E. N. Kurochkin (eds) Fossil Vertebrates of Russia and Adjacent Territories. Fossil Reptiles and Birds. Part 1 pp. 319–342. GEOS: Moscow.

[CU03] Carpenter, K., D. Unwin, K. Cloward, C. Miles & C. Miles. 2003. A new scaphognathine pterosaur from the Upper Jurassic Morrison Formation of Wyoming, USA. In: Buffetaut, E., & J.-M. Mazin (eds) Evolution and Palaeobiology of Pterosaurs. Geological Society Special Publications 217: 45–54. The Geological Society: London.

[DV03] Dalla Vecchia, F. M. 2003. New morphological observations on Triassic pterosaurs. In: Buffetaut, E., & J.-M. Mazin (eds) Evolution and Palaeobiology of Pterosaurs. Geological Society Special Publications 217: 23–44. The Geological Society: London.

[D07] Dixon, D. 2007. The Complete Illustrated Encyclopedia of Dinosaurs & Prehistoric Creatures. Hermes House: London.

[K03] Kellner, A. W. A. 2003. Pterosaur phylogeny and comments on the evolutionary history of the group. In: Buffetaut, E., & J.-M. Mazin (eds) Evolution and Palaeobiology of Pterosaurs. Geological Society Special Publications 217: 105–137. The Geological Society: London.

[O87] Okamura, C. 1987. New facts: Homo and all Vertebrata were born simultaneously in the former Paleozoic in Japan. Original Report of the Okamura Fossil Laboratory 15: 347–573.

[RK13] Rodrigues, T., & A. W. A. Kellner. 2013. Taxonomic review of the Ornithocheirus complex (Pterosauria) from the Cretaceous of England. ZooKeys 308: 1–112.

[U03] Unwin, D. M. 2003. On the phylogeny and evolutionary history of pterosaurs. In: Buffetaut, E., & J.-M. Mazin (eds) Evolution and Palaeobiology of Pterosaurs. Geological Society Special Publications 217: 139–190. The Geological Society: London.

[WK08] Wang, X., A. W. A. Kellner, Z. Zhou & D. de A. Campos. 2008. Discovery of a rare arboreal forest-dwelling flying reptile (Pterosauria, Pterodactyloidea) from China. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the USA 105 (6): 1983–1987.

[W91] Wellnhofer, P. 1991. The Illustrated Encyclopedia of Pterosaurs.  Salamander Books: London (reprinted 2000. In: Norman, D., & P. Wellnhofer. The Illustrated Encyclopedia of Dinosaurs. Salamander Books).

[W13] Witton, M. P. 2013. Pterosaurs: Natural History, Evolution, Anatomy. Princeton University Press: Princeton (New Jersey).

Pterosauria

Reconstruction of Dimorphodon macronyx chasing a sphenodontian, copyright Mark P. Witton.

Belongs within: Archosauria.
Contains: Novialoidea.

The Pterosauria are a highly distinctive group of reptiles known from the late Triassic to the end of the Cretaceous. They are most obviously characterised by the massive elongation of the forelimb, particularly the fourth digit, to support an extensive wing membrane (reinforced with radiating fibres known as aktinofibrils) that, together with a large and robust shoulder girdle, allowed for powered flight. Other distinctive features of pterosaurs include extensively pneumaticised bones, a slender bone known as the pteroid that probably articulated at the base of the wrist in a depression on the medial side of the preaxial carpal, and projected medially towards to body to support a small aerodynamic membrane (propatagium) at the front of the wing, and a clawless, sometimes reduced or loss, fifth digit on the hind foot (Witton 2013).

<==Pterosauria [Caelidracones, Pterosauromorpha, Rhamphorhynchoidea]
    |  i. s.: Comodactylus Galton 1981 W91
    |           `--C. ostromi Galton 1981 (n. d.) CU03
    |         Laopteryx priscus Marsh 1881 (n. d.) CU03
    |         Phobetopter parvus FMB03
    |         Rhamphinion Padian 1984 W91
    |           `--*R. jenkinsi Padian 1984 W91
    |         Odontorhynchus Stolley 1936 W91
    |           `--O. aculeatus W91
    |         Faxinalipterus minima W13
    |--Preondactylus Wild 1984 RK13, U03
    |    `--*P. buffarinii Wild 1984 DV03
    `--Macronychoptera U03
         |--Dimorphodontidae W13
         |    |--Peteinosaurus Wild 1978 U03
         |    |    `--*P. zambellii Wild 1978 DV03
         |    `--Dimorphodon Owen 1859 WK08, U03
         |         |--D. macronyx (Buckland 1829) K03 [=Pterodactylus macronyx W91]
         |         `--D. weintraubi U03
         `--+--Novialoidea RK13
            `--Anurognathidae W13
                 |--Anurognathus Döderlein 1923 WK08, U03
                 |    `--A. ammoni Döderlein 1923 K03
                 `--Asiaticognathidae K03
                      |--Dendrorhynchoides Ji et al. 1999 U03
                      |    `--D. curvidentatus (Ji & Ji 1998) K03
                      |--Batrachognathus Rjabinin 1948 U03
                      |    `--B. volans Rjabinin 1948 K03
                      `--Jeholopterus Wan et al. 2002 WK08, U03
                           `--J. ningchengensis U03

*Type species of generic name indicated

REFERENCES

[CU03] Carpenter, K., D. Unwin, K. Cloward, C. Miles & C. Miles. 2003. A new scaphognathine pterosaur from the Upper Jurassic Morrison Formation of Wyoming, USA. In: Buffetaut, E., & J.-M. Mazin (eds) Evolution and Palaeobiology of Pterosaurs. Geological Society Special Publications 217: 45–54. The Geological Society: London.

[DV03] Dalla Vecchia, F. M. 2003. New morphological observations on Triassic pterosaurs. In: Buffetaut, E., & J.-M. Mazin (eds) Evolution and Palaeobiology of Pterosaurs. Geological Society Special Publications 217: 23–44. The Geological Society: London.

[FMB03] Frey, E., D. M. Martill & M.-C. Buchy. 2003. A new species of tapejarid pterosaur with soft-tissue head crest. In: Buffetaut, E., & J.-M. Mazin (eds) Evolution and Palaeobiology of Pterosaurs. Geological Society Special Publications 217: 65–72. The Geological Society: London.

[K03] Kellner, A. W. A. 2003. Pterosaur phylogeny and comments on the evolutionary history of the group. In: Buffetaut, E., & J.-M. Mazin (eds) Evolution and Palaeobiology of Pterosaurs. Geological Society Special Publications 217: 105–137. The Geological Society: London.

[RK13] Rodrigues, T., & A. W. A. Kellner. 2013. Taxonomic review of the Ornithocheirus complex (Pterosauria) from the Cretaceous of England. ZooKeys 308: 1–112.

[U03] Unwin, D. M. 2003. On the phylogeny and evolutionary history of pterosaurs. In: Buffetaut, E., & J.-M. Mazin (eds) Evolution and Palaeobiology of Pterosaurs. Geological Society Special Publications 217: 139–190. The Geological Society: London.

[WK08] Wang, X., A. W. A. Kellner, Z. Zhou & D. de A. Campos. 2008. Discovery of a rare arboreal forest-dwelling flying reptile (Pterosauria, Pterodactyloidea) from China. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the USA 105 (6): 1983–1987.

[W91] Wellnhofer, P. 1991. The Illustrated Encyclopedia of Pterosaurs.  Salamander Books: London (reprinted 2000. In: Norman, D., & P. Wellnhofer.The Illustrated Encyclopedia of Dinosaurs. Salamander Books).

[W13] Witton, M. P. 2013. Pterosaurs: Natural History, Evolution, Anatomy. Princeton University Press: Princeton (New Jersey).