Actinopteri

Reconstruction of Birgeria, copyright DiBgd.

Belongs within: Actinopterygii.
Contains: Neopterygii, Palaeonisciformes, Acipenseriformes.

The Actinopteri are a clade of fishes including all modern ray-finned fishes with the exception of the bichirs of the Polypteridae. Members of this clade have the premaxilla confined to a region anterior to the orbit, parasphenoid teeth absent, and proximal radials of the dorsal fin substantially enlarged relative to the middle radials (Giles et al. 2017).

<==Actinopteri XG11
    |--+--Neopterygii XG11
    |  `--+--Palaeonisciformes GX17
    |     `--Acipenserifomes GX17
    `--+--Brachydegma [Brachydegmidae] GX17
       |    `--B. caelatum Dunkle 1939 G93
       `--Birgeriidae G93
            |--Psilichthys selwyni Hall 1900 G93
            `--Birgeria Stensiö 1919 GX17, G93
                 `--B. groenlandica GX17

Actinopteri incertae sedis:
  Willomorichthyidae [Rhabdolepididae] G93
    |--Willomorichthys striatulus Gardiner 1969 G93
    |--Rhabdolepis macropterus (Bronn 1829) G93
    |--Tienshaniscus longipterus Lui & Wang 1978 G93
    |--Sinoniscus macrolepis Lui & Wang 1978 G93
    `--Bendenius Traquair 1878 G93
         `--B. deneensis (Traquair 1878) G93
  Phanerorhynchus [Phanerorhynchidae, Phanerorhynchiformes] G93
    `--P. armatus Gill 1923 G93
  Holuridae G93
    |--Holurus parki Traquair 1881 G93
    |--Australichthys longidorsalis Gardiner 1969 G93
    |--Holuropsis yavorskyi Berg 1947 G93
    `--Palaeonisconotus G93
  Atherstoniidae G93
    |--Aestuarichthys fulcratus Gardiner 1969 G93
    `--Atherstonia Woodward 1889 G93
         `--A. australis Woodward 1902 F71
  Dwykia [Dwykiidae] G93
    `--D. analensis Gardiner 1969 G93
  Phanerosteon [Carbovelidae] G93
    `--P. mirabile Traquair 1881 G93
  Strepheoschemidae G93
    |--Strepheoschema fouldenensis White 1927 G93
    `--Aetheretmon valentiacum White 1927 G93
  Cornuboniscus [Cornuboniscidae] G93
    `--C. budensis White 1939 G93
  Amblypteridae G93
    |--Paramblypterus decorus (Egerton 1850) G93
    |--Amblypterus Agassiz 1833 G93
    |--Amblypterina Berg 1940 G93
    |--Gardinerichthys tewarii Gupta et al. 1978 G93
    `--Korutichthys korutensis Kazantseva 1980 G93
  Haplolepididae G93
    |--Haplolepis Miller 1892 G93
    `--Pyritocephalus sculptus Fric 1894 G93
  Tarrasius [Tarrasiidae, Tarrasiiformes] G93
    `--T. problematicus Traquair 1881 G93
  Aeduelliidae G93
    |--Aeduella blainvillei (Agassiz 1833) G93
    |--Westollia crassus (Pholig 1892) G93
    |--Igornella Heyler 1969 G93
    |--Decazella Heyler 1969 G93
    |--Burbonella Heyler 1969 G93
    `--Palaeothrissum Blainville 1818 G93
  Cryphiolepis [Cryphiolepididae] G93
    `--C. striatus (Traquair 1881) G93
  Urosthenes [Urosthenidae] G93
    |--U. australis Dana 1848 G93
    `--U. latus Woodward 1931 G93
  Lawnia [Lawniidae] G93
    `--L. taylorensis Wilson 1953 G93
  Trissolepididae G93
    |--Sceletophorus biserialis Frič 1894 G93
    `--Sphaerolepis kounoviensis Frič 1877 G93
  Commentrya [Commentryidae] G93
    `--C. traquairi Sauvage 1888 G93
  Dorypterus [Dorypteridae, Dorypteriformes, Dorypteroidei] G93
    |--D. althausi (Münster 1842) G93
    `--D. hoffmanni Germar 1842 G93

*Type species of generic name indicated

REFERENCES

[F71] Fletcher, H. O. 1971. Catalogue of type specimens of fossils in the Australian Museum, Sydney. Australian Museum Memoir 13: 1–167.

[G93] Gardiner, B. G. 1993. Osteichthyes: basal actinopterygians. In: Benton, M. J. (ed.) The Fossil Record 2 pp. 611–619. Chapman & Hall: London.

[GX17] Giles, S., G.-H. Xu, T. J. Near & M. Friedman. 2017. Early members of 'living fossil' lineage imply later origin of modern ray-finned fishes. Nature 549: 265–268.

[XG11] Xu, G.-H. & K.-Q. Gao. 2011. A new scanilepiform from the Lower Triassic of northern Gansu Province, China, and phylogenetic relationships of non-teleostean Actinopterygii. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 161: 595–612.

Clupeiformes

Chinese herring Ilisha elongata, copyright J. E. Randall.

Belongs within: Otomorpha.
Contains: Clupeidae, Stolephorus, Anchovia, Coilia, Thryssa.

The Clupeiformes, herring, anchovies and related taxa, are a cosmopolitan group of mostly marine fishes that usually bear silvery deciduous scales.

Characters (from Bond 1996): Scales cycloid, usually silvery, deciduous, often modified into posteriorly directed scutes along mid-line of belly; fins with soft rays, pelvics abdominal; part of sensory canal system extending over opercle and subopercle; gas bladder extended forward in two branches that enter the skell and terminate in small vesicles within ossified bullae, forming otophysic connection with utriculus of ear; caudal fin with urostyle composed of centrum of terminal vertebrae and first uroneural, first hypural separated from urostyle.

<==Clupeiformes [Clupei]
    |  i. s.: Spratticeps W79
    |--Denticipitidae [Denticipitoidei] B-RB13
    |    |--Denticeps clupeoides B96
    |    `--Palaeodenticeps tanganikae Greenwood 1960 P93
    `--Clupeoidei B-RB13
         |  i. s.: Sundasalanx B96 [Sundasalangidae B-RB13]
         |         Dussumieriidae [Dussumieriinae] B-RB13
         |           |--Dussumieria M58
         |           |    |--D. acuta Valenciennes 1847 (see below for synonymy) MWN99b
         |           |    `--D. elopsoides Bleeker 1849 [incl. D. productissima Chabanaud 1933] MWN99b
         |           `--Spratelloides M58
         |                |--S. delicatulus (Bennett 1832) MWN99b (see below for synonymy)
         |                |--S. gracilis (Temminck & Schlegel 1846) (see below for synonymy) MWN99b
         |                |--S. japonicus (Houttuyn 1782) [=Atherina japonica] M58
         |                |--S. lewisi Wongratana 1983 MWN99b
         |                `--S. robustus Ogilby 1897 MWN99b
         |--Clupeoidea P93
         |    |--Clupeidae B-RB13
         |    `--Chirocentrus [Chirocentridae, Chirocentroidei] P93
         |         |--C. dorab (Forsskål 1775) MNW99 [=Clupea dorab M58; incl. Ch. hypselosoma Bleeker 1852 MNW99]
         |         |--C. exilis Stinton 1977 P93
         |         `--C. nudus Swainson 1839 MNW99
         |--Pristigasteridae [Pellonidae, Pristigasteroidea] P93
         |    |--Raconda russeliana Gray 1831 (see below for synonymy) MWN99a
         |    |--Ramnogaster MWN99a
         |    |--Pellona ditchela Valenciennes 1847 (see below for synonymy) MWN99a
         |    |--Gasteroclupea branisai Signeux 1964 P93
         |    |--Pristigaster G66
         |    |    |--P. argenteus G66
         |    |    `--P. macrops G66
         |    |--Opisthopterus MWN99a
         |    |    |--O. tardoore (Cuvier 1829) (see below for synonymy) MWN99a
         |    |    `--O. valenciennesi Bleeker 1872 MWN99a
         |    `--Ilisha MWN99a
         |         |--I. africana EA03
         |         |--I. elongata (Bennett 1830) (see below for synonymy) MWN99a
         |         |--I. filigera (Valenciennes 1847) [incl. Pellona xanthopterus Bleeker 1851, I. xanthopterus] MWN99a
         |         |--I. hoevenii JR10
         |         |--I. kampeni (Weber & de Beaufort 1913) [incl. I. whiteheadi Seshagiri Rao 1974] MWN99a
         |         |--I. lunula Kailola 1986 MWN99a
         |         |--I. macrogaster Bleeker 1866 [=Pellona macrogaster] MWN99a
         |         |--I. megaloptera (Swainson 1839) [incl. Pellona dussumieri Valenciennes 1847] MWN99a
         |         |--I. melastoma (Bloch & Schneider 1801) (see below for synonymy) MWN99a
         |         |--I. pristigastroides (Bleeker 1852) (see below for synonymy) MWN99a
         |         |--I. sirishai Seshagiri Rao 1975 MWN99a
         |         `--I. striatula Wongratana 1983 MWN99a
         `--Engraulidae [Coiliidae, Engrauloidea] P93
              |--Thrissocles purava (Hamilton-Buchanan 1822) [=Clupea purava; incl. Engraulis samam Thiollière 1857] M58
              |--Stolephorus M58
              |--Anchovia JR10
              |--Lycothrissa crocodilus (Bleeker 1851) WMN99
              |--Papuengraulis micropinna Munro 1964 WMN99
              |--Coilia WMN99
              |--Thryssa WMN99
              |--Anchoa M02a
              |    |--A. delicatissima AS09
              |    |--A. hepsetus (Linnaeus 1758) M02a
              |    |--A. mitchilli (Valenciennes 1848) M02a
              |    `--A. nitida Schwarzhans 1980 P93
              |--Setipinna M58
              |    |--S. breviceps (Cantor 1849) (see below for synonymy) WMN99
              |    |--S. melanochir (Bleeker 1849) WMN99
              |    |--S. paxtoni Wongratana 1987 WMN99
              |    |--S. taty (Valenciennes 1848) [=Engraulis taty] M58
              |    `--S. tenuifilis (Valenciennes 1848) (see below for synonymy) WMN99
              |--Encrasicholina WMN99
              |    |--E. devisi (Whitley 1940) WMN99 [=Amentum devisi M58, Stolephorus devisi WMN99]
              |    |--E. heteroloba (Rüppell 1837) WMN99 (see below for synonymy)
              |    |--E. oligobranchus (Wongratana 1983) [=Stolephorus oligobranchus] WMN99
              |    |--E. punctifer (Fowler 1938) [=Stolephorus punctifer; incl. S. buccaneeri Strasburg 1960] WMN99
              |    `--E. purpurea (Fowler 1900) WMN99 [=Anchovia purpurea M58, Stolephorus purpureus WMN99]
              `--Engraulis M02a
                   |--E. australis (White 1790) (see below for synonymy) WMN99
                   |--E. capensis JB05
                   |--E. clupeoides F16
                   |--E. encrasicholus CH97
                   |--E. eurystole M02a
                   |--E. japonicus Temminck & Schlegel 1846 [incl. Stolephorus celebicus Hardenberg 1933] WMN99
                   |--E. mordax CH97
                   |--E. mysticetus G66
                   |--E. ringens CH97
                   `--E. tethensis Grande & Nelson 1985 P93

Dussumieria acuta Valenciennes 1847 [incl. Etrumeus albulina Fowler 1934, D. hasselti Bleeker 1851] MWN99b

Encrasicholina heteroloba (Rüppell 1835) WMN99, M58 [=Engraulis heterolobus M58, Anchoviella heteroloba M58, Stolephorus heterolobus WMN99; incl. S. pseudoheterolobus Hardenberg 1933 WMN99]

Engraulis australis (White 1790) [incl. E. antarcticus Castelnau 1872, E. encrasicholus var. antipodum Günther 1868, E. australis antipodum, E. australis fraseri Blackburn 1950] WMN99

Ilisha elongata (Bennett 1830) [=Pellona elongata; incl. I. abnormis Richardson 1846, I. affinis (Gray 1830)] MWN99a

Ilisha melastoma (Bloch & Schneider 1801) [incl. Pellona brachysoma Bleeker 1852, Pe. ditchoa Valenciennes 1847, Ilisha indica (Swainson 1839), Platygaster indica, Clupanodon motius Hamilton 1822] MWN99a

Ilisha pristigastroides (Bleeker 1852) [incl. Pellona amblyuropterus Bleeker 1852, Ilisha amblyuroptera] MWN99a

Opisthopterus tardoore (Cuvier 1829) [incl. Pristigaster elongata Swainson 1838, P. indicus Swainson 1839, Opisthopterus macrognathus Bleeker 1866, P. tartoor Valenciennes 1847, O. tartoor, O. tartur Zugmayer 1913] MWN99a

Pellona ditchela Valenciennes 1847 [incl. P. hoevenii Bleeker 1852, P. natalensis Gilchrist & Thompson 1908] MWN99a

Raconda russeliana Gray 1831 [incl. Apterygia hamiltoni Valenciennes 1847, A. ramcarata Gray 1835] MWN99a

Setipinna breviceps (Cantor 1849) [=Heterothrissa breviceps; incl. Engraulis pfeifferi Bleeker 1852] WMN99

Setipinna tenuifilis (Valenciennes 1848) [incl. S. gilberti Jordan & Starks 1905, S. godavari Babu Rao 1962, S. lighti Wu 1929, S. papuensis Munro 1964] WMN99

Spratelloides delicatulus (Bennett 1832) MWN99b [=Clupea delicatula M58, Stolephorus delicatulus M58; incl. Alosa alburnus Kner & Steindachner 1867 MWN99b, Clupea macassariensis Bleeker 1849 MWN99b]

Spratelloides gracilis (Temminck & Schlegel 1846) [incl. Clupea argyrotaeniata Bleeker 1849, C. (Leptogaster) argyrotaenia, Spratelloides atrofasciatus Schultz 1943] MWN99b

*Type species of generic name indicated

REFERENCES

[AS09] Alfaro, M. E., F. Santini, C. Brock, H. Alamillo, A. Dornburg, D. L. Rabosky, G. Carnevale & L. J. Harmon. 2009. Nine exceptional radiations plus high turnover explain species diversity in jawed vertebrates. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the USA 106 (32): 13410–13414.

[B-RB13] Betancur-R., R., R. E. Broughton, E. O. Wiley, K. Carpenter, A. López, C. Li, N. I. Holcroft, D. Arcila, M. Sanciangco, J. C. Cureton, II, F. Zhang, T. Buser, M. A. Campbell, J. A. Ballesteros, A. Roa-Varon, S. Willis, W. C. Borden, T. Rowley, P. C. Reneau, D. J. Hough, G. Lu, T. Grande, G. Arratia & G. Ortí. 2013. The tree of life and a new classification of bony fishes. PLoS Currents Tree of Life April 18 2013. doi: 10.1371/currents.tol.53ba26640df0ccaee75bb165c8c26288.

[B96] Bond, C. E. 1996. Biology of Fishes 2^nd ed. Saunders College Publishing: Fort Worth.

[CH97] Castro, P., & M. E. Huber. 1997. Marine Biology 2^nd ed. WCB McGraw-Hill: Boston.

[EA03] Écoutin, J.-M., & J.-J. Albaret. 2003. Relation longueur-poids pour 52 espèces de poissons des estuaires et lagunes de l’Afrique de l’Ouest. Cybium 27 (1): 3–9.

[F16] Fowler, H. W. 1916. The fishes of Trinidad, Grenada, and St. Lucia, British West Indies. Proceedings of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia 67 (3): 520–548.

[G66] Günther, A. 1866. Memoir on the fishes of the states of Central America collected by Messrs. Salvin and Godman and Capt. Dow. Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London 1866: 600–604.

[JB05] Johnston, S. J., & D. S. Butterworth. 2005. Evolution of operational management procedures for the South African west coast rock lobster (Jasus lalandii) fishery. New Zealand Journal of Marine and Freshwater Research 39 (3): 687–702.

[JR10] Jordan, D. S., & R. E. Richardson. 1910. Check-list of the species of fishes known from the Philippine archipelago. Bureau of Printing: Manila.

[M58] Munro, I. S. R. 1958. The fishes of the New Guinea region: a check-list of the fishes of New Guinea incorporating records of species collected by the Fisheries Survey Vessel “Fairwind” during the years 1948 to 1950. Papua and New Guinea Agricultural Journal 10 (4): 97–369 (reprinted 1958. Territory of Papua and New Guinea Fisheries Bulletin no. 1).

[M02] Munroe, T. A. 2002. Anchovies. Family Engraulidae. In: Collette, B. B., & G. Klein-MacPhee (eds) Bigelow and Schroeder’s Fishes of the Gulf of Maine 3^rd ed. pp. 105–111. Smithsonian Institute Press: Washington.

[MNW99] Munroe, T. A., M. S. Nizinski & T. Wongratana. 1999. Chirocentridae. Wolf-herrings. In: Carpenter, K. E., & V. H. Niem (eds) The Living Marine Resources of the Western Central Pacific vol. 3. Batoid fishes, chimaeras and bony fishes part 1 (Elopidae to Linophrynidae) pp. 1771–1774. FAO: Rome.

[MWN99a] Munroe, T. A., T. Wongratana & M. S. Nizinski. 1999a. Pristigasteridae. Ilishas, pellonas. In: Carpenter, K. E., & V. H. Niem (eds) The Living Marine Resources of the Western Central Pacific vol. 3. Batoid fishes, chimaeras and bony fishes part 1 (Elopidae to Linophrynidae) pp. 1754–1770. FAO: Rome.

[MWN99b] Munroe, T. A., T. Wongratana & M. S. Nizinski. 1999b. Clupeidae. Herrings (also, sardines, shads, sprats, pilchards, and menhadens). In: Carpenter, K. E., & V. H. Niem (eds) The Living Marine Resources of the Western Central Pacific vol. 3. Batoid fishes, chimaeras and bony fishes part 1 (Elopidae to Linophrynidae) pp. 1775–1821. FAO: Rome.

[P93] Patterson, C. 1993. Osteichthyes: Teleostei. In: Benton, M. J. (ed.) The Fossil Record 2 pp. 621–656. Chapman & Hall: London.

[W79] Wiley, E. O. 1979. An annotated Linnean hierarchy, with comments on natural taxa and competing systems. Systematic Zoology 28 (3): 308–337.

[WMN99] Wongratana, T., T. A. Munroe & M. S. Nizinski. 1999. Engraulidae. Anchovies. In: Carpenter, K. E., & V. H. Niem (eds) The Living Marine Resources of the Western Central Pacific vol. 3. Batoid fishes, chimaeras and bony fishes part 1 (Elopidae to Linophrynidae) pp. 1698–1753. FAO: Rome.

Otomorpha

Diplomystus dentatus, copyright Yinan Chen.

Belongs within: Osteoglossocephalai.
Contains: Alepocephaliformes, Ostariophysi, Clupeiformes.

The Otomorpha are a clade of ray-finned fishes primarily supported by molecular data, members of which commonly have silvery areas associated with the swim bladder.

Otomorpha [Ostarioclupeomorpha, Otocephala] B-RB13
    |--+--Alepocephaliformes B-RB13
    |  `--Ostariophysi B-RB13
    `--Clupeomorpha B96
         |--Clupeiformes B-RB13
         `--Ellimmichthyidae [Ellimmichthyiformes, Paraclupeidae] B96
              |--Paraclupea chetungensis Du 1950 P93
              |--Ellimmichthys G88
              |    |--E. goodi (Eastman 1912) [=Diplomystus goodi] P93
              |    `--E. longicostatus (Cope 1886) P93 [=Diplomystus longicostatus G88]
              `--Diplomystus Cope 1877 G88, O96
                   |--D. dentatus Cope 1877 P93
                   |--D. kokuraensis Uyeno 1979 P93
                   |--D. notacanthus [=Clupea notacanthus] O96
                   |--D. novaehollandiae [=Meletta novaehollandiae, Hyperlophus novaehollandiae] O96
                   |--D. primotinus Uyeno 1979 P93
                   |--D. shengliensis Zhang et al. 1985 P93
                   `--D. spratellides O96

*Type species of generic name indicated

REFERENCES

[B-RB13] Betancur-R., R., R. E. Broughton, E. O. Wiley, K. Carpenter, A. López, C. Li, N. I. Holcroft, D. Arcila, M. Sanciangco, J. C. Cureton, II, F. Zhang, T. Buser, M. A. Campbell, J. A. Ballesteros, A. Roa-Varon, S. Willis, W. C. Borden, T. Rowley, P. C. Reneau, D. J. Hough, G. Lu, T. Grande, G. Arratia & G. Ortí. 2013. The tree of life and a new classification of bony fishes. PLoS Currents Tree of Life April 18 2013. doi: 10.1371/currents.tol.53ba26640df0ccaee75bb165c8c26288.

[B96] Bond, C. E. 1996. Biology of Fishes 2^nd ed. Saunders College Publishing: Fort Worth.

[G88] Gray, J. 1988. Evolution of the freshwater ecosystem: the fossil record. Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology 62: 1–214.

[O96] Ogilby, J. D. 1896. On a Galaxias from Mount Kosciusko. Proceedings of the Linnean Society of New South Wales 21 (1): 62–73.

[P93] Patterson, C. 1993. Osteichthyes: Teleostei. In: Benton, M. J. (ed.) The Fossil Record 2 pp. 621–656. Chapman & Hall: London.

Cypriniformes

Chinese algae eater Gyrinocheilus aymonieri, copyright Garthhh.

Belongs within: Ostariophysi.
Contains: Balitoridae, Cobitidae, Catostomidae, Puntius, Labeo, Cyprininae, Gobioninae, Acheilognathinae, Leuciscinae, Barbinae.

The Cypriniformes are a cosmopolitan group of freshwater fishes that lack teeth in the front of the mouth.

Characters (from Bond 1996): Mouth teeth absent; lower pharyngeal bones sickle-shaped, with teeth that usually bite upwards against a cartilaginous pad borne on posterior extension of basioccipital bone; dorsal fin present, adipose fin usually absent; kinethmoid bone present between mesethmoid and ascending processes of premaxillaries; orbitosphenoid, parietals, symplectics and subopercular present; third and fourth vertebrae of Weberian apparatus not fused; prominent intermuscular bones often present.

Cypriniformes [Cypriniphysi, Cyprinoidei]
    |--Cobitoidea HM01
    |    |  i. s.: Balitoridae B96
    |    |--Cobitidae HM01
    |    `--+--Catostomidae HM01
    |       `--Gyrinocheilus [Gyrinocheilidae] HM01
    |            `--G. aymonieri HM01
    `--Cyprinidae HM01
         |  i. s.: Ericymba buccata SBW95
         |         Hybopsis (Hybopsis) amblops SBW95
         |         Notemigonus crysoleucas SBW95
         |         Scardinius erythrophthalmus (Linnaeus 1758) SE08
         |         Clinostomus SBW95
         |           |--C. elongatus SBW95
         |           `--C. funduloides SBW95
         |         Exoglossum SBW95
         |           |--E. laurae SBW95
         |           `--E. maxillingua SBW95
         |         Hybognathus SBW95
         |           |--H. amarus B96
         |           |--H. argyritus B96
         |           |--H. nuchalis SBW95
         |           `--H. regius B96
         |         Macrhybopsis SBW95
         |           |--M. aestivalis SBW95
         |           `--M. storeriana SBW95
         |         Margariscus margarita SBW95
         |           |--M. m. margarita SBW95
         |           `--M. m. nachtriebi SBW95
         |         Semotilus SBW95
         |           |--S. atromaculatus SBW95
         |           |--S. bullaris F16
         |           |--S. corporalis SBW95
         |           `--S. lumbee SBW95
         |         Iranocypris Bruun & Kaiser 1943 TP86
         |           `--I. typhlops Bruun & Kaiser 1943 TP86
         |         Typhlogarra Trewavas 1955 TP86
         |           `--T. widdowsoni Trewavas 1955 TP86
         |         Caecocypris Banister & Bunni 1980 TP86
         |           `--C. basimi Banister & Bunni 1980 TP86
         |         Phreatichthys Vinciguerra 1924 TP86
         |           `--P. andruzzii Vinciguerra 1924 TP86
         |         Puntius AJ02
         |         Caecobarbus Boulenger 1921 TP86
         |           `--C. geertsi Boulenger 1921 TP86
         |         Barbopsis di Caporiacco 1926 TP86
         |           `--B. devecchii di Caporiacco 1926 (see below for synonymy) TP86
         |         Garra Hamilton 1822 TP86
         |           |--G. barreimiae Fowler & Steinitz 1956 TP86
         |           `--G. kalakadensis AJ02
         |         Labeo B96
         |         Tor AJ02
         |           |--T. khudree AJ02
         |           |--T. putitora RM72
         |           `--T. tor PP07
         |         Catlocarpio siamensis B96
         |         Diptychus dipogon B96
         |         Squalius cephalus B96
         |         Tinca SE08
         |           |--T. tinca (Linnaeus 1758) SE08
         |           `--T. vulgaris O97
         |         Aulopyge B96
         |         Discognathichthys B96
         |         Aphyocypris chinensis Günther 1868 I92
         |         Hemigrammocypris rasborella Fowler 1910 I92
         |         Pseudorasbora SE08
         |           |--P. parva (Temminck & Schlegel 1846) SE08
         |           `--P. pumila Miyadi 1930 I92
         |         Epalzeorhynchus kalopterus (Bleeker 1850) [=Barbus kalopterus] K55
         |         Hypselobarbus AJ02
         |           |--H. curmuca AJ02
         |           |--H. dobsoni AJ02
         |           |--H. dubius AJ02
         |           `--H. kolus AJ02
         |         Mylocheilus S92
         |           |--M. caurinus S92
         |           `--M. robustus S92
         |         Acrocheilus S92
         |           |--A. alutaceus S92
         |           `--A. latus S92
         |         Aspius aspius (Linnaeus 1758) SE08
         |         Leucaspius delineatus (Heckel 1843) SE08
         |         Alburnus alburnus (Linnaeus 1758) SE08
         |         Alburnoides bipunctatus (Bloch 1782) CA00, SE08
         |         Chalcalburnus chalcoides (Güldenstädt 1772) SE08
         |         Vimba vimba (Linnaeus 1758) SE08
         |         Pelecus cultratus (Linnaeus 1758) SE08
         |         Chondrostoma F05
         |           |  i. s.: C. almacai Coelho, Mesquita & Collares-Pereira 2005 F05
         |           |         C. nasus (Linnaeus 1758) SE08
         |           |--C. lusitanicum Collares-Pereira 1980 RA05
         |           `--+--C. arcasii (Steindachner 1866) [=Rutilus arcasii] RA05
         |              |--C. occidentale Robalo, Almada et al. 2005 RA05
         |              `--C. oligolepis Robalo, Doadrio et al. 2005 (see below for synonymy) RA05
         |         Aristichthys nobilis (Richardson 1845) SE08
         |         Schizothorax pelzami CA00
         |         Varhostichthys G88
         |         Barbodes JR10
         |           |--B. baoulan B50
         |           |--B. binotatus B50
         |           |--B. clemensi B50
         |           |--B. hemictenus Jordan & Richardson 1908 JR10
         |           |--B. manalak B50
         |           |--B. palawanensis (Boulenger 1895) [=Barbus palawanensis] JR10
         |           |--B. quinquemaculatus JR10
         |           `--B. tumba B50
         |         Nematabramis JR10
         |           |--N. alestes [=Mearnsiella alestes] JR10
         |           `--N. everetti Boulenger 1895 JR10
         |         Dangila JR10
         |           |--D. cyanopareia [=Cyrene cyanopareia] JR10
         |           `--D. philippinia [=Cyrene philippinia] JR10
         |         Parabarbus AS09
         |         Stypodon signifer D81
         |         Lepidomeda D81
         |           |--L. altivelis D81
         |           `--L. mollispinis D81
         |                |--L. m. mollispinis D81
         |                `--L. m. pratensis D81
         |         Paraphoxinus B50
         |         Mandibularia resinus B50
         |--Cyprininae B96
         |--Gobioninae B96
         |--Acheilognathinae B96
         |--Leuciscinae B96
         `--Barbinae TP86

Cypriniformes incertae sedis:
  Adiposia B96
  Leptobotia curta (Temminck & Schlegel 1846) I92
  Opsariichthys uncirostris NE12
  Zacco SL86
    |--Z. platypus T90
    `--Z. temmincki T90
  Botia K55 [Botiidae B-RB13]
    |--B. horae B93
    |--B. hymenophysa (Bleeker 1852) [=Cobitis hymenophysa] K55
    |--B. macracantha (Bleeker 1852) [=Cobitis macracanthus] K55
    `--B. striatus RM72
  Barbuccidae B-RB13
  Ellopostomatidae B-RB13
  Psilorhynchidae B-RB13
  Serpenticobitidae B-RB13
  Vaillantellidae B-RB13

Barbopsis devecchii di Caporiacco 1926 [incl. Eilichthys microphthalmus Pellegrin 1929, B. stefaninii Gianferrari 1930] TP86

Chondrostoma oligolepis Robalo, Doadrio et al. 2005 [=Rutilus macrolepidotus Steindachner 1866 non Leuciscus macrolepidotus Ayres 1854, C. macrolepidotum] RA05

*Type species of generic name indicated

REFERENCES

[AS09] Alfaro, M. E., F. Santini, C. Brock, H. Alamillo, A. Dornburg, D. L. Rabosky, G. Carnevale & L. J. Harmon. 2009. Nine exceptional radiations plus high turnover explain species diversity in jawed vertebrates. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the USA 106 (32): 13410–13414.

[AJ02] Arunachalam, M., & J. A. Johnson. 2002. A new species of Puntius Hamilton (Pisces: Cyprinidae) from Kalakad Mundanthurai Tiger Reserve, Tamil Nadu, India. Journal of the Bombay Natural History Society 99 (3): 474–480.

[B93] Beresford, W. A. 1993. Cranial skeletal tissues: diversity and evolutionary trends. In: Hanken, J., & B. K. Hall (eds) 1993. The Skull vol. 2. Patterns of Structural and Systematic Diversity pp. 69–130. The University of Chicago Press.

[B-RB13] Betancur-R., R., R. E. Broughton, E. O. Wiley, K. Carpenter, A. López, C. Li, N. I. Holcroft, D. Arcila, M. Sanciangco, J. C. Cureton, II, F. Zhang, T. Buser, M. A. Campbell, J. A. Ballesteros, A. Roa-Varon, S. Willis, W. C. Borden, T. Rowley, P. C. Reneau, D. J. Hough, G. Lu, T. Grande, G. Arratia & G. Ortí. 2013. The tree of life and a new classification of bony fishes. PLoS Currents Tree of Life April 18 2013. doi: 10.1371/currents.tol.53ba26640df0ccaee75bb165c8c26288.

[B96] Bond, C. E. 1996. Biology of Fishes 2^nd ed. Saunders College Publishing: Fort Worth.

[B50] Brooks, J. L. 1950. Speciation in ancient lakes (concluded). Quarterly Review of Biology 25: 131–176.

[CA00] Coad, B. W., & A. Abdoli. 2000. Systematics of an isolated population of tooth-carp from northern Iran (Actinopterygii: Cyprinodontidae). Zoology in the Middle East 21: 87–102.

[D81] Day, D. 1981. The Doomsday Book of Animals: A unique natural history of three hundred vanished species. Ebury Press: London.

[F05] Fernández, J. 2005. Noticia de nuevos táxones para la ciencia en el ámbito Íbero-Balear y Macaronésico. Nuevos táxones animales descritos en la península Ibérica y Macaronesia desde 1994 (IX). Graellsia 61 (2): 261–282.

[F16] Fowler, H. W. 1916. Fishes from eastern Canada. Proceedings of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia 67 (3): 515–519.

[G88] Gray, J. 1988. Evolution of the freshwater ecosystem: the fossil record. Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology 62: 1–214.

[HM01] Harris, P. M., & R. L. Mayden. 2001. Phylogenetic relationships of major clades of Catostomidae (Teleostei: Cypriniformes) as inferred from mitochondrial SSU and LSU rDNA sequences. Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 20 (2): 225–237.

[I92] Iwahashi, J. (ed.) 1992. Reddo Deeta Animaruzu: a pictorial of Japanese fauna facing extinction. JICC: Tokyo.

[JR10] Jordan, D. S., & R. E. Richardson. 1910. Check-list of the species of fishes known from the Philippine archipelago. Bureau of Printing: Manila.

[K55] Klausewitz, W. 1955. See- und Süßwasserfische von Sumatra und Java. Senckenbergiana Biologica 36 (5–6): 309–323.

[NE12] Near, T. J., R. I. Eytan, A. Dornburg, K. L. Kuhn, J. A. Moore, M. P. Davis, P. C. Wainwright, M. Friedman & W. L. Smith. 2012. Resolution of ray-finned fish phylogeny and timing of diversification. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the USA 109 (34): 13698–13703.

[O97] Ogilby, J. D. 1897. On some Australian Eleotrinae. Proceedings of the Linnean Society of New South Wales 21 (4): 725–757.

[PP07] Pandey, R. P., & P. M. Padhye. 2007. Studies on phytodiversity of Arid Machia Safari Park-Kailana in Jodhpur (Rajasthan). Bulletin of the Botanical Survey of India 49: 15–78.

[RM72] Rajagopal, K. V., & V. Muddanna. 1972. Two unique methods of fishing for cobitids in the Tungabhadra River. Journal of the Bombay Natural History Society 69 (2): 429–432.

[RA05] Robalo, J. I., V. C. Almada, C. Sousa Santos, M. I. Moreira & I. Doadrio. 2005. New species of the genus Chondrostoma Agassiz, 1832 (Actynopterigii, Cyprinidae) from western Portugal. Graellsia 61 (1): 19–29.

[SL86] Schaefer, S. A., & G. V. Lauder. 1986. Historical transformation of functional design: evolutionary morphology of feeding mechanisms in loricarioid catfishes. Systematic Zoology 35 (4): 489–508.

[SE08] Sevcsik, A., & T. Erös. 2008. A revised catalogue of freshwater fishes of Hungary and the neighbouring countries in the Hungarian Natural History Museum (Pisces). Annales Historico-Naturales Musei Nationalis Hungarici 100: 331–383.

[S92] Smith, G. R. 1992. Introgression in fishes: significance for paleontology, cladistics, and evolutionary rates. Systematic Biology 41 (1): 41–57.

[SBW95] Stauffer, J. R., Jr, J. M. Boltz & L. R. White. 1995. The fishes of West Virginia. Proceedings of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia 146: 1–389.

[T90] Taguchi, S. 1990. Nihon no Sakana. Kogakukan: Tokyo.

[TP86] Thinès, G., & G. Proudlove. 1986. Pisces. In: Botosaneanu, L. (ed.) Stygofauna Mundi: A Faunistic, Distributional, and Ecological Synthesis of the World Fauna inhabiting Subterranean Waters (including the Marine Interstitial) pp. 709–733. E. J. Brill/Dr W. Backhuys: Leiden.

Clupeidae

Alewives Alosa pseudoharengus, copyright David J. Stang.

Belongs within: Clupeiformes.
Contains: Anodontostomatini, Alosa (Alosa), Sardinella, Clupea.

The Clupeidae, herrings, are a group of mostly small fishes that are most diverse in coastal marine waters with some species entering fresh water.

Characters (from Munroe et al. 1999): Typically fusiform fishes, oval in cross-section, and sometimes strongly compressed; complete series of scutes along abdomen (pelvic scute always present); mouth terminal, usually with two supramaxillae, and small or minute jaw teeth. No spiny rays in dorsal fin; single dorsal fin, which is short and near midpoint of body. Pectoral fins set low on body; pelvic fins just anterior to, below, or just posterior to dorsal-fin base; anal fin short (usually less than 28 soft rays) with origin well posterior to vertical through base of posteriormost dorsal-fin ray; caudal fin always deeply forked. Scales cycloid, adherent and of moderate size (about 35 to 68 in lateral series). Eyelids usually with vertical opening in middle. Lateral line absent. Scales without posterior striations. Colour typically blue-green on back and silvery on flanks; with variable darker markings including spot behind gill cover, spots along flanks, spot at dorsal-fin origin, and dark pigmentation on part of dorsal, pectoral, anal, and caudal fins.

<==Clupeidae
    |--Pellonulinae MWN99
    |    |--Pellonula leonensis EA03
    |    |--Clupeichthys MWN99
    |    |--Hyperlophus MWN99
    |    |    |--H. translucidus McCulloch 1917 MWN99
    |    |    `--H. vittatus (Castelnau 1875) MWN99
    |    `--Corica MWN99
    |         |--C. laciniata Fowler 1935 MWN99
    |         `--C. soborna Hamilton-Buchanan 1822 MWN99
    |--Dorosomatinae [Dorosomidae] MWN99
    |    |--Anodontostomatini NR73
    |    |--Clupanodontini [Clupanodontidae] NR73
    |    |    |--Konosirus Jordan & Snyder 1900 [=Nealosa Herre & Myers 1931] NR73
    |    |    |    `--*K. punctatus (Temminck & Schlegel 1846) NR73, MWN99 (see below for synonymy)
    |    |    `--Clupanodon Lacepède 1803 [=Thrissa Rafinesque 1815; Clupanodontidae, Clupanodontini] NR73
    |    |         |--*C. thrissa (Linnaeus 1758) NR73 (see below for synonymy)
    |    |         |--C. oglina (Lesueur 1818) [=Megalops oglina] NR73
    |    |         `--C. pseudohispanicus F16
    |    `--Dorosoma Rafinesque 1820 [Dorosomatini] NR73
    |         |--D. (Dorosoma) NR73
    |         |    |--D. (D.) cepedianum (Lesueur 1818) [=Megalops cepediana; incl. *D. notata Rafinesque 1820] NR73
    |         |    |--D. (D.) anale Meek 1904 NR73
    |         |    |--D. (D.) chavesi Meek 1907 NR73
    |         |    `--D. (D.) smithi Hubbs & Miller 1941 NR73
    |         `--D. (Signalosa Evermann & Kendall 1898) NR73
    |              `--D. (S.) petenense (Günther 1866) (see below for synonymy) NR73
    |--Alosinae MWN99
    |    |--Hilsa kelee (Cuvier 1829) MWN99 (see below for synonymy)
    |    |--Tenualosa MWN99
    |    |    |--T. ilisha (Hamilton-Buchanan 1822) MWN99 [=Hilsa ilisha B96]
    |    |    |--T. macrura (Bleeker 1852) [=Alausa macrurus, Hilsa macrura, Macrura macrura] MWN99
    |    |    |--T. reevesii (Richardson 1846) (see below for synonymy) MWN99
    |    |    |--T. thibaudeaui (Durand 1940) MWN99
    |    |    `--T. toli (Valenciennes 1847) [=Hilsa toli; incl. Alausa ctenolepis Bleeker 1852] MWN99
    |    `--Alosa [incl. Caspialosa] FWA06
    |         |  i. s.: A. alabamae B96
    |         |         A. finta P61
    |         |         ‘Caspialosa’ kessleri P61
    |         |           |--C. k. kessleri P61
    |         |           `--C. k. volgensis P61
    |         |         A. pontica (Eichwald 1838) SE08
    |         |--A. (Alosa) FWA06
    |         `--A. (Pomolobus) FWA06
    |              |--A. (P.) aestivalis (Mitchill 1814) FWA06, M02
    |              |--A. (P.) chrysochloris FWA06
    |              |--A. (P.) mediocris (Mitchill 1814) FWA06, M02
    |              `--A. (P.) pseudoharengus (Wilson 1811) FWA06, M02
    `--Clupeinae MWN99
         |--Sardinella MWN99
         |--Clupea L58
         |--Escualosa MWN99
         |    |--E. elongata Wongratana 1983 MWN99
         |    `--E. thoracata (Valenciennes 1847) MWN99 (see below for synonymy)
         |--Amblygaster MWN99
         |    |--A. clupeoides Bleeker 1849 [=Sardinella clupeoides] MWN99
         |    |--A. leiogaster (Valenciennes 1847) (see below for synonymy) MWN99
         |    |--A. perforatum JR10
         |    `--A. sirm (Walbaum 1792) MWN99 (see below for synonymy)
         |--Sardinops MWN99
         |    |--S. caerulea CH97
         |    |--S. melanostictus IM04
         |    |--S. neopilchardus (Steindachner 1879) MWN99
         |    |--S. ocellata W81
         |    `--S. sagax B96
         `--Herklotsichthys MWN99
              |--H. blackburni (Whitley 1948) MWN99
              |--H. castelnaui (Ogilby 1897) MWN99
              |--H. collettei Wongratana 1987 MWN99
              |--H. dispilonotus (Bleeker 1852) [=Harengula dispilonotus] MWN99
              |--H. gotoi Wongratana 1983 MWN99
              |--H. koningsbergeri (Weber & de Beaufort 1912) [incl. Harengula maccullochi Whitley 1931] MWN99
              |--H. lippa (Whitley 1931) MWN99
              |--H. punctatus MWN99
              `--H. quadrimaculatus (Rüppell 1837) MWN99

Clupeidae incertae sedis:
  Sprattus sprattus B96
  Palonia castelnaui B96
  Amazonsprattus scintilla B96
  Ethmalosa fimbriata EA03
  Ornategulum W79
  Horaclupea G88
  Opisthonema Gill 1862 M02, BR05
    `--O. oglinum (LeSueur 1818) M02
  Etrumeus M02
    |--E. teres (DeKay 1842) M02
    `--E. whiteheadi M02
  Clupeoides M58
    |--C. multispinis Hardenberg 1941 M58
    `--C. papuensis (Ramsay & Douglas-Ogilby 1886) [=Corica papuensis] M58
  Kowala venulosa (Weber & de Beaufort 1912) [=Clupeoides venulosus] M58
  Sardinia YT27
    |--S. neopilchardus Steindachner 1879 (see below for synonymy) YT27
    `--S. pilchardus BM03
  Brevoortia M02
    |--B. gunteri P61
    |--B. patronus M02
    |--B. smithi M02
    `--B. tyrannus (Latrobe 1802) M02
  Harengula YT27
    |--H. abbreviata G75
    |--H. antipoda (Hector 1872) (see below for synonymy) YT27
    |--H. humeralis F15
    |--H. koningsbergeri (Weber & de Beaufort 1912) [=Clupea (Harengula) koningsbergeri] M58
    |--H. macrolepis G75
    |--H. macrophthalmus F15
    |--H. ovalis (Bennett 1830) (see below for synonymy) M58
    `--H. schrammii (Bleeker 1849) [=Alausa schrammii] M58
  Sierrathrissa leonensis MWN99
  Thrattidion noctivagus MWN99
  Knightia vetusta Grande 1982 P93
  Limnothrissa B50
  Stolothrissa B50

Inorganic: Harengula zunsai minilorientalis Okamura 1987 O87

Amblygaster leiogaster (Valenciennes 1847) [=Sardinella leiogaster; incl. Clupea okinawensis Kishinouye 1908] MWN99

Amblygaster sirm (Walbaum 1792) MWN99 [=Clupea sirm M58, Sardinella sirm MWN99; incl. Sardinops dakini Whitley 1937 MWN99, Sardinella leiogastroides Bleeker 1854 MWN99, C. pinguis Günther 1872 MWN99, Harengula pinguis M58]

*Clupanodon thrissa (Linnaeus 1758) NR73 [=Clupea thrissa M58, Dorosoma thrissa NR73, Konosirus thrissa JR10, Meletta thryssa NR73, *Thrissa thrissa NR73; incl. Clupanodon haihoensis Oshima 1926 MWN99, Chatoessus maculatus Richardson 1846 MWN99, Dorosoma maculatum NR73, D. maculatus NR73, Chatoessus osbeckii Valenciennes 1848 NR73, Clupanodon osbeckii NR73, Dorosoma osbeckii NR73, Clupea triza Linnaeus 1758 MWN99, Dorosoma triza NR73]

Dorosoma (Signalosa) petenense (Günther 1866) [=Meletta petenensis, Signalosa petenensis; incl. *S. atchafalayae Evermann & Kendall 1898] NR73

Escualosa thoracata (Valenciennes 1847) MWN99 [incl. Clupea coval Cuvier 1829 M58, Kowala coval MWN99, C. huae Tirant 1883 MWN99, Meletta lile Valenciennes 1847 MWN99, C. macrolepis Steindachner 1879 MWN99]

Harengula antipoda (Hector 1872) [=Clupea spratus var. antipodum, Amblygaster antipodus, C. antipoda; incl. C. holodon Regan 1916] YT27

Harengula ovalis (Bennett 1830) [=Clupea ovalis; incl. C. kunzei Macleay 1880, Sardinella kunzei, C. moluccensis Günther 1880, C. (Harengula) moluccensis, Harengula punctata Whitley 1927, C. venenosa Meyer 1885] M58

Hilsa kelee (Cuvier 1829) MWN99 [=Macrura kelee MWN99; incl. Alosa brevis Bleeker 1848 MWN99, M. brevis M58, Clupea durbanensis Regan 1906 MWN99, M. durbanensis MWN99, Alausa kanagurta Bleeker 1852 MWN99, Hilsa kanagurta MWN99, Alosa malayana Bleeker 1866 MWN99, Clupea platygaster Günther 1868 MWN99]

*Konosirus punctatus (Temminck & Schlegel 1846) NR73, MWN99 [=Chatoessus punctatus NR73, Clupanodon punctata NR73, Cl. punctatus NR73, Dorosoma punctatum NR73; incl. Ch. aquosus Richardson 1846 (n. o.) NR73]

Sardinia neopilchardus Steindachner 1879 [=Clupanodon neopilchardus, Clupea neopilchardus, Amblygaster neopilchardus] YT27

Tenualosa reevesii (Richardson 1846) [=Hilsa reevesii, Macrura reevesii; incl. Clupea sinensis Linnaeus 1758 (n. d.)] MWN99

*Type species of generic name indicated

REFERENCES

[BM03] Barreiros, J. P., T. Morato, R. S. Santos & A. E. de Borba. 2003. Interannual changes in the diet of the almaco jack, Seriola rivoliana (Perciformes: Carangidae) from the Azores. Cybium 27 (1): 37–40.

[B96] Bond, C. E. 1996. Biology of Fishes 2^nd ed. Saunders College Publishing: Fort Worth.

[BR05] Bouchet, P., & J.-P. Rocroi. 2005. Classification and nomenclator of gastropod families. Malacologia 47 (1–2): 1–397.

[B50] Brooks, J. L. 1950. Speciation in ancient lakes (concluded). Quarterly Review of Biology 25: 131–176.

[CH97] Castro, P., & M. E. Huber. 1997. Marine Biology 2^nd ed. WCB McGraw-Hill: Boston.

[EA03] Écoutin, J.-M., & J.-J. Albaret. 2003. Relation longueur-poids pour 52 espèces de poissons des estuaires et lagunes de l’Afrique de l’Ouest. Cybium 27 (1): 3–9.

[FWA06] Faria, R., S. Weiss & P. Alexandrino. 2006. A molecular phylogenetic perspective on the evolutionary history of Alosa spp. (Clupeidae). Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 40 (1): 298–304.

[F15] Fowler, H. W. 1915. Cold-blooded vertebrates from Florida, the West Indies, Costa Rica, and eastern Brazil. Proceedings of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia 67 (2): 244–269.

[F16] Fowler, H. W. 1916. The fishes of Trinidad, Grenada, and St. Lucia, British West Indies. Proceedings of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia 67 (3): 520–548.

[G75] Grant, E. M. 1975. Guide to Fishes. The Co-ordinator-General’s Department: Brisbane (Australia).

[G88] Gray, J. 1988. Evolution of the freshwater ecosystem: the fossil record. Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology 62: 1–214.

[IM04] Inoue, J. G., M. Miya, K. Tsukamoto & M. Nishida. 2004. Mitogenomic evidence for the monophyly of elopomorph fishes (Teleostei) and the evolutionary origin of the leptocephalus larva. Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 32: 274–286.

[JR10] Jordan, D. S., & R. E. Richardson. 1910. Check-list of the species of fishes known from the Philippine archipelago. Bureau of Printing: Manila.

[L58] Linnaeus, C. 1758. Systema Naturae per Regna Tria Naturae, secundum classes, ordines, genera, species, cum characteribus, differentiis, synonymis, locis. Tomus I. Editio decima, reformata. Laurentii Salvii: Holmiae.

[M58] Munro, I. S. R. 1958. The fishes of the New Guinea region: a check-list of the fishes of New Guinea incorporating records of species collected by the Fisheries Survey Vessel “Fairwind” during the years 1948 to 1950. Papua and New Guinea Agricultural Journal 10 (4): 97–369 (reprinted 1958. Territory of Papua and New Guinea Fisheries Bulletin no. 1).

[M02] Munroe, T. A. 2002. Herrings. Family Clupeidae. In: Collette, B. B., & G. Klein-MacPhee (eds) Bigelow and Schroeder’s Fishes of the Gulf of Maine 3^rd ed. pp. 111–160. Smithsonian Institute Press: Washington.

[MWN99] Munroe, T. A., T. Wongratana & M. S. Nizinski. 1999. Clupeidae. Herrings (also, sardines, shads, sprats, pilchards, and menhadens). In: Carpenter, K. E., & V. H. Niem (eds) The Living Marine Resources of the Western Central Pacific vol. 3. Batoid fishes, chimaeras and bony fishes part 1 (Elopidae to Linophrynidae) pp. 1775–1821. FAO: Rome.

[NR73] Nelson, G., & M. N. Rothman. 1973. The species of gizzard shads (Dorosomatinae) with particular reference to the Indo-Pacific region. Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History 150 (2): 131–206.

[O87] Okamura, C. 1987. New facts: Homo and all Vertebrata were born simultaneously in the former Paleozoic in Japan. Original Report of the Okamura Fossil Laboratory 15: 347–573.

[P93] Patterson, C. 1993. Osteichthyes: Teleostei. In: Benton, M. J. (ed.) The Fossil Record 2 pp. 621–656. Chapman & Hall: London.

[P61] Price, E. W. 1961. North American monogenetic trematodes IX. The families Mazocraeidae and Plectanocotylidae. Proceedings of the Biological Society of Washington 74: 127–156.

[SE08] Sevcsik, A., & T. Erös. 2008. A revised catalogue of freshwater fishes of Hungary and the neighbouring countries in the Hungarian Natural History Museum (Pisces). Annales Historico-Naturales Musei Nationalis Hungarici 100: 331–383.

[W81] Watson, L. 1981. Sea Guide to Whales of the World. Hutchinson: London.

[W79] Wiley, E. O. 1979. An annotated Linnean hierarchy, with comments on natural taxa and competing systems. Systematic Zoology 28 (3): 308–337.

[YT27] Young, M., & G. M. Thomson. 1927. Occurrence of pilchards and sprats in New Zealand seas. Transactions and Proceedings of the New Zealand Institute 57: 314–319.

Characiformes

Silversides Alestes baremose, copyright Marc Towers.

Belongs within: Ostariophysi.
Contains: Characidae.

The Characiformes are a group of tropical freshwater fish found in Africa and the Neotropical region.

Characters (from Bond 1996): Orbitosphenoid, parietal, symplectic and subopercular bones present; jaw teeth present, opposing pharyngeal teeth usually present; barbels absent; first hypural separated from compound ural centrum; adipose fin present.

Characiformes [Caracinoidei]
    |  i. s.: Paracheirodon innesi B96
    |         Probolobus heterostomus B96
    |         Metynnis B96
    |         Colossoma macropomum G88
    |         Stethaprion erythrops SL86
    |--Santanichthys diasii AS09
    `--+--Citharinoidei B-RB13
       |    |--Citharinus B96 [Citharinidae B-RB13, Citharininae]
       |    |    |--C. citharus B96
       |    |    `--C. congicus B96
       |    `--Distichodus NE12 [Distichodontidae B-RB13, Distichodontinae]
       |         |--D. maculatus NE12
       |         |--D. notospilus SLH06
       |         `--D. rostratus SL86
       `--Characoidei B-RB13
            |  i. s.: Acestrorhynchus GM01 [Acestrorhynchidae B-RB13]
            |         Chalceus SM03 [Chalceidae B-RB13]
            |           `--C. macrolepidotus SM03
            |         Crenuchidae [Crenuchinae] B-RB13
            |         Ctenoluciidae [Xiphostomidae] B-RB13
            |         Hoplias P93 [Erythrinidae B-RB13]
            |           `--H. malabaricus SL86 [incl. Macrodon ferox Gill 1858 F16, M. trahira Regan 1906 F16]
            |         Gasteropelecidae B-RB13
            |           |--Gasteropelecus B96
            |           |--Carnegiella B96
            |           `--Thoracocharax B96
            |         Hemiodontidae B-RB13
            |           |--Micromischodus B96
            |           `--Bivibranchia [Hemiodontinae] B96
            |         Hepsetus GM01 [Hepsetidae B-RB13]
            |           `--H. odoe B96
            |         Lebiasinidae B-RB13
            |           |--Nannostomus [Pyrrulininae] B96
            |           `--Lebiasina [Lebiasininae] B96
            |                `--L. bimaculatus B96
            |         Parodon F18 [Parodontidae B-RB13, Parodontinae]
            |           |--P. affinis B96
            |           `--P. paraguayensis F18
            |         Prochilodus F15 [Prochilodontidae B-RB13, Prochilodontinae]
            |           |--P. nigricans F15
            |           `--P. steindachneri F15
            |         Serrasalmidae [Serrasalminae] B-RB13
            |           |--Pygobrycon GM01
            |           |--Pygocentrus piraya B96, F15
            |           `--Serrasalmus GM01
            |                |--S. elongatus B96
            |                `--S. rhombeus F15
            |         Triportheidae B-RB13
            |         Curimata P93 [Curimatidae B-RB13, Curimatinae]
            |           |--C. argenteus Gill 1858 F16
            |           |--C. cyprinoides F15
            |           `--C. mosesi Travassos & Silva Santos 1955 P93
            |         Iguanodectidae [Iguanodectinae] B-RB13
            |--+--Brycon NE12 [Bryconidae B-RB13]
            |  |    `--B. pesu NE12
            |  `--+--Characidae NE12
            |     `--Leporinus NE12 [Anostomidae P93, Anostominae]
            |          `--L. copelandii NE12
            `--Alestidae [Alestiinae] SM03
                 |--Phenacogrammus interruptus NE12
                 |--Hydrocynus goliath B96
                 `--Alestes G74
                      |--A. baremose B68
                      |--A. imberi B50
                      |--A. jacksoni G74
                      |--A. macrophthalmus B50
                      `--A. sadleri G74

*Type species of generic name indicated

REFERENCES

[AS09] Alfaro, M. E., F. Santini, C. Brock, H. Alamillo, A. Dornburg, D. L. Rabosky, G. Carnevale & L. J. Harmon. 2009. Nine exceptional radiations plus high turnover explain species diversity in jawed vertebrates. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the USA 106 (32): 13410–13414.

[B-RB13] Betancur-R., R., R. E. Broughton, E. O. Wiley, K. Carpenter, A. López, C. Li, N. I. Holcroft, D. Arcila, M. Sanciangco, J. C. Cureton, II, F. Zhang, T. Buser, M. A. Campbell, J. A. Ballesteros, A. Roa-Varon, S. Willis, W. C. Borden, T. Rowley, P. C. Reneau, D. J. Hough, G. Lu, T. Grande, G. Arratia & G. Ortí. 2013. The tree of life and a new classification of bony fishes. PLoS Currents Tree of Life April 18 2013. doi: 10.1371/currents.tol.53ba26640df0ccaee75bb165c8c26288.

[B96] Bond, C. E. 1996. Biology of Fishes 2^nd ed. Saunders College Publishing: Fort Worth.

[B50] Brooks, J. L. 1950. Speciation in ancient lakes (concluded). Quarterly Review of Biology 25: 131–176.

[B68] Brooks, J. L. 1968. The effects of prey size selection by lake planktivores. Systematic Zoology 17 (3): 273–291.

[F15] Fowler, H. W. 1915. Cold-blooded vertebrates from Florida, the West Indies, Costa Rica, and eastern Brazil. Proceedings of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia 67 (2): 244–269.

[F16] Fowler, H. W. 1916. The fishes of Trinidad, Grenada, and St. Lucia, British West Indies. Proceedings of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia 67 (3): 520–548.

[F18] Fowler, H. W. 1918. A new characin from Paraguay. Proceedings of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia 70: 141–143.

[GM01] Gayet, M., L. G. Marshall, T. Sempere, F. J. Meunier, H. Cappetta & J-C. Rage. 2001. Middle Maastrichtian vertebrates (fishes, amphibians, dinosaurs and other reptiles, mammals) from Pajcha Pata (Bolivia). Biostratigraphic, palaeoecologic and palaeobiostratigraphic implications. Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology 169: 39–68.

[G88] Gray, J. 1988. Evolution of the freshwater ecosystem: the fossil record. Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology 62: 1–214.

[G74] Greenwood, P. H. 1974. The cichlid fishes of Lake Vistoria, East Africa: the biology and evolution of a species flock. Bulletin of the British Museum (Natural History): Zoology Suppl. 6: 1–134.

[NE12] Near, T. J., R. I. Eytan, A. Dornburg, K. L. Kuhn, J. A. Moore, M. P. Davis, P. C. Wainwright, M. Friedman & W. L. Smith. 2012. Resolution of ray-finned fish phylogeny and timing of diversification. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the USA 109 (34): 13698–13703.

[P93] Patterson, C. 1993. Osteichthyes: Teleostei. In: Benton, M. J. (ed.) The Fossil Record 2 pp. 621–656. Chapman & Hall: London.

[SM03] Saitoh, K., M. Miya, J. G. Inoue, N. B. Ishiguro & M. Nishida. 2003. Mitochondrial genomics of ostariophysan fishes: perspectives on phylogeny and biogeography. Journal of Molecular Evolution 56: 464–472.

[SL86] Schaefer, S. A., & G. V. Lauder. 1986. Historical transformation of functional design: evolutionary morphology of feeding mechanisms in loricarioid catfishes. Systematic Zoology 35 (4): 489–508.

[SLH06] Sullivan, J. P., J. G. Lundberg & M. Hardman. 2006. A phylogenetic analysis of the major groups of catfishes (Teleostei: Siluriformes) using rag1 and rag2 nuclear gene sequences. Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 41: 636–662.

Esociformes

Northern pike Esox lucius, copyright Jik Jik.

Belongs within: Protacanthopterygii.

The Esociformes are a Holarctic group of carnivorous freshwater fishes, characterised by the presence of preethmoids and paired proethmoids in the place of the mesethmoids, and the absence of an adipose fin and of the orbitosphenoid and mesocoracoid, and the loss of teeth on the maxillaries (Bond 1996).

Esociformes [Palaeoesocidae, Umbridae]
    |  i. s.: Palaeoesox G88
    |         Boltyshia P93
    |           |--B. brevicauda Sytchevskaya & Danil’chenko 1975 P93
    |           `--B. truncata Sytchevskaya 1976 P93
    |--+--Dallia [Dalliidae] B96
    |  |    `--D. pectoralis B96
    |  `--Umbra ND13
    |       |--U. krameri Walbaum 1792 SE08
    |       |--U. limi ND13
    |       `--U. pygmaea B96
    `--+--Novumbra hubbsi ND13
       `--Esocidae NE12
            |--Estesesox foxi Wilson et al. 1992 P93
            |--Oldmanesox canadensis Wilson et al. 1992 P93
            `--Esox Linnaeus 1758 ND13, L58
                 |--E. americanus ND13
                 |    |--E. a. americanus SBW95
                 |    `--E. a. vermiculatus SBW95
                 |--E. bellone Linnaeus 1758 L58
                 |--E. brasiliensis Linnaeus 1758 L58
                 |--E. gymnocephalus Linnaeus 1758 L58
                 |--E. hepsetus Linnaeus 1758 L58
                 |--E. lucius Linnaeus 1758 SE08
                 |--E. masquinongy B96
                 |--E. niger B96
                 |--E. osseus Linnaeus 1758 L58
                 |--E. reicherti B96
                 |--E. synodus Linnaeus 1758 L58
                 `--E. vulpes Linnaeus 1758 L58

*Type species of generic name indicated

REFERENCES

[B96] Bond, C. E. 1996. Biology of Fishes 2^nd ed. Saunders College Publishing: Fort Worth.

[G88] Gray, J. 1988. Evolution of the freshwater ecosystem: the fossil record. Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology 62: 1–214.

[L58] Linnaeus, C. 1758. Systema Naturae per Regna Tria Naturae, secundum classes, ordines, genera, species, cum characteribus, differentiis, synonymis, locis. Tomus I. Editio decima, reformata. Laurentii Salvii: Holmiae.

[ND13] Near, T. J., A. Dornburg, R. I. Eytan, B. P. Keck, W. L. Smith, K. L. Kuhn, J. A. Moore, S. A. Price, F. T. Burbrink, M. Friedman & P. C. Wainwright. 2013. Phylogeny and tempo of diversification in the superradiation of spiny-rayed fishes. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the USA 110 (31): 12738–12743.

[NE12] Near, T. J., R. I. Eytan, A. Dornburg, K. L. Kuhn, J. A. Moore, M. P. Davis, P. C. Wainwright, M. Friedman & W. L. Smith. 2012. Resolution of ray-finned fish phylogeny and timing of diversification. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the USA 109 (34): 13698–13703.

[P93] Patterson, C. 1993. Osteichthyes: Teleostei. In: Benton, M. J. (ed.) The Fossil Record 2 pp. 621–656. Chapman & Hall: London.

[SE08] Sevcsik, A., & T. Erös. 2008. A revised catalogue of freshwater fishes of Hungary and the neighbouring countries in the Hungarian Natural History Museum (Pisces). Annales Historico-Naturales Musei Nationalis Hungarici 100: 331–383.

[SBW95] Stauffer, J. R., Jr, J. M. Boltz & L. R. White. 1995. The fishes of West Virginia. Proceedings of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia 146: 1–389.