Coryphoideae

Chinese fan palm Livistona chinensis, copyright Forest and Kim Starr.

Belongs within: Arecaceae.
Contains: Licuala.

The Coryphoideae are a group of palms whose members often have palmate or costapalmate, induplicate leaves and/or apocarpous flowers.

<==Coryphoideae
    |--Borasseae HB09
    |    |--Hyphaeninae HB09
    |    `--Lataniinae HB09
    |         |--Latania doddigesii BP60
    |         `--Borassus flabellifer HB09, KJ05
    `--Corypheae BBB03
         |  i. s.: Guihaia BBB03
         |         Kerriodoxa BBB03
         `--Livistoninae BBB03
              |--Licuala SDK-L03
              |--Johannesteijsmannia altifrons SDK-L03, P88
              `--Livistona B12
                   |--L. alfredii MLP09
                   |--L. australis (Brown) von Martius 1838 HE80 [=Corypha australis B78]
                   |--L. benthamii B00
                   |--L. chinensis A80b
                   |    |--L. c. var. chinensis A80b
                   |    |--L. c. var. boninensis A80a
                   |    `--L. c. var. subglobosa A80b
                   |--L. decipiens B00
                   |--L. drudei B00
                   |--L. eastonii LK14
                   |--L. humilis [incl. L. leichhardtii] B78
                   |--L. inermis B78
                   |--L. lorophylla B12
                   |--L. mariae B00
                   |--L. muelleri B00
                   |--L. nasmophila B12
                   `--L. nitida B00

Coryphoideae incertae sedis:
  Chamaerops humilis Z03, R-CT01
  Copernicia Z03
    |--C. alba F11
    `--C. australis F11
  Chuniophoenix Z03
  Phoenix Z03
    |--P. canariensis Chabaud 1882 HE80
    |--P. dactylifera MLP09
    |--P. reclinata DS04
    |--P. sylvestris KJ05
    `--P. theophrasti D81
  Medemia Z03
  Satranalia Z03
  Thrinax F11 [Thrinacinae SDK-L03]
    `--T. radiata F11

*Type species of generic name indicated

REFERENCES

[A80a] Aoki, J. 1980a. A revision of the oribatid mites of Japan. I. The families Phthiracaridae and Oribotritiidae. Bulletin of the Institute of Environmental Science and Technology, Yokohama National University 6 (2): 1–89.

[A80b] Aoki, J. 1980b. A revision of the oribatid mites of Japan. III. Families Protoplophoridae, Archoplophoridae and Mesoplophoridae. Proceedings of the Japanese Society of Systematic Zoology 18: 5–16.

[BP60] Baker, E. W., & A. E. Pritchard. 1960. The tetranychoid mites of Africa. Hilgardia 29 (11): 455–574.

[BBB03] Barfod, A. S., T. Burholt & F. Borchsenius. 2003. Contrasting pollination modes in three species of Licuala (Arecaceae: Coryphoideae). Telopea 10 (1): 207–223.

[B78] Bentham, G. 1878. Flora Australiensis: A description of the plants of the Australian Territory vol. 7. Roxburghiaceae to Filices. L. Reeve & Co.: London.

[B00] Braby, M. F. 2000. Butterflies of Australia: their identification, biology and distribution vol. 1. CSIRO Publishing: Collingwood (Victoria).

[B12] Braby, M. F. 2012. The butterflies of El Questro Wilderness Park, with remarks on the taxonomy of the Kimberley fauna, Australia. Records of the Western Australian Museum 27 (2): 161–175.

[DS04] Davis, J. I., D. W. Stevenson, G. Petersen, O. Seberg, L. M. Campbell, J. V. Freudenstein, D. H. Goldman, C. R. Hardy, F. A. Michelangeli, M. P. Simmons, C. D. Specht, F. Vergara-Silva & M. Gandolfo. 2004. A phylogeny of the monocots, as inferred from rbcL and atpA sequence variation, and a comparison of methods for calculating jackknife and bootstrap values. Systematic Botany 29 (3): 467–510.

[D81] Day, D. 1981. The Doomsday Book of Animals: A unique natural history of three hundred vanished species. Ebury Press: London.

[F11] Fraga, R. M. 2011. Family Icteridae (New World blackbirds). In: Hoyo, J. del, A. Elliott & D. A. Christie (eds) Handbook of the Birds of the World vol. 16. Tanagers to New World Blackbirds pp. 684–807. Lynx Edicions: Barcelona.

[HE80] Healy, A. J., & E. Edgar. 1980. Flora of New Zealand vol. 3. Adventive cyperaceous, petalous and spathaceous monocotyledons. P. D. Hasselberg, Government Printer: Wellington (New Zealand).

[HB09] Heatubun, C. D., W. J. Baker, J. P. Mogea, M. M. Harley, S. S. Tjitrosoedirdjo & J. Dransfield. 2009. A monograph of Cyrtostachys (Arecaceae). Kew Bulletin 64 (1): 67–94.

[KJ05] Katewa, S. S., A. Jain, B. L. Chaudhary & P. Galav. 2005. Some unreported medicinal uses of plants from the tribal area of Southern Rajasthan. Bulletin of the Botanical Survey of India 47: 121–130.

[LK14] Lyons, M. N., G. J. Keighery, L. A. Gibson & T. Handasyde. 2014. Flora and vegetation communities of selected islands off the Kimberley coast of Western Australia. Records of the Western Australian Museum Supplement 81: 205–244.

[MLP09] McKenzie, N. L., S. van Leeuwen & A. M. Pinder. 2009. Introduction to the Pilbara Biodiversity Survey, 2002–2007. Records of the Western Australian Museum Supplement 78 (1): 3–89.

[P88] Polunin, I. 1988. Plants and Flowers of Malaysia. Times Editions: Singapore.

[R-CT01] Ragusa-di Chiara, S., & H. Tsolakis. 2001. Phytoseiid faunas of natural and agricultural ecosystems in Sicily. In: Halliday, R. B., D. E. Walter, H. C. Proctor, R. A. Norton & M. J. Colloff (eds) Acarology: Proceedings of the 10^th International Congress pp. 522–529. CSIRO Publishing: Melbourne.

[SDK-L05] Saw, L. G., J. Dransfield & D. M. Keith-Lucas. 2003. Morphological diversity of the genus Licuala (Palmae). Telopea 10 (1): 187–206.

[Z03] Zona, S. 2003. Endosperm condition and the paradox of Ptychococcus paradoxus. Telopea 10 (1): 179–185.

Lomandraceae

Twining fringe-lily Thysanotus patersonii, copyright Tony Rodd.

Belongs within: Asparagales.

The Lomandraceae are a group of xeromorphic monocotyledons found in Australasia.

Characters (from PlantNET): Perennial herbs, rhizomatous; stem usually short. Leaves distichous, xeromorphic and tough, sheathing at base, more or less linear, dorsi-ventral, parallel-veined. Inflorescences generally on separate branches; branches elongate and more or less branched or consist of partial inflorescences or reduced to more or less globose heads. Flowers small and inconspicuous, actinomorphic, 3-merous and either bisexual or unisexual and then plants dioecious. Perianth in 2 whorls; tepals 6, free or basally fused, often dry and more or less scarious. Stamens 6, the inner 3 sometimes fused basally to inner tepals; filaments filiform; anthers basifixed or slightly dorsifixed, 2-locular, introrse and dehiscing by longitudinal slits. Ovary superior, 3-locular; ovule 1 per loculus; style simple and short or 3-branched at apex. Fruit a loculicidal capsule.

Lomandraceae
    |--Sowerbaea DS04
    |    |--S. alliacea LK14
    |    |--S. juncea DS04
    |    `--S. laxiflora DS04
    `--+--Eustrephus latifolius DS04 [=Luzuriaga latifolia B78; incl. E. brownei B78, E. watsonianus B78]
       |    |--E. l. var. latifolius B78
       |    `--E. l. var. angustifolia [=E. angustifolius, Luzuriaga angustifolia] B78
       `--+--Arthropodium Br. 1810 DS04, ME70
          |    |--A. candidum Raoul 1844 (see below for synonymy) ME70
          |    |--A. capillipes GK00
          |    |--A. cirratum (Forst. f.) Br. 1822 [=Anthericum cirratum Forst. f. 1786] ME70
          |    |--A. dianellaceum B78
          |    |--A. minus B78
          |    |--A. paniculatum (see below for synonymy) B78
          |    `--A. preissii GK00
          `--Thysanotus DS04 [incl. Chlamyspermum B78]
               |  i. s.: T. arenarius GK00
               |         T. cymosus OS04
               |         T. sparteus GK00
               |         T. speckii G04
               |         T. spiniger DS04
               |--T. ser. Hexandrae B78
               |    |--T. anceps B78
               |    |--T. arbuscula B78
               |    |--T. asper B78
               |    |--T. baueri [incl. T. humilis] B78
               |    |--T. chrysantherus [incl. T. chinensis] B78
               |    |--T. dichotomus (see below for synonymy) B78
               |    |--T. exasperatus B78
               |    |--T. isantherus B78
               |    |--T. junceus [incl. Chlamysporum juncifolium] B78
               |    |--T. patersoni [incl. T. manglesianus, T. menziesii] B78
               |    |--T. scaber B78
               |    |--T. tenellus B78
               |    |--T. thyrsoideus B78
               |    `--T. tuberosus [incl. T. banksii, T. elatior, T. paniculatus, T. tuberosus var. parviflora] B78
               `--T. ser. Triandrae B78
                    |--T. drummondii B78
                    |--T. glaucus B78
                    |--T. multiflorus [incl. T. brevipes] B78
                    |    |--T. m. var. multiflorus B78
                    |    `--T. m. var. prolifer B78
                    |--T. pauciflorus B78
                    `--T. triandrus [=Ornithogalum triandrum; incl. T. hispidulus, T. nanus] B78

Lomandraceae incertae sedis:
  Lomandra LB91
    |--L. acicularis LK14
    |--L. banksii LB91
    |--L. caespitosa RL05
    |--L. collina GK00
    |--L. confertifolia B00
    |--L. densiflora B00
    |--L. effusa RL05
    |--L. fibrata B00
    |--L. filiformis B00
    |--L. glauca B00
    |--L. hermaphrodita RL05
    |--L. hystrix B00
    |--L. maritima SM06
    |--L. micrantha OS04
    |--L. multiflora B00
    |--L. nana B00
    |--L. nigricans GK00
    |--L. obliqua B00
    |--L. preissii RL05
    |--L. purpurea GK00
    |--L. sericea RL05
    |--L. sonderii RL05
    |--L. sororia B00
    |--L. spicata B00
    |--L. suaveolens OS04
    `--L. tropica LK14

Arthropodium candidum Raoul 1844 [incl. A. bulbosum Simpson 1952, A. ramulosum Colenso 1893, A. reflexum Colenso 1886] ME70

Arthropodium paniculatum [=Anthericum paniculatum, Phalangium paniculatum; incl. Arthropodium lindleyi, Anthericum milleflorum, An. pendulum, Arthropodium pendulum, Phalangium pendulum] B78

Thysanotus dichotomus [=Ornithogalum dichotomum; incl. T. deformis, T. divaricatus, T. elongatus, T. flexuosus, T. gracilis, T. intricatus, T. lindleyanus, T. sparteus, T. tenuis Lindl. 1838] B78

*Type species of generic name indicated

REFERENCES

[B78] Bentham, G. 1878. Flora Australiensis: A description of the plants of the Australian Territory vol. 7. Roxburghiaceae to Filices. L. Reeve & Co.: London.

[B00] Braby, M. F. 2000. Butterflies of Australia: their identification, biology and distribution vol. 1. CSIRO Publishing: Collingwood (Victoria).

[DS04] Davis, J. I., D. W. Stevenson, G. Petersen, O. Seberg, L. M. Campbell, J. V. Freudenstein, D. H. Goldman, C. R. Hardy, F. A. Michelangeli, M. P. Simmons, C. D. Specht, F. Vergara-Silva & M. Gandolfo. 2004. A phylogeny of the monocots, as inferred from rbcL and atpA sequence variation, and a comparison of methods for calculating jackknife and bootstrap values. Systematic Botany 29 (3): 467–510.

[G04] Gibson, N. 2004. Flora and vegetation of the Eastern Goldfields Ranges: part 6. Mt Manning Range. Journal of the Royal Society of Western Australia 87 (2): 35–47.

[GK00] Gibson, N., & G. J. Keighery. 2000. Flora and vegetation of the Byenup-Muir reserve system, south-west Western Australia. CALMScience 3 (3): 323–402.

[LB91] Lawrence, J. F., & E. B. Britton. 1991. Coleoptera (beetles). In: CSIRO. The Insects of Australia: A textbook for students and research workers 2^nd ed. vol. 2 pp. 543–683. Melbourne University Press: Carlton (Victoria).

[LK14] Lyons, M. N., G. J. Keighery, L. A. Gibson & T. Handasyde. 2014. Flora and vegetation communities of selected islands off the Kimberley coast of Western Australia. Records of the Western Australian Museum Supplement 81: 205–244.

[ME70] Moore, L. B., & E. Edgar. 1970. Flora of New Zealand vol. 2. Indigenous Tracheophyta: Monocotyledones except Gramineae. A. R. Shearer, Government Printer: Wellington (New Zealand).

[OS04] Obbens, F. J., & L. W. Sage. 2004. Vegetation and flora of a diverse upland remnant of the Western Australian wheatbelt (Nature Reserve A21064). Journal of the Royal Society of Western Australia 87 (1): 19–28.

[RL05] Rafferty, C., & B. B. Lamont. 2005. Selective feeding by macropods on vegetation regenerating following fire. Journal of the Royal Society of Western Australia 88 (4): 155–165.

[SM06] Semeniuk, C. A., L. A. Milne, P. Ladd & V. Semeniuk. 2006. Pollen in the surface sediments of wetlands in the Becher Point area, southwestern Australia: a baseline for use in interpreting Holocene sequences. Journal of the Royal Society of Western Australia 89 (1): 27–43.

Ixieae

Ixia amethystina, from Lambley Nursery.

Belongs within: Iridaceae.

The Ixieae are a group of iridaceous plants in which the rootstock forms a corm; flowers are sessile, subtended basally by paired bracts, and usually arranged in distichous spikes.

<==Ixieae [Ixioideae]
    |--Gladiolus Linné 1753 M99, G77
    |    |--G. byzantinus HE80
    |    |--G. × cardinalis HE80
    |    |--G. caryophyllaceus RL05
    |    |--G. italicus [incl. G. seqetum] H93
    |    |--G. natalensis (Ecklon) Hooker 1831 [incl. G. psittacinus] HE80
    |    |--G. tristis H93
    |    `--G. undulatus Linnaeus 1767 [incl. G. cuspidatus] HE80
    `--Ixia MG06
         |  i. s.: I. maculata Linnaeus 1763 HE80
         |         I. paniculata HE80
         |         I. polystachya Linnaeus 1762 HE80
         `--I. sect. Dichone MG06
              |--I. amethystina Manning & Goldblatt 2006 MG06
              |--I. brevituba MG06
              |--I. curvata MG06
              `--I. trifolia MG06

*Type species of generic name indicated

REFERENCES

[G77] Geerinck, D. J. L. 1977. Iridaceae. Flora Malesiana, Series I—Spermatophyta, Flowering Plants 8 (2): 77–84.

[HE80] Healy, A. J., & E. Edgar. 1980. Flora of New Zealand vol. 3. Adventive cyperaceous, petalous and spathaceous monocotyledons. P. D. Hasselberg, Government Printer: Wellington (New Zealand).

[H93] Hickman, J. C. (ed.) 1993. The Jepson Manual: Higher Plants of California. University of California Press: Berkeley (California).

[MG06] Manning, J. C., & P. Goldblatt. 2006. New species of Iridaceae from the Hantam-Roggeveld Centre of Endemism, and the Bokkeveld, Northern Cape, South Africa. Bothalia 36 (2): 139–145.

[M99] Matthews, M. 1999. Heliothine Moths of Australia: A guide to bollworms and related noctuid groups. CSIRO Publishing.

[RL05] Rafferty, C., & B. B. Lamont. 2005. Selective feeding by macropods on vegetation regenerating following fire. Journal of the Royal Society of Western Australia 88 (4): 155–165.

Brachiaria

Creeping signalgrass Brachiaria plantaginea, copyright Forest & Kim Starr.

Belongs within: Panicoideae.

Brachiaria, signalgrasses, is a genus of grasses growing to about a metre in height found in warmer parts of the world.

Characters (from Flora of China): Annual or perennial. Leaf blades linear to lanceolate, often with cartilaginous margins. Inflorescence composed of racemes along a central axis; raceme rachis triquetrous or flattened, sometimes winged; spikelets sessile or pedicelled, single or paired, rarely in fascicles or on secondary racemelets. Spikelets plump, usually elliptic, florets 2; lower glume adaxial, varying in length from very small and veinless to many-veined and subequaling spikelet, base sheathing, sometimes extended downward as a short stipe; upper glume and lower lemma similar, as long as spikelet, membranous or cartilaginous; upper lemma coriaceous, smooth, striate or rugose, margins inrolled, apex obtuse to acute, occasionally minutely mucronate; upper palea apex tucked within lemma. x = 7, 9.

<==Brachiaria
    |--B. distachya BB01
    |--B. eruciformis S03
    |--B. lata PP07
    |    |--B. l. var. lata PP07
    |    `--B. l. var. pubescens PP07
    |--B. mutica B10
    |--B. paspaloides SR07
    |--B. plantaginea SMSP06
    |--B. ramosa PP07
    |    |--B. r. var. ramosa PP07
    |    `--B. r. var. pubescens PP07
    |--B. remota S03
    |--B. reptans S03
    |--B. semiundulata S03
    |--B. setigera S03
    |--B. shoenfelderi CV06
    |--B. semiverticillata S03
    |--B. subquadripara BMM99
    `--B. xantholeuca BMM99

*Type species of generic name indicated

REFERENCES

[BB01] Bauer, R., D. Begerow, A. Nagler & F. Oberwinkler. 2001. The Georgefischeriales: a phylogenetic hypothesis. Mycological Research 105 (4): 416–424.

[B10] Boucher, S. 2010. Agromyzidae (leaf-mining flies). In: Brown, B. V., A. Borkent, J. M. Cumming, D. M. Wood, N. E. Woodley & M. A. Zumbado (eds) Manual of Central American Diptera vol. 2 pp. 1057–1071. NRC Research Press: Ottawa.

[BMM99] Braun, U., J. Mouchacca & E. H. C. McKenzie. 1999. Cercosporoid hyphomycetes from New Caledonia and some other South Pacific islands. New Zealand Journal of Botany 37: 297–327.

[CV06] Craven, P., & P. Vorster. 2006. Patterns of plant diversity and endemism in Namibia. Bothalia 36 (2): 175–189.

[PP07] Pandey, R. P., & P. M. Padhye. 2007. Studies on phytodiversity of Arid Machia Safari Park-Kailana in Jodhpur (Rajasthan). Bulletin of the Botanical Survey of India 49: 15–78.

[SR07] Sankar, R. V., K. Ravikumar, N. M. Ganesh Babu & D. K. Ved. 2007. Botany of Anapady MPCA, Palghat district, Kerala with special emphasis on species of conservation concern. Bulletin of the Botanical Survey of India 49: 165–172.

[SM-SP06] Scherer, A. L., J. de F. Martins Scherer & M. V. Petry. 2006. Reprodução e análise da composição de ninhos de Zenaida auriculata (Des Murs, 1847) (Aves: Columbiformes, Columbidae) em uma unidade petroquímica no Rio Grande do Sul, Brasil. Comunicações do Museo de Ciências e Tecnologia da PUCRS, Serie Zoologia 19 (1): 29–38.

[S03] Singh, J. N. 2003. Grasses and their hydro-edaphic characteristics in the grassland habitat of Nilgiris Biosphere Reserve, Tamil Nadu. Bulletin of the Botanical Survey of India 45: 143–164.

Aloe

Plantings of Aloe vera, photographed by Wouter Hagens.

Belongs within: Alooideae.

Aloe is a genus of more or less succulent, spiny-leaved plants native to sub-Saharan Africa and Arabia.

Characters (from Healy & Edgar 1980): Acaulescent or caulescent, more or less succulent perennials, with or without offsets, stems if present simple or branched. Leaves usually sharp-pointed, margins sinuate-dentate, in rosettes. Racemes terminal or lateral, capitate to long-cylindrical, or inflorescence corymbose. Flowers showy, yellowish or reddish, more or less zygomorphic, pedicellate, bracts scarious; segments free or connate below into curved or straight tube, lobes spreading. Stamens 6, hypogynous, included or exserted. Ovary many-seeded. Capsule oblong to sub-globose. Seeds many, often winged.

Aloe Linnaeus 1753 [=Aloe sect. Grandiflorae Haworth 1804] TS03
    |--+--A. glauca TS03
    |  `--A. lineata TS03
    `--+--+--Chortolirion angolense TS03
       |  `--+--A. boylei TS03
       |     `--A. verecunda TS03
       `--+--+--A. striata TS03
          |  |    |--A. s. ssp. striata TS03
          |  |    `--A. s. ssp. karasbergensis TS03
          |  `--+--+--A. sinkatana TS03
          |     |  `--A. vera TS03
          |     |       |--A. v. var. vera K10
          |     |       `--A. v. var. officinalis K10
          |     `--+--A. forbesii TS03
          |        `--+--A. inermis TS03
          |           `--A. scobinifolia TS03
          `--+--Lomatophyllum TS03
             |    |--L. macrum TS03
             |    `--L. occidentale TS03
             `--+--A. conifera TS03
                `--+--A. bulbillifera TS03
                   `--+--A. deltoideodonta TS03
                      `--A. viguieri TS03

Aloe incertae sedis:
  A. africana TS03
  A. arborescens TS03
  A. argenticauda CV06
  A. asperifolia CV06
  A. corallina CV06
  A. dewinteri CV06
  A. dinteri CV06
  A. erinacea CV06
  A. ferox TS03
  A. greenii SC06
  A. hereroensis CV06
  A. littoralis B14
  A. merlotii TS03
  A. namibensis CV06
  A. omavandae CV06
  A. pachygaster CV06
  A. saponaria (Aiton) Haworth 1804 [incl. A. latifolia] HE80
  A. sladeniana CV06
  A. vanrooyenii SC06
  A. variegata TS03
  A. viridiflora CV06

*Type species of generic name indicated

REFERENCES

[B14] Bouchard, P. (ed.) 2014. The Book of Beetles: A lifesize guide to six hundred of nature's gems. Ivy Press: Lewes (United Kingdom).

[CV06] Craven, P., & P. Vorster. 2006. Patterns of plant diversity and endemism in Namibia. Bothalia 36 (2): 175–189.

[HE80] Healy, A. J., & E. Edgar. 1980. Flora of New Zealand vol. 3. Adventive cyperaceous, petalous and spathaceous monocotyledons. P. D. Hasselberg, Government Printer: Wellington (New Zealand).

[K10] Keighery, G. 2010. The naturalised vascular plants of the Pilbara region, Western Australia. Records of the Western Australian Museum Supplement 78 (1): 299–311.

[SC06] Smith, G. F., & N. R. Crouch. 2006. Asphodelaceae. Corrections to the eponymy and geographical distribution of Aloe vanrooyenii. Bothalia 36 (2): 174.

[TS03] Treutlein, J., G. F. Smith, B.-E. van Wyk & M. Wink. 2003. Phylogenetic relationships in Asphodelaceae (subfamily Aloooideae) inferred from chloroplast DNA sequences (rbcL, matK) and from genomic fingerprinting (ISSR). Taxon 52: 193–207.

Lemnaceae

Common duckweed Lemna minor, copyright Mokkie.

Belongs within: Araceae.

The Lemnaceae, duckweeds, are a cosmopolitan group of small to minute floating aquatic plants.

Characters (from Healy & Edgar 1980): Very small gregarious aquatic perennials, usually <5 mm long, floating on, or just under, surface of still or slowly moving water, often together forming a complete cover; consisting of ± flattened leafless green platelets, with or without roots, each new platelet arising from a bud in a horizontal pouch on an older platelet. Inflorescence rarely seen, produced in a similar pouch, of 1-2-(3) male flowers maturing successively, and 1 female flower, the whole enclosed within or associated with a membranous spathe. Male flower a single stamen; filament projecting well beyond spathe; pollen sacs 1-2, rounded, splitting transversely; pollen globular. Female flower of rounded ovary and short erect style; carpel single, ovules 1-6, basal. Fruit flattened, sometimes ± winged. Seeds relatively large, smooth or ribbed.

<==Lemnaceae [Spathiflorae]
    |--Telmatosphace gibba [=Lemna gibba] C55
    |--Spirodela Schleiden 1839 ME70
    |    |--S. polyrhiza [=Lemna polyrhiza] HE80
    |    `--S. punctata (Meyer) Thompson 1897 HE80 (see below for synonymy)
    |--Wolffia Horkel ex Schleiden 1839 ME70
    |    |--W. arrhiza (Linnaeus) Wimm. 1857 [=Lemna arrhiza Linnaeus 1771] ME70
    |    `--W. australiana (Bentham) den Hartog & van der Plas 1972 [=W. arrhiza var. australiana Bentham 1878] HE80
    `--Lemna Linnaeus 1753 ME70
         |--L. aequinoctialis LK14
         |--L. disperma ME70
         |    |--L. d. var. disperma ME70
         |    `--L. d. var. fallax ME70
         |--L. minor Linnaeus 1753 ME70
         |--L. paucicostata ME70
         |--L. perpusilla PP07
         `--L. trisulca ME70

Spirodela punctata (Meyer) Thompson 1897 HE80 [=Lemna punctata Meyer 1818 HE80; incl. L. oligorrhiza Kurz 1866 HE80, Spirodela oligorrhiza (Kurz) Hegelm. 1868 ME70]

*Type species of generic name indicated

REFERENCES

[C55] Candolle, A. de. 1855. Géographie Botanique Raisonée: Ou exposition des faits principaux et des lois concernant la distribution géographique des plantes de l’époque actuelle vol. 2. Librairie de Victor Masson: Paris.

[HE80] Healy, A. J., & E. Edgar. 1980. Flora of New Zealand vol. 3. Adventive cyperaceous, petalous and spathaceous monocotyledons. P. D. Hasselberg, Government Printer: Wellington (New Zealand).

[LK14] Lyons, M. N., G. J. Keighery, L. A. Gibson & T. Handasyde. 2014. Flora and vegetation communities of selected islands off the Kimberley coast of Western Australia. Records of the Western Australian Museum Supplement 81: 205–244.

[ME70] Moore, L. B., & E. Edgar. 1970. Flora of New Zealand vol. 2. Indigenous Tracheophyta: Monocotyledones except Gramineae. A. R. Shearer, Government Printer: Wellington (New Zealand).

[PP07] Pandey, R. P., & P. M. Padhye. 2007. Studies on phytodiversity of Arid Machia Safari Park-Kailana in Jodhpur (Rajasthan). Bulletin of the Botanical Survey of India 49 (1-4): 15–78.

Hydrocharitaceae

Vallisneria spiralis, copyright Lamiot.

Belongs within: Alismatanae.

The Hydrocharitaceae are a group of perennial herbs living at least partially submerged in water that are more diverse in warmer regions of the world.

Characters (from Healy & Edgar 1980): Aquatic perennials of fresh or salt water, partly or completely submersed; monoecious or dioecious. Stems long, slender, simple or branched, or 0. Leaves basal or cauline, usually sessile, alternate or whorled, variable in shape and size, submersed or floating. Flowers actinomorphic, commonly unisexual, sometimes bisexual. Inflorescence (or flower) sessile or long-pedunculate, in a tubular bifid spathe or within 2 opposite bracts; male flowers usually many within spathe; female flowers solitary; bisexual flowers solitary or several together. Perianth-segments usually 6 or fewer, in 1-2 whorls, 3 (rarely 2) in each whorl; tube often elongate. Stamens (1)-3-many, anthers 2-celled, opening by longitudinal slits (staminodia in female flowers). Ovary inferior, syncarpous, 1-locular, with 3-6 (rarely more) parietal placentae (rudimentary ovaries in male flowers); style-branches as many as placentae; stigmas entire or bifid; ovules many. Fruit submersed, often fleshy, indehiscent, occasionally rupturing irregularly. Seeds many.

<==Hydrocharitaceae [Hydrocharideae, Hydrocharitales]
    |--Elodea canadensis Michaux 1803 HE80
    |--Hydrocharis morsus-ranae BO08
    |--Lagarosiphon major (Ridley) Moss ex Wager 1928 HE80
    |--Stratiotes aloides YY22, C55
    |--Xystrolobos YY22
    |--Hydromystria YY22
    |--Enhalus acoroides P88
    |--Egeria densa Planchon 1849 HE80
    |--Boottia YY22
    |    |--B. aschersoniana M30
    |    `--B. muricata M30
    |--Hydrilla HE80
    |    |--H. kaynensis JD05
    |    `--H. verticillata HE80
    |--Thalassia Banks ex König 1805 HL09
    |    |--T. hemprichii (Ehrenberg) Aschersson 1871 [=Schizotheca hemprichii Ehrenberg 1832] HL09
    |    `--T. testudinum K-M02
    |--Halophila Thouars 1806 HL09
    |    |--H. decipiens Ostenfeld 1902 HL09
    |    |--H. ovalis (Brown) Hooker 1859 [=Caulinia ovalis Brown 1810] HL09
    |    `--H. stipulacea P71
    |--Blyxa YY22
    |    |--B. aubertii LK14
    |    |    |--B. a. var. aubertii LK14
    |    |    `--B. a. var. echinosperma LK14
    |    `--B. octandra LK14
    |--Ottelia HE80
    |    |--O. alismoides P88
    |    |--O. minutissima JD05
    |    |--O. ovalifolia (Brown) Richard 1811 HE80
    |    |    |--O. o. ssp. ovalifolia LK14
    |    |    `--O. o. ssp. chrysobasis LK14
    |    `--O. praeterita S87
    `--Vallisneria HE80
         |--V. americana B97
         |--V. annua LK14
         |--V. gigantea HE80
         |--V. nana LK14
         |--V. spiralis HE80
         |    |--V. s. var. spiralis PP07
         |    `--V. s. var. denseserrulata PP07
         |--V. stylosa JD05
         `--V. triptera LK14

*Type species of generic name indicated

REFERENCES

[BO08] Bönsel, D., I. Ottich, A. Malten & G. Zizka. 2008. An updated list of the vascular plants of Frankfurt am Main (Pteridophyta & Spermatophyta). Senckenbergiana Biologica 88 (1): 111–121.

[B97] Brown, K. M. 1997. Temporal and spatial patterns of abundance in the gastropod assemblage of a macrophyte bed. American Malacological Bulletin 14 (1): 27–33.

[C55] Candolle, A. de. 1855. Géographie Botanique Raisonée: Ou exposition des faits principaux et des lois concernant la distribution géographique des plantes de l’époque actuelle vol. 2. Librairie de Victor Masson: Paris.

[HE80] Healy, A. J., & E. Edgar. 1980. Flora of New Zealand vol. 3. Adventive cyperaceous, petalous and spathaceous monocotyledons. P. D. Hasselberg, Government Printer: Wellington (New Zealand).

[HL09] Huisman, J. M., F. Leliaert, H. Veerbruggen & R. A. Townsend. 2009. Marine benthic plants of Western Australia's shelf-edge atolls. Records of the Western Australian Museum Supplement 77: 50–87.

[JD05] Junge, F. W., M. Dolezych, H. Walther, T. Böttger, A. Kühl, L. Kunzmann, P. Morgenstern, T. Steinberg & R. Stange. 2005. Ein Fenster in Landschaft und Vegetation vor 37 Millionen Jahren: Lithologische, sedimentgeochemische und paläobotanische Befunde aus einem Paläoflusssystem des Weißelsterbeckens. Mauritiana 19 (2): 185–273.

[K-M02] Klein-MacPhee, G. 2002. Filefishes. Family Monacanthidae. In: Collette, B. B., & G. Klein-MacPhee (eds) Bigelow and Schroeder’s Fishes of the Gulf of Maine 3^rd ed. pp. 592–598. Smithsonian Institute Press: Washington.

[LK14] Lyons, M. N., G. J. Keighery, L. A. Gibson & T. Handasyde. 2014. Flora and vegetation communities of selected islands off the Kimberley coast of Western Australia. Records of the Western Australian Museum Supplement 81: 205–244.

[M30] Moss, C. E. 1930. A new genus of Hydrocharitaceae from tropical Africa. Proceedings of the Linnean Society of London 141: 14–16.

[PP07] Pandey, R. P., & P. M. Padhye. 2007. Studies on phytodiversity of Arid Machia Safari Park-Kailana in Jodhpur (Rajasthan). Bulletin of the Botanical Survey of India 49 (1–4): 15–78.

[P88] Polunin, I. 1988. Plants and Flowers of Malaysia. Times Editions: Singapore.

[P71] Por, F. D. 1971. One hundred years of Suez Canal—a century of Lessepsian migration: retrospect and viewpoints. Systematic Zoology 20 (2): 138–159.

[S87] Stephens, W. J. 1887. On the Biloela labyrinthodont (second notice). Proceedings of the Linnean Society of New South Wales, series 2, 1 (4): 1113–1121, pl. 14.

[YY22] Yampolsky, C., & H. Yampolsky. 1922. Distribution of sex forms in the phanerogamic flora. Bibliotheca Genetica 3: 1–62.

Alismataceae

Arrowhead Sagittaria sagittifolia, copyright Algirdas.

Belongs within: Alismatanae.

The Alismataceae are a family of flowering herbs found in watery habitats in temperate and tropical regions of the Northern Hemisphere (Healy & Edgar 1980).

Characters (from Healy & Edgar 1980): Annual or perennial, marsh or aquatic, sometimes lactiferous herbs, erect, rarely with floating leaves; hermaphrodite, monoecious or dioecious, Leaves all basal, long-petioled, sheathing; laminae linear-lanceolate, hastate, sagittate or cordate. Flowers actinomorphic, usually bisexual, in panicles or racemes; sepals 3, green, persistent; petals 3. deciduous, rarely 0. Stamens (3)-6 or more, hypogynous, free; anthers 2-celled. Carpels numerous, superior, free or rarely connate at base, arranged in a ring or irregularly packed over surface of receptacle; style persistent; ovules 1-several. Fruit a head or whorl of achenes, rarely of follicles.

<==Alismataceae
    |--Alisma DS04
    |    |--A. lanceolatum Withering 1796 HE80
    |    `--A. plantago-aquatica Linnaeus 1753 HE80
    `--+--Caldesia DS04
       |    |--C. oligococca DS04
       |    `--C. reniformis AGF98
       `--Sagittaria DS04
            |--S. latifolia DS04
            `--S. sagittifolia C55

Alismataceae incertae sedis:
  Wiesneria YY22
  Lophotocarpus YY22
  Limnophyton YY22
  Burnatia YY22
  Echinodorus Engelmann 1848 L08
    |  i. s.: E. africanus Rataj 1981 (n. d.) L08
    |         E. barthii Mühlberg 1986 (n. d.) L08
    |         E. gabrielii Rataj 1990 (n. d.) L08
    |         E. janii Rataj 1988 (n. d.) L08
    |         E. maculatus Somogyi 2006 (n. d.) L08
    |         E. multiflorus Rataj 1989 (n. d.) L08
    |         E. opacus Rataj 1970 (n. d.) L08
    |         E. portoalegrensis Rataj 1970 (n. d.) L08
    |         E. pseudohorizontalis Rataj 2002 (n. d.) L08
    |         E. schlueteri Rataj 1981 (n. d.) L08
    |         E. veronikae Rataj 1988 (n. d.) L08
    |         E. viridis Rataj 2002 (n. d.) L08
    |--*E. berteroi (Spreng.) Fassett 1955 (see below for synonymy) L08
    `--+--+--E. longipetalus Micheli 1881 (see below for synonymy) L08
       |  `--+--E. horizontalis Rataj 1969 [incl. E. interruptus Rataj 2004] L08
       |     `--E. tunicatus Small 1909 L08
       `--+--E. sect. Palaefolii Rataj 1975 L08
          |    |--E. major (Micheli) Rataj 1967 [=E. martii β major Micheli 1881] L08
          |    `--+--E. pubescens (Mart.) Seub. 1872 (see below for synonymy) L08
          |       `--+--E. inpai Rataj 1981 L08
          |          `--+--E. palaefolius (Nees & Mart.) Macbr. 1931 (see below for synonymy) L08
          |             `--+--E. decumbens Kasselm. 2000 L08
          |                `--E. subalatus (Mart.) Griseb. 1866 (see below for synonymy) L08
          `--+--+--E. heikobleheri Rataj 2004 L08
             |  `--E. grisebachii Small 1909 (see below for synonymy) L08
             `--+--E. lanceolatus Rataj 1968 non E. rostratus var. lanceolatus Engelm. 1890 L08
                `--+--+--E. trialatus Fassett 1955 L08
                   |  `--+--E. glandulosus Rataj 1969 L08
                   |     `--+--E. emersus Lehtonen 2008 L08
                   |        `--E. scaber Rataj 1969 (see below for synonymy) L08
                   `--+--+--E. bracteatus Micheli 1881 (see below for synonymy) L08
                      |  `--E. macrophyllus (Kunth) Micheli 1881 [=Alisma macrophyllum Kunth 1841] L08
                      `--+--+--E. cylindricus Rataj 1975 L08
                         |  `--E. glaucus Rataj 1975 [incl. E. teretoscapus Haynes & Holm-Niels. 1994] L08
                         `--+--E. paniculatus Micheli 1881 (see below for synonymy) L08
                            `--+--+--E. reptilis Lehtonen 2008 L08
                               |  `--E. uruguayensis Arechav. 1903 (see below for synonymy) L08
                               `--+--E. cordifolius (Linnaeus) Griseb. 1857 (see below for synonymy) L08
                                  `--+--E. floribundus (Seub.) Seub. 1872 (see below for synonymy) L08
                                     `--+--E. grandiflorus (Cham. & Schltdl.) Micheli 1881 (see below for synonymy) L08
                                        `--E. longiscapus Arechav. 1903 (see below for synonymy) L08
  Baldellia L08
  Helanthium (Benth. & Hook.) Britton 1905 L08
    |--H. bolivianum [=Echinodorus bolivianus] L08
    |--H. tenellum [=Echinodorus tenellus] L08
    `--H. zombiense [=Echinodorus zombiensis] L08
  Ranalisma L08
  Albidella nymphaeifolia [=Echinodorus nymphaeifolius] L08

*Echinodorus berteroi (Spreng.) Fassett 1955 [=Alisma berteroi Spreng. 1825, A. berteroanum Balb. ex Schult. & Schult. 1830; incl. Echinodorus rostratus var. lanceolatus Engelm. 1890, E. berteroi var. lanceolatus (Engelm.) Fassett 1955, E. cordifolius f. lanceolatus (Engelm.) Fernald 1936, E. rostratus f. lanceolatus (Engelm.) Fernald 1947, E. longilineatus Rataj 2004, E. patagonicus Speg. 1902, E. berteroi ssp. patagonicus (Speg.) Rataj 1969, Alisma rostrata Nutt. 1835, E. rostratus (Nutt.) Engelm. 1848] L08

Echinodorus bracteatus Micheli 1881 [incl. E. bracteatus var. efenestratus Fassett 1955, E. bracteatus ssp. efenestratus (Fassett) Haynes & Holm-Niels. 1986] L08

Echinodorus cordifolius (Linnaeus) Griseb. 1857 [=Alisma cordifolia Linnaeus 1753, Sagittaria cordifolia (Linnaeus) Lam. 1788; incl. Echinodorus fluitans Fassett 1955, E. cordifolius ssp. fluitans (Fassett) Haynes & Holm-Niels. 1986, E. ovalis Wright ex Sauvalle 1870, Sagittaria radicans Nutt. 1835, E. radicans (Nutt.) Engelm. 1848] L08

Echinodorus floribundus (Seub.) Seub. 1872 [=Alisma floribundum Seub. 1847, E. grandiflorus α floribundus (Seub.) Micheli 1881; incl. E. grandiflorus var. aureus Fassett 1955, E. grandiflorus ssp. aureus (Fassett) Haynes & Holm-Niels. 1986, Alisma pubescens β claussenii Seub. 1847, E. grandiflorus var. claussenii Rataj 1969, E. grandiflorus var. longibracteatus Rataj 1969, E. muricatus Griseb. 1858, E. macrophyllus β muricatus (Griseb.) Micheli 1881, E. puncatus Micheli 1881] L08

Echinodorus grandiflorus (Cham. & Schltdl.) Micheli 1881 [=Alisma grandiflorum Cham. & Schltdl. 1827; incl. E. argentinensis Rataj 1970, E. floridanus Haynes & Burkhalter 1998, E. grandiflorus β ovatus Micheli 1881, E. pellucidus Rataj 1975] L08

Echinodorus grisebachii Small 1909 [incl. E. amazonicus Rataj 1970, E. amphibius Rataj 1967, E. bleherae Rataj 1970, E. eglandulosus Holm-Niels. & Haynes 1985, E. gracilis Rataj 1967, E. grisebachii var. minor Kasselm. 2001 nec E. ellipticus δ minor (Seub.) Micheli 1881 nec E. sellowianus var. minor Buchenau 1903, E. parviflorus Rataj 1970] L08

Echinodorus longipetalus Micheli 1881 [incl. Sagittaria brevipedicellata Kuntze 1898, E. brevipedicellatus (Kuntze) Buchenau 1903, E. reticulatus Haynes & Holm-Niels. 1986] L08

Echinodorus longiscapus Arechav. 1903 [=E. grandiflorus var. longiscapus (Arechav.) Hauman 1915, E. sellowianus var. major Buchenau 1903 non E. martii β major Micheli 1881, E. sellowianus var. minor Buchenau 1903 non E. ellipticus δ minor (Seub.) Micheli 1881, E. longiscapus var. minor (Buchenau) Tronc. 1964, E. aschersonianus var. nulliglandulosus Rataj 1970, E. sellowianus Buchenau 1903] L08

Echinodorus palaefolius (Nees & Mart.) Macbr. 1931 [=Sagittaria palaefolia Nees & Mart. 1823, Alisma palaefolium (Nees & Mart.) Kunth 1841; incl. A. ellipticum Mart. 1830, E. ellipticus α latifolia Micheli 1881, E. palaefolius var. latifolius (Micheli) Rataj 1971, Alisma ellipticum β minus Seub. 1847, Echinodorus ellipticus δ minor (Seub.) Micheli 1881, E. palaefolius var. minus (Seub.) Rataj 1971, E. piauhyensis Kasselm. 2001, Alisma virgata Hook. & Arn. 1838, E. virgatus (Hook. & Arn.) Micheli 1881] L08

Echinodorus paniculatus Micheli 1881 [incl. E. paniculatus var. brevifolia Haumann 1915, E. paniculatus var. dubius Fassett 1955, E. paniculatus f. latifolia Chodat & Hassler 1903 non E. ellipticus α latifolia Micheli 1881] L08

Echinodorus pubescens (Mart.) Seub. 1872 [=Alisma pubescens Mart. 1830, E. ellipticus β pubescens (Mart.) Micheli 1881; incl. E. macrocarpus Rataj 1975] L08

Echinodorus scaber Rataj 1969 [=E. macrophyllus ssp. scaber (Rataj) Haynes & Holm-Niels. 1986; incl. E. scaber var. proliferatus Rataj 1969] L08

Echinodorus subalatus (Mart.) Griseb. 1866 [=Alisma subalatus Mart. 1830; incl. A. andrieuxii Hook. & Arn. 1838, Echinodorus andrieuxii (Hook. & Arn.) Small 1909, E. subalatus ssp. andrieuxii (Hook. & Arn.) Haynes & Holm-Niels. 1986, Alisma intermedium Mart. 1830, E. intermedius (Mart.) Griseb. 1866, E. longistylis Buchenau 1903, E. andrieuxii var. longistylis (Buchenau) Rataj 1971, E. martii Micheli 1881, E. ellipticus γ ovata Micheli 1881] L08

Echinodorus uruguayensis Arechav. 1903 [=E. martii var. uruguayensis (Arechav.) Hauman 1915; incl. E. aschersonianus Graebn. 1911, E. horemanii Rataj 1970, E. uruguayensis var. minor Kasselm. 2001 nec E. ellipticus δ minor (Seub.) Micheli 1881 nec E. sellowianus var. minor Buchenau 1903 nec E. grisebachii var. minor Kasselm. 2001, E. osiris Rataj 1970] L08

*Type species of generic name indicated

REFERENCES

[AGF98] Abd El-Ghani, M. M., & A. G. Fahmy. 1998. Composition of and changes in the spontaneous flora of Feiran Oasis, S Sinai, Egypt, in the last 60 years. Willdenowia 28: 123–134.

[C55] Candolle, A. de. 1855. Géographie Botanique Raisonée: Ou exposition des faits principaux et des lois concernant la distribution géographique des plantes de l’époque actuelle vol. 2. Librairie de Victor Masson: Paris.

[DS04] Davis, J. I., D. W. Stevenson, G. Petersen, O. Seberg, L. M. Campbell, J. V. Freudenstein, D. H. Goldman, C. R. Hardy, F. A. Michelangeli, M. P. Simmons, C. D. Specht, F. Vergara-Silva & M. Gandolfo. 2004. A phylogeny of the monocots, as inferred from rbcL and atpA sequence variation, and a comparison of methods for calculating jackknife and bootstrap values. Systematic Botany 29 (3): 467–510.

[HE80] Healy, A. J., & E. Edgar. 1980. Flora of New Zealand vol. 3. Adventive cyperaceous, petalous and spathaceous monocotyledons. P. D. Hasselberg, Government Printer: Wellington (New Zealand).

[L08] Lehtonen, S. 2008. An integrative approach to species delimitation in Echinodorus (Alismataceae) and the description of two new species. Kew Bulletin 63 (4): 525–563.

[YY22] Yampolsky, C., & H. Yampolsky. 1922. Distribution of sex forms in the phanerogamic flora. Bibliotheca Genetica 3: 1–62.

Petrosaviidae

Resurrection plant Borya constricta, copyright William Archer.

Belongs within: Monocotyledoneae.
Contains: Pandanales, Dioscoreales, Liliales, Commelinidae, Lomandraceae, Orchidaceae, Asteliaceae, Hypoxidaceae, Iridaceae, Hemerocallidaceae, Asphodelaceae, Amaryllidaceae, Allium, Hyacinthaceae, Agavaceae, Anthericaceae, Convallariaceae, Asparagus.

The Petrosaviidae are a clade of monocotyledons united by molecular phylogenies, defined by Cantino et al. (2007) as the least inclusive clade containing Typha latifolia, Lilium regale and Petrosavia stellaris but not Acorus calamus or Gymnostachys anceps. Members of this clade have mostly been assigned in the past to the subclasses Liliidae and Commelinidae, with species of Liliidae often having showy trimerous flowers, but phylogenetic studies indicate that the 'Liliidae' is paraphyletic with regard to the Commelinidae. Possible synapomorphies for the Petrosaviidae are simple, amylophobic starch grains; leaf blades developing basipetally from hyperphyll/hypophyll junction; an epidermis with bulliform cells; anomocytic stomata; and the absence of colleters. Petrosaviids excluding the basal Petrosaviaceae may be united by the absence of a nucellar cap, and a nuclear endosperm (Angiosperm Phylogeny Website).

<==Petrosaviidae [Bromelianae, Haemodorales, Lilianae, Liliidae] CD07
    |--Petrosaviaceae [Petrosaviales, Petrosavianae] DS04
    |    |--Japonolirion osense DS04
    |    `--Petrosavia stellaris Becc. 1871 CD07
    `--+--+--Pandanales DS04
       |  `--Dioscoreales APG16
       `--Liliiflorae [Coronarieae] J87
            |--Liliales DS04
            `--+--Commelinidae DS04
               `--Asparagales [Amaryllideae, Orchidales] DS04
                    |  i. s.: Polygonatum BL04
                    |           |--P. cirrhifolium O88
                    |           |--P. hookeri O88
                    |           |--P. multiflorum HE80
                    |           |--P. × hybridum Bruegger von Churwalden 1886 [P. multiflorum × P. odoratum] HE80
                    |           |--P. odoratum HE80
                    |           |--P. singalilense O88
                    |           `--P. verticillatum O88
                    |         Maianthemum SaaRai07
                    |           |--M. bifolium C55
                    |           `--M. canadense M73
                    |         Lomandraceae DS04
                    |         Liliacidites RG07
                    |           |--L. intermedius RG07
                    |           |--L. kaitangataensis RG07
                    |           |--L. minutus RG07
                    |           `--L. pollucibilis RG07
                    |--Orchidaceae RG07
                    `--+--+--+--Blandfordia [Blandfordiaceae] DS04
                       |  |  |    |--B. grandiflora DS04
                       |  |  |    |--B. nobilis M87
                       |  |  |    `--B. punicea DS04
                       |  |  `--+--Asteliaceae RG07
                       |  |     `--+--Lanaria [Lanariaceae] RG07
                       |  |        `--Hypoxidaceae RG07
                       |  `--Boryaceae DS04
                       |       |--Alania endlicheri DS04
                       |       `--Borya DS04
                       |            |--B. constricta S95
                       |            |--B. jabirabela LK14
                       |            |--B. scirpoidea GK00
                       |            |--B. septentrionalis DS04
                       |            |--B. sphaerocephala DS04
                       |            `--B. subulata LK14
                       `--+--Cyanastrum SaaRai07
                          `--+--+--Doryanthes [Doryanthaceae] DS04
                             |  |    `--D. excelsa DS04
                             |  `--+--Tecophilaeaceae DS04
                             |     |    |--Tecophilaea cyanocrocus DS04
                             |     |    `--Eremolirion amboensis [=Cyanella amboensis] CV06
                             |     `--+--Iridaceae DS04
                             |        `--Ixiolirion [Ixioliriaceae, Ixiolirionaceae] DS04
                             |             `--I. tataricum DS04
                             `--+--Xeronema Brong. & Gris 1864 DS04, ME70 [Xeronemataceae]
                                |    |--X. callistemon Oliver 1926 ME70
                                |    |    |--X. c. var. callistemon ME70
                                |    |    `--X. c. var. bracteosa Moore 1969 ME70
                                |    `--X. moorei CR00
                                `--+--+--Hemerocallidaceae DS04
                                   |  `--Asphodelaceae CR00
                                   `--+--+--Agapanthus HE80 [Agapanthaceae CR00, Agapantheae]
                                      |  |    `--A. orientalis Leighton 1938 HE80
                                      |  `--+--Amaryllidaceae CR00
                                      |     `--Alliaceae [Allioideae]  CR00
                                      |          |--Allium HE80
                                      |          `--Nothoscordum inodorum (Aiton) Nicholson 1855 HE80
                                      `--+--+--Themidaceae CR00
                                         |  `--+--+--Aphyllanthaceae CR00
                                         |     |  `--Hyacinthaceae CR00
                                         |     `--+--Anemarrhenaceae CR00
                                         |        `--+--Agavaceae CR00
                                         |           `--+--Behniaceae CR00
                                         |              `--+--Herreriaceae CR00
                                         |                 `--Anthericaceae DS04
                                         `--+--Laxmannia [Laxmanniaceae CR00]
                                            |    |--L. grandiflora OS04
                                            |    |--L. minor GK00
                                            |    |--L. sessiliflora GK00
                                            |    `--L. squarrosa OS04
                                            `--+--Convallariaceae CR00
                                               `--Asparagaceae [Asparagineae] CR00
                                                    |--Asparagus HE80
                                                    `--Chlorophytum LK14
                                                         |--C. arundinaceum SanRav07
                                                         |--C. elatum MH98
                                                         |--C. laxum LK14
                                                         `--C. nimmonii SaaRai07

*Type species of generic name indicated

REFERENCES

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