Tiphiidae

Female Tiphia femorata, copyright Hectonichus.

Belongs within: Euaculeata.

The Tiphiidae are a group of small wasps that develop as parasites of subterranean beetle larvae (Naumann 1991).

Characters (from Naumann 1991): Inner margins of compound eyes not strongly emarginate; pronotum freely articulating with mesothorax, mid-dorsally usually long, posterolaterally reaching tegula, ventrally rounded; mesostemum usually with plate-like extensions over mid coxae; propodeum not tripartite; fore wing without pseudovenation. Larvae with four-toothed mandibles and second pair of thoracic spiracles reduced or absent. Cocoon present.

<==Tiphiidae [Tiphidae, Tiphioidea]
    |  i. s.: Colocistis HR11
    |           |--C. crassa HH07
    |           |--C. eremi BD17
    |           `--C. sulcatus HR11
    |         Architiphia rasnitsyni Darling in Darling & Sharkey 1990 RJ93
    |         Pterombrus RD77
    |--Anthobosca Guérin de Méneville 1838 BL17 [incl. Adontothynnus Cameron 1906 T08; Anthoboscinae GE05]
    |--Diamma [Diamminae] K04
    |    `--D. bicolor N91
    |--Brachycistidinae K04
    |    |--Brachycistis timberlakei JB13
    |    `--Glyptometopa K04
    `--Tiphia [Tiphiinae] N91
         |  i. s.: T. annandalei Turner 1908 AJ30
         |         T. auripennis Bingham 1897 AJ30
         |         T. borneana Cameron 1907 AJ30
         |         T. brevipennis Lucas 1848 E12
         |         T. carbonaria Smith 1861 AJ30
         |         T. clypealis Cameron 1896–1897 AJ30
         |         T. consueta Smith 1879 AJ30
         |         T. flavipennis Smith 1858 AJ30
         |         T. fumipennis Smith 1858 AJ30
         |         T. fuscinervis Cameron 1896–1897 AJ30
         |         T. higoensis S94
         |         T. ifri S94
         |         T. implicata Cameron 1896–1897 AJ30
         |         T. incisa Cameron 1896–1897 AJ30
         |         T. intrudens Smith 1864 AJ30
         |         T. khasiana Cameron 1902 AJ30
         |         T. kisukei S94
         |         T. levisternalis S94
         |         T. maculata L02
         |         T. magnoliae S94
         |         T. nipponica S94
         |         T. ordinaria Smith 1873 AJ30
         |         T. oswini Turner 1911 AJ30
         |         T. punctata Smith 1873 AJ30
         |         T. punctifrons Cameron 1909 AJ30
         |         T. robusta Cameron 1904 AJ30
         |         T. rufipes Smith 1855 AJ30
         |         T. rufotibiata S94
         |         T. (Tengyra) sanvitali G20
         |         T. spinosa Cameron 1902 AJ30
         |         T. stigma Smith 1858 AJ30
         |         T. teranishii S94
         |         T. tibetana Turner 1908 AJ30
         |         T. transversa RD77
         |         T. vulgata S94
         |--T. (Tiphia) femorata G20
         |    |--T. f. femorata S94
         |    `--T. f. biseculata Allen & Jaynes 1930 S94, AJ30
         |--T. clauseni Allen & Jaynes 1930 AJ30
         |--T. latistriata Allen & Jaynes 1930 AJ30
         |--T. longitegulata Allen & Jaynes 1930 AJ30
         |--T. matura Allen & Jaynes 1930 AJ30
         |--T. minutopunctata Allen & Jaynes 1930 AJ30
         |--T. nana Allen & Jaynes 1930 AJ30
         |--T. pigmentata Allen & Jaynes 1930 AJ30
         |--T. pullivora Allen & Jaynes 1930 AJ30
         |--T. totopunctata Allen & Jaynes 1930 AJ30
         |--T. vernalis Rohwer 1924 AJ30
         |--T. agilis group AJ30
         |    |--T. agilis Smith 1873 AJ30
         |    `--T. asericae Allen & Jaynes 1930 AJ30
         |--T. bicarinata group AJ30
         |    |--T. bicarinata Cameron 1902 AJ30
         |    |--T. brevilineata Allen & Jaynes 1930 AJ30
         |    |--T. cilicincta Allen & Jaynes 1930 AJ30
         |    `--T. fukiensis Allen & Jaynes 1930 AJ30
         |--T. capillata group AJ30
         |    |--T. capillata Allen & Jaynes 1930 AJ30
         |    `--T. levipunctata Allen & Jaynes 1930 AJ30
         |--T. koreana group AJ30
         |    |--T. antigenata Allen & Jaynes 1930 AJ30
         |    |--T. assamensis Allen & Jaynes 1930 AJ30
         |    |--T. autumnalis Rohwer 1924 AJ30
         |    |--T. communis Allen & Jaynes 1930 AJ30
         |    |--T. fossata Allen & Jaynes 1930 AJ30
         |    |--T. koreana Rohwer 1927 AJ30
         |    |--T. ovidorsalis Allen & Jaynes 1930 AJ30
         |    `--T. tegitiplaga Allen & Jaynes 1930 AJ30
         |--T. malayana group AJ30
         |    |--T. brevistigma Allen & Jaynes 1930 AJ30
         |    |--T. compressa Smith 1855 AJ30
         |    `--T. malayana Cameron 1910 AJ30
         |--T. popilliavora group AJ30
         |    |--T. inconspicua Allen & Jaynes 1930 AJ30
         |    |--T. nervidirecta Allen & Jaynes 1930 AJ30
         |    |--T. ovinigris Allen & Jaynes 1930 AJ30
         |    |--T. phyllophagae Allen & Jaynes 1930 AJ30
         |    `--T. popilliavora Rohwer 1924 AJ30
         `--T. rufomandibulata group AJ30
              |--T. brevicarinata Allen & Jaynes 1930 AJ30
              |--T. lyrata Magretti 1892 AJ30
              |--T. notopolita Allen & Jaynes 1930 [incl. T. notopolita var. intermedia Allen & Jaynes 1930] AJ30
              |--T. rufomandibulata Smith 1873 AJ30
              |--T. singularis Allen & Jaynes 1930 AJ30
              |--T. sternocarinata Allen & Jaynes 1930 AJ30
              `--T. sternodentata Allen & Jaynes 1930 AJ30

*Type species of generic name indicated

REFERENCES

[AJ30] Allen, H. W., & H. A. Jaynes. 1930. Contribution to the taxonomy of Asiatic wasps of the genus Tiphia (Scoliidae). Proceedings of the United States National Museum 76 (17): 1–105.

[BD17] Branstetter, M. G., B. N. Danforth, J. P. Pitts, B. C. Faircloth, P. S. Ward, M. L. Buffington, M. W. Gates, R. R. Kula & S. G. Brady. 2017. Phylogenomic insights into the evolution of stinging wasps and the origins of ants and bees. Current Biology 27: 1019–1025.

[E12] Evenhuis, N. L. 2012. Publication and dating of the Exploration Scientifique de l'Algérie: Histoire Naturelle des Animaux Articulés (1846–1849) by Pierre Hippolyte Lucas. Zootaxa 3448: 1–61.

[G20] Goldfuss, G. A. 1820. Handbuch der Naturgeschichte vol. 3. Handbuch der Zoologie pt 1. Johann Leonhard Schrag: Nürnberg.

[GE05] Grimaldi, D., & M. S. Engel. 2005. Evolution of the Insects. Cambridge University Press: New York.

[HR11] Heraty, J., F. Ronquist, J. M. Carpenter, D. Hawks, S. Schulmeister, A. P. Dowling, D. Murray, J. Munro, W. C. Wheeler, N. Schiff & M. Sharkey. 2011. Evolution of the hymenopteran megaradiation. Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 60: 73–88.

[HH07] Hines, H. M., J. H. Hunt, T. K. O'Connor, J. J. Gillespie & S. A. Cameron. 2007. Multigene phylogeny reveals eusociality evolved twice in vespid wasps. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the USA 104 (9): 3295–3299.

[JB13] Johnson, B. R., M. L. Borowiec, J. C. Chiu, E. K. Lee, J. Atallah & P. S. Ward. 2013. Phylogenomics resolves evolutionary relationships among ants, bees, and wasps. Current Biology 23: 2058–2062.

[K04] Kimsey, L. S. 2004. Illustrated keys to genera of the male wasps in the subfamily Thynninae (Hymenoptera: Tiphiidae). Proceedings of the Entomological Society of Washington 106 (3): 571–585.

[L02] Latreille, P. A. 1802. Histoire Naturelle, générale et particulière des crustacés et des insectes vol. 3. Familles naturelles des genres. F. Dufart: Paris.

[N91] Naumann, I. D. 1991. Hymenoptera (wasps, bees, ants, sawflies). In: CSIRO. The Insects of Australia: A textbook for students and research workers 2^nd ed. vol. 2 pp. 916–1000. Melbourne University Press: Carlton (Victoria).

[RD77] Richards, O. W., & R. G. Davies. 1977. Imms' General Textbook of Entomology 10^th ed. vol. 2. Classification and Biology. Chapman and Hall: London.

[RJ93] Ross, A. J., & E. A. Jarzembowski. 1993. Arthropoda (Hexapoda; Insecta). In: Benton, M. J. (ed.) The Fossil Record 2 pp. 363–426. Chapman & Hall: London.

[S94] Shimizu, A. 1994. Phylogeny and classification of the family Pompilidae (Hymenoptera). Tokyo Metropolitan University Bulletin of Natural History 2: 1–142.

[T08] Turner, R. E. 1908. A revision of the Thynnidae of Australia. [Hymenoptera]. Part II. Proceedings of the Linnean Society of New South Wales 33: 70–256.

Euaculeata

Female Methocha japonica, from here.

Belongs within: Aculeata.
Contains: Apoidea, Formicidae, Scoliidae, Pompiloidea, Tiphiidae, Thynninae, Vespidae.

The Euaculeata are a major clade of stinging wasps, united by sexually dimorphic antennae with thirteen antennomeres in males and twelve in males, and a hidden and largely desclerotised seventh metasomal tergum in females (Grimaldi & Engel 2005).

<==Euaculeata [Formicina, Heterogyna, Melliniores, Mutillariae, Praedones, Scolietae, Sphegimae] GE05
    |  i. s.: Falsiformicidae GE05
    |           |--Falsiformica cretacea Rasnitsyn 1975 P92
    |           `--Taimyrisphex pristinus Evans 1973 P92
    |--+--+--Apoidea BD17
    |  |  `--+--Formicidae BD17
    |  |     `--Armania [Armaniidae] GE05
    |  |          `--A. robusta GE05
    |  `--Scolioidea BD17
    |       |--Scoliidae JB13
    |       `--Bradynobaenidae JB13
    |            |--Typhoctes [Typhoctinae] GE05
    |            `--Apterogyna [Apterogyninae] JB13
    |                 `--A. olivieri [=Mutilla (Apterogyna) olivieri] G20
    `--+--+--Sierolomorpha GE05 [Sierolomorphidae, Sierolomorphoidea BD17]
       |  |    |--S. bicolor B11
       |  |    `--S. canadensis B11
       |  `--+--Pompiloidea PK17
       |     `--+--Tiphiidae JB13
       |        `--Thynnoidea BD17
       |             |--Chyphotes JB13 [Chyphotidae BD17, Chyphotinae]
       |             |    `--C. mellipes RBV08
       |             `--Thynnidae BD17
       |                  |--Myzinum [Myzininae] BD17
       |                  |    |--M. frontale S94
       |                  |    `--M. quinquecinctum (Fabricius 1775) [=Tiphia quinquecincta, Sphex quinquecinctus] BM76
       |                  `--+--Thynninae BD17
       |                     `--Methocha Latreille 1804 BD17, LB08 [Methochinae N91, Methocidae]
       |                          |--M. articulata PK17
       |                          |--M. formicaria (Linnaeus 1758) G20, L58 [=Mutilla formicaria G20]
       |                          |--M. ichneumonides A71
       |                          |--M. japonica S94
       |                          `--M. yasumatsui S94
       `--Vespoidea BD17
             |--Vespidae JB13
             `--+--Rhopalosomatidae JB13
                |    |--Rhopalosoma nearcticum HH07
                |    |--Mesorhopalosoma cearae Darling in Darling & Sharkey 1990 RJ93
                |    |--Propalosoma GE05
                |    |--Olixon [incl. Psyllosphex Arnold 1935] S94
                |    `--Harpagocryptus australiae R70
                `--Scolebythidae HR11
                     |  i. s.: Libanobythus Prentice & Poinar in Prentice, Poinar & Milki 1996 PPM96
                     |           `--*L. milkii Prentice & Poinar in Prentice, Poinar & Milki 1996 PPM96
                     |         Dominibythus Prentice & Poinar in Prentice, Poinar & Milki 1996 PPM96
                     |           `--*D. inopinatus Prentice & Poinar in Prentice, Poinar & Milki 1996 PPM96
                     |         Boreobythus Engel & Grimaldi 2007 B11
                     |         Cretabythus sibiricus Evans 1973 P92
                     |--+--Clystopsenella Kieffer 1911 B11
                     |  |    `--C. longiventris PPM96
                     |  `--Scolebythus Evans 1963 B11
                     |       `--S. madecassus HR11
                     `--+--Ycaploca Nagy 1975 B11
                        |    `--Y. evansi GE05
                        `--Pristapenesia Brues 1933 B11
                             |--P. inopinata B11
                             `--P. primaeva B11

*Type species of generic name indicated

REFERENCES

[A71] Askew, R. R. 1971. Parasitic Insects. Heinemann Educational Books: London.

[BM76] Bohart, R. M., & A. S. Menke. 1976. Sphecid Wasps of the World. University of California Press: Berkeley.

[BD17] Branstetter, M. G., B. N. Danforth, J. P. Pitts, B. C. Faircloth, P. S. Ward, M. L. Buffington, M. W. Gates, R. R. Kula & S. G. Brady. 2017. Phylogenomic insights into the evolution of stinging wasps and the origins of ants and bees. Current Biology 27: 1019–1025.

[B11] Brothers, D. J. 2011. A new Late Cretaceous family of Hymenoptera, and phylogeny of the Plumariidae and Chrysidoidea (Aculeata). ZooKeys 130: 515–542.

[G20] Goldfuss, G. A. 1820. Handbuch der Naturgeschichte vol. 3. Handbuch der Zoologie pt 1. Johann Leonhard Schrag: Nürnberg.

[GE05] Grimaldi, D., & M. S. Engel. 2005. Evolution of the Insects. Cambridge University Press: New York.

[HR11] Heraty, J., F. Ronquist, J. M. Carpenter, D. Hawks, S. Schulmeister, A. P. Dowling, D. Murray, J. Munro, W. C. Wheeler, N. Schiff & M. Sharkey. 2011. Evolution of the hymenopteran megaradiation. Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 60: 73–88.

[HH07] Hines, H. M., J. H. Hunt, T. K. O'Connor, J. J. Gillespie & S. A. Cameron. 2007. Multigene phylogeny reveals eusociality evolved twice in vespid wasps. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the USA 104 (9): 3295–3299.

[JB13] Johnson, B. R., M. L. Borowiec, J. C. Chiu, E. K. Lee, J. Atallah & P. S. Ward. 2013. Phylogenomics resolves evolutionary relationships among ants, bees, and wasps. Current Biology 23: 2058–2062.

[L58] Linnaeus, C. 1758. Systema Naturae per Regna Tria Naturae, secundum classes, ordines, genera, species, cum characteribus, differentiis, synonymis, locis. Tomus I. Editio decima, reformata. Laurentii Salvii: Holmiae.

[N91] Naumann, I. D. 1991. Hymenoptera (wasps, bees, ants, sawflies). In: CSIRO. The Insects of Australia: A textbook for students and research workers 2^nd ed. vol. 2 pp. 916–1000. Melbourne University Press: Carlton (Victoria).

[PK17] Peters, R. S., L. Krogmann, C. Mayer, A. Donath, S. Gunkel, K. Meusemann, A. Kozlov, L. Podsiadlowski, M. Petersen, R. Lanfear, P. A. Diez, J. Heraty, K. M. Kjer, S. Klopfstein, R. Meier, C. Polidori, T. Schmitt, S. Liu, X. Zhou, T. Wappler, J. Rust, B. Misof & O. Niehuis. 2017. Evolutionary history of the Hymenoptera. Current Biology 27 (7): 1013–1018.

[P92] Poinar, G. O., Jr. 1992. Life in Amber. Stanford University Press: Stanford.

[PPM96] Prentice, M. A., G. O. Poinar, Jr & R. Milki. 1996. Fossil scolebythids (Hymenoptera: Scolebythidae) from Lebanese and Dominican amber. Proceedings of the Entomological Society of Washington 98 (4): 801–811.

[RBV08] Rabeling, C., J. M. Brown & M. Verhaagh. 2008. Newly discovered sister lineage sheds light on early ant evolution. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the USA 105 (39): 14913–14917.

[R70] Riek, E. F. 1970. Hymenoptera (wasps, bees, ants). In: CSIRO. The Insects of Australia: A textbook for students and research workers pp. 867–959. Melbourne University Press.

[RJ93] Ross, A. J., & E. A. Jarzembowski. 1993. Arthropoda (Hexapoda; Insecta). In: Benton, M. J. (ed.) The Fossil Record 2 pp. 363–426. Chapman & Hall: London.

[S94] Shimizu, A. 1994. Phylogeny and classification of the family Pompilidae (Hymenoptera). Tokyo Metropolitan University Bulletin of Natural History 2: 1–142.

Pompilidae

Minagenia osoria, copyright Centre for Biodiversity Genomics.

Belongs within: Pompiloidea.
Contains: Ceropales, Ctenocerinae, Pompilinae, Leptodialepis, Calopompilus, Hemipepsis, Pepsini, Psoropempula, Ageniellini, Priocnemis, Dipogon.

The Pompilidae, spider hawks, are a cosmopolitan group of wasps that develop as predators or parasites of spiders.

Characters (from Shimizu 1994): Antenna usually with 13 segments in male, 12 segments in female. Maxillary galea usually with two separate sclerites, exogalea-1 and -2; maxillary palpus 6-segmented; postmentum present; labial palpus four-segmented. Pronotum freely articulating with mesothorax; anterior "collar" usually well developed; posterolateral lobes (pronotal lobes) reaching tegula and covering the first thoracic spiracle. Propleura posteriorly contiguous mesally. Prosternum sunken between bases of fore coxae except for its anterior section. Large area of intersegmental membrane present ventrally between pro- and mesothoraces. Prepectus discontinuous midventrally, the halves widely separated, extending the height of mesepisternum, being fused to it with the line of fusion forming a sulcus. Mesepisternum with a median straight oblique sulcus (posterior oblique sulcus). Mesepimeron much reduced posterodorsally on mesopleuron. Mesosternum with weak ridges or dentate projections anteromesal to midcoxal cavities. Meso- and metapleura not mutually movable although not fused. Metapostnotum often well developed, visible medially. Metepimeron slightly expanded anteroventral to endophragmal pit so that the pit is a short distance from anterior margin of metapleuron and pleural sulcus angulate. Metasternum entirely depressed except for slight ridges anterior to hind coxae, well differentiated from mesosternum, not anteriorly produced. Metapleural-propodeal sulcus entirely visible. Propodeal spiracle oblique. Forewing usually with ten closed cells. Hindwing with two closed cells and a jugal lobe; vein C+Sc+R+Rs fused basally, and C reduced to a pigmented relict vein after separating from Sc+R+Rs; free section of vein 1A absent, of vein Cu present. Basal hamuli strongly concentrated into a basal cluster at or basad to separation of vein Sc+R+S from margin. Claval furrow barely indicated. Legs usually slender and elongated. Each pair of coxae (fore, mid and hind) large and usually contiguous. Fore tibia with single calcar almost straight, not highly modified. Mid tibia with two spurs slightly dorsally flattened. Hind tibia with two spurs slightly dorsally flattened, the inner one modified as a calcar by development of basal brush of setae dorsally. Dense brush of short, erect setae on inner side of hind tibia usually well developed for its entire length. Each tarsal segment with plantula posteroventrally; arolia well developed. Female metasoma with six visible segments and male with seven segments. Spiracles exposed on the first and second terga but those on terga 3-6 or -7 often concealed by the preceding tergum. Each tergum overlapping its corresponding sternum laterally. Each sternum posteriorly overlapping front edge of the succeeding one; first sternum not depressed posteriorly. Female seventh tergum entirely hidden, but continuously sclerotized anteriorly; section 1 of gonocoxite 9 not completely divided; no lamellate valve dorsally on gonapophysis 8 (=lancet or valvula 1). Male sixth sternum with a pair of strongly sclerotized sharp hooks posteriorly; seventh sternum reduced, withdrawn beneath sixth and overlapping the apodeme-like central process of subgenital plate (eighth sternum); eighth sternum essentially simple, not reduced nor hidden; composite tergum 9-10 (abdominal tergum 10-11) with a cercus on its each side; genitalia with elongate parapenial lobes from section 2 of gonocoxite 9 (basiparamere) and often with basal hooklets on lamina volsellaris; gonapophysis 9 (aedeagus) with notal fusion well developed.

Pompilidae [Pompilii, Psammocharidae]
    |--Ceropalinae [Ceratopalinae, Ceropalini] EG06
    |    |--Ceropales E07
    |    `--Irenangelus Schulz 1906 [incl. Xanthampulex Schulz 1906] E07
    |         |--‘Agenia’ reversa Smith 1873 [incl. *Irenangelus hornus Schulz 1906] E07
    |         |--I. eberhardi S94
    |         |--I. ichneumonoides S94
    |         |--‘Xanthampulex’ luzonensis S94
    |         |--I pernix (Bingham 1896) [=Ceropales pernis, Xanthampulex pernix] S94
    |         |--I. tenuatus (Turner 1910) [=Ceropales tenuatus] E07
    |         `--‘*Xanthampulex’ trifur Schulz 1906 E07
    `--+--+--Ctenocerinae EG06
       |  `--Pompilinae EG06
       `--Pepsinae [Cryptocheilinae, Macromerinae] EG06
            |  i. s.: Cryptosalius H04
            |         Austrosalius Turner 1917 E07
            |           `--*A. artemis (Turner 1910) [=Ferreolomorpha artemis] E07
            |         Derochorses Banks 1941 E07
            |           `--*D. seminiger Banks 1941 E07
            |         Java Pate 1946 [=Dichelonyx Haupt 1938 non Harris 1826] E07
            |           |--*J. concolor (Taschenberg 1869) [=Priocnemis (Cyphononyx) concolor, *Dichelonyx concolor] E07
            |           `--J. nigrita (Fabricius 1781) E07
            |                |--J. n. nigrita E07
            |                `--J. n. aspasia (Smith 1859) (see below for synonymy) E07
            |         Leptodialepis E07
            |         Paleogenia wahisi PK17
            |         Diplonyx Saussure 1887 E07 [incl. Monodontonyx Haupt 1929 B38, E07]
            |           |--‘Monodontonyx’ javanus B38
            |           |--‘Monodontonyx’ plutonis Banks 1938 B38
            |           `--‘Monodontonyx’ sericosoma B38
            |         Taiwania Tsuneki 1989 T89
            |           |--*T. formosana Tsuneki 1989 T89
            |           `--T. rufotibialis Tsuneki 1989 T89
            |         Poecilagenia Haupt 1927 T89
            |           |--P. rubricans S94
            |           `--P. sculpturata S94
            |         Malloscelis Haupt 1936 S94
            |           `--*M. formosus (Morawitz 1889) S94, T89 [=Salius formosus S94]
            |         Clistoderes Banks 1934 T89
            |           |  i. s.: C. onoi (Ishikawa 1955) [=Priocnemis onoi] T89
            |           |         C. taiwanus Tsuneki 1989 T89
            |           |         C. thione T89
            |           |--C. (Clistoderes) iwatai S94
            |           `--C. (Paraclistoderes Ishikawa 1962) S94
            |                |--C. (P.) futabae S94
            |                |--C. (P.) impunctatus S94
            |                |--C. (P.) nakanei S94
            |                `--C. (P.) shirozui S94
            |         Lissocnemis T89
            |           |--*L. irrasus T89
            |           |--L. apollo (Banks 1934) [=Dinagenia apollo] T89
            |           |--L. niger Tsuneki 1989 T89
            |           `--L. nigricoxis Haupt 1941 T89
            |         Taiwagenia Tsuneki 1989 T89
            |           `--*T. taiwana Tsuneki 1989 T89
            |--Chirodamus Townes 1957 S94, E07 [Chirodamini EG06]
            |--Calopompilus S94
            |--Hemipepsis S94
            |--Pepsini S94
            |--Plagicurgus Roig Alsina 1982 S94
            |    `--P. metallicus S94
            |--+--Pompilocalus Roig Alsina 1989 S94
            |  |    `--P. fraternus S94
            |  `--+--Aimatocare Roig Alsina 1989 S94
            |     `--Anacyphonyx Banks 1946 S94
            |--Cyphononyx Dahlbom 1845 S94
            |    |--C. bipartitus (Lepeletier 1845) [=Salius bipartitus, Leptodialepis bipartitus] T89
            |    |--C. bretoni S94
            |    |--C. cameroni Banks 1938 B38
            |    |--C. dorsalis (Lepeletier 1745) (see below for synonymy) T89
            |    |--C. fugidipennis B38
            |    |--C. gowdeyi (Turner 1918) E07
            |    `--C. iridipennis (Smith 1859) S94, T90 (see below for synonymy)
            `--+--Psoropempula S94
               |--Ageniellini S94
               |--+--Platydialepis Haupt 1941 S94
               |  |    |--P. ryoheii (Ishikawa 1957) [=Malloscelis ryoheii] S94
               |  |    `--P. taiwanianus (Tsuneki 1989) [=Malloscelis taiwanianus] S94
               |  `--Priocnessus Banks 1925 S94
               |       |--P. hurdi S94
               |       |--P. nebulosus S94
               |       `--P. nuperus S94
               `--+--Priocnemis S94
                  |--Dipogon S94
                  |--Ctenopriocnemis Ishikawa 1962 S94
                  |    `--C. filicornis S94
                  |--Eopompilus Gussakovskij 1933 S94
                  |    |--E. internalis S94
                  |    `--E. minor S94
                  |--Caliadurgus Pate 1946 S94
                  |    |--C. bituberculatus S94
                  |    |--C. fasciatellus S94
                  |    |--C. kurosawai S94
                  |    `--C. ussuriensis (Gussakovskij 1933) (see below for synonymy) T89
                  |--Sphictostethus Kohl 1884 S94, E07 (see below for synonymy)
                  |    |--*S. gravesii (Haliday 1836) [=Pompilus gravesii] E07
                  |    |--S. aliciae (Turner 1914) [=Calopompilus aliciae, Priocnemis aliciae] E07
                  |    |--‘*Haploneura’ apogona Kohl 1884 [=*Haploneurion apogonum] E07
                  |    |--S. calvus H05
                  |    |--‘Pompilus’ flavipes Guérin-Méneville 1836 [=*Anapriocnemis flavipes] E07
                  |    |--S. fugax [=Pompilus fugax] E07
                  |    |--S. nitidus (Fabricius 1775) E07 (see below for synonymy)
                  |    `--S. xanthochrous (Turner 1915) [=Calopompilus xanthochrous, Priocnemis xanthochrous] E07
                  `--Minagenia Banks 1934 [Minageniini] S94
                       |--M. alticola Tsuneki 1989 T89
                       |--M. brevicornis T89
                       |--M. granulosa Tsuneki 1989 T89
                       |--M. julia S94
                       |--M. montisdorsa S94
                       |--M. osoria S94
                       |--M. pempuchiensis Tsuneki 1989 T89
                       `--M. taiwana Tsuneki 1989 T89

Pompilidae incertae sedis:
  Priocnemioides Rad. 1888 H37
    `--P. unifasciatus H37
  Ceropalites infelix Cockerell 1906 EG06
  Planiceps Latreille 1825 S94 [Planicepinae R70]
    |--P. aureovestitus Turner 1910 E07
    `--P. fulviventris R13
  Atelostegus Haupt 1929 S94
  Pygmachus Haupt 1930 S94
  Dromochares Haupt 1930 S94
  Gonaporus Ashmead 1902 S94
  Taeniaporus Haupt 1930 S94
  Aeluropetrus Arnold 1936 S94
  Rhynchopompilus Arnold 1934 S94
  Euplaniceps Haupt 1930 S94
  Aspidaporus Bradley 1944 S94
  Odontaporus Bradley 1944 S94
  Cosmiaporus Bradley 1944 S94
  Drepanaporus Bradley 1944 S94
  Rhabdaporus Bradley 1944 S94
  Tupiaporus Arlé 1947 S94
  Abripepsis Banks 1946 S94
  Hatanomus Tsuneki 1990 T90
    `--*H. granulosus Tsuneki 1990 T90

Caliadurgus ussuriensis (Gussakovskij 1933) [=Caricurgus ussuriensis; incl. Car. shirakii Yasumatsu 1943] T89

Cyphononyx dorsalis (Lepeletier 1745) [=Calicurgus dorsalis, Pompilus dorsalis, Priocnemis dorsalis, Salius dorsalis; incl. Salius flavus Bingham 1897, Cyphononyx flavus, Cryptoceilus flavus, Pallosoma fulvognathus Rohwer 1911, Cyphononyx fulvognathus] T89

Cyphononyx iridipennis (Smith 1859) S94, T90 [=Cryptochilus (Cyphononyx) iridipennis T90, Dichelonyx iridipennis T90, Macromeris iridipennis T90, Salius iridipennis T90; incl. Mignimia pulchripennis Smith 1875 T90, Cyphononyx pulchripennis T90]

Java nigrita aspasia (Smith 1859) [=Mygnimia aspasia, Cryptocheilus aspasia, Cyphononyx aspasia, Dichelonyx aspasia, Salius aspasia] E07

Sphictostethus Kohl 1884 S94, E07 [=Sphictonotus (l. c.) E07; incl. Anapriocnemis Haupt 1959 E07, Chrysocurgus Haupt 1937 H37, Haploneura Kohl 1884 non Loew 1850 E07, Haploneurion Kohl 1884 E07]

Sphictostethus nitidus (Fabricius 1775) E07 [=Sphex nitida E07, *Chrysocurgus nitidus E07; incl. Priocnemis wakefieldi H37]

*Type species of generic name indicated

REFERENCES

[B38] Banks, N. 1938. Some Psammocharidae from Singapore. Proceedings of the Entomological Society of Washington 40 (8): 236–249.

[E07] Elliott, M. G. 2007. Annotated catalogue of the Pompilidae (Hymenoptera) of Australia. Zootaxa 1428: 1–83.

[EG06] Engel, M. S., & D. A. Grimaldi. 2006. The first Cretaceous spider wasp (Hymenoptera: Pompilidae). Journal of the Kansas Entomological Society 79 (4): 359–368.

[H04] Harris, A. C. 2004. Priocnemis (Trichochurgus) monachus (Smith) (Hymenoptera: Pompilidae) preying on Misgolas napua Forster (Mygalomorphae: Idiophidae) after opening the lids of the prey’s burrows, and notes of the affinities of Trichocurgus Haupt. Weta 27: 13–14.

[H05] Harris, A. C. 2005. House sparrows (Passer domesticus) repeatedly robbing red spider wasps (Sphictostethus nitidus) (Hymenoptera: Pompilidae) of their paralysed spider prey (Neoramia otagoa) (Araneae: Agelenidae). Weta 29: 21–23.

[H37] Haupt, H. 1937. Beitrag zur Kenntnis der Psammochariden-Fauna Australiens (Spinnenfangende Wegwespen). Subf. Claveliinae Hpt. Trib. Calicurgini nov. Zeitschrift für Naturwissenschaften 91: 121–136.

[PK17] Peters, R. S., L. Krogmann, C. Mayer, A. Donath, S. Gunkel, K. Meusemann, A. Kozlov, L. Podsiadlowski, M. Petersen, R. Lanfear, P. A. Diez, J. Heraty, K. M. Kjer, S. Klopfstein, R. Meier, C. Polidori, T. Schmitt, S. Liu, X. Zhou, T. Wappler, J. Rust, B. Misof & O. Niehuis. 2017. Evolutionary history of the Hymenoptera. Current Biology 27 (7): 1013–1018.

[R13] Reuter, O. M. 1913. Lebensgewohnheiten und Instinkte der Insekten bis zum Erwachen der sozialen Instinkte. R. Friedländer & Sohn: Berlin.

[R70] Riek, E. F. 1970. Hymenoptera (wasps, bees, ants). In: CSIRO. The Insects of Australia: A textbook for students and research workers pp. 867–959. Melbourne University Press.

[S94] Shimizu, A. 1994. Phylogeny and classification of the family Pompilidae (Hymenoptera). Tokyo Metropolitan University Bulletin of Natural History 2: 1–142.

[T89] Tsuneki, K. 1989. A study on the Pompilidae of Taiwan (Hymenoptera). Special Publications of the Japan Hymenopterists Association 35: 1–180.

[T90] Tsuneki, K. 1990. The Pompilidae of the Ryukyus (Hymenoptera). Special Publications of the Japan Hymenopterists Association 36: 1–65.

Mutillidae

Pseudophotopsis komarovii, copyright Centre for Biodiversity Genomics.

Belongs within: Pompiloidea.
Contains: Kudakrumiini, Myrmosini, Ticoplinae, Rhopalomutillinae, Sphaeropthalminae, Dasylabrinae, Myrmillinae, Mutillinae.

The Mutillidae, velvet ants, are hairy wasps that usually show significant dimorphism with females being wingless and have the sclerites of the mesosoma fused whereas males are mostly winged with articulated mesosomal plates. In the basal subfamily Myrmosinae, found in Eurasia and North America, females retain an articulated suture between the pro- and mesonotum (Brothers & Lelej 2017).

Synapomorphies (from Brothers & Lelej 2017): Tergum II and sternum I in both sexes, tergum II overlying lateral extremities of sternum I; scape in female with flangelike expansion above radicle, angled; wings absent in female; metacoxal cavities closed in female; tergum II with stridulitrum in both sexes (lost in some subgroups); sternum I in both sexes depressed posteriorly, constricted and abutting sternum II; hind wing in male with jugal lobe reduced; penis valve (gonapophysis IX) with apex dorsally produced, ventral tooth about midway (further modified in most subgroups).

Mutillidae [Cretavidae, Sphaeropthalmina]
    |  i. s.: Smicromutilla Mickel 1964 LB08
    |           `-*S. powelli Mickel 1964 LB08
    |         Cretavus Sharov 1957 LB08
    |           `--*C. sibiricus Sharov 1957 LB08
    |         Scaptopoda Lynch Arribálzaga 1878 (n. d.) LB08
    |           `--*S. pusilla Lynch Arribálzaga 1878 LB08
    |--Myrmosinae [Kudakrumiinae, Myrmosidae] BL17
    |    |--Kudakrumiini BL17
    |    `--Myrmosini BL17
    `--+--Pseudophotopsis André 1896 BL17, LB08 (see below for synonymy)
       |    |--*P. komarovii (Radoszkowski 1885) [=Agama komarovii] LB08
       |    |--P. asiatica Suárez 1965 [=Ephutomma asiatica] LB08
       |    |--P. binghami Bischoff 1920 BL17
       |    |--P. continua (Fabricius 1804) BL17 [=Mutilla continua LB08, *Sphinctomutilla continua LB08]
       |    |--P. irana (Skorikov 1935) BL17
       |    |--‘Agama’ kokpetica Radoszkowski 1885 [=Agama kotepetica (l. c.), *Alloneurion kokpeticum] LB08
       |    `--P. schachruda (Skorikov 1935) BL17
       `--+--Ticoplinae BL17
          `--+--Rhopalomutillinae BL17
             `--+--Sphaeropthalminae BL17
                `--+--Dasylabrinae BL17
                   `--+--Myrmillinae BL17
                      `--Mutillinae BL17

Pseudophotopsis André 1896 BL17, LB08 [incl. Alloneurion Ashmead 1899 LB08, Sphinctomutilla André 1899 LB08; Pseudophotopsidinae]

*Type species of generic name indicated

REFERENCES

[BL17] Brothers, D. J., & A. S. Lelej. 2017. Phylogeny and higher classification of Mutillidae (Hymenoptera) based on morphological reanalyses. Journal of Hymenoptera Research 60: 1–97.

[LB08] Lelej, A. S., & D. J. Brothers. 2008. The genus-group names of Mutillidae (Hymenoptera) and their type species, with a new genus, new name, new synonymies, new combinations and lectotypifications. Zootaxa 1889: 1–79.

Last updated: 11 March 2021.

Proceratiinae

Probolomyrmex filiformis, copyright April Nobile.

Belongs within: Formicidae.

The Proceratiinae are a group of small ants characterised by fully or nearly fully exposed antennal sockets close to the anterior margin of the head, together with a single petiolar segment and a fused promesonotal suture (Heterick 2009).

<==Proceratiinae
    |--Probolomyrmex Mayr 1901 TB85 [Probolomyrmecini H09]
    |    |  i. s.: *P. filiformis Mayr 1901 TB85
    |    |         P. bidens SGH12
    |    |         P. maryatiae SGH12
    |    |         P. okinawensis Terayama & Ogata 1988 I92
    |    |         P. tani RBV08
    |    |         P. vieti SGH12
    |    |--P. greavesi group SGH12
    |    |    |--P. greavesi Taylor 1965 TB85
    |    |    |--P. latalongus Shattuck, Gunawardene & Heterick 2012 SGH12
    |    |    `--P. salomonis SGH12
    |    `--P. longinodus group SGH12
    |         |--P. aliundus Shattuck, Gunawardene & Heterick 2012 SGH12
    |         |--P. longinodus Terayama & Ogata 1988 I92
    |         |--P. newguinensis Shattuck, Gunawardene & Heterick 2012 SGH12
    |         `--P. simplex Shattuck, Gunawardene & Heterick 2012 SGH12
    `--Proceratiini H09
         |--Proceratium Roger 1863 TB85
         |    |--*P. silaceum Roger 1863 TB85
         |    |--P. californicum WW90
         |    |--P. papuanum Emery 1897 TB85
         |    `--P. stictum Brown 1958 TB85
         `--Discothyrea Roger 1863 H09, KT99 (see below for synonymy)
              |--*D. testacea Roger 1863 KT99
              |--D. bidens Clark 1928 TB85
              |--D. crassicornis Clark 1926 TB85
              |--D. kamiteta Kubota & Terayama 1999 KT99
              |--D. leae Clark 1934 TB85
              |--‘*Pseudosysphincta’ poweri Arnold 1916 KT99
              |--D. sauteri KT99
              |--D. turtoni Clark 1934 TB85
              `--D. velutina (Wheeler 1916) TB85 [=*Prodiscothyrea velutina KT99]

Discothyrea Roger 1863 H09, KT99 [incl. Prodiscothyrea Wheeler 1916 KT99, Pseudosysphincta Arnold 1916 KT99, Pseudosphincta (l. c.) KT99]

*Type species of generic name indicated

REFERENCES

[H09] Heterick, B. E. 2009. A guide to the ants of south-western Australia. Records of the Western Australian Museum Supplement 76: 1–206.

[I92] Iwahashi, J. (ed.) 1992. Reddo Deeta Animaruzu: a pictorial of Japanese fauna facing extinction. JICC: Tokyo.

[KT99] Kubota, M. & M. Terayama. 1999. A description of a new species of the genus Discothyrea Roger from the Ryukyus, Japan (Hymenoptera: Formicidae). Memoirs of the Myrmecological Society of Japan 1: 1–5.

[RBV08] Rabeling, C., J. M. Brown & M. Verhaagh. 2008. Newly discovered sister lineage sheds light on early ant evolution. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the USA 105 (39): 14913–14917.

[SGH12] Shattuck, S. O., N. R. Gunawardene & B. Heterick. 2012. A revision of the ant genus Probolomyrmex (Hymenoptera: Formicidae: Proceratiinae) in Australia and Melanesia. Zootaxa 3444: 40–50.

[TB85] Taylor, R. W., & D. R. Brown. 1985. Formicoidea. In: Walton, D. W. (ed.) Zoological Catalogue of Australia vol. 2. Hymenoptera: Formicoidea, Vespoidea and Sphecoidea pp. 1–149. Australian Government Publishing Service: Canberra.

[WW90] Wheeler, G. C., & J. Wheeler. 1990. Insecta: Hymenoptera Formicidae. In: Dindal, D. L. (ed.) Soil Biology Guide pp. 1277–1294. John Wiley & Sones: New York.

Ponera

Ponera pennsylvanica, copyright Tom Murray.

Belongs within: Ponerinae.

Ponera is a genus of generalised ponerine ants characterised by triangular mandibles, a single large pectinate spur on the hind tarsus, and a subpetiolar process bearing a distinct fenestra anteriorly.

<==Ponera Latreille 1804 [incl. Pseudocryptopone Emery 1900, Pteroponera Bernard 1950, Selenopone Wheeler 1933] Z01
    |--P. coarctata (Latreille 1802) [=Formica coarctata; incl. F. contracta Latreille 1802, *Ponera contracta] TB85
    |--P. alisana Z01
    |--P. andrei Emery 1901 E14
    |--P. ceylonensis Mayr 1897 B03
    |--P. chihponensis Z01
    |--P. clavicornis Emery 1900 TB85
    |--P. confinis Roger 1860 [incl. P. confinis var. aitkeni, P. confinis var. wroughtoni] B03
    |--P. crassa E89
    |--P. eduardi M83
    |--P. exotica WW90
    |--P. gleadowi Forel 1887 B03
    |--P. guangxiensis Zhou 2001 Z01
    |--P. leae Forel 1913 (see below for synonymy) TB85
    |--P. leeuwenhoecki E89
    |--P. oculata Smith 1858 TB85
    |--P. paedericera Zhou 2001 Z01
    |--P. pennsylvanica Buckley 1866 NT01 [=P. coarctata pennsylvanica WW90]
    |--P. selenophora Emery 1900 TB85
    |--P. swezeyi (Wheeler 1933) FT08
    |--P. taipingensis H03
    |--P. trigona E14
    |--P. truncata Smith 1861 B03
    `--P. yakushimensis Tanaka 1974 I92

Ponera leae Forel 1913 [incl. P. exedra Wilson 1957, P. leae norfolkensis Wheeler 1935, P. leae oculata Wheeler 1927 non P. oculata Smith 1858] TB85

*Type species of generic name indicated

REFERENCES

[B03] Bingham, C. T. 1903. The Fauna of British India, including Ceylon and Burma. Hymenoptera vol. 2. Ants and Cuckoo-Wasps. Taylor and Francis: London.

[E89] Emery, C. 1889. Viaggio di Leonardo Fea in Birmania e regioni vicine. XX.—Formiche di Birmania e del Tenasserim raccolte da Leonardo Fea (1885–87). Annali del Museo Civico di Storia Naturale di Genova, Serie 2^a, 7: 485–520.

[E14] Emery, C. 1914. Les fourmis de la Nouvelle-Calédonie & des îles Loyalty. In: Sarasin, F., & J. Roux (eds) Nova Caledonia: Forschungen in Neu-Caledonian und auf den Loyalty-Inseln. A. Zoologie vol. 1 pt 4 pp. 393–436, pl. 12. C. W. Kreidels Verlag: Wiesbaden.

[FT08] Framenau, V. W., & M. L. Thomas. 2008. Ants (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) of Christmas Island (Indian Ocean): identification and distribution. Records of the Western Australian Museum 25 (1): 45–85.

[H03] Heads, M. 2003. Ericaceae in Malesia: vicariance biogeography, terrane tectonics and ecology. Telopea 10 (1): 311–449.

[I92] Iwahashi, J. (ed.) 1992. Reddo Deeta Animaruzu: a pictorial of Japanese fauna facing extinction. JICC: Tokyo.

[M83] Martin, N. A. 1983. Miscellaneous observations on a pasture fauna: an annotated species list. DSIR Entomology Division Report 3: 1–98.

[NT01] Newton, A. F., M. K. Thayer, J. S. Ashe & D. S. Chandler. 2001. Staphylinidae Latreille, 1802. In: Arnett, R. H., Jr & M. C. Thomas (eds) American Beetles vol. 1. Archostemata, Myxophaga, Adephaga, Polyphaga: Staphyliniformia pp. 272–418. CRC Press: Boca Raton.

[TB85] Taylor, R. W., & D. R. Brown. 1985. Formicoidea. In: Walton, D. W. (ed.) Zoological Catalogue of Australia vol. 2. Hymenoptera: Formicoidea, Vespoidea and Sphecoidea pp. 1–149. Australian Government Publishing Service: Canberra.

[WW90] Wheeler, G. C., & J. Wheeler. 1990. Insecta: Hymenoptera Formicidae. In: Dindal, D. L. (ed.) Soil Biology Guide pp. 1277–1294. John Wiley & Sones: New York.

[Z01] Zhou, S. 2001. Ants of Guangxi. Guangxi Normal University Press: Guilin (China).

Odontomachus

Odontomachus monticola, copyright Johnsonwang6688.

Belongs within: Ponerinae.

Odontomachus is a pantropical genus of ants characterised by long and straight mandibles inserted just on either side of the cephalic midline with three large teeth near the tip arranged in a vertical series, together with a single tooth or spine at the apex of the petiole, and dark, inverted V-shaped apophyseal lines on the back of the head converging to form a distinct, sometimes shallow groove or ridge on the upper back of the head (Fisher & Smith 2008).

<==Odontomachus Latreille 1804 (see below for synonymy) Z01
    |--*O. haematodus (Linnaeus 1758) (see below for synonymy) Z01
    |--O. bauri FS08
    |--O. brunneus WW90
    |--O. cephalotes Smith 1863 TB85
    |--O. chelifer MC05
    |--O. clarus [=O. haematoda clarus] WW90
    |--O. coquereli Roger 1861 [incl. O. coquereli minor Emery 1899] FS08
    |--O. fulgidus Wang 1993 Z01
    |--O. granatus Wang 1993 Z01
    |--O. hastatus MC05
    |--O. monticola Emery 1892 (see below for synonymy) Z01
    |--O. rixosus Smith 1857 [incl. O. rixosus var. obscurior] B03
    |--O. ruficeps Smith 1858 (see below for synonymy) TB85
    |    |--O. r. ruficeps B88
    |    `--O. r. coriarius Mayr 1876 B88, TB85
    |--O. simillimus Smith 1858 (see below for synonymy) FS08
    |--O. troglodytes Santschi 1914 [=O. haematodes troglodytes; incl. O. haematodus stanleyi Wheeler 1922] FS08
    |--O. turneri Forel 1900 [=O. ruficeps turneri] TB85
    `--O. tyrannicus FS08

Odontomachus Latreille 1804 [incl. Chapsomyrmex Emery 1892, Myrtoteras Matsumura 1918, Pedetes Bernstein 1861; Odontomachini] Z01

*Odontomachus haematodus (Linnaeus 1758) [=Formica haematoda; incl. O. haematodus r. pubescens var. bruneipes Emery 1893, O. hirsutiusculus Smith 1858, Formica maxillosa De Geer 1773, O. haematodus var. pallipes Crawley 1916] Z01

Odontomachus monticola Emery 1892 [incl. O. monticola var. formosae Forel 1912, O. monticola var. hainanensis Stitz 1925, O. monticola var. longi Forel 1900, O. monticola var. major Forel 1913, O. monticola pauperculus Wheeler 1921, O. monticola r. punctulatus Forel 1900, O. latidens striata Menozzi 1930] Z01

Odontomachus ruficeps Smith 1858 [incl. O. ruficeps acutidens Forel 1900, O. coriarius magnus Mayr 1876, O. coriarius obscura Crawley 1922, O. ruficeps rubriceps Forel 1915, O. ruficeps rufescens Forel 1915, O. coriarius semicircularis Mayr 1876, O. septentrionalis Crawley 1915, O. sharpei Forel 1893] TB85

Odontomachus simillimus Smith 1858 [incl. O. haematoda var. breviceps Crawley 1915, O. haematodes var. fuscipennis Forel 1913, Ponera pallidicornis Smith 1860] FS08

*Type species of generic name indicated

REFERENCES

[B03] Bingham, C. T. 1903. The Fauna of British India, including Ceylon and Burma. Hymenoptera vol. 2. Ants and Cuckoo-Wasps. Taylor and Francis: London.

[B88] Bouček, Z. 1988. Australasian Chalcidoidea (Hymenoptera): A biosystematic revision of genera of fourteen families, with a reclassification of species. CAB International: Wallingford (UK).

[FS08] Fisher, B. L., & M. A. Smith. 2008. A revision of Malagasy species of Anochetus Mayr and Odontomachus Latreille (Hymenoptera: Formicidae). PLoS One 3 (5): e1787.

[MC05] Machado, G., P. C. Carrera, A. M. Pomini & A. J. Marsaioli. 2005. Chemical defense in harvestmen (Arachnida, Opiliones): do benzoquinone secretions deter invertebrate and vertebrate predators? Journal of Chemical Ecology 31 (11): 2519–2539.

[TB85] Taylor, R. W., & D. R. Brown. 1985. Formicoidea. In: Walton, D. W. (ed.) Zoological Catalogue of Australia vol. 2. Hymenoptera: Formicoidea, Vespoidea and Sphecoidea pp. 1–149. Australian Government Publishing Service: Canberra.

[WW90] Wheeler, G. C., & J. Wheeler. 1990. Insecta: Hymenoptera Formicidae. In: Dindal, D. L. (ed.) Soil Biology Guide pp. 1277–1294. John Wiley & Sones: New York.

[Z01] Zhou, S. 2001. Ants of Guangxi. Guangxi Normal University Press: Guilin (China).

Anochetus

Anochetus armstrongi with termite, copyright Mark Newton.

Belongs within: Ponerinae.

Anochetus is a pantropical genus of ponerine ants characterised by long, straight mandibles inserted near the cephalic midline with two or three large teeth near the tip arranged in a vertical series, together with two teeth or a rounded margin at the apex of the petiole, and an uninterrupted, inverted U-shaped ridge on the back of the head (Fisher & Smith 2008).

<==Anochetus Mayr 1861 [incl. Stenomyrmex Mayr 1862, Myrmapatetes Wheeler 1929] Z01
    |--*A. ghilianii (Spinola 1851) [=Odontomachus ghilianii] Z01
    |--A. armstrongi McAreavey 1949 TB85
    |--A. boltoni Fisher & Smith 2008 FS08
    |--A. goodmani Fisher & Smith 2008 FS08
    |--A. graeffei Mayr 1870 (see below for synonymy) Z01
    |    |--A. g. graeffei E14
    |    `--A. ‘punctiventris’ oceanicus Emery 1897 E14
    |--A. grandidieri Forel 1891 [incl. A. madecassus Santschi 1928] FS08
    |--A. kanariensis Forel 1900 B03
    |--A. longifossatus Mayr 1897 B03
    |--A. madagascarensis Forel 1887 [=A. africanus madagascarensis; incl. A. africanus friederichsi Forel 1918] FS08
    |--A. madaraszi Mayr 1897 B03
    |--A. myops Emery 1893 B03
    |--A. nietneri (Roger 1861) [=Odontomachus nietneri] B03
    |--A. orientalis B03
    |--A. paripungens Brown 1978 TB85
    |--A. pattersoni Fisher & Smith 2008 FS08
    |--A. princeps Emery 1884 B03
    |--A. rectangularis Mayr 1876 [incl. A. rectangularis diabolus Forel 1915] TB85
    |--A. renatae H13
    |--A. risii Forel 1900 [incl. A. gracilis Karawajew 1925] Z01
    |--A. sedilloti Emery 1884 [incl. A. sedilloti var. indicus] B03
    |--A. turneri Forel 1900 [incl. A. turneri latunei Forel 1915] TB85
    `--A. yerburyi Forel 1900 B03

Anochetus graeffei Mayr 1870 [incl. A. amati Karavajew 1925, A. minutus Karavajew 1925, A. punctiventris Mayr 1878, A. rudis Emery 1889, A. ruginotus Stitz 1925, A. taylori Forel 1900] Z01

*Type species of generic name indicated

REFERENCES

[B03] Bingham, C. T. 1903. The Fauna of British India, including Ceylon and Burma. Hymenoptera vol. 2. Ants and Cuckoo-Wasps. Taylor and Francis: London.

[E14] Emery, C. 1914. Les fourmis de la Nouvelle-Calédonie & des îles Loyalty. In: Sarasin, F., & J. Roux (eds) Nova Caledonia: Forschungen in Neu-Caledonian und auf den Loyalty-Inseln. A. Zoologie vol. 1 pt 4 pp. 393–436, pl. 12. C. W. Kreidels Verlag: Wiesbaden.

[FS08] Fisher, B. L., & M. A. Smith. 2008. A revision of Malagasy species of Anochetus Mayr and Odontomachus Latreille (Hymenoptera: Formicidae). PLoS One 3 (5): e1787.

[H13] Heterick, B. E. 2013. A taxonomic overview and key to the ants of Barrow Island, Western Australia. Records of the Western Australian Museum Supplement 83: 375–404.

[TB85] Taylor, R. W., & D. R. Brown. 1985. Formicoidea. In: Walton, D. W. (ed.) Zoological Catalogue of Australia vol. 2. Hymenoptera: Formicoidea, Vespoidea and Sphecoidea pp. 1–149. Australian Government Publishing Service: Canberra.

[Z01] Zhou, S. 2001. Ants of Guangxi. Guangxi Normal University Press: Guilin (China).

Hypoponera

Hypoponera eduardi, copyright April Nobile.

Belongs within: Ponerinae.

Hypoponera is a cosmopolitan genus of fairly generalised soil-dwelling ants.

Characters (from Heterick 2009): Mandibles triangular; palpal formula 2, 2; clypeus narrowly inserted between frontal lobes; tibia of hind leg with single large pectinate spur; pretarsal claws of hind leg simple; anteroventral process of petiole simple.

<==Hypoponera Santschi 1938 FT08
    |--*H. abeillei (André 1881) [=Ponera abeillei] T99
    |--H. beppin Terayama 1999 T99
    |--H. bondroiti T99
    |--H. confinis (Roger 1860) FT08
    |--H. congrua (Wheeler 1934) [=Ponera congrua] TB85
    |--H. convexiuscula (Forel 1900) [=Ponera trigona convexiuscula] TB85
    |--H. decora (Clark 1934) [=Ponera decora] TB85
    |--H. eduardi H09
    |--H. elliptica (Forel 1900) [=Ponera truncata elliptica] TB85
    |--H. gleadowi T99
    |--H. herbertonensis (Forel 1915) [=Ponera pruinosa herbertonensis] TB85
    |--H. inexorata [=Ponera inexorata] WW90
    |--H. mackayensis (Forel 1900) [=Ponera coarctata mackayensis] TB85
    |--H. mina (Wheeler 1927) [=Ponera mina] TB85
    |--H. nippona T99
    |--H. nubatama T99
    |--H. opaciceps (Mayr 1887) FT08 [=Ponera opaciceps WW90]
    |--H. opacior BS06 [=Ponera trigona opacior WW90]
    |--H. punctatissima (Roger 1859) FT08
    |--H. queenslandensis (Forel 1900) [=Ponera queenslandensis] TB85
    |--H. rectidens (Clark 1934) [=Ponera rectidens] TB85
    |--H. sakalava BS06
    |--H. sauteri T99
    |--H. scitula (Clark 1934) [=Ponera scitula] TB85
    |--H. sulciceps (Clark 1928) [=Ponera sulciceps] TB85
    `--H. zwaluwenburgi T99

*Type species of generic name indicated

REFERENCES

[BS06] Brady, S. G., T. R. Schultz, B. L. Fisher & P. S. Ward. 2006. Evaluating alternative hypotheses for the early evolution and diversification of ants. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the USA 103 (48): 18172–18177.

[FT08] Framenau, V. W., & M. L. Thomas. 2008. Ants (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) of Christmas Island (Indian Ocean): identification and distribution. Records of the Western Australian Museum 25 (1): 45–85.

[H09] Heterick, B. E. 2009. A guide to the ants of south-western Australia. Records of the Western Australian Museum Supplement 76: 1–206.

[TB85] Taylor, R. W., & D. R. Brown. 1985. Formicoidea. In: Walton, D. W. (ed.) Zoological Catalogue of Australia vol. 2. Hymenoptera: Formicoidea, Vespoidea and Sphecoidea pp. 1–149. Australian Government Publishing Service: Canberra.

[T99] Terayama, M. 1999. Taxonomic studies of the Japanese Formicidae, part 4. Three new species of Ponerinae. Memoirs of the Myrmecological Society of Japan 1: 7–15.

[WW90] Wheeler, G. C., & J. Wheeler. 1990. Insecta: Hymenoptera Formicidae. In: Dindal, D. L. (ed.) Soil Biology Guide pp. 1277–1294. John Wiley & Sones: New York.

Rhytidoponera

Rhytidoponera pulchella, from AntWiki.

Belongs within: Ectatommini.

Rhytidoponera is an Australasian genus of relatively large, dark-coloured, often heavily sculpted ants whose reproductive females usually lack wings and are not outwardly distinguishable from other workers.

<==Rhytidoponera Mayr 1862 [incl. Chalcoponera Emery 1897] TB85
    |--R. impressa group W85
    |    |--R. confusa Ward 1980 W85, TB85
    |    `--R. impressa (Mayr 1876) [=Ectatomma impressum] TB85
    `--+--R. numeensis group W85
       |    |--R. koumensis W85
       |    |--R. numeensis Andre 1889 [=R. (Chalcoponera) numeensis] E14
       |    `--R. wilsoni W85
       |--+--R. acanthoponeroides W85
       |  `--R. fulgens group W85
       |       |--+--R. aquila W85
       |       |  `--R. opaciventris W85
       |       `--+--R. atropurpurea Emery 1914 W85, E14 [=R. (Chalcoponera) atropurpurea E14]
       |          `--R. fulgens Emery 1883 W85, E14 (see below for synonymy)
       `--R. pulchella group W85
            |--R. arborea W85
            |--R. depilis W85
            |--R. insularis W85
            |--R. litoralis W85
            |--R. luteipes W85
            |--R. mimica W85
            |--R. nitidiventris W85
            |--R. pulchella Emery 1883 [=R. (Chalcoponera) pulchella] E14
            |--R. terrestris W85
            `--R. versicolor W85

Rhytidoponera incertae sedis:
  *R. araneoides (Le Guillou 1841) (see below for synonymy) TB85
  R. aciculata (Smith 1858) [=Ectatomma aciculata; incl. E. (Rhytidoponera) cristatum caro Forel 1910] TB85
  R. acupuncta Emery 1914 [=R. (Chalcoponera) acupuncta] E14
  R. anceps Emery 1898 TB85
  R. aspera (Roger 1860) [=Ponera metallica aspera; incl. R. (Chalcoponera) arnoldi Forel 1915] TB85
  R. aurata (Roger 1861) [=Ponera (Ectatomma) aurata; incl. R. flava Crawley 1915] TB85
  R. barnardi Clark 1936 TB85
  R. barretti Clark 1941 TB85
  R. borealis Crawley 1918 (see below for synonymy) TB85
  R. carinata Clark 1936 TB85
  R. cerastes Crawley 1925 TB85
  R. chalybaea Emery 1901 [=R. impressa chalybaea; incl. Ectatomma (Rhytidoponera) cyrus Forel 1910] TB85
  R. chnoopyx Brown 1958 TB85
  R. clarki Donisthorpe 1943 (see below for synonymy) TB85
  R. convexa (Mayr 1876) [=Ectatomma convexum; incl. R. nigra Clark 1936] TB85
  R. cornuta (Emery 1895) [=Ectatomma (Rhytidoponera) cornutum] TB85
  R. crassinodis (Forel 1907) [=Ectatomma (Rhytidoponera) crassinode] TB85
  R. cristata (Mayr 1876) [=Ectatomma cristatum] TB85
  R. croesus Emery 1901 (see below for synonymy) TB85
  R. dubia Crawley 1915 [=R. (Chalcoponera) dubia] TB85
  R. enigmatica Ward 1980 TB85
  R. eremita Clark 1936 TB85
  R. ferruginea Clark 1936 TB85
  R. flavicornis Clark 1936 TB85
  R. flavipes (Clark 1941) [=Chalcoponera flavipes] TB85
  R. flindersi Clark 1936 TB85
  R. foreli Crawley 1918 TB85
  R. foveolata Crawley 1925 TB85
  R. fuliginosa Clark 1936 TB85
  R. greavesi Clark 1941 TB85
  R. gregoryi Clark 1936 TB85
  R. haeckeli (Forel 1910) [=Ectatomma (Rhytidoponera) haeckeli] TB85
  R. hilli Crawley 1915 TB85
  R. incisa Crawley 1915 TB85
  R. inornata Crawley 1922 (see below for synonymy) TB85
  R. kurandensis Brown 1958 TB85
  R. lamellinodis Santschi 1919 [=R. (Chalcoponera) lamellinodis Santschi 1919] TB85
  R. laticeps Forel 1915 TB85
  R. levior Crawley 1925 [=R. punctata levior, R. douglasi Brown 1952] TB85
  R. maledicta Forel 1915 [=R. (Chalcoponera) victoriae maledicta] TB85
  R. maniae (Forel 1900) (see below for synonymy) TB85
  R. mayri (Emery 1883) (see below for synonymy) TB85
  R. metallica (Smith 1858) (see below for synonymy) TB85
  R. micans Clark 1936 TB85
  R. mirabilis Clark 1936 TB85
  R. nitida Clark 1936 TB85
  R. nodifera (Emery 1895) (see below for synonymy) TB85
  R. nudata (Mayr 1876) [=Ectatomma nudatum] TB85
  R. peninsularis Brown 1958 TB85
  R. pilosula Clark 1936 TB85
  R. punctata (Smith 1858) [=Ectatomma punctata] TB85
  R. punctigera Crawley 1925 TB85
  R. punctiventris (Forel 1900) [=Ectatomma (Rhytidoponera) cristatum punctiventris] TB85
  R. purpurea (Emery 1887) (see below for synonymy) TB85
  R. reflexa Clark 1936 TB85
  R. reticulata (Forel 1893) [=Ectatomma (Rhytidoponera) reticulatum] TB85
  R. rufescens (Forel 1900) [=Ectatomma (Rhytidoponera) convexum rufescens] TB85
  R. rufithorax Clark 1941 TB85
  R. rufiventris Forel 1915 [=R. convexa rufiventris; incl. R. castanea Crawley 1925] TB85
  R. rufonigra Clark 1936 TB85
  R. scaberrima (Emery 1895) (see below for synonymy) TB85
  R. scabra (Mayr 1876) [=Ectatomma scabrum] TB85
  R. scabrior Crawley 1925 [=R. (Chalcoponera) aspera scabrior] TB85
  R. socrus (Forel 1894) [=Ectatomma (Rhytidoponera) socrus] TB85
  R. spoliata (Emery 1895) [=Ectatomma (Rhytidoponera) spoliatum] TB85
  R. tasmaniensis Emery 1898 (see below for synonymy) TB85
  R. taurus (Forel 1910) (see below for synonymy) TB85
  R. tenuis (Forel 1900) [=Ectatomma (Rhytidoponera) tenue] TB85
  R. trachypyx Brown 1958 TB85
  R. turneri (Forel 1910) [=Ectatomma (Rhytidoponera) turneri] TB85
  R. tyloxys Brown & Douglas 1958 TB85
  R. victoriae (André 1896) TB85 (see below for synonymy)
  R. violacea (Forel 1907) (see below for synonymy) TB85
  R. viridis (Clark 1941) [=Chalcoponera viridis] TB85
  R. yorkensis Forel 1915 [=R. cristata yorkensis] TB85

*Rhytidoponera araneoides (Le Guillou 1841) [=Ponera araneoides, Ectatomma (*Rhytidoponera) araneoides; incl. R. araneoides arcuata Stutz 1911] TB85

Rhytidoponera borealis Crawley 1918 [=R. (Chalcoponera) numeensis borealis; incl. Chalcoponera brunnea Clark 1941] TB85

Rhytidoponera clarki Donisthorpe 1943 [=R. (Chalcoponera) clarki, Chalcoponera hilli Clark 1941 non R. hilli Crawley 1915, incl. Ectatomma (Rhytidoponera) metallicum obscurum Forel 1900 non E. (Holcoponera) obscurum Emery 1869] TB85

Rhytidoponera croesus Emery 1901 [incl. Chalcoponera victoriae andrei Wheeler & Chapman 1925, R. (Chalcoponera) fastuosa Santschi 1916] TB85

Rhytidoponera fulgens Emery 1883 W85, E14 [=R. (Chalcoponera) fulgens E14; incl. R. fulgens var. socrula Emery 1914 E14]

Rhytidoponera inornata Crawley 1922 [=R. (Chalcoponera) metallica inornata; incl. Chalcoponera metallica carbonaria Wheeler 1934] TB85

Rhytidoponera maniae (Forel 1900) [=Ectatomma (Rhytidoponera) maniae; incl. E. (R.) convexum spatiatum Forel 1900] TB85

Rhytidoponera mayri (Emery 1883) [=Ectatomma mayri; incl. R. dixoni Clark 1936, E. (R.) mayri glabrius Forel 1907, R. mayri glabrius levior Stitz 1911 (nom. inv.) non R. punctata levior Crawley 1925, R. occidentalis Clark 1936, R. petiolata Clark 1936, R. quadriceps Clark 1936, R. stridulator Clark 1936] TB85

Rhytidoponera metallica (Smith 1858) [=Ponera metallica, Ectatomma (Rhytidoponera) metallicum, Rhytidoponera (*Chalcoponera) metallica; incl. R. (C.) caeciliae Viehmeyer 1924, Chalcoponera pulchra Clark 1941, R. (C.) metallica purpurascens Wheeler 1915, R. (C.) metallica varians Crawley 1922] TB85

Rhytidoponera nodifera (Emery 1895) [=Ectatomma (Rhytidoponera) convexum nodiferum; incl. R. rothneyi mediana Viehmeyer 1924, R. pronotalis Crawley 1925, Ectatomma (Rhytidoponera) rothneyi Forel 1900] TB85

Rhytidoponera purpurea (Emery 1887) [=Ectatomma impressum purpureum; incl. E. (Rhytidoponera) impressum splendidum Forel 1910] TB85

Rhytidoponera scaberrima (Emery 1895) [=Ectatomma (Rhytidoponera) scaberrimum; incl. R. laciniosa malandensis Forel 1915] TB85

Rhytidoponera tasmaniensis Emery 1898 [=R. metallica tasmaniensis; incl. Ectatomma (Rhytidoponera) metallicum cristulatum Forel 1900] TB85

Rhytidoponera taurus (Forel 1910) [=Ectatomma (Rhytidoponera) cornutum taurus; incl. R. cerastes brevior Crawley 1925, R. cornuta fasciventris Stitz 1911] TB85

Rhytidoponera victoriae (André 1896) TB85 [=Ectatomma (Rhytidoponera) victoriae TB85, Chalcoponera victoriae R35; incl. R. (Chalcoponera) victoriae cedarensis Forel 1915 TB85, E. (R.) metallicum modestum Emery 1895 TB85, E. (R.) metallicum scrobiculatum Forel 1900 TB85]

Rhytidoponera violacea (Forel 1907) [=Ectatomma (Rhytidoponera) convexum violaceum; incl. E. (R.) convexum gemma Forel 1907, Rhytidoponera convexa opacior Clark 1936] TB85

*Type species of generic name indicated

REFERENCES

[E14] Emery, C. 1914. Les fourmis de la Nouvelle-Calédonie & des îles Loyalty. In: Sarasin, F., & J. Roux (eds) Nova Caledonia: Forschungen in Neu-Caledonian und auf den Loyalty-Inseln. A. Zoologie vol. 1 pt 4 pp. 393–436, pl. 12. C. W. Kreidels Verlag: Wiesbaden.

[R35] Rayment, T. 1935. A Cluster of Bees: Sixty essays on the life-histories of Australian bees, with specific descriptions of over 100 new species. Endeavour Press: Sydney.

[TB85] Taylor, R. W., & D. R. Brown. 1985. Formicoidea. In: Walton, D. W. (ed.) Zoological Catalogue of Australia vol. 2. Hymenoptera: Formicoidea, Vespoidea and Sphecoidea pp. 1–149. Australian Government Publishing Service: Canberra.

[W85] Ward, P. S. 1985. Taxonomic congruence and disparity in an insular ant fauna: Rhytidoponera in New Caledonia. Systematic Zoology 34 (2): 140–151.