Zercon (Zercon)

Dorsal view of female Zercon alaskaensis, copyright Matthew Meehan and Alyssa Turnbull.

Belongs within: Zerconidae.

The nominal subgenus of the genus Zercon is a group of zerconid mites characterised by an absence of conspicuously elongate setae on the anterior dorsal shield and well-separated posterior fossae (Sellnick 1958).

Characters (from Sellnick 1958): Bristles on notocephalic shield except vertical (i1) of almost equal length, none noticeably long. Peritrematic shield with two bristles, posterior bristle large and placed close to and extending far beyond the edge, anterior bristle tiny but placed on a tubercle on the edge so that it can be seen from above (being the only bristle on the edge that is directed diagonally forward); narrow wedge of soft integument between the peritrematic shield and lateral margin extending to the large bristle. Attachment point of bristle p2 on the underside of the body, not visible from above, p2 usually somewhat stronger than bristles on edge above it. Posterior fossae in a horizontal, somewhat concave row, never butting against each other.

<==Zercon Koch 1836 (Zercon) FH93
    |--*Z. (Z.) triangularis Koch 1836 U02 (see below for synonymy)
    |--Z. (Z.) abaculus Koch 1839 S58
    |--Z. (Z.) aberrans Mihelčič 1960 S58, U02
    |--Z. (Z.) alaskaensis Sellnick 1958 FH93
    |--Z. (Z.) alpinus Willmann 1953 S58
    |--Z. (Z.) americanus Sellnick 1958 FH93
    |--Z. (Z.) andrei Sellnick 1958 S58
    |--Z. (Z.) anomalus Willmann 1953 S58
    |--Z. (Z.) arcuatus Trägårdh 1931 S58
    |--Z. (Z.) badensis Sellnick 1944 S58
    |    |--Z. b. badensis A64
    |    `--Z. b. japonicus Aoki 1964 A64
    |--Z. (Z.) baloghi Sellnick 1958 S58
    |--Z. (Z.) blesti Evans 1954 S58
    |--Z. (Z.) carpathicus Sellnick 1958 S58
    |--Z. (Z.) colligans Berlese 1920 [=Z. perforatulus var. colligans] S58
    |--Z. (Z.) curiosus Trägårdh 1910 FH93
    |--Z. (Z.) dampfi Sellnick 1944 S58
    |--Z. (Z.) echinatus Schweizer 1922 S58 [=Z. triangularis var. echinatus S22]
    |--Z. (Z.) fenestralis Evans 1955 FH93
    |--Z. (Z.) forliensis Sellnick 1944 S58
    |--Z. (Z.) forsslundi Sellnick 1958 S58
    |--Z. (Z.) franzi Willmann 1943 S58
    |--Z. (Z.) guadarramicus Mihelčič in Sellnick 1958 S58
    |--Z. (Z.) hispanicus Sellnick 1958 S58
    |--Z. (Z.) inornatus Willmann 1943 S58
    |--Z. (Z.) italicus Sellnick 1944 S58
    |--Z. (Z.) joduthae Sellnick 1944 S58
    |--Z. (Z.) keiseri Schweizer 1949 S58
    |--Z. (Z.) klingei Mihelčič in Sellnick 1958 S58
    |--Z. (Z.) latissimus Sellnick 1944 S58
    |--Z. (Z.) minimus Sellnick 1958 FH93
    |--Z. (Z.) montanus Willmann 1943 S58
    |--Z. (Z.) peltatus Koch 1836 S58
    |--Z. (Z.) perforatulus Berlese 1904 [=Z. triangularis var. perforatulus] S58
    |--Z. (Z.) ratisbonensis Sellnick 1944 S58
    |--Z. (Z.) romagniolus Sellnick 1944 S58
    |--Z. (Z.) sarasinorum Schweizer 1949 S58
    |--Z. (Z.) schweizeri Sellnick 1944 S58
    |--Z. (Z.) solenites Haarløv 1942 S58
    |--Z. (Z.) spatulatus Koch 1839 S58
    |--Z. (Z.) tuberosus Willmann 1936 S58
    |--Z. (Z.) vacuus Koch 1839 [incl. Z. vacuus var. hungaricus Sellnick 1958] S58
    |--Z. (Z.) zangherii Sellnick 1944 S58
    `--Z. (Z.) zelawaiensis Sellnick 1944 S58

*Zercon (Zercon) triangularis Koch 1836 U02 [=Gamasus triangularis CF77; incl. Z. triangularis var. caudatus Berlese 1910 S58, Z. dimidiatus Koch 1839 S61, Z. triangularis var. granosus Berlese 1910 S58, G. serratus CF77]

*Type species of generic name indicated

REFERENCES

[A64] Aoki, J. 1964. Der erste Bericht über die Familie Zerconidae aus Japan (Acarina: Mesostigmata). Pacific Insects 6 (3): 489–493.

[CF77] Canestrini, G., & F. Fanzago. 1877. Intorno agli Acari Italiani. Atti del Reale Istituto Veneto di Scienze, Lettere ed Arti, Serie 5, 4: 69–208, pls 2–7.

[FH93] Farrier, M. H., & M. K. Hennessey. 1993. Soil-inhabiting and free-living Mesostigmata (Acari-Parasitiformes) from North America: an annotated checklist with bibliography and index. North Carolina Agricultural Research Service, North Carolina State University, Technical Bulletin 302: i–xvi, 1–408.

[S22] Schweizer, J. 1922. Beitrag zur Kenntnis der terrestrischen Milbenfauna der Schweiz. Verhandl. Naturf. Ges. Basel 33: 23–112, 4 pls.

[S61] Schweizer, J. 1961. Die Landmilben der Schweiz (Mittelland, Jura und Alpen): Parasitiformes Reuter, mit 246 Arten und Varietäten und 268 meist kombinierten Originalzeichnungen. Denkschriften der Schweizerischen Naturforschenden Gesellschaft [Mémoires de la Société Helvétique des Sciences Naturelles] 84: i–vii, 1–207.

[S58] Sellnick, M. 1958. Die familie Zerconidae Berlese. Acta Zoologica Academiae Scientiarum Hungaricae 3: 313–368.

[U02] Urhan, R. 2002. New zerconid mites (Acari: Gamasida: Zerconidae) from Turkey. Journal of Natural History 36: 2127–2138.

Proprioseiopsis

Dorsum (left) and venter of Proprioseiopsis sp., from PaDIL.

Belongs within: Phytoseioidea.

Proprioseiopsis is a genus of phytoseiid mites characterised by the absence of setae z3 and J2, with the setae of the dorsal hexagon being subequal in length or j6 slightly longer than j5 and z5, and three pairs of ventral setae on the ventro-anal shield (Evans & Till 1979).

<==Proprioseiopsis Muma 1961 (see below for synonymy) FH93
    |--*P. terrestris (Chant 1959) ET79 [=Typhlodromus (Amblyseius) terrestris FH93]
    |--P. amotus (Zack 1969) [=Amblyseiulus amotus] FH93
    |--P. amplus (Wainstein 1983) [=Amblyseius (Proprioseiopsis) amplus] FH93
    |--P. asetus (Chant 1959) FH93 [=Typhlodromus (Amblyseius) asetus FH93, Amblyseiulus asetus RM07]
    |--P. cannaensis (Muma 1962) [=Amblyseiulus cannaensis] FH93
    |--P. carolinianus (Muma in Muma, Metz & Farrier 1967) [=Amblyseius carolinianus] FH93
    |--P. citri (Muma 1962) [=Amblyseiulus citri] FH93
    |--P. clausae (Muma 1962) [=Amblyseiulus clausae] FH93
    |--P. detritus (Muma 1961) [=Amblyseiulus detritus] FH93
    |--P. dorsatus (Muma 1961) [=Amblyseiulus dorsatus] FH93
    |--P. exopodalis (Kennett 1958) [=Amblyseius exopodalis] FH93
    |--P. fragariae (Kennett 1958) [=Amblyseius fragariae] FH93
    |--P. gracilisetae (Muma 1962) [=Amblyseiulus gracilisetae] FH93
    |--P. guatemalensis (Chant 1959) [=Typhlodromus guatemalensis; incl. Amblyseiopsis elongatus Garman 1958] FH93
    |--P. hawaiiensis (Wainstein 1983) [=Amblyseius (Tenorioseius) hawaiiensis] FH93
    |--P. hudsonianus (Chant & Hansell 1971) [=Amblyseius hudsonianus] FH93
    |--P. kogi (Chant & Hansell 1971) [=Amblyseius kogi] FH93
    |--P. lichenis (Chant 1959) [=Typhlodromus (Amblyseius) lichenis] FH93
    |--P. lindquisti (Schuster & Pritchard 1963) [=Amblyseius lindquisti] FH93
    |--P. marginatus Denmark 1974 FH93
    |--P. mauiensis (Prasad 1968) [=Amblyseius mauiensis; incl. A. musaevi Abbasova 1970] FH93
    |--P. messor (Wainstein 1960) [=Typhlodromus messor, Amblyseius messor] H98
    |--P. mexicanus (Garman 1958) [=Typhlodromus (Amblyseius) mexicanus] FH93
    |--P. mumamacrosetae (Hirschmann 1962) [=Typhlodromus mumamacrosetae; incl. Amblyseiulus macrosetae Muma 1962] FH93
    |--P. neomexicanus (Chant 1959) [=Typhlodromus neomexicanus; incl. Amblyseiopsis reticulatus Garman 1958] FH93
    |--P. okanagensis (Chant 1957) [=Typhlodromus (Amblyseius) okanagensis] FH93
    |--P. oregonensis (Garman 1958) [=Amblyseiopsis oregonensis] FH93
    |--P. ovatus (Garman 1958) [=Amblyseiopsis ovatus; incl. P. paxi Muma 1965] FH93
    |--P. poculus Tuttle & Muma 1973 FH93
    |--P. putmani (Chant 1959) [=Typhlodromus (Amblyseius) putmani] FH93
    |--P. reventus (Zack 1969) [=Amblyseiulus reventus] FH93
    |--P. rotundus (Muma 1961) FH93 [=Amblyseiulus rotundus FH93, Amblyseius rotundus MU01]
    |--P. solens (De Leon 1962) [=Amblyseiulus solens] FH93
    |--P. temperellus (Denmark & Muma 1967) [=Amblyseiulus temperellus] FH93
    |--P. temperus Tuttle & Muma 1973 FH93
    |--P. tubulus (Muma 1965) [=Amblyseiulus tubulus] FH93
    |--P. versutus (Zack 1969) [=Amblyseiulus versutus] FH93
    `--P. weintraubi (Chant & Hansell 1971) [=Amblyseius weintraubi] FH93

Proprioseiopsis Muma 1961 [incl. Amblyseiulus Muma 1961, Pavlovskeius Wainstein 1962, Phytoscutella Muma 1961, Phytoseiella Muma 1961, Proprioseiulus Muma & Denmark 1968, Skironodromus Wainstein 1962] FH93

*Type species of generic name indicated

REFERENCES

[ET79] Evans, G. O., & W. M. Till. 1979. Mesostigmatic mites of Britain and Ireland (Chelicerata: Acari-Parasitiformes). An introduction to their external morphology and classification. Transactions of the Zoological Society of London 35: 139–270.

[FH93] Farrier, M. H., & M. K. Hennessey. 1993. Soil-inhabiting and free-living Mesostigmata (Acari-Parasitiformes) from North America: an annotated checklist with bibliography and index. North Carolina Agricultural Research Service, North Carolina State University, Technical Bulletin 302: i–xvi, 1–408.

[H98] Halliday, R. B. 1998. Mites of Australia: A checklist and bibliography. CSIRO Publishing: Collingwood.

[MU01] Moraes, G. J. de, E. A. Ueckermann, A. R. Oliveira & J. S. Yaninek. 2001. Phytoseiid mites of the genus Euseius (Acari: Phytoseiidae) from sub-Saharan Africa. Zootaxa 3: 1–70.

[RM07] Ramos, M., & G. J. de Moraes. 2007. Predatory mites associated with Steneotarsonemus spinki (Acari: Tarsonemidae) on rice in Cuba. In: Morales-Malacara, J. B., V. M. Behan-Pelletier, E. Ueckermann, T. M. Pérez, E. G. Estrada-Venegas & M. Badii (eds) Acarology XI: Proceedings of the International Congress pp. 459–462. Instituto de Biología and Faculdad de Ciencias, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Sociedad Latinoamericana de Acarología: México.

Treatiinae

Venter (left) and dorsum of Hemipteroseius indicus, from Krantz & Khot (1962).

Belongs within: Phytoseioidea.

The Treatiinae are a group of parasitic bugs found under the hemielytra of various Heteroptera (Lindquist et al. 2009).

<==Treatiinae LKW09
    |--Hemipteroseius Evans 1963 LKW09, FH93
    |    |--*H. womersleyi Evans 1963 T65
    |    `--H. indicus (Krantz & Khot 1962) [=Treatia indica] T65
    |--Nabiseius Chant & Lindiquist 1965 LKW09, FH93
    |    |--N. duplicisetus Chant & Lindquist 1965 FH93
    |    `--N. melinae Halliday 1994 H98
    `--Treatia Krantz & Khot 1962 [incl. Entomoseius Chant 1965] FH93
         |--*T. phytoseioides (Baker & Johnston 1959) KK62, FH93 [=Laelaptonyssus phytoseioides FH93]
         |--T. ageneia (Treat 1965) [=Hemipteroseius ageneius] FH93
         |--T. antillea (Treat 1965) [=Hemipteroseius antilleus] FH93
         |--T. dysderci Evans 1963 FH93
         |--T. parvula (Treat 1965) [=Hemipteroseius parvulus] FH93
         `--T. sabbatica (Treat 1965) [=Hemipteroseius sabbaticus] FH93

*Type species of generic name indicated

REFERENCES

[FH93] Farrier, M. H., & M. K. Hennessey. 1993. Soil-inhabiting and free-living Mesostigmata (Acari-Parasitiformes) from North America: an annotated checklist with bibliography and index. North Carolina Agricultural Research Service, North Carolina State University, Technical Bulletin 302: i–xvi, 1–408.

[H98] Halliday, R. B. 1998. Mites of Australia: A checklist and bibliography. CSIRO Publishing: Collingwood.

[KK62] Krantz, G. W., & N. S. Khot. 1962. A review of the family Otopheidomenidae Treat 1955 (Acarina: Mesostigmata). Acarologia 4 (4): 532–542.

[LKW09] Lindquist, E. E., G. W. Krantz & D. E. Walter. 2009. Order Mesostigmata. In: Krantz, G. W., & D. E. Walter (eds) A Manual of Acarology 3^rd ed. pp. 124–232. Texas Tech University Press.

[T65] Treat, A. E. 1965. Otopheidomenids from the Antilles and elsewhere. Acarologia 7 (1): 1–16.

Typhlodromips

Typhlodromips montdorensis, from Biobest.

Belongs within: Phytoseioidea.

Typhlodromips is a genus of phytoseiid mites characterised by a waist on the dorsal shield at the level of seta R1, with this seta not being inserted on the dorsal shield in females.

<==Typhlodromips De Leon 1965 FH93
    |--T. ablusus (Schuster & Pritchard 1963) [=Amblyseius ablusus] FH93
    |--T. akilinik (Chant & Hansell 1971) [=Amblyseius akilinik] FH93
    |--T. dentilis (De Leon 1960) [=Typhlodromus dentilis] FH93
    |--T. digitulus (Denmark 1965) [=Amblyseius digitulus] FH93
    |--T. driggeri (Specht 1968) [=Amblyseius driggeri] FH93
    |--T. ihalmiut (Chant & Hansell 1971) [=Amblyseius ihalmiut] FH93
    |--T. krantzi (Chant 1959) [=Typhlodromus krantzi; incl. Typhlodromus berlesei Chant 1957 non Oudemans 1938] FH93
    |--T. montdorensis SG01
    |--T. newsami MC97
    |--T. sabali (De Leon 1959) [=Typhlodromus sabali] FH93
    |--T. sessor (De Leon 1962) [=Amblyseius sessor] FH93
    |--T. shi ZH07
    |--T. simplicissimus (De Leon 1959) (see below for synonymy) FH93
    |--T. tennesseensis (De Leon 1962) [=Amblyseius tennesseensis] FH93
    |--T. tetranychivorus Z02
    |--T. tobon (Chant & Hansell 1971) [=Amblyseius tobon] FH93
    `--T. umsteadi Muma in Muma, Metz & Ferrier 1967 FH93

Nomen nudum: Typhlodromips cameroonensis Zundel, Hanna et al. 2007 ZH07

Typhlodromips simplicissimus (De Leon 1959) [=Typhlodromus (Typhlodromopsis) simplicissimus; incl. Typhlodromus deleoni Hirschmann 1962] FH93

*Type species of generic name indicated

REFERENCES

[FH93] Farrier, M. H., & M. K. Hennessey. 1993. Soil-inhabiting and free-living Mesostigmata (Acari-Parasitiformes) from North America: an annotated checklist with bibliography and index. North Carolina Agricultural Research Service, North Carolina State University, Technical Bulletin 302: i–xvi, 1–408.

[MC97] McMurtry, J. A., & B. A. Croft. 1997. Life-styles of phytoseiid mites and their roles in biological control. Annual Review of Entomology 42: 291–323.

[SG01] Steiner, M. Y., & S. Goodwin. 2001. Phytoseiids with potential for commercial exploitation in Australia. In: Halliday, R. B., D. E. Walter, H. C. Proctor, R. A. Norton & M. J. Colloff (eds) Acarology: Proceedings of the 10^th International Congress pp. 476–483. CSIRO Publishing: Melbourne.

[Z02] Zhang, Z.-Q. 2002. Taxonomy of Tetranychus ludeni (Acari: Tetranychidae) in New Zealand and its ecology on Sechium edule. New Zealand Entomologist 25: 27–34.

[ZH07] Zundel, C., R. Hanna, U. Scheidegger & P. Nagel. 2007. Living at the threshold: where does the Neotropical phytoseiid mite Typhlodromalus aripo survive the dry season? Experimental and Applied Acarology 41: 11–26.

Asca

Asca aphidioides, copyright Matthew Shepherd.

Belongs within: Ascidae.

Asca is a diverse genus of mites found in a range of habitats including moss, leaf litter, animal nests and on vegetation (Hurlbutt 1963).

Characters (from Hurlbutt 1963): Female with body flattened dorso-ventrally and with two approximately equal dorsal shields. Anterior dorsal shield with either seventeen or eighteen pairs of setae depending upon location of r4 which may be on dorsal shield, on peritrematal shield or on membrane lateral to dorsal shield. Setae r5, r6 and r7 on membrane. Seta r1 absent so only a single pair of setae (il) is situated on anterior margin of idiosoma. Seta r5 similar in length and form to adjacent setae. Posterior dorsal shield with fifteen pairs of setae. Cylindrical tubercle projecting from each corner of posterior shield, each tubercle bearing two setae, one of which is very minute in some species. Sternal shield with two pairs of setae, first pair of sternal setae situated on faintly sclerotized jugularia. First pair of sternal pores on anterior boundary of sternal shield. Third pair of sternal pores (when visible) located on posterolateral corners of sternal shield. Metasternal setae arising from membrane. Two pairs of setae, three pairs of narrow platelets and one pair of pores on membrane between epigynial and ventrianal plates. Pores also present lateral to genital shield, behind coxa IV and near anterolateral corner of ventrianal plate. Outer and inner metapodal plates present. Ventrianal shield always broad, with six pairs of setae in addition to the perianals. Tectum with anterior margin smooth, serrate, or with two or three equal tines. Moveable digit of chelicera with two teeth. All legs with claws. Male with dorsal shield similar to that of female, fused anteriorly to peritrematal shield. Sternigenital and ventrianal shields distinct. Setae V1 and V5 situated on ventrianal shield. Spermatophorentrager rod-shaped or slightly curved. Leg II without processes or spurs.

<==Asca Heyden 1826 [incl. Ceratozercon Berlese 1913] FH93
    |--A. (Asca) FH93
    |    |--*A. (A.) aphidioides (Linnaeus 1758) ET79 (see below for synonymy)
    |    |--A. (A.) capria De Leon 1967 FH93
    |    |--A. (A.) circula De Leon 1967 FH93
    |    |--A. (A.) citri Hurlbutt 1963 FH93
    |    |--A. (A.) craneta De Leon 1967 FH93 [incl. A. machadoi Genis, Loots & Ryke 1969 H72]
    |    |--A. (A.) cunliffei De Leon 1967 FH93
    |    |--A. (A.) denticulata De Leon 1967 FH93
    |    |--A. (A.) equalis De Leon 1967 FH93
    |    |--A. (A.) foxi De Leon 1967 FH93
    |    |--A. (A.) garmanioides De Leon 1967 FH93
    |    |--A. (A.) hurlbitti De Leon 1967 FH93
    |    |--A. (A.) incisa Hurlbutt 1963 FH93
    |    |--A. (A.) leightoni De Leon 1967 FH93
    |    |--A. (A.) lobata De Leon 1967 FH93
    |    |--A. (A.) mexicanella De Leon 1967 FH93
    |    |--A. (A.) muma Hurlbutt 1963 FH93
    |    |--A. (A.) mumata De Leon 1967 FH93
    |    |--A. (A.) neopallida Hurlbutt 1963 FH93
    |    |--A. (A.) nesoica Athias-Henriot 1961 FH93
    |    |--A. (A.) nonula De Leon 1967 FH93
    |    |--A. (A.) nova Willmann 1939 FH93
    |    |--A. (A.) perseae De Leon 1967 FH93
    |    |--A. (A.) piloja Hurlbutt 1963 FH93
    |    |--A. (A.) pini Hurlbutt 1963 FH93
    |    |--A. (A.) plumosa De Leon 1967 FH93
    |    |--A. (A.) quinquesetosa Wharton 1941 FH93
    |    |--A. (A.) quinta De Leon 1967 FH93
    |    |--A. (A.) quintissima De Leon 1967 FH93
    |    |--A. (A.) sejodes De Leon 1967 FH93
    |    |--A. (A.) setacea De Leon 1967 FH93
    |    |--A. (A.) subfoliata De Leon 1967 FH93
    |    |--A. (A.) tarsialis De Leon 1967 FH93
    |    |--A. (A.) tubula De Leon 1967 FH93
    |    `--A. (A.) unicornis De Leon 1967 FH93
    `--A. (Ascoseius) FH93
         |--A. (A.) acornis Lindquist 1972 FH93
         `--A. (A.) duosetosa Fox 1946 FH93

Asca incertae sedis:
  A. aethiopica Ryke 1961 H63
  A. afroaphidioides Hurlbutt 1972 [=A. afroaphidiodes, A. afroaphidoides] H72
  A. arboriensis Wood 1966 SL71
  A. australica Womersley 1956 H98
  A. brachychaeta Hurlbutt 1963 FH93
  A. brevisetosa Wood 1965 SL71
  A. craneae De Leon 1967 FH93
  A. elongata (Berlese 1910) [=Ceratozercon bicornis var. elongatus] FH93
  A. elongatula De Leon 1967 FH93
  A. evansi Genis, Loots & Ryke 1969 H72
  A. foliata Womersley 1956 H98
  A. garmani Hurlbutt 1963 FH93
  A. grostali Walter et al. 1993 H98
  A. kubwa Hurlbutt 1972 H72
  A. lativentria Hurlbutt 1972 H72
  A. macromela Walter et al. 1993 H98
  A. macropilis De Leon 1967 FH93
  A. major Womersley 1956 H98
  A. mindi Walter et al. 1993 H98
  A. minuta Bhattacharyya 1968 H72
  A. muricata Fox 1947 FH93
  A. novazelandica Wood 1965 SL71
  A. pallida Evans 1958 H63
  A. pineta De Leon 1967 FH93
  A. porosa Wood 1966 H98
  A. pseudospicata H72
  A. spicata Hurlbutt 1963 FH93
  A. spinosa Ryke 1961 H63
  A. squamulata Athias-Henriot 1961 H63
  A. tuberculata Wood 1965 SL71

*Asca (Asca) aphidioides (Linnaeus 1758) ET79 [=Acarus aphidioides FH93; incl. Gamasus (Sejus) bicornis Canestrini & Fanzago 1876 FH93, Asca bicornis K91, Ceratozercon bicornis S61, Zercon bicornis H63]

*Type species of generic name indicated

REFERENCES

[ET79] Evans, G. O., & W. M. Till. 1979. Mesostigmatic mites of Britain and Ireland (Chelicerata: Acari-Parasitiformes). An introduction to their external morphology and classification. Transactions of the Zoological Society of London 35: 139–270.

[FH93] Farrier, M. H., & M. K. Hennessey. 1993. Soil-inhabiting and free-living Mesostigmata (Acari-Parasitiformes) from North America: an annotated checklist with bibliography and index. North Carolina Agricultural Research Service, North Carolina State University, Technical Bulletin 302: i–xvi, 1–408.

[H98] Halliday, R. B. 1998. Mites of Australia: A checklist and bibliography. CSIRO Publishing: Collingwood.

[H63] Hurlbutt, H. W. 1963. The genus Asca von Heyden (Acarina: Mesostigmata) in North America, Hawaii and Europe. Acarologia 5 (4): 480–518.

[H72] Hurlbutt, H. W. 1972. Ascinae and Podocinidae (Acarina: Mesostigmata) from Tanzania. Acarologia 13 (2): 280–300.

[K91] Koehler, H. H. 1991. A five year study on the secondary succession of Gamasina on a ruderal site: the influence of recultivation. In: Dusbábek, F., & V. Bukva (eds) Modern Acarology: Proceedings of the VIII International Congress of Acarology, held in České Budĕjovice, Czechoslovakia, 6–11 August 1990 vol. 1 pp. 373–383. SPB Academic Publishing: The Hague.

[S61] Schweizer, J. 1961. Die Landmilben der Schweiz (Mittelland, Jura und Alpen): Parasitiformes Reuter, mit 246 Arten und Varietäten und 268 meist kombinierten Originalzeichnungen. Denkschriften der Schweizerischen Naturforschenden Gesellschaft [Mémoires de la Société Helvétique des Sciences Naturelles] 84: i–vii, 1–207.

[SL71] Spain, A. V., & M. Luxton. 1971. Catalog and bibliography of the Acari of the New Zealand subregion. Pacific Insects Monograph 25: 179–226.

Haemogamasus

Haemogamasus hirsutus, illustrated by Anthonie Cornelius Oudemans.

Belongs within: Laelapidae.

Haemogamasus is a genus of nest-dwelling mites characterised by two or three denticles in each of the anterior rows of hypognathal denticles. Females have small, subovate metapodal shields and the opisthogenital shield is narrow (Evans & Till 1979).

<==Haemogamasus Berlese 1889 FH93 (see below for synonymy)
    |--*H. hirsutus Berlese 1889 ET79
    |--H. ambulans (Thorell 1872) (see below for synonymy) FH93
    |--‘Euhaemogamasus’ arvicolarum KK54
    |--H. dauricus Bregetova 1950 FH93
    |--H. ghanni Williams in Williams, Smiley & Redington 1978 FH93
    |--‘Liponyssus’ gordonensis Hirst 1923 H23
    |--H. harperi Keegan 1951 FH93
    |--H. hermonensis Costa 1969 C69
    |--H. hirsutosimilis K91
    |--H. horridus K91
    |--H. keegani (Jameson 1952) [=Euhaemogamasus keegani] FH93
    |--H. liberiensis Hirst 1916 D60
    |--H. liponyssoides Ewing 1925 FH93
    |    |--H. l. liponyssoides FH93
    |    `--H. l. hesperus Radovsky 1960 FH93
    |--H. mandschricus Vitzthum 1931 FH93
    |--H. nidi Michael 1892 FH93 [incl. H. michaeli WL09]
    |--H. occidentalis (Keegan 1951) [=Euhaemogamasus liponyssoides occidentalis] FH93
    |--H. onychomydis (Ewing 1933) FH93 [=*Euhaemogamasus onychomydis E57]
    |--H. pontiger (Berlese 1904) (see below for synonymy) FH93
    |--H. quadrisetatus D60
    |--H. reidi Ewing 1925 (see below for synonymy) FH93
    |--‘Liponyssus’ saurarum H23
    |--‘Liponyssus’ sylvarium RN72
    `--H. thomomysi Williams in Williams, Smiley & Redington 1978 FH93

Haemogamasus Berlese 1889 FH93 [incl. Euhaemogamasus Ewing 1933 FH93, Groschaftella Přívora & Samšiňák 1957 FH93, Liponyssus Kolenati 1858 ET79]

Haemogamasus ambulans (Thorell 1872) [=Dermanyssus ambulans; incl. H. alaskensis Ewing 1925, H. avisugus Vitzthum 1931, Gamasus ovalis Koch 1879, H. pavlovskyi Bregetova 1949, H. sternalis Ewing 1933, H. twitchelli Ewing 1925] FH93

Haemogamasus pontiger (Berlese 1904) [=Laelaps (Eulaelaps) pontiger; incl. Eulaelaps mawsoni Womersley 1937, Haemogamasus oudemansi Hirst 1914] FH93

Haemogamasus reidi Ewing 1925 [incl. H. nidiformis Tipton & Saunders 1971, Euhaemogamasus oregonensis Ewing 1933, E. sciuropteri Keegan 1946] FH93

*Type species of generic name indicated

REFERENCES

[C69] Costa, M. 1969. New dermanyssid mites (Acari: Mesostigmata) from nests of Spalax ehrenbergi Nehring. Acarologia 11 (2): 163–174.

[D60] Domrow, R. 1960. Some Acarina Haemogamasidae from Malaya. Acarologia 2 (4): 434–441.

[E57] Evans, G. O. 1957. An introduction to the British Mesostigmata (Acarina) with keys to families and genera. Journal of the Linnean Society of London, Zoology 43: 203–259.

[ET79] Evans, G. O., & W. M. Till. 1979. Mesostigmatic mites of Britain and Ireland (Chelicerata: Acari-Parasitiformes). An introduction to their external morphology and classification. Transactions of the Zoological Society of London 35: 139–270.

[FH93] Farrier, M. H., & M. K. Hennessey. 1993. Soil-inhabiting and free-living Mesostigmata (Acari-Parasitiformes) from North America: an annotated checklist with bibliography and index. North Carolina Agricultural Research Service, North Carolina State University, Technical Bulletin 302: i–xvi, 1–408.

[H23] Hirst, S. 1923. On some new or little-known species of Acari. Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London 1923: 971–1000.

[KK54] Klemmer, K., & H. E. Krampitz. 1954. Zur Kenntnis der Säugetierfauna Siziliens. Senckenbergiana Biologica 35 (3–4): 121–135.

[K91] Kohn, M. 1991. Influence of the refuse dump biotopes on ecology of some gamasoid mites and ticks. In: Dusbábek, F., & V. Bukva (eds) Modern Acarology: Proceedings of the VIII International Congress of Acarology, held in České Budĕjovice, Czechoslovakia, 6–11 August 1990 vol. 1 pp. 199–204. SPB Academic Publishing: The Hague.

[RN72] Rutgers, A., & K. A. Norris (eds) 1972. Encyclopaedia of Aviculture vol. 1. London, Blandford Press.

[WL09] Walter, D. E., E. E. Lindquist, I. M. Smith, D. R. Cook & G. W. Krantz. 2009. Order Trombidiformes. In: Krantz, G. W., & D. E. Walter (eds) A Manual of Acarology 3^rd ed. pp. 233–420. Texas Tech University Press.

Hirstionyssus (Hirstionyssus)

Venter (left) and dorsum of female Hirstionyssus parvisoma, from Herrin & Yunker (1975). Scale bar equals 100 µm.

Belongs within: Laelapidae.

Hirstionyssus is a genus of blood-feeding parasites of small mammals with a holodorsal shield and retrorse non-setigerous spurs on one or more of the coxae (Evans & Till 1979).

<==Hirstionyssus Fonseca 1948 (Hirstionyssus) HY75
    |--H. (H.) talpae Zemskaya 1955 ET79 [incl. *H. arcuatus Fonseca 1948 (preoc.) ET79, Dermanyssus arcuatus E57]
    |--H. (H.) brachysternum Herrin & Yunker 1975 HY75
    |--H. (H.) brevicalcar Herrin & Yunker 1975 HY75
    |--H. (H.) butantanensis (Fonseca 1932) HY75 (see below for synonymy)
    |--H. (H.) dorsolatus Herrin & Yunker 1975 HY75
    |--H. (H.) galindoi Strandtmann & Yunker 1966 HY75
    |--H. (H.) heteromydis Strandtmann & Yunker 1966 HY75
    |--H. (H.) keenani Strandtmann & Yunker 1966 HY75
    |--H. (H.) parvisoma Herrin & Yunker 1975 HY75
    |--H. (H.) proctolatus Herrin & Yunker 1975 HY75
    |--H. (H.) rhipidomys Herrin & Yunker 1975 HY75
    `--H. (H.) venezuelensis Herrin & Yunker 1975 HY75

Hirstionyssus (Hirstionyssus) butantanensis (Fonseca 1932) HY75 [=Ichoronyssus butantanensis HY75, Echinonyssus butantanensis FH93; incl. Liponyssus latiscutatus de Meillon & Lavoipierre 1944 HY75, Ichoronyssus orcadensis Turk 1946 HY75]

*Type species of generic name indicated

REFERENCES

[E57] Evans, G. O. 1957. An introduction to the British Mesostigmata (Acarina) with keys to families and genera. Journal of the Linnean Society of London, Zoology 43: 203–259.

[ET79] Evans, G. O., & W. M. Till. 1979. Mesostigmatic mites of Britain and Ireland (Chelicerata: Acari-Parasitiformes). An introduction to their external morphology and classification. Transactions of the Zoological Society of London 35: 139–270.

[FH93] Farrier, M. H., & M. K. Hennessey. 1993. Soil-inhabiting and free-living Mesostigmata (Acari-Parasitiformes) from North America: an annotated checklist with bibliography and index. North Carolina Agricultural Research Service, North Carolina State University, Technical Bulletin 302: i–xvi, 1–408.

[HY75] Herrin, C. S., & C. E. Yunker. 1975. Systematics of neotropical Hirstionyssus mites with special emphasis on Venezuela (Acarina: Mesostigmata). Brighman Young University Science Bulletin—Biological Series 20 (2): 93–127.

Pneumolaelaps

Dorsal view of female Pneumolaelaps, from Bee Mite ID.

Belongs within: Laelapidae.

Pneumolaelaps is a genus of laelapid mites found in the nests of bumblebees (Evans & Till 1979).

Characters (from Evans & Till 1979): Apotele with two tines; opisthogastric and lateral unsclerotized cuticle hypertrichous; peritreme often broad; genu IV with two ventral setae; female with anal shield free, metasternal setae not situated on sternal shield.

<==Pneumolaelaps Berlese 1920 FH93
    |--*P. bombicolens (Canestrini 1885) ET79 [=Iphis bombicolens FH93, Hypoaspis (*Pneumolaelaps) bombicolens S61]
    |--P. aequalipilus Hunter 1966 FH93
    |--P. arctos (Karg 1984) [=Hypoaspis (Pneumolaelaps) arctos] FH93
    |--P. connieae Hunter & Husband 1973 FH93
    |--P. costai Hunter & Husband 1973 FH93
    |--P. groenlandicus (Trägårdh 1906) [=Hypoaspis bombicolens var. groenlandica] FH93
    |--P. hyatti (Evans & Till 1966) [=Hypoaspis hyatti] FH93
    |--P. karawaiewi (Berlese 1904) [=Laelaps (Androlaelaps) karawaiewi] FH93
    |--P. longanalis Hunter & Husband 1973 FH93
    |--P. longipilus Hunter 1966 FH93
    |--P. lubricus (Voigts & Oudemans 1904) (see below for synonymy) FH93
    |--P. mistipilus Hunter 1966 FH93
    |--P. patae Hunter & Husband 1973 FH93
    |--P. richardsi Hunter & Husband 1973 FH93
    |--P. shealsi (Hunter & Costa 1971) [=Gymnolaelaps shealsi] FH93
    `--P. sinhai Hunter & Husband 1973 FH93

Pneumolaelaps lubricus (Voigts & Oudemans 1904) [=Hypoaspis lubrica; incl. H. compressus Hull 1925, H. (Haemolaelaps) inversus Berlese 1918 non Parasitus inversus Banks 1916, H. murinus Strandtmann & Menzies 1948, H. smithii Hughes 1948] FH93

*Type species of generic name indicated

REFERENCES

[ET79] Evans, G. O., & W. M. Till. 1979. Mesostigmatic mites of Britain and Ireland (Chelicerata: Acari-Parasitiformes). An introduction to their external morphology and classification. Transactions of the Zoological Society of London 35: 139–270.

[FH93] Farrier, M. H., & M. K. Hennessey. 1993. Soil-inhabiting and free-living Mesostigmata (Acari-Parasitiformes) from North America: an annotated checklist with bibliography and index. North Carolina Agricultural Research Service, North Carolina State University, Technical Bulletin 302: i–xvi, 1–408.

[S61] Schweizer, J. 1961. Die Landmilben der Schweiz (Mittelland, Jura und Alpen): Parasitiformes Reuter, mit 246 Arten und Varietäten und 268 meist kombinierten Originalzeichnungen. Denkschriften der Schweizerischen Naturforschenden Gesellschaft [Mémoires de la Société Helvétique des Sciences Naturelles] 84: i–vii, 1–207.

Laelaps

Laelaps hilaris, drawn by Anthonie Cornelius Oudemans.

Belongs within: Laelapidae.

Laelaps is a genus of mites found primarily in the nests of rodents, from which they may feed on lymphatic secretions or blood.

Characters (from Evans & Till 1979): Idiosoma with mediodorsal series of setae (j-J) comprising eleven pairs, setae rarely short subspinose, two pairs of Zx setae present; genu III with nine setae; genu IV with ten setae (pl₂ present); male with holoventral shield; female with opisthogenital shield present, anal shield free, metasternal setae not situated on sternal shield.

<==Laelaps Koch 1836 FH93 (see below for synonymy)
    |--*L. hilaris Koch 1836 ET79
    |--L. aella Domrow 1973 H98
    |--L. agrestis [=Iphis agrestis] S61
    |--L. alaskensis Grant 1947 FH93
    |--L. albycia Domrow 1965 H98
    |--L. algericus GHG91
    |--L. angiodes Domrow 1980 H98
    |--L. assimilis Womersley 1956 H98
    |--L. breviseta Domrow 1961 H98
    |--L. bycalia Domrow 1979 H98
    |--L. calabyi Domrow 1979 H98
    |--L. cancer Pearse 1929 FH93
    |--L. castroi Fonseca 1959 FH93
    |--L. clethrionomydis Lange 1955 FH93
    |--L. cybiala Domrow 1963 H98
    |--L. dearmasi Furman & Tipton 1961 FH93
    |--L. echidninus Berlese 1887 FH93 (see below for synonymy)
    |--L. evansi Tipton 1960 FH93
    |--L. finlaysoni Womersley 1937 H98
    |--L. giganteus H23
    |--L. grahamensis P94
    |--L. habrus Domrow 1958 H98
    |--L. hapaloti Hirst 1931 [=L. hapoloti] H98
    |--L. incilis Allred & Beck 1966 FH93
    |--L. janalis Domrow 1979 H98
    |--L. kochi Oudemans 1936 FH93 (see below for synonymy)
    |--L. lampetes Domrow 1992 [incl. L. elegans Domrow 1980 (preoc.)] H98
    |--L. lemni Grube 1851 [incl. L. grubei Oudemans 1938] FH93
    |--L. lowei (Tipton 1966) [=Echinolaelaps lowei] FH93
    |--L. lybacia Domrow 1979 H98
    |--L. mackerrasi Domrow 1961 H98
    |--L. manguinhosi Fonseca 1936 [incl. L. oryzomydis Pratt & Lane 1953] FH93
    |--L. micromydis K91
    |--L. muricola (Tragardh 1908) T31, L55 [=Macrolaelaps muricola L55]
    |--L. muris (Ljungh 1799) [=Acarus muris; incl. L. agilis Koch 1839, L. festimus] S61
    |--L. musculus (Say 1821) [=Gamasus musculus] FH93
    |--L. myonyssusgnathus R96
    |--L. nuttalli Hirst 1915 H98 (see below for synonymy)
    |--L. pammorphus Domrow 1973 H98
    |--L. parameces Domrow 1980 H98
    |--L. paulistanensis Fonseca 1935 FH93
    |--L. pilifer Tipton in Wenzel & Tipton 1966 FH93
    |--L. rothschildi Hirst 1914 [=Mysolaelaps rothschildi; incl. L. melomys Womersley 1937] H98
    |--L. sculpturatus T31
    |--L. semitectus (Koch 1879) (see below for synonymy) FH93
    |--L. sinai E-KO07
    |--L. southcotti Domrow 1958 H98
    |--L. spatanges Domrow 1973 H98
    |--L. stupkai Linzey & Crossley 1971 FH93
    |--L. synnomus Domrow 1980 H98
    |--L. thori Fonseca 1939 FH93
    |--L. ugandanus Hirst 1923 H23
    |--L. wasselli Domrow 1958 H98
    |--L. wetmorei Ewing 1925 FH93
    `--L. zaheri R96

Laelaps Koch 1836 FH93 [incl. Echinolaelaps Ewing 1929 FH93, Hyperlaelaps Zakhvatkin 1948 ET79, Macrolaelaps Ewing 1929 FH93, Microtilaelaps Lange 1955 FH93, Myolaelaps Lange 1955 FH93, Rattilaelaps Lange 1955 FH93]

Laelaps echidninus Berlese 1887 FH93 [=L. (Iphis) echidninus FH93, Echinolaelaps echidninus WP99; incl. E. hirsti ceylonicus Turk 1950 FH93, E. flavioi Tipton 1960 FH93, E. hirsti Turk 1950 FH93, Laelaps pallidus Trägårdh 1931 FH93, E. echidninus vitzthumi Turk 1950 FH93]

Laelaps kochi Oudemans 1936 FH93 [incl. Tetragonyssus microti Ewing 1933 FH93, *Hyperlaelaps microti ET79, Laelaps pachypus Koch 1839 non Hermann 1804 FH93]

Laelaps nuttalli Hirst 1915 H98 [=La. nuttali (l. c.) H98, La. (Haemolaelaps) nuttalli FH93; incl. Liponyssus bermudaensis Ewing 1920 FH93, La. hawaiiensis Ewing 1924 FH93]

Laelaps semitectus (Koch 1879) [=Sejus semitectus; incl. L. hilaris Kramer & Neumann 1883 non Koch 1836, L. pachypus Kramer & Neumann 1883 nec Koch 1839 nec Hermann 1804] FH93

*Type species of generic name indicated

REFERENCES

[E-KO07] El-Kammah, K. M., & L. M. I. Oyoun. 2007. Taxonomic records of mite species associated with animal and poultry farms in the Nile delta, vally and N. Sinai Egypt. In: Morales-Malacara, J. B., V. M. Behan-Pelletier, E. Ueckermann, T. M. Pérez, E. G. Estrada-Venegas & M. Badii (eds) Acarology XI: Proceedings of the International Congress pp. 223–232. Instituto de Biología and Faculdad de Ciencias, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Sociedad Latinoamericana de Acarología: México.

[ET79] Evans, G. O., & W. M. Till. 1979. Mesostigmatic mites of Britain and Ireland (Chelicerata: Acari-Parasitiformes). An introduction to their external morphology and classification. Transactions of the Zoological Society of London 35: 139–270.

[FH93] Farrier, M. H., & M. K. Hennessey. 1993. Soil-inhabiting and free-living Mesostigmata (Acari-Parasitiformes) from North America: an annotated checklist with bibliography and index. North Carolina Agricultural Research Service, North Carolina State University, Technical Bulletin 302: i–xvi, 1–408.

[GHG91] Gállego, M., E. Hidalgo & J. Ginés. 1991. Mites of the house mouse, Mus musculus L., in the north-eastern part of the Iberian Peninsula in Spain. In: Schuster, R., & P. W. Murphy (eds) The Acari: Reproduction, development and life-history strategies pp. 453–454. Chapman & Hall: London.

[H98] Halliday, R. B. 1998. Mites of Australia: A checklist and bibliography. CSIRO Publishing: Collingwood.

[H23] Hirst, S. 1923. On some new or little-known species of Acari. Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London 1923: 971–1000.

[K91] Kohn, M. 1991. Influence of the refuse dump biotopes on ecology of some gamasoid mites and ticks. In: Dusbábek, F., & V. Bukva (eds) Modern Acarology: Proceedings of the VIII International Congress of Acarology, held in České Budĕjovice, Czechoslovakia, 6–11 August 1990 vol. 1 pp. 199–204. SPB Academic Publishing: The Hague.

[L55] Lavoipierre, M. M. J. 1955. On two new species and new records of Acarina mainly from the Ethiopian region. Parasitology 45 (1–2): 121–127.

[P94] Pugh, P. J. A. 1994. Non-indigenous Acari of Antarctica and the sub-Antarctic islands. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 110: 207–217.

[R96] Ruf, A. 1996. Life-history patterns in soil-inhabiting mesostigmatid mites (Dermanyssina, Parasitina). In: Mitchell, R., D. J. Horn, G. R. Needham & W. C. Welbourn (eds) Acarology IX vol. 1. Proceedings pp. 621–628. Ohio Biological Survey: Columbus (Ohio).

[S61] Schweizer, J. 1961. Die Landmilben der Schweiz (Mittelland, Jura und Alpen): Parasitiformes Reuter, mit 246 Arten und Varietäten und 268 meist kombinierten Originalzeichnungen. Denkschriften der Schweizerischen Naturforschenden Gesellschaft [Mémoires de la Société Helvétique des Sciences Naturelles] 84: i–vii, 1–207.

[T31] Trägårdh, I. 1931. Acarina from the Juan Fernandez Islands. Natural History of Juan Fernandez and Easter Islands 3 (4): 553–628.

[WP99] Walter, D. E., & H. C. Proctor. 1999. Mites: Ecology, Evolution and Behaviour. CABI Publishing: Wallingford (UK).

Varroidae

Female Varroa destructor on head of bee pupa, copyright Gilles San Martin.

Belongs within: Gamasina.

The Varroidae are a group of mites paraphagic or parasitic on insects, most commonly on bees (Lindquist et al. 2009).

Characters (from Lindquist et al. 2009): Fixed cheliceral digit absent; with only two pairs of hypostomatic setae; peritremes of female short, looped medially or apically, confined to level of coxae III or coxae III-IV; males with peritremes very short and crooked or vestigial.

<==Varroidae [Varroini] LKW09
    |--Dinogamasus Kramer 1898 LKW09, T69
    |    `--D. braunsi A-B91
    |--Stevellus Hunter 1963 LKW09, FH93
    |    `--S. amiculus Hunter 1963 FH93
    |--Urozercon Berlese in Berlese & Leonardi 1901 LKW09, FH93 [incl. Uronyssus LKW09]
    |    `--U. paradoxus Berlese in Berlese & Leonardi 1901 FH93
    |--Euvarroa LKW09
    |    |--E. sinhai LKW09
    |    `--E. wongsirii D-BSB96
    |--Tropilaelaps Delfinado & Baker 1961 LKW09, LW96
    |    |--T. clarae LKW09
    |    |--T. koenigerum D-BSB96
    |    `--T. mercedesae BSL19
    `--Varroa Oudemans 1904 H98
         |--V. destructor D04
         |--V. jacobsoni Oudemans 1904 H98
         |--V. rinderer LW99
         `--V. underwoodi D-BSB96

*Type species of generic name indicated

REFERENCES

[A-B91] Athias-Binche, F. 1991. Ecology and evolution of phoresy in mites. In: Dusbábek, F., & V. Bukva (eds) Modern Acarology: Proceedings of the VIII International Congress of Acarology, held in České Budĕjovice, Czechoslovakia, 6–11 August 1990 vol. 1 pp. 27–41. SPB Academic Publishing: The Hague.

[BSL19] Ballesteros, J. A., C. E. Santibáñez López, Ľ. Kováč, E. Gavish-Regev & P. P. Sharma. 2019. Ordered phylogenomic subsampling enables diagnosis of systematic errors in the placement of the enigmatic arachnid order Palpigradi. Proceedings of the Royal Society of London Series B—Biological Sciences 286: 20192426.

[D-BSB96] Delfinado-Baker, M., R. L. Smiley & O. Boecking. 1996. The hone bee brood mites (Laelapidae, Varroidae): life history and current status. In: Mitchell, R., D. J. Horn, G. R. Needham & W. C. Welbourn (eds) Acarology IX vol. 1. Proceedings pp. 129–131. Ohio Biological Survey: Columbus (Ohio).

[D04] Didham, R. K. 2004. Forever Varroa. Weta 27: 1–7.

[FH93] Farrier, M. H., & M. K. Hennessey. 1993. Soil-inhabiting and free-living Mesostigmata (Acari-Parasitiformes) from North America: an annotated checklist with bibliography and index. North Carolina Agricultural Research Service, North Carolina State University, Technical Bulletin 302: i–xvi, 1–408.

[H98] Halliday, R. B. 1998. Mites of Australia: A checklist and bibliography. CSIRO Publishing: Collingwood.

[LW96] Lekprayoon, C., S. Wongsiri, S. Jayasvasti & S. Leepitakrat. 1996. Survival of the parasitic honey bee mite Tropilaelaps clareae (Definado & Baker) (Laelapidae) on adult Apis florea and Apis andreniformis workers. In: Mitchell, R., D. J. Horn, G. R. Needham & W. C. Welbourn (eds) Acarology IX vol. 1. Proceedings pp. 139–142. Ohio Biological Survey: Columbus (Ohio).

[LW99] Lekprayoon, C., S. Wongsiri, T. E. Rinderer & H. A. Sylvester. 1999. Biodiversity of parasitic mites of honey bees in southeast Asia. In: Needham, G. R., R. Mitchell, D. J. Horn & W. C. Welbourn (eds) Acarology IX vol. 2. Symposia pp. 325–329. Ohio Biological Survey: Columbus (Ohio).

[LKW09] Lindquist, E. E., G. W. Krantz & D. E. Walter. 2009. Order Mesostigmata. In: Krantz, G. W., & D. E. Walter (eds) A Manual of Acarology 3^rd ed. pp. 124–232. Texas Tech University Press.

[T69] Treat, A. E. 1969. The genus Dicrocheles: three new species and a reappraisal. Acarologia 11 (4): 630–656.

Laelaspis

Dorsum of Laelaspis myrmicae, from Hirschmann et al. (1969).

Belongs within: Laelapidae.

Laelaspis is a genus of laelapid mites found in ant nests, characterised by long, whip-like or serrated setae (Evans & Till 1979).

Characters (from Evans & Till 1979): Apotele with two tines; setae of holodorsal shield long, whip-like or marginal setae serrated; opisthogenital shield markedly inflated posterior to coxae IV, abutting anal shield and flanked by linear metapodal shields.

<==Laelaspis Berlese 1904 FH93
    |--*L. astronomicus (Koch 1839) ET79 [=Iphis astronomicus ET79, Laelaps (Laelaspis) astronomicus S22]
    |--L. aequitans (Michael 1891) [=Laelaps aequitans] FH93
    |--L. bakeri Hunter & Davis 1962 FH93
    |--L. brevichelis Hunter 1964 FH93
    |--L. brevipilis Hunter 1961 FH93
    |--L. dubitata Hunter 1964 FH93
    |--L. heselhausi (Oudemans 1912) [=Hypoaspis heselhausi] FH93
    |--L. humeratus Berl. 1903 S61
    |--L. longipilis Hunter 1964 FH93
    |--L. lundi Hunter 1961 FH93
    |--L. mandibularis (Ewing 1909) (see below for synonymy) FH93
    |--L. moseri (Hunter & Glover 1968) [=Hypoaspis (Laelaspis) moseri] FH93
    |--L. mumai (Hunter & Glover 1968) [=Hypoaspis (Laelaspis) mumai] FH93
    |--L. myrmicae (Greim 1952) [=Hypoaspis (Laelaspis) myrmicae] HB69
    |--L. pauli (Hunter & Davis 1962) [=Hypoaspis (Laelaspis) pauli] FH93
    |--L. picketti (Hunter & Glover 1968) [=Hypoaspis (Laelaspis) picketti] FH93
    |--L. piloscutuli Hunter 1961 FH93
    |--L. regalis Berlese 1920 FH93
    `--L. variopilus (Greim 1952) [=Hypoaspis (Laelaspis) variopilus] HB69

Laelaspis mandibularis (Ewing 1909) [=Laelaps mandibularis; incl. Hypoaspis (Laelaspis) johnieae Hunter & Glover 1968] FH93

*Type species of generic name indicated

REFERENCES

[ET79] Evans, G. O., & W. M. Till. 1979. Mesostigmatic mites of Britain and Ireland (Chelicerata: Acari-Parasitiformes). An introduction to their external morphology and classification. Transactions of the Zoological Society of London 35: 139–270.

[FH93] Farrier, M. H., & M. K. Hennessey. 1993. Soil-inhabiting and free-living Mesostigmata (Acari-Parasitiformes) from North America: an annotated checklist with bibliography and index. North Carolina Agricultural Research Service, North Carolina State University, Technical Bulletin 302: i–xvi, 1–408.

[HB69] Hirschmann, W., F. Bernhard, E. Greim & H. Götz. 1969. Gangsystematik der Parasitiformes. Teil 75. Zwanzig neue Hypoaspis-Arten. Acarologie: Schriftenreihe für Vergleichende Milbenkunde 12: 133–141.

[S22] Schweizer, J. 1922. Beitrag zur Kenntnis der terrestrischen Milbenfauna der Schweiz. Verhandl. Naturf. Ges. Basel 33: 23–112, 4 pls.

[S61] Schweizer, J. 1961. Die Landmilben der Schweiz (Mittelland, Jura und Alpen): Parasitiformes Reuter, mit 246 Arten und Varietäten und 268 meist kombinierten Originalzeichnungen. Denkschriften der Schweizerischen Naturforschenden Gesellschaft [Mémoires de la Société Helvétique des Sciences Naturelles] 84: i–vii, 1–207.

Cosmolaelaps

Dorsal view of female Cosmolaelaps vacuus, from Bee Mite ID.

Belongs within: Laelapidae.

Cosmolaelaps is a genus of laelapid mites found in the nests of ants, characterised by spatulate, cuneiform or scimitar-like dorsal setae (Evans & Till 1979).

<==Cosmolaelaps Berlese 1903 H98 [incl. Davisiella Zumpt & Patterson 1951 non Petr. 1924 (ICBN) FH93]
    |--*C. claviger (Berlese 1883) ET79 [=Laelaps claviger ET79, Hypoaspis (*Cosmolaelaps) claviger S61]
    |--C. anserinus (Karg 1981) [=Hypoaspis (Cosmolaelaps) anserinus] FH93
    |--C. brevipedestrus (Karg 1985) [=Hypoaspis (Cosmolaelaps) brevipedestra] FH93
    |--C. carvalhoi WK90
    |--C. communis Trägårdh 1931 T31
    |--C. cubaensis (Karg 1981) [=Hypoaspis (Cosmolaelaps) cubaensis] FH93
    |--C. cuneifer (Mich. 1891) S61 (see below for synonymy)
    |--C. cursorius (Karg 1988) [=Hypoaspis (Cosmolaelaps) cursoria] FH93
    |--C. diversichaetatus Grokhovskaya & Nguen-Huan-Hoe 1961 FH93
    |--C. lepauris (Karg 1981) [=Hypoaspis (Cosmolaelaps) lepauris] FH93
    |--C. macroanalis (Bernhard 1955) [=Hypoaspis (Cosmolaelaps) macroanalis] HB69
    |--C. macrochaetus (Karg 1988) [=Hypoaspis (Cosmolaelaps) macrochaeta] FH93
    |--C. mahuncai (Karg 1988) [=Hypoaspis (Cosmolaelaps) mahuncai] FH93
    |--C. multisetosus Domrow 1957 H98
    |--C. musculinus (Karg 1988) [=Hypoaspis (Cosmolaelaps) musculina] FH93
    |--C. nasosetus (Karg 1981) [=Hypoaspis (Cosmolaelaps) nasoseta] FH93
    |--C. ornatus Berlese 1903 S61 [=Laelaps (Cosmolaelaps) ornatus S22]
    |--C. pumili (Karg 1988) [=Hypoaspis (Cosmolaelaps) pumili] FH93
    |--C. rectangularis WO89
    |--C. simplex Berlese 1920 H98
    |--C. trifidus (Pearse & Wharton in Pearse, Patterson & Wharton 1936) (see below for synonymy) FH93
    |--C. ungeri (Karg 1985) [=Hypoaspis (Cosmolaelaps) ungeri] FH93
    |--C. vacuus (Michael 1891) FH93 (see below for synonymy)
    `--C. weeversi WK90

Cosmolaelaps cuneifer (Mich. 1891) S61 [=Laelaps (Cosmolaelaps) cuneifer S22; incl. L. (C.) cuneifer var. americanus Berlese 1904 FH93]

Cosmolaelaps trifidus (Pearse & Wharton in Pearse, Patterson & Wharton 1936) [=Seiodes trifidus; incl. C. passali Hunter & Mollin 1964] FH93

Cosmolaelaps vacuus (Michael 1891) FH93 [=Laelaps vacua FH93; incl. L. (Cosmolaelaps) vacuus var. ensiger S22, Hypoaspis (C.) serratosimilis Hirschmann, Bernhard et al. 1969 FH93, HB69]

*Type species of generic name indicated

REFERENCES

[ET79] Evans, G. O., & W. M. Till. 1979. Mesostigmatic mites of Britain and Ireland (Chelicerata: Acari-Parasitiformes). An introduction to their external morphology and classification. Transactions of the Zoological Society of London 35: 139–270.

[FH93] Farrier, M. H., & M. K. Hennessey. 1993. Soil-inhabiting and free-living Mesostigmata (Acari-Parasitiformes) from North America: an annotated checklist with bibliography and index. North Carolina Agricultural Research Service, North Carolina State University, Technical Bulletin 302: i–xvi, 1–408.

[H98] Halliday, R. B. 1998. Mites of Australia: A checklist and bibliography. CSIRO Publishing: Collingwood.

[HB69] Hirschmann, W., F. Bernhard, E. Greim & H. Götz. 1969. Gangsystematik der Parasitiformes. Teil 75. Zwanzig neue Hypoaspis-Arten. Acarologie: Schriftenreihe für Vergleichende Milbenkunde 12: 133–141.

[S22] Schweizer, J. 1922. Beitrag zur Kenntnis der terrestrischen Milbenfauna der Schweiz. Verhandl. Naturf. Ges. Basel 33: 23–112, 4 pls.

[S61] Schweizer, J. 1961. Die Landmilben der Schweiz (Mittelland, Jura und Alpen): Parasitiformes Reuter, mit 246 Arten und Varietäten und 268 meist kombinierten Originalzeichnungen. Denkschriften der Schweizerischen Naturforschenden Gesellschaft [Mémoires de la Société Helvétique des Sciences Naturelles] 84: i–vii, 1–207.

[T31] Trägårdh, I. 1931. Acarina from the Juan Fernandez Islands. Natural History of Juan Fernandez and Easter Islands 3 (4): 553–628.

[WK90] Walter, D. E., & D. T. Kaplan. 1990. Antagonists of plant-parasitic nematodes in Florida citrus. Journal of Nematology 22 (4): 567–573.

[WO89] Walter, D. E., & J. H. Oliver Jr. 1989. Geolaelaps oreithyiae, n. sp. (Acari: Laelapidae), a thelytokous predator of arthropods and nematodes, and a discussion of clonal reproduction in the Mesostigmata. Acarologia 30 (4): 293–303.

Pseudoparasitus

Pseudoparasitus centralis, copyright Matthew Shepherd.

Belongs within: Laelapidae.

Pseudoparasitus is a genus of laelapid mites found free-living in soil and litter (Evans & Till 1979).

Characters (from Evans & Till 1979): Palp apotele three-tined, posterior tine small. Chelicerae of male chelate-dentate, spermatodactyl free. Female with large opisthogenital shield bearing four or more pairs of ventral setae of which two pairs are widely removed from the lateral margins of the shield; anal shield free; metasternal setae not situated on sternal shield.

<==Pseudoparasitus Oudemans 1902 FH93 (see below for synonymy)
    |--*P. meridionalis (Canestrini 1882) [=Laelaps meridionalis] ET79
    |--P. alpinus Schweizer 1961 S61
    |--P. annectans (Womersley 1955) H98 [=Gymnolaelaps annectans H98; incl. Hypoaspis nidicorva Evans & Till 1966 FH93]
    |--P. astriatus Hunter 1966 FH93
    |--P. australicus (Womersley 1956) [=Gymnolaelaps australicus] H98
    |--P. austriacus W88
    |--P. camini (Domrow 1957) [=Austrogamasellus camini] H98
    |--P. centralis ET79
    |--P. dentatus (Halbert 1920) M96
    |--P. domrowi Hunter 1966 FH93
    |--P. ennsi Hunter 1966 FH93
    |--P. gracilipes (Banks 1916) [=Cyrtolaelaps gracilipes, Austrogamasus gracilipes] H98
    |--P. margopilus Hunter 1966 FH93
    |--P. ovulum Berlese 1920 FH93
    |--P. placentulus K91
    |--P. planus (Womersley 1956) [=Gymnolaelaps planus] H98
    |--P. porulatus Karg 1989 FH93
    |--P. quadrisetatus Karg 1981 FH93
    |--P. schusteri Hirschmann 1966 H66
    |--P. stigmatus (Fox 1946) [=Mysolaelaps stigmatus] FH93
    |--P. thatcheri Hunter & Moser 1968 FH93
    |--P. trincisus Hunter 1966 FH93
    `--P. vitzthumi (Womersley 1956) [=Gymnolaelaps vitzthumi, Laelaspis vitzthumi] H98

Pseudoparasitus Oudemans 1902 FH93 [incl. Austrogamasellus Domrow 1957 FH93, Austrogamasus Womersley 1942 H98, Hoplolaelaps Berlese 1910 FH93, Laelapsoides Willmann 1952 FH93]

*Type species of generic name indicated

REFERENCES

[ET79] Evans, G. O., & W. M. Till. 1979. Mesostigmatic mites of Britain and Ireland (Chelicerata: Acari-Parasitiformes). An introduction to their external morphology and classification. Transactions of the Zoological Society of London 35: 139–270.

[FH93] Farrier, M. H., & M. K. Hennessey. 1993. Soil-inhabiting and free-living Mesostigmata (Acari-Parasitiformes) from North America: an annotated checklist with bibliography and index. North Carolina Agricultural Research Service, North Carolina State University, Technical Bulletin 302: i–xvi, 1–408.

[H98] Halliday, R. B. 1998. Mites of Australia: A checklist and bibliography. CSIRO Publishing: Collingwood.

[H66] Hirschmann, W. 1966. Gangsystematik der Parasitiformes. Teil 15. Gänge von Litoralmilben und neue Litoralmilbenarten. Acarologie: Schriftenreihe für Vergleichende Milbenkunde 9: 25–44.

[K91] Kohn, M. 1991. Influence of the refuse dump biotopes on ecology of some gamasoid mites and ticks. In: Dusbábek, F., & V. Bukva (eds) Modern Acarology: Proceedings of the VIII International Congress of Acarology, held in České Budĕjovice, Czechoslovakia, 6–11 August 1990 vol. 1 pp. 199–204. SPB Academic Publishing: The Hague.

[M96] Munderloh, E. 1996. Gamasina (Mesostigmata) in a dune transect at Spiekeroog (Germany, Lower Saxony). In: Mitchell, R., D. J. Horn, G. R. Needham & W. C. Welbourn (eds) Acarology IX vol. 1. Proceedings pp. 589–594. Ohio Biological Survey: Columbus (Ohio).

[S61] Schweizer, J. 1961. Die Landmilben der Schweiz (Mittelland, Jura und Alpen): Parasitiformes Reuter, mit 246 Arten und Varietäten und 268 meist kombinierten Originalzeichnungen. Denkschriften der Schweizerischen Naturforschenden Gesellschaft [Mémoires de la Société Helvétique des Sciences Naturelles] 84: i–vii, 1–207.

[W88] Walter, D. E. 1988. Nematophagy by soil arthropods from the shortgrass steppe, Chihuahuan desert and Rocky Mountains of the central United States. Agriculture, Ecosystems and Environment 24: 307–316.

Epicriidae

Epicrus canestrinii, copyright Matthew Shepherd.

Belongs within: Gamasina.

The Epicriidae are a group of mites known from the Northern Hemisphere with species found in habitats such as moss, leaf litter, decaying wood or animal nests. Their diet is unknown though the morphology of the gnathosoma suggests they may feed on fungal fluids (Lindquist et al. 2009).

Characters (from Lindquist et al. 2009): Female and male dorsal shield entire, usually expanded laterally and consolidated with peritrematic shields, which in turn are expanded posteriorly onto the ventrolateral surface behind coxae IV, ornamented with 11–19 pairs of dorsal glands and a network of large bi-, tri-, or qundrifurcate tubercles. Stigmata prominent, typically on protuberances, peritremes vestigial or lacking. Tritosternum reduced to stubby base and abbreviated laciniae. Sternal setae I on paired jugular plates, poroids may be absent. Female sternal shield with 2–3 pairs of setae, apparently without poroids; 4^th sternal setae usually free on soft integument or rarely inserted on metasternal plates or on posterior edge of sternal shield; epigynal shield with two pairs (occasionally one pair) of setae and well separated posteriorly from an anal or small ventrianal shield. Males with sternitigenital shield separated from ventral and anal shields or from ventrianal or anal shield (the latter sometimes integrated with posterior margin of dorsal shield). Posterior margins of coxae IV with single or multiple inguinal glands. Leg I elongated, without tarsal claws and with two to several setae that are more or less elongated and minutely clubbed apically. Peripodomeric suture of tarsi II–IV usually with a dorsal intercalary sclerite bearing two setae. Femur I with thirteen setae, including four ventral setae and five dorsal setae; tibia I with four ventral setae, six dorsal setae, and 2 anterolateral setae; tibia III with nine setae (2 1/1, 2/1 2); genu III with ten setae, including two ventral setae. Palptarsal claw three-tined (occasionally two-tined). Corniculi small, slender, much shorter than internal malae. Female tocospermous. Male with genital aperture located between coxae III and without spurs or modified spinelike setae on legs II–IV; male chelicerae not obviously elaborated for sperm transfer. Larva lacking pygidial shield; protonymphal pygidial shield with eight pairs of setae, setae S4–S5 on shield; dorsal shield of deutonymph entire.

<==Epicriidae [Epicrioidea] LKW09
    |--Neoepicrius LKW09
    |--Adenoepicrius LKW09
    |--Berlesiana Turk 1943 ET79
    |    |--*B. cirrata (Berlese 1916) [=Epicrius cirratus] ET79
    |    `--B. denticulata ET79
    `--Epicrius Canestrini & Fanzago 1878 (see below for synonymy) FH93
         |--E. mollis (Kramer 1876) [=Gamasus mollis; incl. *E. geometricus Canestrini & Fanzago 1887] ET79
         |--E. canestrinii S61
         |--E. menzeli Schweizer 1922 S61
         |--E. spinituberculatus ET79
         `--E. washingtonianus Berlese 1916 FH93

Epicrius Canestrini & Fanzago 1878 [incl. Diepicrius Berlese 1916, Epicriella Willmann 1953, Eugamasus Absolon 1899 non Berlese 1892, Parasejus Trägårdh 1910] FH93

*Type species of generic name indicated

REFERENCES

[ET79] Evans, G. O., & W. M. Till. 1979. Mesostigmatic mites of Britain and Ireland (Chelicerata: Acari-Parasitiformes). An introduction to their external morphology and classification. Transactions of the Zoological Society of London 35: 139–270.

[FH93] Farrier, M. H., & M. K. Hennessey. 1993. Soil-inhabiting and free-living Mesostigmata (Acari-Parasitiformes) from North America: an annotated checklist with bibliography and index. North Carolina Agricultural Research Service, North Carolina State University, Technical Bulletin 302: i–xvi, 1–408.

[LKW09] Lindquist, E. E., G. W. Krantz & D. E. Walter. 2009. Order Mesostigmata. In: Krantz, G. W., & D. E. Walter (eds) A Manual of Acarology 3^rd ed. pp. 124–232. Texas Tech University Press.

[S61] Schweizer, J. 1961. Die Landmilben der Schweiz (Mittelland, Jura und Alpen): Parasitiformes Reuter, mit 246 Arten und Varietäten und 268 meist kombinierten Originalzeichnungen. Denkschriften der Schweizerischen Naturforschenden Gesellschaft [Mémoires de la Société Helvétique des Sciences Naturelles] 84: i–vii, 1–207.

Last updated: 22 April 2021.

Pachylaelapidae

Pachylaelaps sp., copyright Matthew Shepherd.

Belongs within: Eviphidoidea.

The Pachylaelapidae are a group of predatory mites found in soil habitats such as litter or animal nests; dispersal is often by means of phoresy in association with beetles. More distinctive members of the family include the genus Pseudolaelaps, females of which have free metasternal shield, two ventral setae on genu and tibia I, and a smooth, trispinate epistome (Lindquist et al. 2009).

Characters (from Lindquist et al. 2009): Tarsus II in female and male usually with one or two of the distal setae enlarged into stout spines (if lacking such spines, female with a genitiventral shield closely bordered by an anal shield or with peritrematic-exopodal shields extending posteriorly beyond coxae IV to fuse with metapodal plates); tibia III and genu and tibia IV each with one anterolateral seta.

<==Pachylaelapidae [Neoparasitidae, Pachylaelaptini]
    |--Pachyseius Berlese 1910 FH93
    |    |--*P. humeralis Berlese 1910 ET79
    |    `--P. adeliensis P94
    |--Sphaerolaelaps Berlese 1903 ET79
    |    `--*S. holothyroides (Leonardi 1896) [=Laelaps holothyroides] ET79
    |--Meliponapachys Turk 1948 FH93
    |    `--M. pallidus Turk 1948 FH93
    |--Neoparasitus Oudemans 1901 FH93 [incl. Brachylaelaps Berlese 1910 V25]
    |    |--N. oudemansi Oudemans 1901 [incl. Pachyseius molussus Berlese 1923, P. quartus Vitzthum 1924] V25
    |    `--‘*Brachylaelaps’ rotundus Berlese 1910 V25
    |--Megalolaelaps Berlese 1892 FH93
    |    |--M. enceladus (Berlese 1910) [=Hypoaspis enceladus; incl. Pachylaelaps ornata Keegan 1946] FH93
    |    `--M. spinirostris Berlese 1910 V25
    |--Olopachys LKW09
    |    |--O. skalri LKW09
    |    `--O. vysotskaja LKW09
    |--Zygoseius Berlese 1916 FH93
    |    |--Z. furciger Berlese 1916 FH93 [=Lasioseius (Zygoseius) furciger V25]
    |    `--Z. sarcinulus Halliday 1997 H98
    |--Pseudolaelaps Berlese 1916 LKW09, ET79 [Pseudolaelapinae]
    |    |--*P. doderoi (Berlese 1910) [=Laelaps (Hoplolaelaps) doderoi] ET79
    |    |--P. gamaselloides LKW09
    |    `--P. paulseni LKW09
    |--Onchodellus Berlese 1904 FH93
    |    |--*O. reticulatus (Berl. 1904) [=Pachylaelaps (*Onchodellus) reticulatus] ET79
    |    |--O. antillanus Turk 1948 FH93
    |    |--O. eurasius (Vitzthum 1925) [=Pachylaelaps (Onchodellus) eurasius] V25
    |    `--O. hispani (Berlese 1908) [=Pachylaelaps (Onchodellus) hispani] V25
    `--Pachylaelaps Berlese 1888 H98
         |--*P. pectinifer (Canestrini & Canestrini 1881) [=Gamasus pectinifer] ET79
         |--P. aegypticus LKW09
         |--P. australicus Womersley 1942 H98
         |--P. cluozzai Schweizer 1961 S61
         |--P. furcifer Oudemans 1903 FH93
         |--P. haeros Berlese 1888 V25 [incl. P. haeros var. mexicanus Stoll 1893 FH93]
         |--P. hamifer Trägårdh 1931 T31
         |--P. humusorum Schweizer 1961 S61
         |--P. jurassicus Schweizer 1961 S61
         |--P. laeuchli Schweizer 1922 S61
         |--P. latus Schweizer 1961 S61
         |--P. littoralis Halbert 1915 H66
         |--P. longipalpoides (Felt in Lintner 1896) (see below for synonymy) FH93
         |--P. longisetis ET79
         |--P. magnus S61 [=P. pectinifer var. magnus S22]
         |--P. penicilliger Berlese 1920 H98
         |--P. purcheri Schweizer 1961 S61
         |--P. regularis Berlese 1920 S61
         |--P. sculptus Berlese 1920 S61
         |--P. siculus [=P. strigifer var. siculus] S61
         |--P. singularis Schweizer 1961 S61
         |--P. stabelchodai Schweizer 1961 S61
         |--P. strigifer S61
         |--P. tablasoti Schweizer 1961 S61
         |--P. tesselatus Berlese 1920 S61
         `--P. trupchumi Schweizer 1961 S61

Pachylaelaps longipalpoides (Felt in Lintner 1896) [=Gamasus longipalpoides; incl. P. sellnicki Hirschmann & Kraus 1965] FH93

*Type species of generic name indicated

REFERENCES

[ET79] Evans, G. O., & W. M. Till. 1979. Mesostigmatic mites of Britain and Ireland (Chelicerata: Acari-Parasitiformes). An introduction to their external morphology and classification. Transactions of the Zoological Society of London 35: 139–270.

[FH93] Farrier, M. H., & M. K. Hennessey. 1993. Soil-inhabiting and free-living Mesostigmata (Acari-Parasitiformes) from North America: an annotated checklist with bibliography and index. North Carolina Agricultural Research Service, North Carolina State University, Technical Bulletin 302: i–xvi, 1–408.

[H98] Halliday, R. B. 1998. Mites of Australia: A checklist and bibliography. CSIRO Publishing: Collingwood.

[H66] Hirschmann, W. 1966. Gangsystematik der Parasitiformes. Teil 15. Gänge von Litoralmilben und neue Litoralmilbenarten. Acarologie: Schriftenreihe für Vergleichende Milbenkunde 9: 25–44.

[LKW09] Lindquist, E. E., G. W. Krantz & D. E. Walter. 2009. Order Mesostigmata. In: Krantz, G. W., & D. E. Walter (eds) A Manual of Acarology 3^rd ed. pp. 124–232. Texas Tech University Press.

[P94] Pugh, P. J. A. 1994. Non-indigenous Acari of Antarctica and the sub-Antarctic islands. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 110: 207–217.

[S22] Schweizer, J. 1922. Beitrag zur Kenntnis der terrestrischen Milbenfauna der Schweiz. Verhandl. Naturf. Ges. Basel 33: 23–112, 4 pls.

[S61] Schweizer, J. 1961. Die Landmilben der Schweiz (Mittelland, Jura und Alpen): Parasitiformes Reuter, mit 246 Arten und Varietäten und 268 meist kombinierten Originalzeichnungen. Denkschriften der Schweizerischen Naturforschenden Gesellschaft [Mémoires de la Société Helvétique des Sciences Naturelles] 84: i–vii, 1–207.

[T31] Trägårdh, I. 1931. Acarina from the Juan Fernandez Islands. Natural History of Juan Fernandez and Easter Islands 3 (4): 553–628.

[V25] Vitzthum, H. 1925. Fauna sumatrensis. (Beitrag no. 5). Acarinae. Supplementa Entomologica 11: 1–79.

Last updated: 19 April 2021.