Masarinae

Paragia vespiformis, from Carpenter (1996).

Belongs within: Vespidae.

The Masarinae, pollen wasps, are a group of wasps found primarily on the southern continents that provision their nests with pollen and nectar. They can be distinguished from other vespids by the lack of a trochantellus on the mid femur.

<==Masarinae [Masaridae, Masarides] HH07
    |--Gayellini [Gayellinae] C96
    `--Masarini C96
         |--Ceramius Latreille 1810 C96, S86
         |    |--C. beyeri C96
         |    |--C. caffer OK99
         |    |--C. capicola R13
         |    |--C. hispanicus RL09
         |    |--C. karooensis R13
         |    |--C. lichtensteinii GS61
         |    |    |--C. l. lichtensteinii GS61
         |    |    `--C. l. macrocephalus Saussure 1855 GS61
         |    `--C. metanotalis OK99
         `--+--Masaris L02 [Masarina C96]
            |    |--M. aegyptiacus PK17
            |    |--M. carli C96
            |    `--M. vespiforms L02
            `--Paragiina [Paragiini] C96
                 |--Ceramiopsis Zavattari 1910 S86
                 |--Metaparagia Meade-Waldo 1911 (see below for synonymy) C96
                 |    |--+--M. maculata (Meade-Waldo 1910) C96, C85 [=Paragia maculata C85, *Rolandia maculata C85]
                 |    |  `--+--*M. pictifrons (Smith 1857) S86, C96, S86 [=Paragia pictifrons S86]
                 |    |     `--M. doddi Meade-Waldo 1911 C96, S86 [=Paragia doddi C85]
                 |    `--+--+--M. confluens (Snelling 1986) C96, S86 [=Paragia confluens C96, Riekia confluens C96]
                 |       |  `--M. nocatunga (Richards 1962) C96, C85 [=*Riekia nocatunga C85]
                 |       `--+--M. hua (Snelling 1986) C96, S86 [=*Ammoparagia hua S86]
                 |          `--+--M. borreriae (Snelling 1986) C96, S86 [=Rolandia borreriae S86]
                 |             `--+--M. angulata (Richards 1968) C96, S86 [=Riekia angulata S86, Rolandia angulata S86]
                 |                `--M. houstoni (Snelling 1986) C96, S86 [=Rolandia houstoni S86]
                 `--Paragia Shuckard 1837 (see below for synonymy) C96
                      |--*P. decipiens Shuckard 1837 S86
                      |    |--P. d. decipiens C85
                      |    `--P. d. aliciae Richards 1962 C85
                      |--P. australis Saussure 1853 [=P. (Paragiella) australis] C85
                      |    |--P. a. australis C85
                      |    `--P. a. borealis Richards 1962 C85
                      |--P. bicolor Saussure 1853 [=P. (Paragiella) bicolor] C85
                      |--P. calida Smith 1865 [=P. (Paragiella) calida] C85
                      |--P. deceptrix Smith 1862 [=P. deceptor, [=P. (Paragiella) deceptrix] C85
                      |--P. generosa Richards 1962 [=P. (Paragiella) generosa] C85
                      |--P. hirsuta Meade-Waldo 1911 [=P. (Paragiella) hirsuta] C85
                      |--P. magdalena Turner 1908 [=P. (Paragiella) magdalena] C85
                      |--P. mimetica Richards 1968 [=P. (Paragiella) mimetica] C85
                      |--P. monocesta Snelling 1986 S86
                      |--P. morosa Smith 1868 [=P. (Paragiella) morosa] C85
                      |--P. nasuta Smith 1868 [=P. (Paragiella) nasuta] C85
                      |--P. odyneroides Smith 1850 (see below for synonymy) C85
                      |--P. oligomera Snelling 1986 S86
                      |--P. perkinsi Meade-Waldo 1911 [=P. (Paragiella) perkinsi] C85
                      |--P. propodealis Richards 1968 [=P. (Paragiella) propodealis] C85
                      |--P. schulthessi Turner 1936 C85
                      |--P. smithii Saussure 1854 C85
                      |--P. sobrina Smith 1869 [=P. (Paragiella) sobrina; incl. P. excellens Smith 1869] C85
                      |--P. tricolor Smith 1850 [=P. saussurii Smith 1857] C85
                      |--P. venusta Smith 1865 [=P. (Paragiella) venusta; incl. P. concinna Smith 1868] C85
                      |--P. vespiformis Smith 1865 [=P. (*Cygnaea) vespiformis] S86
                      `--P. walkeri Meade-Waldo 1910 [=P. (Paragiella) walkeri] C85

Masarinae incertae sedis:
  Trimeria C96
    |--T. americana C96
    |--T. howardi CC85
    `--T. rhachiphora HH07
  Pseudomasaris HH07
    |--P. phaceliae HH07
    `--P. vespoides JB13
  Celonites Latreille 1802 L02
    |--*C. apiformis [=Masaris apiformis] L02
    |--C. cyprius C96
    `--C. varipennis C96
  Masarina Richards 1962 G05
    |--M. aptosimi Gess 2005 G05
    |--M. ceres G05
    |--M. familiaris G05
    |--M. hermanniae Gess 2005 G05
    |--M. hyalinipennis G05
    |--M. mixta G05
    |--M. mixtoides G05
    |--M. namaqua G05
    |--M. parvula G05
    |--M. peliostomi G05
    |--M. roberti Gess 2005 G05
    |--M. strucki G05
    `--M. tylecodoni G05

Metaparagia Meade-Waldo 1911 [incl. Ammoparagia Snelling 1986, Riekia Richards 1962, Rolandia Richards 1962] C96

Paragia Shuckard 1837 [incl. Alpha Dalla Tore 1904 non Saussure 1854, Beta Dalla Torre 1904 non Saussure 1854, Cygnaea Richards 1962, Paragiella Richards 1962] C96

Paragia odyneroides Smith 1850 [=P. (*Paragiella) odyneroides; incl. P. bidens Saussure 1855, P. praedator Saussure 1855] C85

*Type species of generic name indicated

REFERENCES

[C85] Cardale, J. C. 1985. Vespoidea and Sphecoidea. In: Walton, D. W. (ed.) Zoological Catalogue of Australia vol. 2. Hymenoptera: Formicoidea, Vespoidea and Sphecoidea pp. 150–303. Australian Government Publishing Service: Canberra.

[C96] Carpenter, J. M. 1996. Generic classification of the Australian pollen wasps (Hymenoptera: Vespidae: Masarinae. Journal of the Kansas Entomological Society 69 (4 suppl.): 384–400.

[CC85] Carpenter, J. M., & J. M. Cumming. 1985. A character analysis of the North American potter wasps (Hymenoptera: Vespidae; Eumeninae). Journal of Natural History 19 (5): 877–916.

[G05] Gess, F. W. 2005. Three new species of Masarina Richards, 1962 from southern Africa with a key to all species of the genus (Hymenoptera: Vespidae, Masarinae). Journal of Hymenoptera Research 14 (1): 7–14.

[GS61] Giordani Soika, A. 1961. Hymenoptera (Aculeata): Vespidae. In: Hanström, B., P. Brinck & G. Rudebeck (eds) South African Animal Life: Results of the Lund University Expedition in 1950–1951 vol. 8 pp. 440–451. Almqvist & Wiksell: Uppsala.

[HH07] Hines, H. M., J. H. Hunt, T. K. O'Connor, J. J. Gillespie & S. A. Cameron. 2007. Multigene phylogeny reveals eusociality evolved twice in vespid wasps. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the USA 104 (9): 3295–3299.

[JB13] Johnson, B. R., M. L. Borowiec, J. C. Chiu, E. K. Lee, J. Atallah & P. S. Ward. 2013. Phylogenomics resolves evolutionary relationships among ants, bees, and wasps. Current Biology 23: 2058–2062.

[L02] Latreille, P. A. 1802. Histoire Naturelle, générale et particulière des crustacés et des insectes vol. 3. Familles naturelles des genres. F. Dufart: Paris.

[OK99] OConnor, B. M., & J. S. H. Klompen. 1999. Phylogenetic perspectives on mite-insect associations: the evolution of acarinaria. In: Needham, G. R., R. Mitchell, D. J. Horn & W. C. Welbourn (eds) Acarology IX vol. 2. Symposia pp. 63–71. Ohio Biological Survey: Columbus (Ohio).

[PK17] Peters, R. S., L. Krogmann, C. Mayer, A. Donath, S. Gunkel, K. Meusemann, A. Kozlov, L. Podsiadlowski, M. Petersen, R. Lanfear, P. A. Diez, J. Heraty, K. M. Kjer, S. Klopfstein, R. Meier, C. Polidori, T. Schmitt, S. Liu, X. Zhou, T. Wappler, J. Rust, B. Misof & O. Niehuis. 2017. Evolutionary history of the Hymenoptera. Current Biology 27 (7): 1013–1018.

[RL09] Ren, D., C. C. Labandeira, J. A. Santiago-Blay, A. Rasnitsyn, C. Shih, A. Bashkuev, M. A. V. Logan, C. L. Hotton & D. Dilcher. 2009. A probable pollination mode before angiosperms: Eurasian, long-proboscid scorpionflies. Science 326: 840–847.

[R13] Reuter, O. M. 1913. Lebensgewohnheiten und Instinkte der Insekten bis zum Erwachen der sozialen Instinkte. R. Friedländer & Sohn: Berlin.

[S86] Snelling, R. R. 1986. The taxonomy and nomenclature of some Australian paragiine wasps (Hymenoptera: Masaridae). Contributions in Science 378: 1–19.

Stenodyneriellus

Stenodyneriellus sp., copyright djhiker.

Belongs within: Eumeninae.

Stenodyneriellus is an Indo-Australian genus of potter wasps in which the dorsal surface of the propodeum is well developed behind the postscutellum, so that the latter is entirely or almost entirely separate from the posterior face of the mesosoma, and the superior transverse carina of the propodeum is usually well developed (or, if not, there is still a distinct separation between the dorsal and posterior faces of the propodeum). The first metasomal tergite is about twice as wide as long and nearly as wide as the second tergite (Giordani Soika 1962).

<==Stenodyneriellus Giordani Soika 1962 C85
    |--*S. turneriellus Giordani Soika 1962 C85
    |--S. bicoloratus (Saussure 1856) [=Odynerus bicoloratus] C85
    |--S. brisbanensis Giordani Soika 1962 C85
    |--S. carnarvonensis Giordani Soika 1977 C85
    |--S. darnleyensis Giordani Soika 1977 C85
    |--S. novempunctatus Giordani Soika 1977 C85
    |--S. pseudancistrocerus (Giordani Soika 1962) [=Pseudonortonia pseudancistrocerus] C85
    |--S. punctatissimus Giordani Soika 1977 C85
    |--S. spinosiusculus Giordani Soika 1962 C85
    |--S. tricoloratus Giordani Soika 1962 C85 [=Pseudepipona tricolorata GS62]
    |--S. turneriellus Giordani Soika 1962 C85
    `--S. yanchepensis (Giordani Soika 1962) [=Australodynerus yanchepensis] C85
         |--S. y. yanchepensis C85
         `--S. y. nigrithorax (Giordani Soika 1962) [=Australodynerus yanchepensis nigrithorax] C85

*Type species of generic name indicated

REFERENCES

[C85] Cardale, J. C. 1985. Vespoidea and Sphecoidea. In: Walton, D. W. (ed.) Zoological Catalogue of Australia vol. 2. Hymenoptera: Formicoidea, Vespoidea and Sphecoidea pp. 150–303. Australian Government Publishing Service: Canberra.

[GS62] Giordani Soika, A. 1962. Gli Odynerus sensu antiquo del continente Australiano e della Tasmania. Boll. Mus. Civ. Venezia 14: 57–202.

Australodynerus

Australodynerus punctiventris, copyright Museum Victoria.

Belongs within: Eumeninae.

Australodynerus is an Australian genus of smallish potter wasps characterised by a relatively long, depressed propodeum with well-defined lateral carinae, and a small difference only in the width of the first and second metasomal segments (Giordani Soika 1962).

Characters (from Giordani Soika 1962): Size mediocre. Mesosoma elongate, sub-cylindrical, slightly depressed dorsally, slightly wider anteriorly than posteriorly. Postscutellum with short horizontal dorsal face not well separated from posterior oblique face, which is part of the posterior face of the mesosoma. Propodeum elongate, depressed, with dorsal face continuing regularly onto the posterior face; lateral carinae well developed, rectilinear, forming a right or acute angle at rear where they meet with lower carinae. First tergite broad, dome-shaped; second tergite a little swollen.

<==Australodynerus Giordani Soika 1962 C85
    |--*A. pusillus (Saussure 1855) [=Odynerus pusillus; incl. O. (Leionotus) macilentus Saussure 1867] C85
    |--A. convexus Giordani Soika 1977 C85
    |--A. merredinensis Giordani Soika 1962 C85
    |    |--A. m. merredinensis C85
    |    |--A. m. everardensis Giordani Soika 1977 C85
    |    `--A. m. victoriensis Giordani Soika 1977 C85
    |--A. punctiventris Giordani Soika 1977 C85
    `--A. pusilloides Giordani Soika 1962 C85
         |--A. p. pusilloides C85
         `--A. p. impudicus Giordani Soika 1962 C85

*Type species of generic name indicated

REFERENCES

[C85] Cardale, J. C. 1985. Vespoidea and Sphecoidea. In: Walton, D. W. (ed.) Zoological Catalogue of Australia vol. 2. Hymenoptera: Formicoidea, Vespoidea and Sphecoidea pp. 150–303. Australian Government Publishing Service: Canberra.

Giordani Soika, A. 1962. Gli Odynerus sensu antiquo del continente Australiano e della Tasmania. Boll. Mus. Civ. Venezia 14: 57–202.

Pseudalastor

Pseudalastor concolor, copyright Reiner Richter.

Belongs within: Eumeninae.

Pseudalastor is a genus of relatively robust potter wasps in which the female bears a large, raised oval plate on the vertex of the head.

Characters (from Giordani Soika 1962): Mesosoma squat, sub-cylindrical. Postscutellum rounded posteriorly, forming part of the posterior face of the mesosoma. Propodeum very depressed on sides, lateral margins subrectilinear and almost parallel; lateral carina strongly developed, meeting with lower carina to form an almost right angle. First tergite subtruncate at base, much narrower than the following tergite. Vertex of female with a large transverse oval plate, much larger than ocellar area, with sharp contours, sharply raised above the remaining surface of the vertex, provided in center with a round dimple bearing short and dense hair. Aedeagus with very long basal lobes, ribbon-like, depressed, arched towards apex of aedeagus.

<==Pseudalastor Giordani Soika 1962 C85
    |--*P. concolor (Saussure 1853) [=Odynerus (Leionotus) concolor] C85
    |    |--P. c. concolor C85
    |    `--P. c. rapax Giordani Soika 1977 C85
    |--P. anguloides Giordani Soika 1962 C85
    |--P. cavifemur Giordani Soika 1962 C85
    |--P. metathoracicus (Saussure 1855) (see below for synonymy) C85
    |--P. superbus Giordani Soika 1977 C85
    `--P. tridentatus (Schulthess-Rechberg 1935) [=Alastor (Paralastor) tridentatus] C85
         |--P. t. tridentatus C85
         |--P. t. paganus Giordani Soika 1977 C85
         |--P. t. septentrionalis Giordani Soika 1977 C85
         `--P. t. transgrediens Giordani Soika 1977 C85

Pseudalastor metathoracicus (Saussure 1855) [=Odynerus metathoracicus; incl. O. (Ancistroceroides) sanguinolentus Saussure 1856] C85

*Type species of generic name indicated

REFERENCES

[C85] Cardale, J. C. 1985. Vespoidea and Sphecoidea. In: Walton, D. W. (ed.) Zoological Catalogue of Australia vol. 2. Hymenoptera: Formicoidea, Vespoidea and Sphecoidea pp. 150–303. Australian Government Publishing Service: Canberra.

Giordani Soika, A. 1962. Gli Odynerus sensu antiquo del continente Australiano e della Tasmania. Boll. Mus. Civ. Venezia 14: 57–202.

Ischnocoelia

Female Ischnocoelia ecclesiastica, from Rayment (1954).

Belongs within: Zethinae.

Ischnocoelia is an Australian genus of wasps that nest in burrows in the ground with cells closed using plant matter.

<==Ischnocoelia Perkins 1908 C85
    |--*I. xanthochroma Perkins 1908 C85
    |--I. ecclesiastica (Rayment 1954) [=Discoelius ecclesiasticus] C85
    |--I. elongata (Saussure 1855) [=Discoelius elongatus] C85
    |--I. ferruginea (Meade-Waldo 1910) [=Elimus ferrugineus] C85
    |--I. fulva (Schulthess-Rechberg 1910) [=Stenolabus fulvus] C85
    |    |--I. f. fulva C85
    |    `--I. f. major Meade-Waldo 1914 C85
    |--I. integra (Schulthess-Rechberg 1910) [=Stenolabus integer] C85
    |    |--I. i. integra C85
    |    `--I. i. carnowi Giordani Soika 1969 C85
    |--I. occidentalis Giordani Soika 1969 C85
    |    |--I. o. occidentalis C85
    |    `--I. o. blumburyensis Giordani Soika 1969 C85
    |--I. polychroma Giordani Soika 1969 C85
    `--I. robusta (Meade-Waldo 1910) [=Elimus robustus] C85
         |--I. r. robusta [incl. Stenolabus vulneratus Schulthess-Rechberg 1910] C85
         |--I. r. analis Giordani Soika 1969 C85
         |--I. r. aurantiaca Giordani Soika 1969 C85
         `--I. r. unicolor Giordani Soika 1969 C85

*Type species of generic name indicated

REFERENCES

[C85] Cardale, J. C. 1985. Vespoidea and Sphecoidea. In: Walton, D. W. (ed.) Zoological Catalogue of Australia vol. 2. Hymenoptera: Formicoidea, Vespoidea and Sphecoidea pp. 150–303. Australian Government Publishing Service: Canberra.

Zethinae

Zethus slossonae, copyright Bob Peterson.

Belongs within: Vespidae.
Contains: Ischnocoelia.

The Zethinae are a group of mostly solitary (rarely communal) wasps that may construct nests out of plant material (Hines et al. 2007).

<==Zethinae HH07
    |  i. s.: Australozethus Giordani Soika 1969 HH07, C85
    |           |--*A. tasmaniensis Giordani Soika 1969 C85
    |           |    |--A. t. tasmaniensis C85
    |           |    `--A. t. montanus Giordani Soika 1969 [=Pseudozethus tasmaniensis montanus] C85
    |           |--A. continentalis Giordani Soika 1969 C85
    |           `--A. occidentalis Giordani Soika 1969 C85
    |--Calligaster cyanopterus OK99
    `--+--Elimus Saussure 1852 OK99, C85
       |    |--*E. australis Saussure 1852 C85
       |    `--E. mackayensis Meade-Waldo 1910 C85
       `--+--Ischnocoelia OK99
          `--Zethus OK99
               |--Z. biglumis OK99
               |--Z. (Zethoides) binodis CC85
               |--Z. coeruleopennis OK99
               |--Z. diminutus OK99
               |--Z. favillaceus OK99
               |--Z. fuscus OK99
               |--Z. garciai HH07
               |--Z. guerreroi CC85
               |--Z. haywardi OK99
               |--Z. holmbergii Brèthes 1906 B06
               |--Z. miniatus HH07
               |--Z. miscogaster CC85
               |--Z. missionus Brèthes 1906 B06
               |--Z. montezuma CC85
               |--Z. rhodesianus OK99
               |--Z. rugosiceps [=Discoelius rugosiceps] B06
               |--Z. sessilis B78
               |--Z. slossonae CC85
               `--Z. spinipes HH07

*Type species of generic name indicated

REFERENCES

[B78] Bohart, R. M. 1978. Tachytes of South America (Hymenoptera, Sphecidae, Larrinae). Transactions of the American Entomological Society 104 (3–4): 435–505.

[B06] Brèthes, J. 1906. Véspidos y eumenídidos sudamericanos (nuevo suplemento). Anales del Museo Nacional de Buenos Aires, serie 3, 6: 310–377.

[C85] Cardale, J. C. 1985. Vespoidea and Sphecoidea. In: Walton, D. W. (ed.) Zoological Catalogue of Australia vol. 2. Hymenoptera: Formicoidea, Vespoidea and Sphecoidea pp. 150–303. Australian Government Publishing Service: Canberra.

[CC85] Carpenter, J. M., & J. M. Cumming. 1985. A character analysis of the North American potter wasps (Hymenoptera: Vespidae; Eumeninae). Journal of Natural History 19 (5): 877–916.

[HH07] Hines, H. M., J. H. Hunt, T. K. O'Connor, J. J. Gillespie & S. A. Cameron. 2007. Multigene phylogeny reveals eusociality evolved twice in vespid wasps. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the USA 104 (9): 3295–3299.

[OK99] OConnor, B. M., & J. S. H. Klompen. 1999. Phylogenetic perspectives on mite-insect associations: the evolution of acarinaria. In: Needham, G. R., R. Mitchell, D. J. Horn & W. C. Welbourn (eds) Acarology IX vol. 2. Symposia pp. 63–71. Ohio Biological Survey: Columbus (Ohio).

Rhynchium

Rhynchium quinquecinctum, copyright Len Worthington.

Belongs within: Eumeninae.

Rhynchium is an Old World genus of relatively large wasps, characterised by a lack of prominent punctation on the scutellum and posterior part of the mesoscutum.

<==Rhynchium Spinola 1806 [=Rygchium] C85
    |--‘Vespa’ oculata Fabricius 1781 [incl. *Rygchium europaeum Spinola 1806] C85
    |--‘Rygchium’ annuliferum Boisduval 1835 B35
    |--R. atrum Saussure 1852 C85
    |--R. australense Perkins 1914 C85
    |--R. magnificum Smith 1869 [=Odynerus (Rhynchium) haemorrhoidalis var. magnificus] C85
    |--‘Rygchium’ megaera K62
    |--R. mirabile Saussure 1852 C85 (see below for synonymy)
    |--R. nigrolimbatum Bingham 1912 C85
    |--R. nitidulum R13
    |--R. quinquecinctum S94
    |    |--R. q. quinquecinctum S94
    |    `--R. q. fukaii S94
    |--R. rufipes (Fabricius 1775) [=Vespa rufipes] C85
    |--‘Rygchium’ schwarzi Krombein 1962 K62
    `--R. superbum Saussure 1852 C85 [=Rh. mirabile superbum C85, Rygchium superbum GS61]

Rhynchium mirabile Saussure 1852 C85 [=Rygchium mirabile C85; incl. Rh. rothi Kirby 1885 C85, Odynerus (Rhygchium) rothi C85, Pseudabispa rothi GS61]

*Type species of generic name indicated

REFERENCES

[B35] Boisduval, J. B. 1835. Voyage de Découvertes de l’Astrolabe. Exécuté par ordre du Roi, pendant les années 1826–1827–1828–1829, sous le commandement de M. J. Dumont d'Urville. Faune entomologique de l'océan Pacifique, avec l'illustration des insectes nouveaux recueillis pendant le voyage vol. 2. Coléoptères et autres ordres. J. Tastu: Paris.

[C85] Cardale, J. C. 1985. Vespoidea and Sphecoidea. In: Walton, D. W. (ed.) Zoological Catalogue of Australia vol. 2. Hymenoptera: Formicoidea, Vespoidea and Sphecoidea pp. 150–303. Australian Government Publishing Service: Canberra.

[GS61] Giordani Soika, A. 1961. Gli Odynerus sensu antiquo del continente Australiano e della Tasmania. Boll. Mus. Civ. Venezia 14: 57–202.

[K62] Krombein, K. V. 1962. Natural history of Plummers Island, Maryland. XIII. Descriptions of new wasps from Plummers Island, Maryland, (Hymenoptera: Aculeata). Proceedings of the Biological Society of Washington 75: 1–18.

[R13] Reuter, O. M. 1913. Lebensgewohnheiten und Instinkte der Insekten bis zum Erwachen der sozialen Instinkte. R. Friedländer & Sohn: Berlin.

[S94] Shimizu, A. 1994. Phylogeny and classification of the family Pompilidae (Hymenoptera). Tokyo Metropolitan University Bulletin of Natural History 2: 1–142.

Ropalidia

Ropalidia marginata, copyright University of Agricultural Sciences Bangalore.

Belongs within: Polistinae.

Ropalidia is a diverse genus of social wasps found in warmer regions of the Old World, characterised by fusion of the tergite and sternite of the second gastral segment (Richards 1978).

Characters (from Richards 1978): Humerus with no keel posteriorly in front of first thoracic spiracle. Mesoscutum not margined opposite tegula. Muscle-slit of propodeum usually shorter and rounded at top. Second gastral tergite and sternite more or less solidly fused.

<==Ropalidia Guérin-Méneville 1831 [=Icaria Saussure 1853, Rhopalidia Guérin-Méneville 1838] C85
    |--R. (Ropalidia) C85
    |    |--*R. (R.) maculiventris Guérin 1831 [=*Icaria maculiventris] C85
    |    |--R. (R.) bispinosa R78
    |    |--R. (R.) eboraca Richards 1978 C85
    |    |--R. (R.) erratica R78
    |    |--R. (R.) fasciola Richards 1978 [=Icaria fasciata Smith 1858 non Eumenes fasciata Fabricius 1804] R78
    |    |--R. (R.) fulvopruinosa (Cameron 1906) [=Odynerus (Leionotus) fulvopruinosus] C85
    |    |--R. (R.) humboldti R78
    |    |--R. (R.) irritata R78
    |    |--R. (R.) mimikae R78
    |    |--R. (R.) mondoensis R78
    |    |--R. (R.) pratti R78
    |    `--R. (R.) semihyalinata R78
    |--R. (Anthreneida Whie 1841) [incl. Icariastrum von Dalla Torre 1904] R78
    |    |--R. (A.) sumatrae (Weber 1801) [=Vespa sumatrae; incl. *Anthreneida coronata White 1841, R. speciosa] R78
    |    |--R. (A.) erythrospila (Cameron 1908) R78, NK11 [=R. malayana erythrospila R78]
    |    |--R. (A.) lugubris (Smith 1858) R78, NK11
    |    |--R. (A.) malayana (Cameron 1903) R78, NK11
    |    |--R. (A.) modesta (Smith 1858) R78, NK11
    |    |--R. (A.) nursei R78
    |    |--R. (A.) opulenta (Smith 1857) R78, NK11 [=Icaria opulenta R78, *Icariastrum opulentum R78]
    |    |--R. (A.) ornatipes (Cameron 1900) R78, NK11
    |    |--R. (A.) pilosa (Smith 1854) R78, NK11
    |    |--R. (A.) rufocollaris van der Vecht 1941 R78, NK11
    |    |--R. (A.) rufoplagiata (Cameron 1905) R78, NK11
    |    |    |--R. r. rufoplagiata R78
    |    |    `--R. r. gravelyi R78
    |    `--R. (A.) sericea R78
    |--R. (Icariella Dalla Torre 1904) C85 [=Icarielia R78]
    |    |--R. (*I.) flavopicta (Smith 1857) [=Icaria flavopicta] C85
    |    |--R. (I.) bensoni Richards 1978 R78
    |    |--R. (I.) conservator R78 (see below for synonymy)
    |    |--R. (I.) deminutiva [=R. diminutiva (l. c.)] R78
    |    |--R. (I.) festina R78
    |    |--R. (I.) gemmea R78
    |    |--R. (I.) insolens R78
    |    |--R. (I.) integra R78
    |    |--R. (I.) ivorina R78
    |    |--R. (I.) leopoldi R78
    |    |--R. (I.) lepida van der Vecht 1962 R78, NK11
    |    |--R. (I.) longipetiolata F78
    |    |--R. (I.) loriana R78
    |    |--R. (I.) malaisei van der Vecht 1962 R78, NK11
    |    |--R. (I.) montana R78
    |    |--R. (I.) nigrior Richards 1978 C85
    |    |--R. (I.) novaeguineae (von Schulthess 1913) [=Parapolybia novaeguineae, Polybia novaeguineae] R78
    |    |--R. (I.) opifex van der Vecht 1962 R78, NK11
    |    |--R. (I.) romandi (Le Guillou 1841) [=Polistes romandi, Icaria romandi] R78
    |    |    |--R. r. romandi C85
    |    |    `--R. r. cabeti (Saussure 1853) [=Icaria cabeti] C85
    |    `--R. (I.) zonata R78
    |--R. (Icariola Dalla Torre 1904) [=Zuba Cheesman 1952] C85
    |    |--R. (*I.) gregaria (Saussure 1853) [=Icaria gregaria, R. (*Zuba) gregaria] C85
    |    |    |--R. g. gregaria [incl. Polistes bioculata Fabricius 1804 (n. d.)] C85
    |    |    `--R. g. spilocephala (Cameron 1906) (see below for synonymy) R78
    |    |--R. (I.) anarchica R78
    |    |--R. (I.) aristocratica (de Saussure 1853) R78, NK11
    |    |--R. (I.) bicincta R78
    |    |--R. (I.) bilineata R78
    |    |--R. (I.) binghami van der Vecht 1941 R78, NK11
    |    |--R. (I.) canaria R78
    |    |--R. (I.) capensis [incl. R. ambigua] R78
    |    |--R. (I.) carinata R78
    |    |--R. (I.) celebensis van der Vecht 1941 R78, NK11
    |    |--R. (I.) cincta (Lepeletier 1836) R78, GS61 (see below for synonymy)
    |    |--R. (I.) colorata R78
    |    |--R. (I.) constitutionalis R78
    |    |--R. (I.) copiaria (de Saussure 1862) R78, NK11
    |    |--R. (I.) cyathiformis (Fabricius 1804) R78, NK11
    |    |--R. (I.) darwini Richards 1978 C85
    |    |--R. (I.) deceptor (Smith 1864) [=Icaria deceptor] C85
    |    |--R. (I.) distigma R78
    |    |--R. (I.) dubia R78
    |    |--R. (I.) duchaussoyi R78
    |    |--R. (I.) elegantula Richards 1978 C85
    |    |--R. (I.) eurostoma Richards 1978 C85
    |    |--R. (I.) fasciata (Fabricius 1804) R78, NK11 [=Eumenes fasciata R78; incl. R. picta R78]
    |    |--R. (I.) fluviatilis R78
    |    |--R. (I.) formosa [incl. R. hova] R78
    |    |    |--R. f. formosa R78
    |    |    `--R. ‘hova’ minor R78
    |    |--R. (I.) galimatia R78
    |    |--R. (I.) gracilenta Richards 1978 C85
    |    |--R. (I.) gracilis (Smith 1859) [=Icaria gracilis] R78
    |    |--R. (I.) grandidieri R78
    |    |--R. (I.) granulata van der Vecht 1941 R78, NK11
    |    |    |--R. g. granulata R78
    |    |    `--R. g. borneensis R78
    |    |--R. (I.) guttatipennis R78
    |    |--R. (I.) hirsuta Richards 1978 C85
    |    |--R. (I.) hongkongensis R78
    |    |--R. (I.) horni Sonan 1938 R78, NK11
    |    |--R. (I.) impetuosa (Smith 1860) [=Icaria impetuosa] R78
    |    |--R. (I.) interrupta van der Vecht 1941 [=R. variegata interrupta] C85
    |    |    |--R. i. interrupta C85
    |    |    `--R. i. flavinoda van der Vecht 1941 [=R. variegata flavinoda] C85
    |    |--R. (I.) jacobsoni (du Buysson 1908) R78, NK11 [=R. variegata jacobsoni R78]
    |    |--R. (I.) kurandae Richards 1978 C85
    |    |--R. (I.) laticincta van der Vecht 1962 R78, NK11
    |    |--R. (I.) mackayensis Richards 1978 C85
    |    |--R. (I.) magnanima van der Vecht 1941 NK11
    |    |--R. (I.) marginata (Lepeletier 1836) [=Epipona marginata] R78
    |    |    |--R. m. marginata C85
    |    |    |--R. m. jucunda (Cameron 1898) [=Icaria jucunda] C85
    |    |    `--R. m. sundiaca R78
    |    |--R. (I.) mathematica (Smith 1860) R78, NK11
    |    |    |--R. m. mathematica R78
    |    |    `--R. m. binotata R78
    |    |--R. (I.) mutabilis Richards 1978 C85
    |    |    |--R. m. mutabilis C85
    |    |    `--R. m. torresiana Richards 1978 C85
    |    |--R. (I.) nitidula R78
    |    |--R. (I.) nobilis R78
    |    |--R. (I.) pendula R78
    |    |--R. (I.) petulans R78
    |    |--R. (I.) plebiana Richards 1978 [=R. plebeiana, Icaria plebeja Saussure 1863 non Saussure 1862] R78
    |    |--R. (I.) politica R78
    |    |--R. (I.) pomicolor R78
    |    |--R. (I.) proletaria Richards 1978 C85
    |    |--R. (I.) ranavali R78
    |    |--R. (I.) revolutionalis (Saussure 1853) [=Icaria revolutionalis, I. revolutinalis (l. c.)] C85
    |    |--R. (I.) schulthessi R78
    |    |--R. (I.) scitula (Bingham 1897) R78, NK11
    |    |--R. (I.) socialistica (Saussure 1853) [=Icaria socialistica] C85
    |    |--R. (I.) spatulata R78
    |    |--R. (I.) timida van der Vecht 1962 R78, NK11
    |    |--R. (I.) tomentosa R78
    |    |--R. (I.) trichophthalma Richards 1978 C85
    |    |--R. (I.) turneri Richards 1978 C85
    |    |--R. (I.) unicolor (Smith 1859) R78, SK05
    |    |--R. (I.) variabilis R78
    |    |--R. (I.) variegata (Smith 1852) R78, NK11
    |    `--R. (I.) vitripennis R78
    |--R. (Paraicaria Gribodo 1892) R78
    |    |--R. (P.) bicolorata van der Vecht 1962 (see below for synonymy) R78
    |    `--R. (P.) nigerrima van der Vecht 1962 R78, NK11
    `--R. (Polistratus Cameron 1906) C85
         |--R. (P.) brunnea (Smith 1858) R78 (see below for synonymy)
         |--R. (P.) bambusae Richards 1978 R78
         |--R. (P.) domestica Cheesman 1952 R78
         |--R. (P.) latetergum Richards 1978 C85
         |--R. (P.) melania Richards 1978 R78
         |--R. (P.) mysolica [incl. Odynerus conspicuus] R78
         |--R. (P.) nigra [incl. R. spilostoma] R78
         |--R. (P.) sepicana Richards 1978 R78
         |--R. (P.) wudai R78
         |    |--R. w. wudai R78
         |    `--R. w. trullissima R78
         `--R. (P.) xanthura R78

Ropalidia incertae sedis:
  R. aethiopica (Du Buysson 1906) [=Icaria aethiopica] GS61
  R. artifex (de Saussure 1853) NK11
    |--R. a. artifex R78
    `--R. a. fuscata R78
  R. bipartita van der Vecht 1962 NK11
  R. crassa van der Vecht 1941 NK11
  R. curvilineata (Cameron 1908) NK11
  R. dichroma van der Vecht 1941 NK11
  R. extrema (van der Vecht 1962) NK11
  R. flavobrunnea van der Vecht 1962 NK11
  R. fraterna R78
  R. hongkongensisjuncta (de Saussure 1854) NK11
  R. javanica van der Vecht 1962 NK11 [=R. flavopicta javanica R78]
  R. latebalteata (Cameron 1902) NK11
  R. luzonensis Kojima 1996 NK11
  R. nigrescens van der Vecht 1962 NK11
  R. obscura Gusenleitner 1996 NK11
  R. orhracea NK11
  R. ornaticeps (Cameron 1908) NK11
  R. palawana (Kojima & Tano 1985) NK11
  R. philippinensis (de Saussure 1854) NK11
  R. plebeja (Saussure 1862) NK11 [=Icaria plebeja C85]
  R. pseudomalayana Kojima 1996 NK11
  R. punctum (Fabricius 1804) [=Polistes punctum] C85
  R. socialis (de Saussure 1862) NK11
  R. stigma (Smith 1858) NK11 [=Polybia stigma R78]
  R. trimaculata van der Vecht 1962 NK11

Ropalidia (Icariella) conservator R78 [incl. R. decorata (Smith 1858) R78, NK11, R. goodfellowi R78, R. limatula R78, R. waigeuensis R78, R. xanthopoda R78]

Ropalidia (Icariola) cincta (Lepeletier 1836) R78, GS61 [=Epipona cincta GS61, Icaria cincta GS61; incl. I. tricinctella Gribodo 1895 GS61]

Ropalidia (Icariola) gregaria spilocephala (Cameron 1906) [=Icaria spilocephala; incl. R. gregaria inquieta Cheesman 1952, I. kohni du Buysson 1909, R. gregaria var. tolerans Cheesman 1952] R78

Ropalidia (Paraicaria) bicolorata van der Vecht 1962 [incl. *Paraicaria bicolor Gribodo 1892 non Icaria bicolor Smith 1864] R78

Ropalidia (Polistratus) brunnea (Smith 1858) R78 [=Icaria brunnea C85; incl. R. alleni R78, *Polistratus cariniscutis Cameron 1906 C85]

*Type species of generic name indicated

REFERENCES

[C85] Cardale, J. C. 1985. Vespoidea and Sphecoidea. In: Walton, D. W. (ed.) Zoological Catalogue of Australia vol. 2. Hymenoptera: Formicoidea, Vespoidea and Sphecoidea pp. 150–303. Australian Government Publishing Service: Canberra.

[GS61] Giordani Soika, A. 1961. Hymenoptera (Aculeata): Vespidae. In: Hanström, B., P. Brinck & G. Rudebeck (eds) South African Animal Life: Results of the Lund University Expedition in 1950–1951 vol. 8 pp. 440–451. Almqvist & Wiksell: Uppsala.

[NK11] Nicholas, A. S., J. Kojima, M. Y. Ruslan, M. Fauzi & A. B. Idris. 2011. A list of social vespid wasps (Hymenoptera: Vespidae) from Kuala Lompat, Krau Wildlife Reserve, Pahang, peninsular Malaysia. Serangga 16 (1): 59–74.

[R78] Richards, O. W. 1978. The Australian social wasps (Hymenoptera: Vespidae). Australian Journal of Zoology, Supplementary Series 61: 1–132.

[SK05] Saito, F., J. Kojima, R. Ubaidillah & S. Hartini. 2005. Paper wasps of the genus Polistes in eastern Lesser Sunda Islands (Hymenoptera: Vespidae). Journal of Hymenoptera Research 14 (1): 102–114.

Delta

Delta campaniformis, copyright Graham Winterflood.

Belongs within: Eumeninae.

Delta is a genus of potter wasps widespread in warmer regions of the Old World, characterised by an elongate metasomal petiole, slightly longer than than the mesosoma, with tergum I largely impunctate, a single mid tibial spur, and an apically truncate clypeus. They build jug-like nests in sheltered locations such as the sides of buildings or crevices on tree trunks.

<==Delta Saussure 1855 C85
    |--‘Vespa’ emarginata Linnaeus 1758 [incl. Vespa maxillosa DeGeer 1775, Eumenes (*Delta) maxillosus] C85
    |--D. arcuata (Fabricius 1775) [=Vespa arcuata] C85
    |--D. bicinctus (Saussure 1852) [=Eumenes bicincta] C85
    |--D. caffer (Linnaeus 1767) [=Vespa caffra, Eumenes caffer, E. caffra] GS61
    |--D. campaniformis (Fabricius 1775) [=Vespa campaniformis] C85
    |    |--D. c. campaniforme C85
    |    |--D. c. assatus (Giordani Soika 1934) [=Eumenes campaniformis assatus] C85
    |    `--D. c. esuriens G84
    |--D. higletti (Meade Waldo 1910) (see below for synonymy) GS61
    |--D. hottentotus GS61
    |    |--D. h. hottentotus GS61
    |    `--D. h. concinnus (Saussure 1855) [=Eumenes hottentotus concinnus, E. lepeleterii concinnus] GS61
    |--D. incola (Giordani Soika 1935) C85
    |    |--D. i. incola C85
    |    |--D. i. aruensis (Giordani Soika 1935) [=Eumenes (Delta) ncola aruensis] C85
    |    `--D. i. teleporus (van der Vecht 1959) [=Eumenes incola teleporus] C85
    |--D. latreillei (Saussure 1852) [=Eumenes latreillei, E. (Delta) pyriformis var. latreillei] C85
    |--D. lepeleterii (Saussure 1853) (see below for synonymy) GS61
    |--D. nigritarsis (Meade-Waldo 1910) [=Eumenes nigritarsis, E. (Delta) pyriformis var. nigritarsis] C85
    |--D. philantes (Saussure 1852) [=Eumenes philantes] C85
    |--D. phthisicus (Gerstaecker 1857) [=Eumenes phthisicus] GS61
    |--D. transmarinum (van der Vecht 1959) [=Eumenes transmarinus] C85
    `--D. xanthurum (Saussure 1852) [=Eumenes xanthura] C85

Delta higletti (Meade Waldo 1910) [=Eumenes campaniformis higletti; incl. E. campaniformis marshalli Bequaert 1926, E. maxillosus pulcherrimus Schulthess 1910] GS61

Delta lepeleterii (Saussure 1853) [=Eumenes lepeleterii, E. lepeletierii; incl. E. campaniformis formosus Bequaert 1926] GS61

*Type species of generic name indicated

REFERENCES

[C85] Cardale, J. C. 1985. Vespoidea and Sphecoidea. In: Walton, D. W. (ed.) Zoological Catalogue of Australia vol. 2. Hymenoptera: Formicoidea, Vespoidea and Sphecoidea pp. 150–303. Australian Government Publishing Service: Canberra.

[G84] Gauld, I. D. 1984. An Introduction to the Ichneumonidae of Australia. British Museum (Natural History).

[GS61] Giordani Soika, A. 1961. Hymenoptera (Aculeata): Vespidae. In: Hanström, B., P. Brinck & G. Rudebeck (eds) South African Animal Life: Results of the Lund University Expedition in 1950–1951 vol. 8 pp. 440–451. Almqvist & Wiksell: Uppsala.

Last updated: 19 May 2020.

Acarodynerus

Female Acarodynerus clypeatus, from Saussure (1852).

Belongs within: Eumeninae.

Acarodynerus is an Australian genus of mason wasps characterised by the presence of a pair of deep cavities on the posterior face of the propodeum that function as acarinaria. The type species A. clypeatus, known from southeast Queensland, has the acarinaria formed from a large, shiny, convex plate occupying the entire lower half of the posterior face of the propodeum and opening by two small and deep dimples; the rear face of the propodeum as a whole is deeply concave, and the first metasomal tergite is anteriorly truncate with the anterior and dorsal faces separated by a careniform ridge (Giordani Soika 1961).

Characters (from Giordani Soika 1961): Overall aspect elongate, sub-cylindrical, medium to large in size. Mesosoma elongate, postscutellum horizontal or slightly oblique, moderately convex, not transversely keeled, often with a slight median longitudinal depression; dorsal face of propodeum well developed so postscutellum does not form part of posterior face of mesosoma; lower part of posterior face of propodeum bearing large convex, shiny area with two large cavities on either side of median line, in which some mites are often observed. First metasomal tergite sub-truncate at the base, sub-cylindrical.

<==Acarodynerus Giordani Soika 1962 C85
    |--*A. clypeatus (Saussure 1853) [=Odynerus (Leionotus) clypeatus] C85
    |--A. acarophilus Giordani Soika 1962 C85
    |--A. cavifemur Giordani Soika 1961 GS61
    |--A. denticulatus Giordani Soika 1962 C85
    |--A. dietrichianus (Saussure 1869) [=Odynerus dietrichianus] C85
    |    |--A. d. dietrichianus C85
    |    `--A. d. rufocaudatus Giordani Soika 1962 C85
    |--A. drewsenianus Giordani Soika 1962 C85
    |--A. exarmatus (Giordani Soika 1937) [=Odynerus (Stenodynerus) exarmatus] C85
    |--A. legatus Giordani Soika 1977 C85
    |--A. lunaris Giordani Soika 1977 GS77
    |--A. paleovariatus Giordani Soika 1962 C85
    |--A. posttegulatus (Giordani Soika 1937) [=Odynerus (Stenodynerus) posttegulatus] C85
    |--A. propodalaris Giordani Soika 1962 C85
    |--A. quadrangolum Giordani Soika 1977 C85
    |--A. queenslandicus Giordani Soika 1962 C85
    |--A. spargovillensis (Giordani Soika 1937) [=Odynerus (Stenodynerus) spargovillensis] C85
    |--A. spectrum Giordani Soika 1962 C85
    `--A. triangulum (Saussure 1855) [=Odynerus triangulum] C85

*Type species of generic name indicated

REFERENCES

[C85] Cardale, J. C. 1985. Vespoidea and Sphecoidea. In: Walton, D. W. (ed.) Zoological Catalogue of Australia vol. 2. Hymenoptera: Formicoidea, Vespoidea and Sphecoidea pp. 150–303. Australian Government Publishing Service: Canberra.

[GS61] Giordani Soika, A. 1961. Gli Odynerus sensu antiquo del continente Australiano e della Tasmania. Boll. Mus. Civ. Venezia 14: 57–202.

[GS77] Giordani Soika, A. 1977. Contributo alla conoscenza degli eumenidi australiani. Memorie della Società Entomologica Italiana 55: 109–138.

Last updated: 19 May 2020.

Paralastor

Paralastor laetus, copyright Friends of Queens Park Bushland.

Belongs within: Eumeninae.

Paralastor is an Australian genus of mason wasps in which males have antennae with only eight well-developed segments, followed by two to four small to very minute ones. Many species in the genus form mimetic groups that resemble each other closely in coloration but differ structurally, indicating a lack of true immediate relationships.

<==Paralastor Saussure 1856 C85
    |--*P. tuberculatus (Saussure 1853) [=Alastor tuberculatus] C85
    |--P. abnormis (Bingham 1912) [=Alastor abnormis] C85
    |--P. aequifasciatus Perkins 1914 C85
    |--P. alastoripennis (Saussure 1853) [=Odynerus (Ancistrocerus) alastoripennis] C85
    |--P. albifrons (Fabricius 1775) [=Vespa albifrons] C85
    |--P. alexandriae Perkins 1914 C85
    |--P. anostreptus Perkins 1914 C85
    |--P. arenicola Perkins 1914 C85
    |--P. argentifrons (Smith 1857) [=Alastor argentifrons] C85
    |--P. argyrias Perkins 1914 C85
    |--P. aterrimus Turner 1919 C85
    |--P. atripennis Perkins 1914 C85
    |--P. aurocinctus (Guérin-Méneville 1831) [=Odynerus aurocinctus, P. aureocinctus] C85
    |--P. auster Perkins 1914 C85
    |--P. australis (Saussure 1853) [=Alastor australis] C85
    |--P. bicarinatus Perkins 1914 C85
    |--P. bischoffi Giordani Soika 1961 C85
    |--P. brisbanensis Perkins 1914 C85
    |--P. brunneus (Saussure 1856) [=Alastor (Paralastor) brunneus] C85
    |--P. caprai Giordani Soika 1977 C85
    |--P. carinatus (Smith 1857) [=Alastor carinatus] C85
    |--P. clypeopunctatus Schulthess-Rechberg 1925 C85
    |--P. commutatus Perkins 1914 C85
    |--P. comptus Perkins 1914 C85
    |    |--P. c. comptus C85
    |    `--P. c. rubescens Perkins 1914 C85
    |--P. conspiciendus Perkins 1914 C85
    |--P. conspicuus Perkins 1914 C85
    |--P. constrictus Perkins 1914 C85
    |--P. cruentatus (Saussure 1867) [=Alastor (Paralastor) cruentatus] C85
    |--P. cruentus (Saussure 1855) [=Odynerus (Ancistroceroides) cruentus] C85
    |--P. darwinianus Perkins 1914 C85
    |--P. debilis Perkins 1914 C85
    |--P. debilitatus Perkins 1914 C85
    |--P. dentiger Perkins 1914 C85
    |--P. despectus Perkins 1914 C85
    |--P. diabolicus Turner 1919 C85
    |--P. diadema Rayment 1954 C85
    |--P. donatus Perkins 1914 C85
    |--P. dubiosus Perkins 1914 C85
    |--P. dyscritias Perkins 1914 C85
    |--P. elegans Perkins 1914 C85
    |--P. emarginatus (Saussure 1853) [=Alastor emarginatus] C85
    |--P. eriurgus (Saussure 1853) [=Alastor eriurgus] C85
    |--P. euclidias Perkins 1914 C85
    |--P. eugonias Perkins 1914 C85
    |--P. eustomus Perkins 1914 C85
    |--P. eutretus Perkins 1914 C85
    |--P. fallax Perkins 1914 C85
    |--P. flaviceps (Saussure 1856) [=Alastor (Paralastor) flaviceps] C85
    |--P. frater Perkins 1914 C85
    |--P. fraternus (Saussure 1856) [=Alastor (Paralastor) fraternus] C85
    |--P. habilis Perkins 1914 C85
    |--P. hilaris Perkins 1914 C85
    |--P. icarioides Perkins 1914 C85
    |--P. ignotus Perkins 1914 C85
    |--P. imitator Perkins 1914 C85
    |--P. infernalis (Saussure 1856) [=Alastor (Paralastor) infernalis] C85
    |--P. infimus Perkins 1914 C85
    |--P. insularis (Saussure 1856) [=Alastor (Paralastor) insularis] C85
    |--P. lachesis (Saussure 1853) [=Alastor lachesis] C85
    |--P. laetus Perkins 1914 C85
    |--P. lateritius (Saussure 1867) [=Alastor (Paralastor) lateritius] C85
    |--P. leptias Perkins 1914 C85
    |--P. mackayensis Perkins 1914 C85
    |--P. maculiventris (Saussure 1856) [=Alastor (Paralastor) maculiventris] C85
    |--P. medius Perkins 1914 C85
    |--P. mesochlorus Perkins 1914 C85
    |    |--P. m. mesochlorus C85
    |    `--P. m. mesochloroides Perkins 1914 C85
    |--P. microgonias Perkins 1914 C85
    |--P. mimus Perkins 1914 C85
    |--P. multicolor Perkins 1914 C85
    |--P. mutabilis Perkins 1914 C85
    |--P. nautarum (Saussure 1856) [=Alastor (Paralastor) nautarum] C85
    |--P. neglectus (Saussure 1855) [=Odynerus (Parodynerus) neglectus] C85
    |--P. neochromus Perkins 1914 C85
    |--P. occidentalis Perkins 1914 C85
    |--P. odynericornis Giordani Soika 1961 C85
    |--P. odyneripennis Perkins 1914 C85
    |--P. odyneroides Perkins 1914 C85
    |--P. oloris Perkins 1914 C85
    |--P. optabilis Perkins 1914 C85
    |--P. ordinarius Perkins 1914 C85
    |--P. orientalis Perkins 1914 C85
    |--P. pallidus Perkins 1914 C85
    |--P. parca (Saussure 1853) [=Alastor parca] C85
    |--P. petiolatus Schulthess-Rechberg 1925 C85
    |--P. picteti (Saussure 1853) [=Alastor picteti] C85
    |--P. placens Perkins 1914 C85
    |--P. plebeius Perkins 1914 C85
    |--P. princeps Perkins 1914 C85
    |--P. pseudochromus Perkins 1914 C85
    |--P. punctulatus (Saussure 1853) (see below for synonymy) C85
    |--P. pusillus (Saussure 1856) [=Alastor (Paralastor) pusillus] C85
    |--P. roseotinctus Perkins 1914 C85
    |--P. rubroviolaceus (Giordani Soika 1941) [=Odynerus (Rhynchium) rubroviolaceus] C85
    |--P. rufipes Perkins 1914 C85
    |--P. sanguineus (Saussure 1856) [=Alastor (Paralastor) sanguineus] C85
    |--P. saussurei Perkins 1914 C85
    |--P. semirufus Schulthess-Rechberg 1925 C85
    |--P. simillimus Perkins 1914 C85
    |--P. simplex Perkins 1914 C85
    |--P. simulator Perkins 1914 C85
    |--P. smithii (Saussure 1856) [=Alastor (Paralastor) smithii] C85
    |--P. solitarius Perkins 1914 C85
    |--P. subhabilis Perkins 1914 C85
    |--P. submersus Turner 1919 C85
    |--P. subobscurus Perkins 1914 C85
    |--P. suboloris Perkins 1914 C85
    |--P. subplebeius Perkins 1914 C85
    |--P. subpunctulatus Perkins 1914 C85
    |--P. summus Perkins 1914 C85
    |--P. synchromus Perkins 1914 C85
    |--P. tasmaniensis (Saussure 1853) [=Alastor tasmaniensis] C85
    |--P. tricarinulatus Perkins 1914 C85
    |--P. tricolor Perkins 1914 C85
    |--P. victor Giordani Soika 1977 C85
    |--P. viduus Perkins 1914 C85
    |--P. vulneratus (Saussure 1856) [=Alastor (Paralastor) vulneratus] C85
    |--P. vulpinus (Saussure 1856) [=Alastor (Paralastor) vulpinus] C85
    |    |--P. v. vulpinus C85
    |    `--P. v. excisus Perkins 1914 C85
    |--P. xanthochromus Perkins 1914 C85
    |--P. xanthus Giordani Soika 1977 C85
    `--P. xerophilus Perkins 1914 C85
         |--P. x. xerophilus C85
         `--P. x. meesi Giordani Soika 1977 C85

Paralastor punctulatus (Saussure 1853) [=Alastor punctulatus; incl. A. albocinctus Smith 1857, A. similis Saussure 1853] C85

*Type species of generic name indicated

REFERENCES

[C85] Cardale, J. C. 1985. Vespoidea and Sphecoidea. In: Walton, D. W. (ed.) Zoological Catalogue of Australia vol. 2. Hymenoptera: Formicoidea, Vespoidea and Sphecoidea pp. 150–303. Australian Government Publishing Service: Canberra.

Last updated: 19 May 2020.

Pseudepipona

Purbeck mason wasp Pseudepipona herrichii, copyright Nigel Jones.

Belongs within: Eumeninae.

Pseudepipona is a cosmopolitan genus of morphologically fairly unspecialised mason wasps with the propodeum reduced, so part of the posterior face of the mesosoma is formed by the posterior face of the postscutellum, and the first metasomal tergite nearly as wide as the second (Giordani Soika 1961b). In members of the type subgenus, the boundary between the dorsal and posterior surfaces of the postscutellum is smoothly rounded whereas species of Anthodynerus have a distinct carina separating the sections.

<==Pseudepipona Saussure 1856 C85
    |--P. (Pseudepipona) GS61b
    |    |--*P. (P.) herrichii (Saussure 1856) [=Odynerus herrichii] C85
    |    |--P. (P.) aspra Giordani Soika 1962 GS61b, C85
    |    `--P. (P.) succincta (Saussure 1853) GS61b, C85 (see below for synonymy)
    |         |--P. s. succincta [incl. Odynerus balyi Saussure 1855] C85
    |         `--P. s. purgata Giordani Soika 1977 C85
    `--P. (Anthodynerus) GS61a
         |--P. (A.) indecora (Cameron 1910) [=Odynerus indecorus] GS61a
         |--P. (A.) proterrens GS61a
         `--P. (A.) synagroides (Saussure 1853) [=Rhynchium synagroides, Odynerus synagroides] GS61a

Pseudepipona incertae sedis:
  P. alaris (Saussure 1853) [=Odynerus (Leionotus) alaris] C85
  P. angulata (Saussure 1856) [=Odynerus angulatus] C85
    |--P. a. angulata C85
    `--P. a. alexandriae (Giordani Soika 1941) [=Odynerus (Rhynchium) angulatus alexandriae] C85
  P. chartergiformis Giordani Soika 1962 C85
  P. clypalaris Giordani Soika 1962 C85
  P. erythrospila (Cameron 1905) [=Odynerus erythrospilus] GS61a
  P. meadewaldoi (Bequaert 1918) [=Odynerus meadewaldoi; incl. O. deceptor Meade Waldo 1915 (preoc.)] GS61a
  P. pallida Giordani Soika 1977 C85
  P. posticus [incl. Odynerus hottentotus] GS61a

Pseudepipona (Pseudepipona) succincta (Saussure 1853) GS61b, C85 [=Odynerus (Leionotus) succinctus C85, O. (Rhynchium) succinctus C85]

*Type species of generic name indicated

REFERENCES

[C85] Cardale, J. C. 1985. Vespoidea and Sphecoidea. In: Walton, D. W. (ed.) Zoological Catalogue of Australia vol. 2. Hymenoptera: Formicoidea, Vespoidea and Sphecoidea pp. 150–303. Australian Government Publishing Service: Canberra.

[GS61a] Giordani Soika, A. 1961a. Hymenoptera (Aculeata): Vespidae. In: Hanström, B., P. Brinck & G. Rudebeck (eds) South African Animal Life: Results of the Lund University Expedition in 1950–1951 vol. 8 pp. 440–451. Almqvist & Wiksell: Uppsala.

[GS61b] Giordani Soika, A. 1961b. Gli Odynerus sensu antiquo del continente Australiano e della Tasmania. Boll. Mus. Civ. Venezia 14: 57–202.

Last updated: 15 May 2020.

Antamenes

Male Antamenes jugulatus, from the Museum Victoria.

Belongs within: Eumeninae.

Antamenes is an Australian genus of mason wasps with an oblique postscutellum and the first metasomal segment distinctly narrower than the second. Members of the subgenus Australochilus have the distinction between the two segments more marked than in the type subgenus, as well as having the second tergite more heavily punctate (Giordani Soika 1962).

Characters (from Giordani Soika 1962): Mesosoma with propodeum weakly developed, postscutellum with oblique posterior section, generally well separated from the dorsal face of mesosoma. Tergite I with a fairly long petiole, followed by a strongly enlarged, bell-shaped section which (excluding petiole) is not much wider than long. Tergite II clearly, often considerably, wider than first. Male gonocoxite bearing tooth or strong preapical spine on ventral margin; aedeagus short and stocky, with well developed basal lobes.

<==Antamenes Giordani Soika 1958 C85
    |--A. (Antamenes) C85
    |    |--A. (A.) vernalis (Saussure 1853) (see below for synonymy) C85
    |    |--A. (A.) pseudoneotropicus (Giordani Soika 1943) [=Pachymenes pseudoneotropicus] C85
    |    |--A. (A.) tasmaniae (Giordani Soika 1943) [=Pachymenes tasmaniae] C85
    |    `--A. (A.) vorticosus (Giordani Soika 1943) [=Pachymenes vorticosus] C85
    `--A. (Australochilus Giordani Soika 1962) C85
         |--A. (*A.) citreocinctus (Saussure 1867) [=Odynerus (Leionotus) citreocinctus] C85
         |--A. (A.) amicus (Giordani Soika 1943) [=Pachymenes amicus] C85
         |--A. (A.) ferrugineus Giordani Soika 1977 C85
         |--A. (A.) flavoniger Giordani Soika 1977 C85
         |--A. (A.) hackeri Giordani Soika 1962 C85
         |--A. (A.) hostilis Giordani Soika 1962 C85
         `--A. (A.) jugulatus Giordani Soika 1977 C85

*Antamenes (Antamenes) vernalis (Saussure 1853) [=Odynerus vernalis; incl. O. (Leionotus) bisulcatus Cameron 1906, O. flavocinctus Smith 1857, *Antamenes flavocinctus, Pachymenes rectispina Giordani Soika 1943] C85

*Type species of generic name indicated

REFERENCES

[C85] Cardale, J. C. 1985. Vespoidea and Sphecoidea. In: Walton, D. W. (ed.) Zoological Catalogue of Australia vol. 2. Hymenoptera: Formicoidea, Vespoidea and Sphecoidea pp. 150–303. Australian Government Publishing Service: Canberra.

Giordani Soika, A. 1962. Gli Odynerus sensu antiquo del continente Australiano e della Tasmania. Boll. Mus. Civ. Venezia 14: 57–202.

Last updated: 16 May 2020.

Polistes

European paper wasp Polistes dominulus, copyright Hans Hillewaert.

Belongs within: Polistinae.

Polistes is a genus of social wasps whose nests usually comprise small paper combs suspended from a peduncle and without an enclosing envelope. In cooler regions, nests are usually begun by a single queen and only fertilised queens hibernate between seasons; in warmer climes, nests may be founded by a swarm of workers with one or more queen (Richards 1978).

Characters (from Richards 1978): Usually larger wasps. Humeri with a keel separating off a narrow, smooth area in front of the first thoracic spiracle. Mesoscutum margined opposite the tegula. Muscle-slit of the propodeum long and narrow, more or less pointed at the top. Second gastral tergite and sternite overlapping, not at all fused.

<==Polistes Latreille 1802 [Polistini] C85
    |--P. (Polistes) C85
    |    |--*P. (P.) gallicus (Linnaeus 1767) [=Vespa gallica] C85
    |    |--P. (P.) chinensis H02
    |    |    |--P. c. chinensis S94
    |    |    `--P. c. antennalis S94
    |    `--P. (P.) dominulus (Christ 1791) [=Vespa dominula] C85
    |--P. (Aphanilopterus Meunier 1888) SK05
    |    `--P. (A.) aterrimus CC85
    |--P. (Gyrostoma Kirby 1828) NK11 [incl. Nygmopolistes Richards 1973 SK05]
    |    |--P. (G.) diabolicus de Saussure 1853 NK11
    |    |--P. (G.) rothneyi Cameron 1900 NK11
    |    |    |--P. r. rothneyi S94
    |    |    `--P. r. iwatai S94
    |    `--P. (G.) tenebricosus Lepeletier 1836 (see below for synonymy) SK05
    |--P. (Megapolistes van der Vecht 1968) C85
    |    |--P. (*M.) olivaceus (DeGeer 1773) C85 (see below for synonymy)
    |    |--P. (M.) balder Kirby 1888 C85
    |    |--P. (M.) erythrinus Holgren 1868 C85
    |    |--P. (M.) facilis Saussure 1853 C85
    |    |--P. (M.) schach (Fabricius 1781) [=Vespa schach] C85
    |    |--P. (M.) semiflavus Holmgren 1868 R78
    |    `--P. (M.) tepidus (Fabricius 1775) C85 [=Vespa tepida C85, P. (Gyrostoma) tepidus NK11]
    |         |--P. t. tepidus [incl. P. malayanus Cameron 1906] C85
    |         |--P. t. arthuri R78
    |         |--P. t. picteti Saussure 1853 C85
    |         |--P. t. religiosus R78
    |         `--P. t. speciosus R78
    |--P. (Polistella Ashmead 1904) C85
    |    |--P. (*P.) manillensis Saussure 1853 C85
    |    |--P. (P.) affinis Gusenleitner 2006 NK11
    |    |--P. (P.) bambusae Richards 1978 R78
    |    |    |--P. b. bambusae R78
    |    |    `--P. b. humboldti Richards 1978 R78
    |    |--P. (P.) bernardii Le Guillou 1841 C85
    |    |    |--P. b. bernardii C85
    |    |    |--P. b. comis Cheesman 1951 R78
    |    |    |--P. b. duplicinctus Richards 1978 C85
    |    |    |--P. b. insulae Richards 1978 C85
    |    |    |--P. b. papuanus Schulz 1904 [=P. marginalis papuanus, P. stigma papuanus] R78
    |    |    `--P. b. richardsi Giordani Soika 1975 C85
    |    |--P. (P.) buruensis Petersen 1990 NK11
    |    |--P. (P.) callimorpha de Saussure 1853 NK11
    |    |--P. (P.) elegans Smith 1859 NK11
    |    |--P. (P.) extraneus Kirby 1883 NK11
    |    |--P. (P.) flavobilineatus NK11
    |    |--P. (P.) horrendus Gusenleitner 2006 NK11
    |    |--P. (P.) humilis (Fabricius 1781) [=Vespa humilis] C85
    |    |    |--P. h. humilis (see below for synonymy) C85
    |    |    |--P. h. centrocontinentalis Giordani Soika 1975 C85
    |    |    `--P. h. synoecus Saussure 1853 (see below for synonymy) C85
    |    |--P. (P.) meadeanus (von Schulthess 1913) NK11
    |    |--P. (P.) multipictus Smith 1860 R78
    |    |--P. (P.) nigerrimus Gusenleitner 2006 NK11
    |    |--P. (P.) nigrifrons Smith 1859 NK11 [=P. (Stenopolistes) nigrifrons R78]
    |    |    |--P. n. nigrifrons R78
    |    |    `--P. n. obdurus Cheesman 1951 R78 [=P. (Stenopolistes) nigrifrons obdurus] R78
    |    |--P. (P.) philippinensis de Saussure 1853 NK11
    |    |--P. (P.) sagittarius de Saussure 1853 [incl. P. sagittarius indonesicus Bequaert 1940] SK05
    |    |--P. (P.) sgarambus Giordani Soika 1975 C85
    |    |--P. (P.) simulatus Smith 1860 NK11
    |    |--P. (P.) stigma (Fabricius 1793) NK11 [=Vespa stigma R78; incl. P. stigma tualenensis Petersen 1987 SK05]
    |    |    |--P. s. stigma R78
    |    |    `--P. s. tamula (Fabricius 1798) R78
    |    |--P. (P.) townsvillensis Giordani Soika 1975 C85
    |    |    |--P. t. townsvillensis C85
    |    |    `--P. t. austrinus Richards 1978 C85
    |    `--P. (P.) variabilis (Fabricius 1781) [=Vespa variabilis] C85
    `--P. (Stenopolistes van der Vecht 1972) C85
         |--P. (*S.) lateritius Smith 1857 C85 [=P. (Polistella) lateritius NK11]
         |--P. (S.) laevigatissimus Giordani Soika 1975 C85
         `--P. (S.) riekii Richards 1978 C85

Polistes incertae sedis:
  P. canadensis B06
  P. cinerascens B06
  P. crinitus B06
  P. cubensis GP05
  P. fasciatus L02
  P. ferreri B06
  P. ferrugineus L02
  P. fulvofasciatus [=Vespa fulvofasciata] L02
  P. fuscatus WD04
  P. hebraeus MS01
  P. instabilis GP05
  P. jadwigae S94
  P. japonicus S94
  P. jokohamae T06
  P. liliaceusculus B06
  P. limai B06
  P. linearis [=Vespa linearis] L02
  P. mandarinus S94
  P. marginalis (Fabricius 1775) [=Vespa marginalis] GS61
    |--P. m. marginalis GS61
    `--P. m. africanus Palisot de Beauvais 1805 [=P. africana] GS61
  P. melanopterus Cameron 1911 SK05
  P. mertoni du Buysson 1913 SK05
  P. metricus HH07
  P. opinabilis YS10
  P. pallipes R13
  P. perplexus OK99
  P. petiolatus L02
  P. ruficornis B06
  P. smithii Saussure 1854 GS61
    |--P. s. smithii GS61
    `--P. s. defectivus Gerstaecker 1871 GS61
  P. snelleni S94
  P. spinolae B06
  P. stotherti Meade-Waldo 1916 R78
  P. subsericeus B06
  P. utakwae Meade-Waldo 1916 SK05
  P. versicolor B06

Polistes (Gyrostoma) tenebricosus Lepeletier 1836 [=P. tenebricosa; incl. P. hoplitus de Saussure 1853, P. tenebricosus hoplitus, P. tenebricosus var. leopoldi Bequaert 1934, P. tenebricosus nigrosericans Bequaert 1940, P. tenebricosus sibuyanensis Bequaert 1940, P. sulcatus Smith 1852, P. tenebricosus sulcatus, P. (*Nygmopolistes) sulcatus] SK05

Polistes (*Megapolistes) olivaceus (DeGeer 1773) C85 [=Vespa olivacea C85, P. (Gyrostoma) olivaceus NK11; incl. V. hebraea Fabricius 1787 R78]

Polistes (Polistella) humilis humilis (Fabricius 1781) [incl. P. humilis pseudoschach Giordani Soika 1975, P. tasmaniensis Saussure 1853, P. tricolor Saussure 1853] C85

Polistes (Polistella) humilis synoecus Saussure 1853 [incl. P. humilis clarior Giordani Soika 1975, P. variabilis reginae Meade-Waldo 1911, P. humilis xanthorrhoicus Giordani Soika 1975] C85

*Type species of generic name indicated

REFERENCES

[B06] Brèthes, J. 1906. Véspidos y eumenídidos sudamericanos (nuevo suplemento). Anales del Museo Nacional de Buenos Aires, serie 3, 6: 310–377.

[C85] Cardale, J. C. 1985. Vespoidea and Sphecoidea. In: Walton, D. W. (ed.) Zoological Catalogue of Australia vol. 2. Hymenoptera: Formicoidea, Vespoidea and Sphecoidea pp. 150–303. Australian Government Publishing Service: Canberra.

[CC85] Carpenter, J. M., & J. M. Cumming. 1985. A character analysis of the North American potter wasps (Hymenoptera: Vespidae; Eumeninae). Journal of Natural History 19 (5): 877–916.

[GS61] Giordani Soika, A. 1961. Hymenoptera (Aculeata): Vespidae. In: Hanström, B., P. Brinck & G. Rudebeck (eds) South African Animal Life: Results of the Lund University Expedition in 1950–1951 vol. 8 pp. 440–451. Almqvist & Wiksell: Uppsala.

[GP05] González, J. M., J. Piñango, E. Blanco D. & R. W. Matthews. 2005. On the mass aggregations of Polistes versicolor (Olivier) (Hymenoptera: Vespidae) along the Northern Cordillera of Venezuela, South America. Journal of Hymenoptera Research 14 (1): 15–21.

[H02] Harris, A. 2002. Recent range extensions of some introduced Hymenoptera, with observations. Weta 24: 20–21.

[HH07] Hines, H. M., J. H. Hunt, T. K. O'Connor, J. J. Gillespie & S. A. Cameron. 2007. Multigene phylogeny reveals eusociality evolved twice in vespid wasps. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the USA 104 (9): 3295–3299.

[L02] Latreille, P. A. 1802. Histoire Naturelle, générale et particulière des crustacés et des insectes vol. 3. Familles naturelles des genres. F. Dufart: Paris.

[MS01] Mocsáry, A., & V. Szépligeti. 1901. Hymenopterák [Hymenopteren]. In: Horváth, G. (ed.) Zichy Jenő Gróf Harmadik Ázsiai Utazása [Dritte Asiatische Forschungsreise des Grafen Eugen Zichy] vol. 2. Zichy Jenő Gróf Harmadik Ázsiai Utazásának Állattani Eredményei [Zoologische Ergebnisse der Dritten Asiatischen Forschungsreise des Grafen Eugen Zichy] pp. 121–169. Victor Hornyánszky: Budapest, and Karl W. Hierseman: Leipzig.

[NK11] Nicholas, A. S., J. Kojima, M. Y. Ruslan, M. Fauzi & A. B. Idris. 2011. A list of social vespid wasps (Hymenoptera: Vespidae) from Kuala Lompat, Krau Wildlife Reserve, Pahang, peninsular Malaysia. Serangga 16 (1): 59–74.

[OK99] OConnor, B. M., & J. S. H. Klompen. 1999. Phylogenetic perspectives on mite-insect associations: the evolution of acarinaria. In: Needham, G. R., R. Mitchell, D. J. Horn & W. C. Welbourn (eds) Acarology IX vol. 2. Symposia pp. 63–71. Ohio Biological Survey: Columbus (Ohio).

[R13] Reuter, O. M. 1913. Lebensgewohnheiten und Instinkte der Insekten bis zum Erwachen der sozialen Instinkte. R. Friedländer & Sohn: Berlin.

[R78] Richards, O. W. 1978. The Australian social wasps (Hymenoptera: Vespidae). Australian Journal of Zoology, Supplementary Series 61: 1–132.

[SK05] Saito, F., J. Kojima, R. Ubaidillah & S. Hartini. 2005. Paper wasps of the genus Polistes in eastern Lesser Sunda Islands (Hymenoptera: Vespidae). Journal of Hymenoptera Research 14 (1): 102–114.

[S94] Shimizu, A. 1994. Phylogeny and classification of the family Pompilidae (Hymenoptera). Tokyo Metropolitan University Bulletin of Natural History 2: 1–142.

[T06] Tsurusaki, N. 2006. Geographic variation of chromosomes and somatic morphology in the Japanese polymorphic species Leiobunum hiraiwai (Arachnida: Opiliones: Sclerosomatidae). Zootaxa 1325: 157–190.

[WD04] Wardhaugh, C. W., & R. K. Didham. 2004. The effect of introduced wasp (Vespula vulgaris, Hymenoptera: Vespidae) predation on the dispersive life history stages of beech scale insects (Ultracoelostoma spp., Homoptera: Margarodidae). New Zealand Entomologist 27: 91–101.

[YS10] Yefremova, Z. A., & I. S. Strakhova. 2010. A review of the species of the genus Elasmus Westwood (Hymenoptera, Eulophidae) from Russia and neighboring countries. Entomologicheskoe Obozrenie 89 (3): 634–661.

Last updated: 12 May 2020.