Ortheziidae

Greenhouse orthezia Orthezia insignis, copyright JMK.

Belongs within: Coccinea.

The Ortheziidae are a group of scale insects in which females bear a dorsal anal opening surrounded by six setae and a band of pores. Female antennae have three to eight segments with a stout apical spur on the terminal segment (Carver et al. 1991).

<==Ortheziidae
    |  i. s.: ‘Coccus’ termitinus Menge 1856 K00
    |--Ochyrocoris Menge 1856 K00
    |    `--O. electrina Menge 1856 K00
    |--Protorthezia Koteja 1987 K00
    |    `--P. aurea Koteja 1987 K00
    |--Palaeonewsteadia Koteja 1987 K00
    |    `--P. huaniae Koteja 1987 K00
    |--Nipponorthezia M96
    |    |--N. guadalcanalia CGW91
    |    `--N. obscura M96
    |--Arctorthezia Cockerell 1902 K00
    |    |--A. antiqua Koteja & Żak-Ogaza 1988 K00
    |    `--A. occidentalis GE05
    |--Newsteadia Green 1902 K00
    |    |--N. floccosa CGW91
    |    |--N. succini Koteja & Żak-Ogaza 1988 K00
    |    `--N. tristani M96
    `--Orthezia Bosc d’Antic 1784 [incl. Dorthezia] K00
         |--O. acapulcoa M96
         |--O. cacticola M96
         |--O. cataphracta H44
         |--O. caudata M96
         |--‘Dorthesia’ characias G20
         |--O. ferrisi M96
         |--O. insignis CGW91
         |--O. lasiorum M96
         |--O. mexicana M96
         |--O. occidentalis C01
         |--O. pini M96
         |--O. pinicola M96
         |--O. praelonga M96
         |--O. pseudinsignis M96
         |--O. selaginella M96
         |--O. smythi M96
         `--O. sonorensis M96

*Type species of generic name indicated

REFERENCES

[CGW91] Carver, M., G. F. Gross & T. E. Woodward. 1991. Hemiptera (bugs, leafhoppers, cicadas, aphids, scale insects etc.) In: CSIRO. The Insects of Australia: A textbook for students and research workers vol. 1 pp. 429–509. Melbourne University Press: Carlton (Victoria).

[C01] Cockerell, T. D. A. 1901. Contributions from the New Mexico Biological Station.—XI. New and little-known insects from New Mexico. Annals and Magazine of Natural History, series 7, 7: 333–337.

[G20] Goldfuss, G. A. 1820. Handbuch der Naturgeschichte vol. 3. Handbuch der Zoologie pt 1. Johann Leonhard Schrag: Nürnberg.

[GE05] Grimaldi, D., & M. S. Engel. 2005. Evolution of the Insects. Cambridge University Press: New York.

[H44] Hammer, M. 1944. Studies on the oribatids and collemboles of Greenland. Meddelelser om Grønland 141 (3): 1–210.

[K00] Koteja, J. 2000. Advances in the study of fossil coccids (Hemiptera: Coccinea). Polskie Pismo Entomologiczne 69: 187–218.

[M96] Miller, D. R. 1996. Checklist of the scale insects (Coccoidea: Homoptera) of Mexico. Proceedings of the Entomological Society of Washington 98 (1): 68–86.

Greenideidae

Greenidea ficicola, photographed by S. E. Thorpe.

Belongs within: Aphidoidea.

The Greenideidae are a group of aphids that typically bear long siphunculi with correspondingly long setae.

<==Greenideidae
    |--Cervaphidinae WP02
    `--Greenideinae [Greenideini] WP02
         |  i. s.: ‘Aphis’ macrostyla Heer 1853 WP02
         |         ‘Aphis’ morloti Heer 1853 WP02
         |         ‘Aphis’ pallescens Heer 1853 WP02
         |--Stomaphis eupetes Wegierek & Mamontova 1993 WP02
         |--Mesotrichosiphum WP02
         |--Allotrichosiphum WP02
         |--Schoutedenia ralumensis CGW91
         |--Anomalaphis comperei CGW91
         |--Meringosiphon paradisicum CGW91
         |--Eonaphis CGW91
         |--Greenidea Schouteden 1905 WP02
         |    |--*G. artocarpi (Westwood 1890) [=Siphonophora artocarpi] WP02
         |    |--G. ficicola WEE70
         |    `--G. hispanica Wegierek & Peñalver 2002 WP02
         |--Mollitrichosiphum Suenaga 1934 WP02
         |    |--*M. tenuicorpus (Okajima 1908) [=Greenidea tenuicorpus] WP02
         |    `--M. rubusensis Wegierek & Peñalver 2002 WP02
         |--Eutrichosiphum Essig & Kuwana 1918 WP02
         |    |--*E. pasaniae (Okajima 1908) [=Trichosiphum pasaniae] WP02
         |    |--E. europaeum Wegierek & Peñalver 2002 WP02
         |    `--E. izas WP02
         `--Greenideoida van der Goot 1917 WP02
              `--G. (Pentatrichosiphum Basu 1969) WP02
                   |--G. (*P.) luteum Basu 1969 WP02
                   `--G. (P.) turolensis Wegierek & Peñalver 2002 WP02

*Type species of generic name indicated

REFERENCES

[CGW91] Carver, M., G. F. Gross & T. E. Woodward. 1991. Hemiptera (bugs, leafhoppers, cicadas, aphids, scale insects etc.) In: CSIRO. The Insects of Australia: A textbook for students and research workers vol. 1 pp. 429–509. Melbourne University Press: Carlton (Victoria).

[WP02] Wegierek, P., & E. Peñalver. 2002. Fossil representatives of the family Greenideidae (Hemiptera, Aphidoidea) from the Miocene of Europe. Geobios 35: 745–757.

[WEE70] Woodward, T. E., J. W. Evans & V. F. Eastop. 1970. Hemiptera (bugs, leafhoppers, etc.) In: CSIRO. The Insects of Australia: A textbook for students and research workers pp. 387–457. Melbourne University Press.

Aphidini

Oleander aphids Aphis nerii, copyright Andreas Kay.

Belongs within: Aphididae.

The Aphidini are a group of aphids in which the antennae are always shorter than the body, and stigmal pori on the first and second abdominal segments are relatively distant from each other.

<==Aphidini NNA-ZPH05
    |--Toxoptera NNA-ZPH05
    |    |--T. aurantii B88
    |    |--T. citricidus (Kirkaldy 1907) (see below for synonymy) NNA-ZPH05
    |    `--T. graminum RD77
    `--Aphis Linnaeus 1758 L58
         |  i. s.: A. absinthii Linnaeus 1758 L58
         |         A. acaenovinae CGW91
         |         A. armoraciae PS96
         |         A. betulae Linnaeus 1758 L58
         |         A. brassicae Linnaeus 1758 L58
         |         A. bursaria Linnaeus 1758 L58
         |         A. cardui Linnaeus 1758 L58
         |         A. chloris CGW91
         |         A. cirsii Linnaeus 1758 L58
         |         A. craccae Linnaeus 1758 L58
         |         A. craccivora CGW91
         |         A. crassicauda Smith & Eckel 1996 SE96
         |         A. duranta CK15
         |         A. evonymi R13
         |         A. fabae A71
         |         A. gossypii WFS04
         |         A. helianthi PS96
         |         A. holodisci PS96
         |         A. jaceae Linnaeus 1758 L58
         |         A. lactucae Linnaeus 1758 L58
         |         A. lugentis PS96
         |         A. lychnidis Linnaeus 1758 L58
         |         A. maidiradicis GE05
         |         A. neogillettei PS96
         |         A. padi Linnaeus 1758 L58
         |         A. papaveris S61
         |         A. pastinacae Linnaeus 1758 L58
         |         A. pini Linnaeus 1758 L58
         |         A. platylobii CGW91
         |         A. pomi PS96
         |         A. populi Linnaeus 1758 L58
         |         A. pruni G20
         |         A. quercus Linnaeus 1758 L58
         |         A. ribis Linnaeus 1758 L58
         |         A. roboris Linnaeus 1758 L58
         |         A. rosae Linnaeus 1758 L58
         |         A. rumicis Linnaeus 1758 L58
         |         A. salicariae PSM96
         |         A. salicis Linnaeus 1758 L58
         |         A. sambuci Linnaeus 1758 L58
         |         A. spiraecola CGW91
         |         A. tanaceti Linnaeus 1758 L58
         |         A. tiliae Linnaeus 1758 L58
         |         A. ulmi Linnaeus 1758 L58
         |         A. varians PS96
         |         A. viburni I92
         |         A. viburnicola SE96
         |         A. viburniphila Patch 1917 SE96
         `--A. (Aphis) F05
              |--A. (A.) jacetana García Prieto & Nieto Nafría 2005 F05
              |--A. (A.) mastichinae Pérez Hidalgo & Nieto Nafría 2005 F05
              |--A. (A.) nerii Boyer de Fonscolombe 1841 MF05
              |--A. (A.) orocantabrica García Prieto & Nieto Nafría 2005 F05
              `--A. (A.) zamorana García Prieto & Nieto Nafría 2005 F05

Toxoptera citricidus (Kirkaldy 1907) [=Myzus citricidus, T. citricida; incl. Aphis aeglis Shinji 1922, Paratoxoptera argentinensis Blanchard 1944, A. nigricans van der Goot 1917, A. tavaresi Del Guercio 1908] NNA-ZPH05

*Type species of generic name indicated

REFERENCES

[A71] Askew, R. R. 1971. Parasitic Insects. Heinemann Educational Books: London.

[B88] Bouček, Z. 1988. Australasian Chalcidoidea (Hymenoptera): A biosystematic revision of genera of fourteen families, with a reclassification of species. CAB International: Wallingford (UK).

[CK15] Calvo, F. J., M. Knapp, Y. M. van Houten, H. Hoogerbrugge & J. E. Belda. 2015. Amblyseius swirskii: what made this predatory mite such a successful biocontrol agent? Experimental and Applied Acarology 65: 419–433.

[CGW91] Carver, M., G. F. Gross & T. E. Woodward. 1991. Hemiptera (bugs, leafhoppers, cicadas, aphids, scale insects etc.) In: CSIRO. The Insects of Australia: A textbook for students and research workers vol. 1 pp. 429–509. Melbourne University Press: Carlton (Victoria).

[F05] Fernández, J. 2005. Noticia de nuevos táxones para la ciencia en el ámbito Íbero-Balear y Macaronésico. Nuevos táxones animales descritos en la península Ibérica y Macaronesia desde 1994 (IX). Graellsia 61 (2): 261–282.

[G20] Goldfuss, G. A. 1820. Handbuch der Naturgeschichte vol. 3. Handbuch der Zoologie pt 1. Johann Leonhard Schrag: Nürnberg.

[GE05] Grimaldi, D., & M. S. Engel. 2005. Evolution of the Insects. Cambridge University Press: New York.

[I92] Imes, R. 1992. The Practical Entomologist. Aurum Press: London.

[L58] Linnaeus, C. 1758. Systema Naturae per Regna Tria Naturae, secundum classes, ordines, genera, species, cum characteribus, differentiis, synonymis, locis. Tomus I. Editio decima, reformata. Laurentii Salvii: Holmiae.

[MF05] Monserrat, V. J., & S. de Freitas. 2005. Contribución al conocimiento de los crisópidos de Coquimbo, Patagonia y Tierra del Fuego (Argentina, Chile) (Insecta, Neuroptera, Chrysopidae). Graellsia 61 (2): 163–179.

[NNA-ZPH05] Nieto Nafría, J. M., M. A. Alonso-Zarazaga & N. Pérez Hidalgo. 2005. Toxoptera citricida or Toxoptera citricidus? The validity of a specific name (Hemiptera, Aphididae, Aphidini). Graellsia 61 (1): 141–142.

[PS96] Pike, K. S., P. Starý, R. Miller, D. Allison, L. Boydston, G. Graf & T. Miller. 1996. New species and host records of aphid parasitoids (Hymenoptera: Braconidae: Aphidiinae) from the Pacific northwest, U.S.A. Proceedings of the Entomological Society of Washington 98 (3): 570–591.

[R13] Reuter, O. M. 1913. Lebensgewohnheiten und Instinkte der Insekten bis zum Erwachen der sozialen Instinkte. R. Friedländer & Sohn: Berlin.

[RD77] Richards, O. W., & R. G. Davies. 1977. Imms' General Textbook of Entomology 10^th ed. vol. 2. Classification and Biology. Chapman and Hall: London.

[SE96] Smith, C. F., & R. W. Eckel. 1996. Aphis crassicauda, n. sp. (Homoptera: Aphididae), with a key to alate species of Aphis on Viburnum spp. in the United States. Proceedings of the Entomological Society of Washington 98 (1): 44–49.

[S61] Southcott, R. V. 1961. Studies on the systematics and biology of the Erythraeoidea (Acarina), with a critical revision of the genera and subfamilies. Australian Journal of Zoology 9: 367–610.

[WFS04] Winks, C. J., S. V. Fowler & L. A. Smith. 2004. Invertebrate fauna of boneseed, Chrysanthemoides monilifera ssp. monilifera (L.) T. Norl. (Asteraceae: Calenduleae), an invasive weed in New Zealand. New Zealand Entomologist 27: 61–72.

Aphidoidea

Holotype of Oviparosiphum jakovlevi, from Żyła et al. (2015). A: body, ventral view; B: body, dorsal view; C: original reconstruction.

Belongs within: Sternorrhyncha.
Contains: Phloemyzidae, Greenideidae, Aphididae.

The Aphidoidea are a diverse group of plant-sucking bugs that often exhibit an alternation of generations between alate, sexual and apterous, parthenogenetic forms. Alate forms have wings in which the bases of veins R, M and Cu are fused into a thick longitudinal vein near the costal edge terminating in a large stigma, from which the M and Cu veins diverge basally (Grimaldi & Engel 2005). In members of the modern families Phylloxeridae and Adelgidae, both parthenogenetic and sexual generations are oviparous.

<==Aphidoidea [Aphididoidea] GE05
    |--Grimmenaphis magnifica GE05
    |--Juraphis crassipes GE05
    |--Shaposhnikoviidae RJ93
    |    |--Tinaphis sibirica Vengerek 1989 GE05, RJ93
    |    `--Shaposhnikovia electri RJ93
    `--+--Phylloxeroidea SP02
       |    |  i. s.: Palaeophylloxera seilacheri Heie & Peñalver 1999 WP02
       |    |--Phylloxeridae GE05
       |    |    |--Daktulosphaira vitifolii CGW91 [=Viteus vitifolii CGW91; incl. Phylloxera vastatrix WEE70]
       |    |    |--Phylloxerina salicis CGW91
       |    |    |--Phylloxera quercus RD77
       |    |    `--Moritziella Börner 1908 CGW91, CS91
       |    |         `--M. corticalis CGW91
       |    `--+--Mesozoicaphididae GE05
       |       |--Taymyraphididae [Tajmyraphididae] GE05
       |       |    |--Tajmyraphis beckermigdisovae RJ93
       |       |    |--Jantardakhia P92
       |       |    |--Khatangaphis P92
       |       |    `--Retinaphis P92
       |       |--Elektraphididae GE05
       |       |    |--Antonaphis brachycera RJ93
       |       |    |--Schizoneurites RJ93
       |       |    |--Tajmyrella P92
       |       |    |--Antiquaphis P92
       |       |    `--Elektraphis P92
       |       `--Adelgidae [Chermesidae] GE05
       |            |--Pineus pini CGW91
       |            `--Adelges S07
       |                 |--A. cooleyi RD77
       |                 |--A. piceae S07
       |                 |--A. pseudotsugae SS96
       |                 `--A. tsugae WP99
       `--+--Greenideidae WP02
          |--Cretamyzidae GE05
          |--Aphididae GE05
          |--Thelaxidae SP02
          |    |--Palaeothelaxes setosa RJ93
          |    `--Thelaxes P92
          |--Anoeciidae [Anoeciinae] SP02
          |    |--Berendtaphis cimicoides RJ93
          |    `--Anoecia RD77
          |--Mindaridae SP02
          |    |--Mindarus abietinus R13
          |    `--Nordaphis sukatchevae RJ93
          |--Canadaphididae GE05
          |    |--Nuuraphis gemma Vengerek 1991 RJ93
          |    |--Canadaphis carpenteri RJ93
          |    |--Alloambria P92
          |    `--Pseudambria P92
          `--Oviparosiphidae SP02
               |--Bajsaphis Shaposhnikov 1985 HW11
               |--Acanthotrichaphis Shaposhnikov & Wegierek 1989 HW11
               |--Vitimaphis Shaposhnikov & Wegierek 1989 HW11
               |--Sinoviparosiphum Ren 1995 H02
               |    `--*S. lini Ren 1995 H02
               |--Expansaphis Hong & Wang 1990 H02
               |    |--*E. ovata Hong & Wang 1990 H02
               |    `--E. laticosta Hong & Wang 1990 H02
               `--Oviparosiphum Shaposhnikov & Wegierek 1989 HW11 (see below for synonymy)
                    |--*O. jakovlevi Shaposhnikov 1979 H02
                    |--O. laturn Hong & Wang 1990 H02
                    |--O. malacum (Zhang et al. 1989) (see below for synonymy) H02
                    `--O. opimum (Zhang et al. 1989) (see below for synonymy) H02

Aphidoidea incertae sedis:
  Longistigma caryae SP02
  Casimira AY04
  Eulachnus tauricus Bozhko 1961 MF05
  Drepanochaitophorus Zhang & Hong 1999 [Drepanochaitophoridae] H02
    `--D. fushunensis Zhang & Hong 1999 H02
  Phloemyzidae H02
  Dataiaphis Lin 1995 H02
    `--*D. conferis Lin 1995 H02
  Chaitophoridae [Chaitophorinae] RD77
    |--Sipha elegans RD77, PS96
    |--Periphyllus CGW91
    |    |--P. californiensis CGW91
    |    `--P. lyropictus PS96
    `--Chaitophorus R96
         |--C. niger R96
         |--C. populeti RD77
         |--C. populicola PS96
         `--C. utahensis PS96

Oviparosiphum Shaposhnikov & Wegierek 1989 HW11 [incl. Mesoviparosiphum Zhang et al. 1989 H02, Paroviparosiphum Zhang et al. 1989 H02]

Oviparosiphum malacum (Zhang et al. 1989) [=Mesoviparosiphum malacum; incl. M. tuanwangense Zhang et al. 1989] H02

Oviparosiphum opimum (Zhang et al. 1989) [=Paroviparosiphum opimum; incl. P. camptotrophum Zhang et al. 1989] H02

*Type species of generic name indicated

REFERENCES

[AY04] Austin, A. D., D. K. Yeates, G. Cassis, M. J. Fletcher, J. La Salle, J. F. Lawrence, P. B. McQuillan, L. A. Mound, D. J. Bickel, P. J. Gullan, D. F. Hales & G. S. Taylor. 2004. Insects 'Down Under'—diversity, endemism and evolution of the Australian insect fauna: examples from select orders. Australian Journal of Entomology 43 (3): 216–234.

[CGW91] Carver, M., G. F. Gross & T. E. Woodward. 1991. Hemiptera (bugs, leafhoppers, cicadas, aphids, scale insects etc.) In: CSIRO. The Insects of Australia: A textbook for students and research workers vol. 1 pp. 429–509. Melbourne University Press: Carlton (Victoria).

[CS91] Colloff, M. J., & E. L. Seyd. 1991. A new species of Moritzoppia from montane sites in the British Isles, with a redescription of M. clavigera (Hammer, 1952) (Acari: Oribatida: Oppiidae). Journal of Natural History 25: 1067–1074.

[GE05] Grimaldi, D., & M. S. Engel. 2005. Evolution of the Insects. Cambridge University Press: New York.

[HW11] Homan, A., & P. Wegierek. 2011. A new family of aphids (Hemiptera, Sternorrhyncha) from the Lower Cretaceous of Baissa, Transbaikalia. ZooKeys 130: 167–174.

[H02] Hong Y. 2002. Amber Insect of China. Beijing Scientific and Technological Publishing House.

[MF05] Monserrat, V. J., & S. de Freitas. 2005. Contribución al conocimiento de los crisópidos de Coquimbo, Patagonia y Tierra del Fuego (Argentina, Chile) (Insecta, Neuroptera, Chrysopidae). Graellsia 61 (2): 163–179.

[PS96] Pike, K. S., P. Starý, R. Miller, D. Allison, L. Boydston, G. Graf & T. Miller. 1996. New species and host records of aphid parasitoids (Hymenoptera: Braconidae: Aphidiinae) from the Pacific northwest, U.S.A. Proceedings of the Entomological Society of Washington 98 (3): 570–591.

[P92] Poinar, G. O., Jr. 1992. Life in Amber. Stanford University Press: Stanford.

[R96] Raspi, A. 1996. Thaumatomyia elongatula (Becker) (Chloropidae) and Leucopis annulipes Zetterstedt (Chamaemyiidae): two Diptera preying on Phloeomyzus passerinii (Signoret) (Homoptera: Phloeomyzidae) in Italy. Proceedings of the Entomological Society of Washington 98 (3): 509–516.

[R13] Reuter, O. M. 1913. Lebensgewohnheiten und Instinkte der Insekten bis zum Erwachen der sozialen Instinkte. R. Friedländer & Sohn: Berlin.

[RD77] Richards, O. W., & R. G. Davies. 1977. Imms' General Textbook of Entomology 10^th ed. vol. 2. Classification and Biology. Chapman and Hall: London.

[RJ93] Ross, A. J., & E. A. Jarzembowski. 1993. Arthropoda (Hexapoda; Insecta). In: Benton, M. J. (ed.) The Fossil Record 2 pp. 363–426. Chapman & Hall: London.

[SP02] Shcherbakov, D. E., & Yu. A. Popov. 2002. Superorder Cimicidea Laicharting, 1781: Order Hemiptera Linné, 1758. The bugs, cicadas, plantlice, scale insects, etc. [=Cimicida Laicharting, 1781, =Homoptera Leach, 1815 + Heteroptera Latreille, 1810). In: Rasnitsyn, A. P., & D. L. J. Quicke (eds) History of Insects pp. 143–157. Kluwer Academic Publishers: Dordrecht.

[SS96] Simberloff, D., & P. Stilling. 1996. How risky is biological control? Ecology 77 (7): 1965–1974.

[S07] Ślipiński, A. 2007. Australian Ladybird Beetles (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae): Their biology and classification. Australian Biological Resources Study: Canberra.

[WP99] Walter, D. E., & H. C. Proctor. 1999. Mites: Ecology, Evolution and Behaviour. CABI Publishing: Wallingford (UK).

[WP02] Wegierek, P., & E. Peñalver. 2002. Fossil representatives of the family Greenideidae (Hemiptera, Aphidoidea) from the Miocene of Europe. Geobios 35: 745–757.

[WEE70] Woodward, T. E., J. W. Evans & V. F. Eastop. 1970. Hemiptera (bugs, leafhoppers, etc.) In: CSIRO. The Insects of Australia: A textbook for students and research workers pp. 387–457. Melbourne University Press.

Last updated: 30 April 2022.

Diaspididae

Bermuda grass scales Odonaspis ruthae, copyright David Shetlar.

Belongs within: Coccoidea.
Contains: Melanaspis, Pseudoparlatoria, Lepidosaphidini, Diaspidini, Parlatoriini, Aspidiotus.

The Diaspididae, armoured scales, are a diverse group of scale insects covered by a wax-like, fibrous scale formed from pygidial secretions, anal excreta and the exuviae of previous instars (Carver et al. 1991). Takagi (2002) recognised three subfamilies within the Diaspididae with the genus Ulucoccus differing from most other diaspidids in the lack of appendages on the pygidium of the adult female except for minute gland spines. Diaspidinae possess gland spines on the pygidial margin together with pectinae and/or pore prominences whereas Aspidiotinae possess trullae and/or pectinae but no gland spines.

Characters (from Carver et al. 1991): Adult female legless, without antennae; fourth and following segments of abdomen usually fused to form pygidium, marginally bearing complex of tubular ducts, marginal spines, plates and gland spines; operculum absent. Scale incorporating exuviae of first and second instars, adult female sometimes remaining enclosed within exuviae of second instar.

<==Diaspididae T02
    |--Ulucoccus Takagi, Tho & Khoo 1990 [Ulucoccinae] T02
    |    |--U. danumensis T02
    |    `--U. gombakensis T02
    |--Diaspidinae T02
    |    |--Lepidosaphidini T02
    |    `--Diaspidini T02
    `--Aspidiotinae T02
         |--Parlatoriini T02
         |--Odonaspis [Odonaspidini] T02
         |    |--O. arcusnotata Ben-Dov 1988 T02
         |    |--O. benardi M96
         |    |--O. graminis M96
         |    |--O. litorosa M96
         |    `--O. ruthae M96
         |--Thysanaspis Ferris 1955 [Thysanaspidini] T02
         |    |--*T. acalyptus Ferris 1955 T02
         |    |--T. litseae Takagi 1961 T02
         |    `--T. perkinsi Takagi 1969 T02
         |--Smilacicola Takagi 1969 [Smilacicolini] T02
         |    |--*S. apicalis Takagi 1969 T02
         |    |--S. crenatus Takagi 1983 T02
         |    `--S. heimi (Balachowsky 1947) [=Rugaspidiotus heimi] T02
         |--Leucaspidini T02
         |    |--Leucaspis cordylinidis M27
         |    |--Lopholeucaspis T02
         |    |    |--L. cockerelli M96
         |    |    `--L. japonica (Cockerell 1897) T02
         |    `--Mongrovaspis Bodenheimer 1951 T02
         |         `--*M. quadrispinosa (Green 1934) [=Leucaspis quadrispinosa] T02
         `--Aspidiotus T02

Diaspididae incertae sedis:
  Lapazia Ferris 1937 OK06
    `--L. obtecta M96
  Pinnaspis M96
    |--P. aspidistrae M96
    |--P. buxi M96
    `--P. strachani MHG04
  Aonidiella GE05
    |--A. aurantii S07 [=Aspidiotus aurantii D37]
    |--A. citrina CGW91
    `--A. orientalis M96
  Xanthophthalma concinnum M96
  Salicicola T02
    |--S. kermanensis (Lindinger 1906) T02
    `--S. vayssierei Balachowsky 1928 T02
  Melanaspis KU07
  Pseudaulacaspis S07
    |--P. cockerelli M96
    `--P. pentagona S07
  Chrysomphalus S07
    |--C. aonidum CGW91
    |--C. aurantii K08
    |--C. bifasciculatus M96
    |--C. dictyospermi [incl. C. dictyospermi var. pinnulifera] K08
    `--C. ficus WEE70
  Unaspis S07
    |--U. citri S07
    `--U. euonymi M96
  Quadraspidiotus CGW91
    |--Q. forbesi M96
    |--Q. juglansregiae M96
    |--Q. lenticularis CGW91
    |--Q. ostreaeformis CGW91
    |--Q. perniciosus CGW91
    `--Q. pyri CGW91
  Berlesaspis spinifera CGW91
  Maskellia globosa CGW91
  Abgrallaspis M96
    |--A. cyanophylli M96
    |--A. flabellata M96
    |--A. fraxini M96
    |--A. howardi M96
    `--A. townsendi M96
  Acutaspis M96
    |--A. agavis M96
    |--A. albopicta M96
    |--A. aliena M96
    |--A. decorosa M96
    |--A. perseae M96
    |--A. reniformis M96
    |--A. rhizophorae M96
    |--A. scutiformis M96
    `--A. tingi M96
  Ancepaspis M96
    |--A. novemdentata M96
    |--A. quadridentata M96
    `--A. tridentata M96
  Annulaspis singularis M96
  Aonidomytilus M96
    |--A. albus M96
    |--A. concolor M96
    |--A. insulanus M96
    `--A. peninsularis M96
  Aspidiella sacchari M96
  Carulaspis minima M96
  Chortinaspis subchortina M96
  Circulaspis M96
    |--C. bibursella M96
    `--C. fistulata M96
  Clavaspis M96
    |--C. coursetiae M96
    |--C. covilleae M96
    |--C. herculeana M96
    |--C. pedilanthi M96
    |--C. subsimilis M96
    `--C. texana M96
  Comstockiella sabalis M96
  Crassaspis M96
    |--C. maculata M96
    `--C. multipora M96
  Crenulaspidiotus maurellae M96
  Dactylaspis M96
    |--D. acuta M96
    |--D. calcarata M96
    |--D. dactylifera M96
    |--D. flaccida M96
    `--D. serratiloba M96
  Diaspidiotus M96
    |--D. aesculi M96
    |--D. alni W91
    |--D. ancylus M96
    |--D. bumeliae M96
    |--D. coniferarum M96
    |--D. crescentiae M96
    `--D. osborni M96
  Duplaspidiotus M96
    |--D. fossor M96
    `--D. tesseratus M96
  Epidiaspis M96
    |--E. baccharidis M96
    |--E. leperii M96
    |--E. michoacana M96
    |--E. montana M96
    |--E. peragrata M96
    `--E. persimilis M96
  Exuviaspis enceliae M96
  Ferrisidea M96
    |--F. dentiloba M96
    |--F. magna M96
    `--F. prosopidis M96
  Furcaspis biformis M96
  Haliaspis M96
    |--H. distichlii M96
    `--H. milleri M96
  Helaspis mexicana M96
  Hemiberlesia M96
    |--H. candidula M96
    |--H. cupressi M96
    |--H. diffinis M96
    |--H. lataniae M96
    |--H. palmae M96
    |--H. popularum M96
    `--H. rapax M96
  Ischnaspis Douglas 1887 M96, EH09
    `--I. longirostris M96
  Lindingaspis rossi M96
  Manacaspis piriformis M96
  Morganella M96
    |--M. cueroensis M96
    `--M. longispina M96
  Mycetaspis M96
    |--M. apicata M96
    |--M. defectopalus M96
    |--M. personata M96
    `--M. sphaerioides M96
  Mytilaspis M96
    |--M. cordylinidis G29
    |--M. fulva A99
    `--M. mexicana M96
  Nicholiella digitata M96
  Niveaspis M96
    |--N. argentata M96
    |--N. cattleyae M96
    |--N. fenestrata M96
    `--N. townsendiana M96
  Nuculaspis M96
    |--N. apacheca M96
    `--N. californica M96
  Opuntiaspis M96
    |--O. carinata M96
    |--O. javanensis M96
    `--O. philococcus M96
  Pseudaonidia trilobitiformis M96
  Pseudischnaspis M96
    |--P. acephala M96
    `--P. bowreyi M96
  Pseudodiaspis elaphrii M96
  Pseudoparlatoria M96
  Quernaspis quercus M96
  Rhizaspidiotus dearnessi M96
  Rugaspidiotinus M96
    |--R. circumdatus M96
    `--R. fuscitatis M96
  Rugaspidiotus M96
    |--R. arizonicus M96
    `--R. sculpturatus M96
  Scytalaspis quadriclavata M96
  Selenaspidopsis M96
    |--S. browni M96
    `--S. mexicana M96
  Selenaspidus articulatus M96
  Situlaspis M96
    |--S. ruelliae M96
    `--S. yuccae M96
  Stramenaspis kelloggi M96
  Velataspis M96
    |--V. anasterias M96
    `--V. mimosarum M96
  Vinculaspis M96
    |--V. laniata M96
    `--V. virgata M96
  Xerophilaspis prosopidis M96
  Aulacaspis S07
    |--A. difficilis S07
    |--A. rosae K08
    |--A. tegalensis S07
    `--A. tubercularis S07

*Type species of generic name indicated

REFERENCES

[A99] Ax, P. 1999. Das System der Metazoa II. Ein Lehrbuch der phylogenetischen Systematik. Gustav Fisher Verlag: Stuttgart (translated: 2000. Multicellular Animals: The phylogenetic system of the Metazoa vol. 2. Springer).

[CGW91] Carver, M., G. F. Gross & T. E. Woodward. 1991. Hemiptera (bugs, leafhoppers, cicadas, aphids, scale insects etc.) In: CSIRO. The Insects of Australia: A textbook for students and research workers vol. 1 pp. 429–509. Melbourne University Press: Carlton (Victoria).

[D37] Dobzhansky, T. 1937. Genetics and the Origin of Species. Columbia University Press: New York.

[EH09] Edward, K. L., & M. S. Harvey. 2009. A new species of Ischnothyreus (Araneae: Oonopidae) from monsoon rainforest of northern Australia. Records of the Western Australian Museum 25 (3): 287–293.

[G29] Girault, A. A. 1929. Description of a case of lunacy in Homo and of six-legged articulates. Privately published (reprinted: Gordh, G., A. S. Menke, E. C. Dahms & J. C. Hall. 1979. The privately printed papers of A. A. Girault. Memoirs of the American Entomological Institute 28: 262–265).

[GE05] Grimaldi, D., & M. S. Engel. 2005. Evolution of the Insects. Cambridge University Press: New York.

[KU07] Khanjani, M., & E. A. Ueckermann. 2007. Natural enemies of the walnut pest Aceria tristriatus (Nal.) (Acari: Eriophyidae) in western Iran. In: Morales-Malacara, J. B., V. M. Behan-Pelletier, E. Ueckermann, T. M. Pérez, E. G. Estrada-Venegas & M. Badii (eds) Acarology XI: Proceedings of the International Congress pp. 451–453. Instituto de Biología and Faculdad de Ciencias, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Sociedad Latinoamericana de Acarología: México.

[K08] Kirkaldy, G. W. 1908. A catalogue of the Hemiptera of Fiji. Proceedings of the Linnean Society of New South Wales 33: 345–391, pl. 4.

[MHG04] Maynard, G. V., J. G. Hamilton & J. F. Grimshaw. 2004. Quarantine—phytosanitary, sanitary and incursion management: an Australian entomological perspective. Australian Journal of Entomology 43 (3): 318–328.

[M96] Miller, D. R. 1996. Checklist of the scale insects (Coccoidea: Homoptera) of Mexico. Proceedings of the Entomological Society of Washington 98 (1): 68–86.

[M27] Myers, J. G. 1927. On the nomenclature of New Zealand Homoptera. Transactions and Proceedings of the New Zealand Institute 57: 685–690.

[OK06] Özdikmen, H., & A. B. Kury. 2006. Three homonymous generic names in Araneae and Opiliones. Journal of Arachnology 34 (1): 279–280.

[S07] Ślipiński, A. 2007. Australian Ladybird Beetles (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae): Their biology and classification. Australian Biological Resources Study: Canberra.

[T02] Takagi, S. 2002. One new subfamily and two new tribes of the Diaspididae (Homoptera: Coccoidea). Insecta Matsumurana, new series 59: 55–100.

[WEE70] Woodward, T. E., J. W. Evans & V. F. Eastop. 1970. Hemiptera (bugs, leafhoppers, etc.) In: CSIRO. The Insects of Australia: A textbook for students and research workers pp. 387–457. Melbourne University Press.

[W91] Wunderle, I. 1991. Life-histories and notes on the behaviour of tree-living oribatid mites. In: Dusbábek, F., & V. Bukva (eds) Modern Acarology: Proceedings of the VIII International Congress of Acarology, held in České Budĕjovice, Czechoslovakia, 6–11 August 1990 vol. 2 pp. 529–535. SPB Academic Publishing: The Hague.

Last updated: 30 April 2022.

Aphididae

Poplar-lettuce gall aphid Pemphigus bursarius, copyright Rasbak.

Belongs within: Aphidoidea.
Contains: Cinara, Aphidini.

The Aphididae, aphids, are a morphologically diverse group of phytophagous bugs with differentiated parthenogenetic and sexually reproducing generations. Commonly, populations will go through several parthenogenetic all-female generations before producing a single sexual generation at the end of the growing season. Parthenogenetic individuals are usually wingless and sexually reproducing individuals alate. Parthenogenetic females are viviparous whereas sexual females are oviparous. Some species cause gall formation on their plant hosts.

Characters (from Carver et al. 1991): Antennae 4—6-segmented; apical segment usually with well-delimited processus terminalis; one primary rhinarium basal to processus terminalis and one subapically on penultimate segment; other (secondary, adult) rhinaria present in most alatae and some apterae, usually concentrated on segment III. Eyes of apterae compound or 3—faceted. Siphunculi and cauda (modified apical segment) usually present; paired siphunculi marginally on or near T5, varying from rings to long, cylindrical tubes. Fore wings, if present, tectiform or, less often, held flat in repose; RP mostly present, M simple or 1— or 2-branched, CuA₁ and CuA₂ usually separate. Hind wings mostly with 2 oblique veins.

<==Aphididae [Eriosomatidae, Pemphigidae]
    |--Lachninae [Lachnidae] PS96
    |    |--Cinara CGW91
    |    |--Cedrobium laportei PS96
    |    |--Schizolachnus PS96
    |    |--Tuberolachnus PS96
    |    `--Trama taraxaci Shinji 1930 RD77, TYM08
    |--Pemphiginae GE05
    |    |--Aploneura lentisci M83
    |    |--Smynthurodes betae WEE70
    |    |--Geoica WEE70
    |    |    |--G. lucifuga WEE70
    |    |    `--G. utricularia W87
    |    |--Eriosoma WEE70
    |    |    |--E. lanigerum CGW91
    |    |    `--E. pyricola WEE70
    |    `--Pemphigus CGW91
    |         |--P. betae Ru96
    |         |--P. bursarius CGW91
    |         |--P. nidificusposchingeri R13
    |         |--P. populicaulis SB80
    |         |--P. populitransversus SS74
    |         `--P. populivenae S87
    |--Hormaphidinae [Hormaphidae, Hormaphididae, Mormaphidae] GE05
    |    |--Ceratovacuna lanigera CGW91, MHG04
    |    |--Oregma WEE70
    |    |--Hormaphis hamamelidis RD77
    |    |--Electrocornia P92
    |    |--Petiolaphis Hong & Wang 1990 H02
    |    |    `--*P. laiyangensis Hong & Wang 1990 H02
    |    |--Petiolaphioides Hong & Wang 1990 H02
    |    |    `--*P. shandongensis Hong & Wang 1990 H02
    |    |--Yueaphis Wang 1993 H02
    |    |    `--*Y. fushunensis Wang 1993 H02
    |    |--Pseudoregma CGW91
    |    |    |--P. bambucicola GE05
    |    |    `--P. panicola CGW91
    |    `--Cerataphis WEE70
    |         |--C. brasiliensis (Hempel 1901) (see below for synonymy) Ra96
    |         |--C. formosana Takahashi 1924 Ra96
    |         |--C. lataniae Ra96
    |         `--C. orchidearum Ra96
    |--Aphidinae GE05
    |    |  i. s.: Aphidocallis caudatus GE05
    |    |         Cavariella aegopodii CGW91
    |    |         Aulacorthum CGW91
    |    |           |--A. circumflexum A71
    |    |           `--A. solani CGW91
    |    |         Brachycaudus CGW91
    |    |           |--B. cardui PSM96
    |    |           |--B. helichrysi CGW91
    |    |           |--B. persicae CGW91
    |    |           |--B. (Appelia) schwartzi (Börner 1931) MF05
    |    |           `--B. tragopogonis PSM96
    |    |         Hyalopterus pruni CGW91
    |    |         Macrosiphum CGW91
    |    |           |--M. albifrons PSM96
    |    |           |--M. californicum PSM96
    |    |           |--M. colylicola Shinji 1930 TYM08
    |    |           |--M. euphorbiae CGW91
    |    |           |--M. miscanthi WEE70
    |    |           |--M. (Macrosiphum) rosae (Linnaeus 1758) MF05
    |    |           `--M. urticae (Linnaeus 1758) V09, L58 [=Aphis urticae V09]
    |    |         Metopolophium dirhodum CGW91
    |    |         Myzus CGW91
    |    |           |--M. ascalonicus CGW91
    |    |           |--M. cerasi PSM96
    |    |           |--M. cymbalariae CGW91
    |    |           |--M. inuzakurae Shinji 1930 TYM08
    |    |           |--M. ornatus CGW91
    |    |           `--M. persicae CGW91
    |    |         Capitophorus elaeagni CGW91
    |    |         Hyperomyzus lactucae CGW91
    |    |         Rhopalosiphum CGW91
    |    |           |--R. enigmae [incl. R. enigmae var. parvae] M37
    |    |           |--R. insertum CGW91
    |    |           |--R. maidis CGW91
    |    |           |--R. nymphaeae CGW91
    |    |           |--R. padi CGW91
    |    |           |--R. prunifoliae M37
    |    |           |--R. rufiabdominalis CGW91
    |    |           `--R. subterraneum Mason 1937 M37
    |    |         Neomyzus circumflexus WEE70
    |    |         Brevicoryne brassicae WEE70
    |    |         Lipaphis erysimi WEE70
    |    |         Chaetosiphon WEE70
    |    |           |--C. fragaefolii WEE70
    |    |           `--C. tetrahodum PSM96
    |    |         Elatobium abietinum WEE70
    |    |         Idiopterus nephrelepidis WEE70
    |    |         Shinjia pteridifoliae WEE70
    |    |         Longiunguis sacchari WEE70
    |    `--Aphidini NNA-ZPH05
    `--Drepanosiphinae [Callaphididae, Drepanosiphidae, Sinaphididae] GE05
         |  i. s.: Jurocallis Shaposhnikov 1979 RJ93, HW11
         |           `--J. longipes RJ93
         |         Ceriferella CGW91
         |         Neuquenaphis CGW91
         |         Taiwanaphis [incl. Sensoriaphis] CGW91
         |           |--T. furcifera CGW91
         |           `--T. tasmaniae CGW91 [=Sensoriaphis tasmaniae WEE70]
         |         Neophyllaphis CGW91
         |           |--N. brimblecombei CGW91
         |           `--N. gingerensis CGW91
         |         Leptocallites Hong 2002 H02
         |           `--*L. xilutianensis Hong 2002 H02
         |         Megalomytisites Hong 2002 H02
         |           `--*M. lontitibiales Hong 2002 H02
         |         Fushunocallites Hong 2002 H02
         |           `--*F. wanghuacunensis Hong 2002 H02
         |         Huaxiacallites Hong 2002 H02
         |           `--*H. reptantes Hong 2002 H02
         |         Sinocallis Hong 2002 H02
         |           `--*S. clypeolata Hong 2002 H02
         |         Eocallites Hong 2002 H02
         |           `--*E. mallicaudatus Hong 2002 H02
         |         Polychaitocallis Hong 2002 H02
         |           `--*P. ovata Hong 2002 H02
         |         Xilutianocallis Wang 1991 H02
         |           `--*X. yangi Wang 1991 H02
         |         Balticaphis H02
         |         Balticornaraphis H02
         |         Larssonaphis H02
         |         Succaphis Heie 1967 H02
         |           `--*S. holgeri Heie 1967 H02
         |         Symydobius H02
         |         Euceraphis H02
         |         Penaphis Lin 1980 H02
         |           |--*P. circa Lin 1980 H02
         |           |--‘Sinaphis’ epichare Zhang et al. 1989 [incl. Penaphis nanligezhuanensis Lin 1995] H02
         |           `--P. peregrina (Zhang et al. 1989) [=Tartaraphis peregrina] H02
         |         Myzocallis RD77
         |         Aniferella P92
         |         Conicaudus P92
         |         Electromyzus P92
         |         Megantennaphis P92
         |         Mengeaphis glandulosa P92
         |         Sternaphis P92
         |         Tertiaphis P92
         |         Zymus P92
         |--Palaeosiphon [Palaeosiphonini] H02
         |--Megapodaphis [Macropodaphidini] H02
         |--Palaeophyllaphis Heie 1967 [Phyllaphidini] H02
         |    `--*P. longirostris Heie 1967 H02
         |--Lizerini P92
         |    |--Lizerius CGW91
         |    |--Mindazerius dominicanus Heie & Poinar 1988 P92
         |    `--Paoleilla P92
         `--Drepanosiphonini H02
              |--Drepanosiphon platanoidis RD77
              |--Oligocallis H02
              |--Meganotennaphis H02
              `--Ellectrocallis H02

Aphididae incertae sedis:
  Acyrthosiphon CGW91
    |--A. kondoi CGW91
    |--A. lactucae PSM96
    `--A. pisum CGW91
  Uroleucon LD04
    |--U. cirsii PSM96
    |--U. formosanus C96
    |--U. ivae PSM96
    |--U. russellae PSM96
    `--U. sonchi PSM96
  Macrosiphoniella F05
    |--M. ludovicianae PSM96
    `--M. madeirensis Aguiar & Ilharco 2005 F05
  Pseudoprotaphis Kadyrbekov 2001 F05
    `--*P. erigerontis (Holman 1966) [=Aphis (Protaphis) erigerontis] F05
  Tuberocephalus Shinji 1929 TYM08
    `--T. artemisiae Shinji 1929 TYM08
  Caraviella azamii Shinji 1930 TYM08
  Eumyzus Shinji 1929 TYM08
  Amphorophora katsurae Shinji 1930 TYM08
  Illinoia TYM08
    |--I. kerriae Shinji 1930 TYM08
    `--I. rhododendri PSM96
  Macrocaudus Shinji 1930 TYM08
    `--M. phaseoli Shinji 1930 TYM08
  Microtarsus Shinji 1929 TYM08
    `--M. pterydifoliae Shinji 1929 TYM08
  Anuraphis mumecola Shinji 1930 TYM08
  Pseudomegoura Shinji 1929 TYM08
  Somaphis Shinji 1929 TYM08
  Trichonosiphoniella Shinji 1929 TYM08
  Tuberocorpus Shinji 1929 TYM08
  Microlophium carnosum V09
  Pterochlorus rosae H01
  Chromaphis juglandicola KU07
  Panaphis juglandis KU07
  Calaphis CGW91
  Therioaphis trifolii CGW91
    |--T. t. trifolii PSM96
    `--T. t. maculata PSM96
  Neotoxoptera oliveri CGW91
  Sitobion CGW91
    |--S. avenae K09
    `--S. clydesmithi PSM96
  Pentalonia nigronervosa CGW91
  Megoura viciae N70
  Kallistaphis basalis WEE70
  Huaxiaphis Hong 2002 H02
    `--*H. gracilicornuta Hong 2002 H02
  Eomakrosoura Hong 2002 H02
    `--*E. expansirostrata Hong 2002 H02
  Liaoaphis Hong 2002 H02
    `--*L. furvifemoralis Hong 2002 H02
  Sunaphis Hong & Wang 1990 H02
    |--*S. shandongensis Hong & Wang 1990 H02
    `--S. laiyangensis Hong & Wang 1990 H02
  Brachyunguis Das 1918 RH96
    |--B. (Brachyunguis) RH96
    |    |--*B. (B.) harmalae Das 1918 RH96
    |    |--B. (B.) bahamondesi Remaudière & Halbert 1996 RH96
    |    |--B. (B.) bishopi Remaudière & Halbert 1996 RH96
    |    `--B. (B.) bonnevillensis (Knowlton 1928) RH96
    `--B. (Xerophilaphis Nevsky 1928) RH96
         |--B. (*X.) saxaulica (Nevsky 1928) [=*Xerophilaphis saxaulica] RH96
         |--B. (X.) blanchardi Remaudière & Bahamondes 1987 RH96
         `--B. (X.) tetrapteralis (Cockerell 1902) RH96
  Diuraphis noxia T96
  Tetraneura ulmi W87
  Forda W87
    |--F. formicaria W87
    `--F. marginata W87
  Dysaphis RD77
    |--D. crataegi RD77
    `--D. plantaginea ACW01
  Schizoneura corni RD77, R13
  Tamalia RD77
  Hamamelistes RD77
  Phorodon humuli RD77
  Palaeoforda taymyrensis P92, RJ93
  Baltichaitophorus P92
  Pseudamphorophora P92
  Succinaphis P92

Cerataphis brasiliensis (Hempel 1901) [=Ceratovacuna brasiliensis; incl. Astegopteryx fransseni Hille Ris Lambers 1933, Cerataphis fransseni, Aleurocanthus palmae Ghesquière 1934, Cerataphis palmae, Cerataphis variabilis Hille Ris Lambers 1953] Ra96

*Type species of generic name indicated

REFERENCES

[ACW01] Aguilar, H., C. C. Childers & W. C. Welbourn. 2001. Relative abundance and seasonal occurrence of mites in the family Tydeidae on citrus in Florida. In: Halliday, R. B., D. E. Walter, H. C. Proctor, R. A. Norton & M. J. Colloff (eds) Acarology: Proceedings of the 10^th International Congress pp. 376–380. CSIRO Publishing: Melbourne.

[A71] Askew, R. R. 1971. Parasitic Insects. Heinemann Educational Books: London.

[CGW91] Carver, M., G. F. Gross & T. E. Woodward. 1991. Hemiptera (bugs, leafhoppers, cicadas, aphids, scale insects etc.) In: CSIRO. The Insects of Australia: A textbook for students and research workers 2^nd ed. vol. 1 pp. 429–509. Melbourne University Press: Carlton (Victoria).

[C96] Chow, Y. S. 1996. Biology and life stages of Charletonia taiwanensis Tsai and Chow (Erythraeidae) in Taiwan. In: Mitchell, R., D. J. Horn, G. R. Needham & W. C. Welbourn (eds) Acarology IX vol. 1. Proceedings pp. 359–361. Ohio Biological Survey: Columbus (Ohio).

[F05] Fernández, J. 2005. Noticia de nuevos táxones para la ciencia en el ámbito Íbero-Balear y Macaronésico. Nuevos táxones animales descritos en la península Ibérica y Macaronesia desde 1994 (IX). Graellsia 61 (2): 261–282.

[GE05] Grimaldi, D., & M. S. Engel. 2005. Evolution of the Insects. Cambridge University Press: New York.

[HW11] Homan, A., & P. Wegierek. 2011. A new family of aphids (Hemiptera, Sternorrhyncha) from the Lower Cretaceous of Baissa, Transbaikalia. ZooKeys 130: 167–174.

[H02] Hong Y. 2002. Amber Insect of China. Beijing Scientific and Technological Publishing House.

[H01] Horváth, G. 1901. Hemipterák [Hemiptera]. In: Horváth, G. (ed.) Zichy Jenő Gróf Harmadik Ázsiai Utazása [Dritte Asiatische Forschungsreise des Grafen Eugen Zichy] vol. 2. Zichy Jenő Gróf Harmadik Ázsiai Utazásának Állattani Eredményei [Zoologische Ergebnisse der Dritten Asiatischen Forschungsreise des Grafen Eugen Zichy] pp. 245–274. Victor Hornyánszky: Budapest, and Karl W. Hierseman: Leipzig.

[KU07] Khanjani, M., & E. A. Ueckermann. 2007. Natural enemies of the walnut pest Aceria tristriatus (Nal.) (Acari: Eriophyidae) in western Iran. In: Morales-Malacara, J. B., V. M. Behan-Pelletier, E. Ueckermann, T. M. Pérez, E. G. Estrada-Venegas & M. Badii (eds) Acarology XI: Proceedings of the International Congress pp. 451–453. Instituto de Biología and Faculdad de Ciencias, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Sociedad Latinoamericana de Acarología: México.

[K09] Köhler, G. 2009. Heuschrecken (Saltatoria) und Ohrwürmner (Dermaptera) im Immissionsgebiet des Düngemittelwerkes Steudnitz/Thüringen—eine Langzeitstudie (1978–2001). Mauritiana 20 (3): 601–646.

[LD04] Lin, C.-P., & B. N. Danforth. 2004. How do insect nuclear and mitochondrial gene substitution patterns differ? Insights from Bayesian analyses of combined datasets. Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 30: 686–702.

[L58] Linnaeus, C. 1758. Systema Naturae per Regna Tria Naturae, secundum classes, ordines, genera, species, cum characteribus, differentiis, synonymis, locis. Tomus I. Editio decima, reformata. Laurentii Salvii: Holmiae.

[M83] Martin, N. A. 1983. Miscellaneous observations on a pasture fauna: an annotated species list. DSIR Entomology Division Report 3: 1–98.

[M37] Mason, P. W. 1937. A new root aphid (Homoptera: Aphiidae). Proceedings of the Entomological Society of Washington 39 (6): 166–167.

[MHG04] Maynard, G. V., J. G. Hamilton & J. F. Grimshaw. 2004. Quarantine—phytosanitary, sanitary and incursion management: an Australian entomological perspective. Australian Journal of Entomology 43 (3): 318–328.

[MF05] Monserrat, V. J., & S. de Freitas. 2005. Contribución al conocimiento de los crisópidos de Coquimbo, Patagonia y Tierra del Fuego (Argentina, Chile) (Insecta, Neuroptera, Chrysopidae). Graellsia 61 (2): 163–179.

[NNA-ZPH05] Nieto Nafría, J. M., M. A. Alonso-Zarazaga & N. Pérez Hidalgo. 2005. Toxoptera citricida or Toxoptera citricidus? The validity of a specific name (Hemiptera, Aphididae, Aphidini). Graellsia 61 (1): 141–142.

[N70] Norris, K. R. 1970. General biology. In: CSIRO. The Insects of Australia: A textbook for students and research workers pp. 107–140. Melbourne University Press.

[PS96] Pike, K. S., & P. Starý. 1996. New species of Pauesia (Hymenoptera: Braconidae: Aphidiinae) parasitoids on Cinara (Homoptera: Aphididae: Lachninae) associated with conifers in the Pacific northwest. Proceedings of the Entomological Society of Washington 98 (2): 324–331.

[PSM96] Pike, K. S., P. Starý, R. Miller, D. Allison, L. Boydston, G. Graf & T. Miller. 1996. New species and host records of aphid parasitoids (Hymenoptera: Braconidae: Aphidiinae) from the Pacific northwest, U.S.A. Proceedings of the Entomological Society of Washington 98 (3): 570–591.

[P92] Poinar, G. O., Jr. 1992. Life in Amber. Stanford University Press: Stanford.

[Ra96] Raspi, A. 1996. Thaumatomyia elongatula (Becker) (Chloropidae) and Leucopis annulipes Zetterstedt (Chamaemyiidae): two Diptera preying on Phloeomyzus passerinii (Signoret) (Homoptera: Phloeomyzidae) in Italy. Proceedings of the Entomological Society of Washington 98 (3): 509–516.

[RH96] Remaudière, G., & S. E. Halbert. 1996. American species of the genus Brachyunguis Das (Homoptera: Aphididae), including two new species. Proceedings of the Entomological Society of Washington 98 (2): 249–255.

[R13] Reuter, O. M. 1913. Lebensgewohnheiten und Instinkte der Insekten bis zum Erwachen der sozialen Instinkte. R. Friedländer & Sohn: Berlin.

[RD77] Richards, O. W., & R. G. Davies. 1977. Imms' General Textbook of Entomology 10^th ed. vol. 2. Classification and Biology. Chapman and Hall: London.

[RJ93] Ross, A. J., & E. A. Jarzembowski. 1993. Arthropoda (Hexapoda; Insecta). In: Benton, M. J. (ed.) The Fossil Record 2 pp. 363–426. Chapman & Hall: London.

[Ru96] Russell, L. M. 1996. Notes on Cerataphis brasiliensis and synonyms palmae, variabilis and fransseni (Homoptera: Aphididae), with a key to Cerataphis species living on palms and orchids. Proceedings of the Entomological Society of Washington 98 (3): 439–449.

[S87] Sabrosky, C. W. 1987. Chloropidae. In: McAlpine, J. F. (ed.) Manual of Nearctic Diptera vol. 2 pp. 1049–1067. Research Branch, Agriculture Canada.

[SS74] Senner, J. W., & R. R. Sokal. 1974. Analysis of dimorphism in natural populations with consideration of methodological and epistemological problems. Systematic Zoology 23 (3): 363–386.

[SB80] Sokal, R. R., & C. A. Braumann. 1980. Significance tests for coefficients of variation and variability profiles. Systematic Zoology 29 (1): 50–66.

[T96] Tanasijtshuk, V. N. 1996. Two new species of Leucopis Meigen (Diptera: Chamaemyiidae) predacious on the Russian wheat aphid, Diuraphis noxia (Mordvilko) (Homoptera: Aphididae), in North America. Proceedings of the Entomological Society of Washington 98 (4): 640–646.

[TYM08] Tennent, W. J., M. Yasuda & K. Morimoto. 2008. Lansania Journal of arachnology and zoology—a rare and obscure Japanese natural history journal. Archives of Natural History 35 (2): 252–280.

[V09] Verdcourt, B. (ed.) 2009. Additions to the Wild Fauna and Flora of the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew. XXVI. Miscellaneous records. Kew Bulletin 64 (1): 183–194.

[W87] Walter, D. E. 1987. Belowground arthropods of semiarid grasslands. In: J. L. Capinera (ed.) Integrated Pest Management on Rangeland: A shortgrass prairie perspective pp. 271–290. Westview Press, Inc.: Boulder (Colorado).

[WEE70] Woodward, T. E., J. W. Evans & V. F. Eastop. 1970. Hemiptera (bugs, leafhoppers, etc.) In: CSIRO. The Insects of Australia: A textbook for students and research workers pp. 387–457. Melbourne University Press.

Last updated: 30 April 2022.

Aleyrodidae

Spiraling whitefly Aleurodicus dispersus, copyright Sam Fraser-Smith.

Belongs within: Sternorrhyncha.
Contains: Aleyrodinae.

The Aleyrodidae, whiteflies, are small plant-sucking bugs with immobile nymphs, some species of which are notorious crop pests. Adults are soft-bodied with reduced wing venation and are usually covered with a white, waxy powder (Carver et al. 1991).

Characters (from Grimaldi & Engel 2005): Adults usually covered with a mealy, flocculent wax, secreted by pairs of large glands on several abdominal sternites, spread over body using combs of hairs on hind legs. Antennae reduced to six or fewer segments; rostrum with four segments, segment two telescoping into segment one. Wing venation extremely reduced. First instar mobile; subsequent instars sedentary, with atrophied appendages; vasiform orifice present at tip of abdomen for expelling honeydew: anus opening into deep median fold in tergite eight, with lingula flicking away droplets forming therein; quiescent prepupal and pupal instars present prior to adulthood.

<==Aleyrodidae [Aleurodidae, Aleyrodina, Aleyrodoidea, Aleyrodomorpha, Scytinelytra]
    |--Heidea Schlee 1970 GE05, P92
    |    `--H. cretacica GE05
    |--Bernaea Schlee 1970 P92 [Bernaeidae, Bernaeinae GE05]
    |    `--B. neocomica GE05
    `--+--Siphonaleyrodinae S35
       |--Aleyrodinae S35
       |--Udamoselinae WEE70
       |    |--Udamoselis Enderlein 1909 S35
       |    `--Synaleurodicus Solomon 1935 WEE70, S35
       |         `--*S. hakeae Solomon 1935 S35
       `--Aleurodicinae S35
            |--Radialeurodicus Bondar 1923 S35
            `--Aleurodicus S35
                 |--A. antillensis SEH96
                 |--A. destructor CGW91 [incl. Aleyrodes albofloccosa (Froggatt 1918) WEE70, S35]
                 |--A. dispersus ZS10
                 |--A. dugesii Cockerell 1896 ZR96
                 `--A. holmesii (Maskell 1896) [=Aleurodes holmesii] K08

Aleyrodidae incertae sedis:
  Dialeurodes S35
    |--D. chittendeni SEH96
    |--D. citri S35
    |--D. citrifolii SEH96
    |--D. kirkaldyi CGW91
    `--D. pallidus G01
  Trialeurodes S35
    |--T. abutiloneus SEH96
    |--T. ferrnaldi SEH96
    |--T. floridensis SEH96
    |--T. packardi SEH96
    |--T. ricini SEH96
    |--T. vaporariorum S35
    `--T. variabilis SEH96
  Parabemisia myricae MHG04
  Aleuronympha K-P91
  Aleuroclava eucalypti CGW91
  Orchamoplatus citri CGW91
  Pealius LS96
    |--P. azaleae CGW91
    `--P. kelloggi LS96
  Aleurothrixus SEH96
    |--A. aepim M99
    |--A. floccosus [incl. A. howardi] SEH96
    |--A. porteri SEH96
    `--A. socialis M99
  Aleuroplatus SEH96
    |--A. coronata SEH96
    |--A. elemerae SEH96
    |--A. gelatinosus SEH96
    `--A. liquidambaris SEH96
  Aleuroglandulus malangae SEH96
  Crenidorsum SEH96
  Acaudaleyrodes citri SEH96
  Asterobemisia SEH96
    |--A. carpini SEH96
    `--A. paveli SEH96
  Bulgarialeurodes cotesii SEH96
  Siphoninus SEH96
    |--S. immaculatus SEH96
    `--S. phillyreae SEH96
  Aleurocybotus SEH96
    |--A. indicus SEH96
    `--A. occiduus SEH96
  Paraleyrodes SEH96
    |--P. naranjae SEH96
    `--P. perseae SEH96

*Type species of generic name indicated

REFERENCES

[CGW91] Carver, M., G. F. Gross & T. E. Woodward. 1991. Hemiptera (bugs, leafhoppers, cicadas, aphids, scale insects etc.) In: CSIRO. The Insects of Australia: A textbook for students and research workers vol. 1 pp. 429–509. Melbourne University Press: Carlton (Victoria).

[GE05] Grimaldi, D., & M. S. Engel. 2005. Evolution of the Insects. Cambridge University Press: New York.

[G01] Gupta, S. K. 2001. A conspectus of natural enemies of phytophagous mites and mites as potential biocontrol agents of agricultural pests in India. In: Halliday, R. B., D. E. Walter, H. C. Proctor, R. A. Norton & M. J. Colloff (eds) Acarology: Proceedings of the 10^th International Congress pp. 484–497. CSIRO Publishing: Melbourne.

[K08] Kirkaldy, G. W. 1908. A catalogue of the Hemiptera of Fiji. Proceedings of the Linnean Society of New South Wales 33: 345–391, pl. 4.

[K-P91] Kukalová-Peck, J. 1991. Fossil history and the evolution of hexapod structures. In: CSIRO. The Insects of Australia: A textbook for students and research workers vol. 1 pp. 141–179. Melbourne University Press: Carlton (Victoria).

[LS96] Liu, T.-X., & P. A. Stansly. 1996. Morphology of Nephaspis oculatus and Delphastus pusillus (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae), predators of Bemisia argentifolii (Homoptera: Aleyrodidae). Proceedings of the Entomological Society of Washington 98 (2): 292–300.

[MHG04] Maynard, G. V., J. G. Hamilton & J. F. Grimshaw. 2004. Quarantine—phytosanitary, sanitary and incursion management: an Australian entomological perspective. Australian Journal of Entomology 43 (3): 318–328.

[M99] Moraes, G. J. de. 1999. Pest status of the cassava green mite in Brazil and strategies for its control. In: Needham, G. R., R. Mitchell, D. J. Horn & W. C. Welbourn (eds) Acarology IX vol. 2. Symposia pp. 287–291. Ohio Biological Survey: Columbus (Ohio).

[P92] Poinar, G. O., Jr. 1992. Life in Amber. Stanford University Press: Stanford.

[SEH96] Schauff, M. E., G. A. Evans & J. M. Heraty. 1996. A pictorial guide to the species of Encarsia (Hymenoptera: Aphelinidae) parasitic on whiteflies (Homoptera: Aleyrodidae) in North America. Proceedings of the Entomological Society of Washington 98 (1): 1–35.

[S35] Solomon, M. E. 1935. On a new genus and two new species of Western Australian Aleyrodidae. Journal of the Royal Society of Western Australia 21: 75–91.

[WEE70] Woodward, T. E., J. W. Evans & V. F. Eastop. 1970. Hemiptera (bugs, leafhoppers, etc.) In: CSIRO. The Insects of Australia: A textbook for students and research workers pp. 387–457. Melbourne University Press.

[ZS10] Zborowski, P., & R. Storey. 2010. A Field Guide to Insects in Australia 3^rd ed. Reed New Holland: Sydney.

[ZR96] Zolnerowich, G., & M. Rose. 1996. A new species of Entedononecremnus (Hymenoptera: Chalcidoidea: Eulophidae) parasitic on the giant whitefly, Aleurodicus dugesii Cockerell (Homoptera: Aleyrodidae). Proceedings of the Entomological Society of Washington 98 (2): 369–373.

Last updated: 2 April 2022.