Sphecidae

Cricket-hunter wasp Chlorion aerarium, copyright David Bygott.

Belongs within: Apoidea.
Contains: Sphex, Isodontia, Prionyx, Palmodes, Ammophilinae, Chalybion, Sceliphron, Penepodium, Podium.

The Sphecidae, thread-waisted wasps, are a group of often large wasps whose gaster bears a more or less elongate petiole that is usually composed of the first gastral sternite only. Historically, the name has been used to cover all apoid wasps (i.e. Apoidea excluding bees), a group that now known to be paraphyletic.

Characters (from Bohart & Menke 1976, as Sphecinae): Inner orbits entire, converging or diverging below or parallel; ocelli normal. Antennae usually inserted near middle of face, sockets contiguous with to widely separated from frontoclypeal suture; male with 13 and female with 12 antennal articles. Clypeus transverse or higher than wide, rarely nasiform. Mandible without a notch or angle on externoventral margin; palpal formula usually 6-4 (rarely 6-3 to 6-1); mouthparts short to long; mandibular socket usually closed; occiput and hypostoma usually in contact or nearly so. Pronotum with a high, short collar or collar elongate, and somewhat depressed below level of scutum, rarely tuberculate; pronotal lobe broadly separated from tegula. Notauli present or absent but weak and short when present; no oblique scutal carina. Episternal sulcus usually present, usually extending to anteroventral region of pleuron; omaulus absent. Definitive metapleuron usually consisting of upper metapleural area only. Midtibia usually with two apical spurs; midcoxal cavities and coxae usually approximate, midcoxae without dorsolateral carina or crest; precoxal lobe present; hindfemur usually simple apically; claws with one to five teeth on inner margin, or simple; foretarsal rake present or absent; arolium usually large. Propodeum moderately long to very long; enclosure present, U-shaped, or absent; propodeal sternite present. Forewing usually with three submarginal cells and two recurrent veins whose end point is variable; marginal cell apex acuminate, rounded, or truncate. Jugal lobe large, occupying most of anal area, hindwing media usually diverging at or after cu-a; hindwing without subcoatal vein but with third anal vein. Gaster with cylindrical petiole composed of sternum I, displaced tergum I rarely forming part of petiole; tergum I without lateral carina or line; male with six or seven visible gastral segments; pygidial plate absent. Volsella of male genitalia usually with cuspis and movable digitus; aedeagal head usually with teeth on ventral margin; male sternum VIII variable; cerci present or absent.

Sphecidae [Sceliphronina, Sceliphronini]
    |--Sphecinae SN18
    |    |--+--Sphecini [Sphecina] BM76
    |    |  |    |--Sphex PK17
    |    |  |    `--+--+--Isodontia PK17
    |    |  |       |  `--'Prionyx’ subatratus (Bohart 1958) SN18, BM76 [=Priononyx subatratus BM76]
    |    |  |       `--Prionychini [Prionyxina] SN18
    |    |  |            |--Prionyx PK17
    |    |  |            `--+--Chilosphex Menke in Bohart & Menke 1976 BM76
    |    |  |               |    |--*C. argyrius (Brullé 1833) (see below for synonymy) BM76
    |    |  |               |    `--C. pseudoargyrius (Roth 1967) [=Sphex pseudoargyrius, Palmodes pseudoargyrius] BM76
    |    |  |               `--Palmodes BM76
    |    |  `--Ammophilinae BM76
    |    `--Stangeella Menke 1962 BM76 [Stangeellini SN18, Stangellina]
    |         `--*S. cyaniventris (Guérin-Méneville 1831) [=Pelopoeus cyaniventris, Chlorion cyaniventris] BM76
    `--+--Sceliphrinae SN18
       |    |--Sceliphrini SN18
       |    |    |--Chalybion SN18
       |    |    `--Sceliphron SN18
       |    `--Podiini SN18
       |         |--+--Penepodium BM76
       |         |  `--Dynatus Lepeletier 1845 [incl. Stethorectus Smith 1847] BM76
       |         |       |--D. nigripes (Westwood 1832) [=Podium nigripes; incl. P. giganteum Erichson 1848] BM76
       |         |       |    |--D. n. nigripes BM76
       |         |       |    `--*D. n. spinolae Lepeletier 1845 [incl. *Stethorectus ingens Smith 1847] BM76
       |         |       |--D. burmeisteri (Burmeister 1861) (see below for synonymy) BM76
       |         |       `--D. crassipes (Cameron 1897) [=Podium crassipes] BM76
       |         `--+--Podium BM76
       |            `--Trigonopsis Perty 1833 BM76
       |                 |--T. rufiventris (Fabricius 1804) BM76 (see below for synonymy)
       |                 |--T. cameronii (Kohl 1902) [=Podium cameronii] BM76
       |                 |--T. cyclocephalus Smith 1873 BM76
       |                 |--T. grylloctonus Richards 1937 BM76
       |                 |--T. intermedia Saussure 1867 BM76
       |                 |--T. moraballi Richards 1937 BM76
       |                 |--T. resplendens (Kohl 1902) [=Podium resplendens] BM76
       |                 |--T. soror Mocsáry 1883 [incl. T. frivaldszkyi Mocsáry 1883] BM76
       |                 |--T. vicina (Dalla Torre 1897) (see below for synonymy) BM76
       |                 `--T. violascens (Dalla Torre 1897) (see below for synonymy) BM76
       `--Chlorion Latreille 1802-1803 BM76 [=Chlorium Schulz 1906 BM76; Chloriontinae SN18]
            |--*C. lobatum (Fabricius 1775) (see below for synonymy) BM76
            |    |--C. l. lobatum BM76
            |    `--C. l. rugosum Smith 1856 BM76
            |--C. aerarium Patton 1879 [incl. Sphex nearcticus Kohl 1890] BM76
            |--C. boharti Menke 1961 BM76
            |--C. consanguineum (Kohl 1898) [=Sphex consanguineus] BM76
            |--C. cyaneum Dahlbom 1843 [incl. Sphex occultus Kohl 1890] BM76
            |--C. funereum Gribodo 1879 [incl. Sphex eximius Kohl 1885 non Lepeletier 1845, S. kohli André 1888] BM76
            |--C. hemiprasinum (Sichel 1863) (see below for synonymy) BM76
            |--C. hemipyrrhum (Sichel 1863) (see below for synonymy) BM76
            |--C. hirtum (Kohl 1885) [=Sphex hirtus] BM76
            |--C. magnificum Morawitz 1887 BM76
            |--C. maxillosum (Poiret 1787) (see below for synonymy) BM76
            |    |--C. m. maxillosum BM76
            |    `--C. m. ciliatum (Fabricius 1787) (see below for synonymy) BM76
            |--C. migiurtinicum (Giordani Soika 1941) [=Sphex migiurtinicus] BM76
            |--C. mirandum (Kohl 1890) [=Sphex mirandus] BM76
            |--C. regale Smith 1873 [incl. C. superbum Radoszkowski 1887] BM76
            |--C. semenowi Morawitz 1890 BM76
            |    |--C. s. semenowi BM76
            |    `--C. s. occidentale (Beaumont 1962) (see below for synonymy) BM76
            |--C. splendidum Fabricius 1804 (see below for synonymy) BM76
            |--C. strandi Willink 1951 [incl. Sphex tibialis Strand 1910 nec Fabricius 1781 nec Lepeletier 1845] BM76
            `--C. viridicoeruleum Lepeletier & Serville 1828 BM76

Sphecidae incertae sedis:
  Baissodes [Baissodidae] R02
    |--B. longus Rasnitsyn 1986 RJ93
    `--B. robustus R02
  Archisphex BM76 [incl. Palaeapis Hong 1984 E01] E01
    |--‘*Palaeapis’ beiboziensis Hong 1984 E01
    `--A. crowsoni Evans 1969 BM76
  Lisponema singularis Evans 1969 BM76
  Taimyrisphex pristinus Evans 1973 BM76
  Philoponites clarus Cockerell 1915 BM76
  Prophilanthus destructus Cockerell 1906 BM76
  Larrophanes ophthalmicus Handlirsch 1907 BM76
  Corenocrabro Tsuneki 1974 BM76
    `--*C. ectemiformis Tsuneki 1974 BM76
  Cretosphex Rasnitsyn 1975 BM76
    `--*C. incertus Rasnitsyn 1975 BM76
  Mataeosphex venulosus Zhang 1985 RJ93
  Hoplisidea kohliana Cockerell 1906 SN18, BM76

*Chilosphex argyrius (Brullé 1833) [=Sphex argyrius, Palmodes argyrius; incl. S. emarginatus Brullé 1833 non Villers 1789] BM76

Chlorion hemiprasinum (Sichel 1863) [=Sphex hemiprasinus; incl. C. bicolor Saussure 1869, C. pretiosum Taschenberg 1869] BM76

Chlorion hemipyrrhum (Sichel 1863) [=Sphex hemipyrrhus; incl. S. eximius Strand 1910 nec Lepeletier 1845 nec Kohl 1885, S. lepidus Strand 1910, Chlorion metallicum Taschenberg 1869, C. nobilitatum Taschenberg 1869, C. pallidipenne Taschenberg 1869, Sphex principalis Strand 1910] BM76

*Chlorion lobatum (Fabricius 1775) [=Sphex lobatus; incl. C. azureum Lepeletier & Serville 1828, C. azuzium (l. c.), Sphex chrysis Christ 1791, S. viridis Barbut 1781] BM76

Chlorion maxillosum (Poiret 1787) [=Sphex maxillosus; incl. Pronaeus apicalis Guérin-Méneville 1849, P. nigripes Guérin-Méneville 1849, P. rufipes Guérin-Méneville 1849] BM76

Chlorion maxillosum ciliatum (Fabricius 1787) [=Sphex ciliatus; incl. Pronaeus afinis Smith 1856, Chlorion columbianum Gribodo 1883, Sphex cyanescens Radoszkowski 1881, C. fulvipes Gerstaecker 1857, Pronaeus instabilis Smith 1856, Sphex kigonseranus Strand 1916, S. levilabris Cameron 1910, Chlorion mandibulare Fabricius 1804, S. massaicus Cameron 1908, Pepsis maxillaris Palisot de Beauvois 1805, Chlorion subcyaneum Gerstaecker 1857, C. unicolor Saussure 1867, C. varipenne Reiche & Fairmaire 1850, Sphex xanthoceros Illiger 1801, C. zonatum Saussure 1867] BM76

Chlorion semenowi occidentale (Beaumont 1962) [=Sphex occidentalis; incl. C. bicolor Walker 1871 non Saussure 1869] BM76

Chlorion splendidum Fabricius 1804 [incl. Pronaeus campbelli Saunders 1841, C. forficula Saussure 1891, C. melanosoma Smith 1856, Sphex pulcher Lepeletier 1845] BM76

Dynatus burmeisteri (Burmeister 1861) [=Podium burmeisteri; incl. P. lindneri Schulthess 1937] BM76

Trigonopsis rufiventris (Fabricius 1804) BM76 [=Podium rufiventre BM76; incl. *T. abdominalis Perty 1833 BM76, Podium abdominale K18, T. haemorrhoidalis Smith 1856 BM76]

Trigonopsis vicina (Dalla Torre 1897) [=Sceliphron vicinum, T. affinis Smith 1851 nec Sphex affinis Fabricius 1793 nec S. affinis Lucas 1849, Sc. affine] BM76

Trigonopsis violascens (Dalla Torre 1897) [=Sceliphron violascens, T. violacea Smith 1851 non Sphex violacea Fabricius 1775] BM76

*Type species of generic name indicated

REFERENCES

[BM76] Bohart, R. M., & A. S. Menke. 1976. Sphecid Wasps of the World. University of California Press: Berkeley.

[E01] Engel, M. S. 2001. A monograph of the Baltic amber bees and evolution of the Apoidea (Hymenoptera). Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History 259: 1–192.

[K18] Kohl, F. F. 1918. Die Hautflügergruppe "Sphecinae". IV. Teil. Die natürliche Gattung Sceliphron Klug (Pelopoeus Latr.). Annalen des Naturhistorischen Museum in Wien 32: 1–171.

[PK17] Peters, R. S., L. Krogmann, C. Mayer, A. Donath, S. Gunkel, K. Meusemann, A. Kozlov, L. Podsiadlowski, M. Petersen, R. Lanfear, P. A. Diez, J. Heraty, K. M. Kjer, S. Klopfstein, R. Meier, C. Polidori, T. Schmitt, S. Liu, X. Zhou, T. Wappler, J. Rust, B. Misof & O. Niehuis. 2017. Evolutionary history of the Hymenoptera. Current Biology 27 (7): 1013–1018.

[R02] Rasnitsyn, A. P. 2002. Superorder Vespidea Laicharting, 1781. Order Hymenoptera Linné, 1758 (=Vespida Laicharting, 1781). In: Rasnitsyn, A. P., & D. L. J. Quicke (eds) History of Insects pp. 242–254. Kluwer Academic Publishers: Dordrecht.

[RJ93] Ross, A. J., & E. A. Jarzembowski. 1993. Arthropoda (Hexapoda; Insecta). In: Benton, M. J. (ed.) The Fossil Record 2 pp. 363–426. Chapman & Hall: London.

[SN18] Sann, M., O. Niehuis, R. S. Peters, C. Mayer, A. Kozlov, L. Podsiadlowski, S. Bank, K. Meusemann, B. Misof, C. Bleidorn & M. Ohl. 2018. Phylogenomic analysis of Apoidea sheds new light on the sister group of bees. BMC Evolutionary Biology 18: 71.

Ampulicidae

Emerald cockroach wasp Ampulex compressa, copyright Len Worthington.

Belongs within: Apoidea.
Contains: Aphelotoma, Dolichurus.

The Ampulicidae, cockroach wasps, are a primarily tropical group of slender wasps that, as their vernacular name indicates, provision nests with cockroaches (Bohart & Menke 1976).

Characters (from Bohart & Menke 1976, as Ampulicinae): Inner orbits entire, converging a little above or below or parallel; ocelli normal. Antennae rather low on face, sockets contiguous with or slightly removed from frontoclypeal suture; male with 13 and female with 12 antennal articles. Clypeus transverse or strongly nasiform. Mandible without a notch or angle on externoventral margin; palpal formula 6-4; mouthparts short although maxillary palpi often very long; gular area of head usually broadly separating hypostoma from occipital area. Pronotum with a high collar which is moderately long to very long and often tuberculate; pronotal lobe close to tegula, sometimes touching. Notauli usually present and extending length of scutum, usually deeply impressed; no oblique scutal carina; scutellum with pitted transverse basal sulcus. Episternal sulcus absent except sometimes for remnant between end of omaulus and anteroventral margin of pleuron; omaulus usually present. Lower metapleural area sometimes defined by differential sculpture, but definitive metapleuron often consisting of upper metapleural area only. Midtibia with two apical spurs; midcoxal cavities widely separated but midcoxae approximate, sternal area between midcoxae narrow, often sharp-edged, midcoxae without dorsolateral carina or crest; precoxal lobes absent; hindfemur simple apically; claws with a single tooth on inner margin or bifid; foretarsal rake absent; arolium minute. Propodeum moderately long to long; enclosure usually present, U-shaped to nearly triangular, entirely dorsal; propodeal sternite present. Forewing with two or three submarginal cells and two recurrent veins, first recurrent received by submarginal I or II, second recurrent received by II or III; marginal cell acuminate apically, appendiculate, apex rarely approximating a right angle. Jugal lobe absent or small; hindwing media diverging before, at, or after cu-a; hindwing sometimes with subcostal vein; anal area without anal vein. Gaster sessile or with a petiole composed of sternum and tergum; tergum I with lateral line or carina; male gaster usually with three visible segments only, segments IV–VII in male capable of being withdrawn, usually only narrowly exposed if at all; pygidial plate absent; sternum VI in female elongate, overlapping dorsally to form an exposed tapering tube through which the sting apparatus is exserted. Volsella of male genitalia with movable digitus and cuspis; aedeagal head with teeth on ventral edge; cerci present or absent.

Ampulicidae [Ampulicinae]
    |  i. s.: Cariridris bipetiolata Brandão & Martins-Neto in Brandão et al. 1989 JB13, RJ93
    |         Apodolichurus sphaerocephalus PK17
    |--Dolichurini BM76
    |    |--+--Aphelotoma BM76
    |    |  `--‘Austrotoma’ Riek 1955 non Finlay 1924 BM76
    |    |       `--A. aterrima (Turner 1907) [=Aphelotoma aterrima] BM76
    |    `--+--Trirogma Westwood 1841 [=Trirhogma Agassiz 1847] BM76
    |       |    |--*T. caerulea Westwood 1841 BM76
    |       |    |--T. nigra Cameron 1903 BM76
    |       |    `--T. prismatica Smith 1858 BM76
    |       `--+--Dolichurus BM76
    |          `--Paradolichurus Williams 1960 BM76
    |               |--*P. californicus (Williams 1960) [=Dolichurus californicus] BM76
    |               |--P. morelensis (Williams 1962) [=Dolichurus morelensis] BM76
    |               `--P. obidensis (Ducke 1903) [=Dolichurus obidensis] BM76
    |                    |--P. o. obidensis BM76
    |                    `--P. o. maranhensis (Ducke 1904) [=Dolichurus maranhensis] BM76
    `--Ampulex Jurine 1807 C85 (see below for synonymy)
         |--*A. fasciata Jurine 1907 C85 [incl. A. europaea Giraud 1858 BM76]
         |--A. aborensis Nurse 1914 BM76
         |--A. aenea (Fabricius 1804) (see below for synonymy) BM76
         |--A. ‘aenea’ Spinola 1841 non Dryinus aeneus Fabricius 1804 BM76
         |--A. aereola Bradley 1934 BM76
         |--A. alisana Tsuneki 1967 BM76
         |--A. angusticollis Spinola 1841 [incl. A. dubia Kohl 1893] BM76
         |--A. annulipes Motschulsky 1863 BM76
         |--A. apicalis Smith 1873 BM76
         |--A. approximata Turner 1912 BM76
         |--A. arnoldi Brauns 1928 BM76
         |--A. assamensis Cameron 1903 BM76
         |--A. assimilis Kohl 1893 BM76
         |--A. atrohirta Turner 1915 BM76
         |--A. bispinosa (Reich 1795) [=Sphex bispinosa] BM76
         |--A. bredoi Arnold 1947 BM76
         |--A. brunneofasciata Giordani Soika 1939 BM76
         |--A. bryanti Turner 1914 BM76
         |--A. canaliculata Say 1823 (see below for synonymy) BM76
         |--A. carinifrons Cameron 1903 BM76
         |--A. chalybea Smith 1856 BM76
         |--A. collator Bradley 1934 BM76
         |--A. compressa (Fabricius 1781) C85 (see below for synonymy)
         |--A. compressiventris Guérin-Méneville 1835 [incl. Sphex sibirica Fabricius 1793 non Christ 1791] BM76
         |--A. conigera Kohl 1893 BM76
         |--A. constanceae (Cameron 1891) [=Rhinopsis constanceae] BM76
         |--A. crassicornis Kohl 1898 BM76
         |--A. crawshayi Turner 1917 BM76
         |--A. crudelis Bingham 1897 [incl. A. trigona Cameron 1902] BM76
         |--A. cuprea Smith 1856 BM76
         |--A. cyanator (Thunberg 1822) [=Ichneumon cyanator; incl. A. gratiosa Kohl 1893] BM76
         |--A. cyanipes (Westwood 1841) [=Chlorion cyanipes, A. cyaneipes Dalla Torre 1897] BM76
         |--A. cyanura Kohl 1893 [incl. A. africana Cameron 1905, A. capensis Cameron 1905] BM76
         |    |--A. c. cyanura BM76
         |    |--A. c. monticola Arnold 1928 BM76
         |    `--A. c. rhodesiana Arnold 1928 BM76
         |--A. cyclostoma Gribodo 1894 BM76
         |--A. dentata Matsumura & Uchida 1926 BM76
         |--A. denticollis (Cameron 1910) [=Dolichurus denticollis] BM76
         |    |--A. d. denticollis BM76
         |    `--A. d. rufithorax Arnold 1931 BM76
         |--A. ‘denticollis’ Tsuneki 1967 non Dolichurus denticollis Cameron 1910 BM76
         |--A. difficilis Strand 1913 BM76
         |--A. dissector (Thunberg 1822) (see below for synonymy) BM76
         |--A. distinguenda Kohl 1893 BM76
         |--A. dives Kohl 1893 BM76
         |--A. elegantula Kohl 1893 BM76
         |--A. erythropus Kohl 1893 BM76
         |--A. esakii Yasumatsu 1936 BM76
         |--A. ferruginea Bradley 1934 BM76
         |--A. formicoides Turner 1926 BM76
         |--A. formosa Kohl 1893 BM76
         |--A. fulgens Beaumont 1970 BM76
         |--A. hellmayri Schulz 1904 BM76
         |--A. himalayensis Cameron 1903 BM76
         |--A. honesta Kohl 1893 BM76
         |--A. hospes Smith 1856 [incl. A. foveifrons Cameron 1903] BM76
         |    |--A. h. hospes BM76
         |    `--A. h. cognata Kohl 1893 BM76
         |--A. insularis Smith 1857 BM76
         |--A. interstitialis Cameron 1903 BM76
         |--A. javana Cameron 1905 BM76
         |--A. khasiana Cameron 1903 BM76
         |--A. kristenseni Turner 1917 BM76
         |--A. kurarensis Yasumatsu 1936 BM76
         |--A. laevigata Kohl 1893 [=A. levigata Dalla Torre 1897] BM76
         |--A. latifrons Kohl 1893 [incl. A. brevicornis Cameron 1902, A. pulchriceps Cameron 1900] BM76
         |--A. lazulina Kohl 1893 BM76
         |--A. longicollis Cameron 1902 [incl. A. trichiosoma Cameron 1902] BM76
         |--A. lugubris Arnold 1947 BM76
         |--A. luluana Leclercq 1954 BM76
         |--A. maculicornis (Cameron 1889) [=Rhinopsis maculicornis; incl. A. maculicollis Dalla Torre 1897] BM76
         |--A. major Kohl 1893 BM76
         |--A. melanocera Cameron 1908 BM76
         |--A. metallica Kohl 1893 BM76
         |--A. micado Cameron 1905 BM76
         |--A. micans Kohl 1893 C85
         |--A. minor Kohl 1893 BM76
         |--A. mirabilis Berland 1935 BM76
         |--A. mocsaryi Kohl 1898 BM76
         |--A. moebii Kohl 1893 BM76
         |--A. montana Cameron 1903 BM76
         |--A. moultoni Turner 1915 BM76
         |--A. murotai Tsuneki 1973 BM76
         |--A. mutilloides Kohl 1893 [incl. A. sanguinicollis Brauns 1898] BM76
         |--A. nasuta André 1894 BM76
         |--A. nebulosa Smith 1856 [incl. A. cribrata Kohl 1893] BM76
         |--A. neotropica Kohl 1893 BM76
         |--A. nigricans Cameron 1899 BM76
         |--A. nigrocaerulea Saussure 1892 [incl. A. jansei Cameron 1910, A. spiloptera Cameron 1905] BM76
         |--A. nitidicollis Turner 1919 BM76
         |--A. occipitalis Arnold 1947 BM76
         |--A. overlaeti Leclercq 1954 BM76
         |--A. pilipes Kohl 1893 BM76
         |--A. pilosa Cameron 1900 BM76
         |--A. psilopa Kohl 1893 BM76
         |--A. purpurea (Westwood 1844) [=Chlorion purpureum] BM76
         |--A. raptor Smith 1856 BM76
         |--A. regalis Smith 1860 BM76
         |--A. rothneyi Cameron 1902 BM76
         |--A. ruficollis Cameron 1888 BM76
         |--A. ruficornis (Cameron 1889) [=Rhinopsis ruficornis] BM76
         |--A. ruficoxis Cameron 1902 BM76
         |--A. rufofemorata Cameron 1903 BM76
         |--A. sagax Kohl 1893 BM76
         |--A. satoi Yasumatsu 1936 BM76
         |--A. sciophanes (Nagy 1971) [=Chlorampulex sciophanes] BM76
         |--A. seitzii Kohl 1893 BM76
         |--A. senex Bischoff 1915 BM76
         |--A. sikkimensis (Kriechbaumer 1874) [=*Waagenia sikkimensis] BM76
         |--A. smaragdina Smith 1858 BM76
         |--A. sodalicia Kohl 1893 [incl. A. striatifrons Cameron 1902, A. tricarinata Cameron 1902] BM76
         |--A. sonani Yasumatsu 1936 BM76
         |--A. sonnerati Kohl 1893 BM76
         |--A. spectabilis Kohl 1893 BM76
         |--A. splendidula Kohl 1893 BM76
         |--A. surinamensis Saussure 1867 BM76
         |--A. sybarita Kohl 1893 BM76
         |--A. takeuchii Yasumatsu 1936 BM76
         |--A. thoracica Smith 1856 BM76
         |--A. toroensis Turner 1919 BM76
         |--A. trigonopsis Smith 1873 BM76
         |--A. varicolor Turner 1919 BM76
         |--A. venusta Stål 1857 BM76
         `--A. viridescens Arnold 1947 BM76

Ampulex Jurine 1807 C85 [incl. Chlorampulex Saussure 1892 BM76, Lorrheum Shuckard 1837 BM76, Pronoeus Latreille 1809 BM76, Rhinopsis Westwood 1844 BM76, Waagenia Kriechbaumer 1874 BM76; Ampulicini BM76]

Ampulex aenea (Fabricius 1804) [=Dryinus aeneus, *Pronoeus aeneus; incl. Ampulex dahlbomii Kohl 1893, A. guerini Dahlbom 1843] BM76

Ampulex canaliculata Say 1823 [incl. *Rhinopsis abbottii Westwood 1844, R. melanognathus Rohwer 1912, Ampulex pensylvanica Haldeman 1849] BM76

Ampulex compressa (Fabricius 1781) C85 [=Sphex compressa C85, *Chlorampulex compressa BM76, Chlorion compressum BM76, *Lorrheum compressum BM76; incl. Ampulex sinensis Saussure 1867 BM76, Chlorampulex striolata Saussure 1892 BM76]

Ampulex dissector (Thunberg 1822) [=Ichneumon dissector; incl. A. amoena Stål 1857, A. consimilis Kohl 1893, A. japonica Kohl 1893, A. novarae Saussure 1867] BM76

*Type species of generic name indicated

REFERENCES

[BM76] Bohart, R. M., & A. S. Menke. 1976. Sphecid Wasps of the World. University of California Press: Berkeley.

[C85] Cardale, J. C. 1985. Vespoidea and Sphecoidea. In: Walton, D. W. (ed.) Zoological Catalogue of Australia vol. 2. Hymenoptera: Formicoidea, Vespoidea and Sphecoidea pp. 150–303. Australian Government Publishing Service: Canberra.

[JB13] Johnson, B. R., M. L. Borowiec, J. C. Chiu, E. K. Lee, J. Atallah & P. S. Ward. 2013. Phylogenomics resolves evolutionary relationships among ants, bees, and wasps. Current Biology 23: 2058–2062.

[PK17] Peters, R. S., L. Krogmann, C. Mayer, A. Donath, S. Gunkel, K. Meusemann, A. Kozlov, L. Podsiadlowski, M. Petersen, R. Lanfear, P. A. Diez, J. Heraty, K. M. Kjer, S. Klopfstein, R. Meier, C. Polidori, T. Schmitt, S. Liu, X. Zhou, T. Wappler, J. Rust, B. Misof & O. Niehuis. 2017. Evolutionary history of the Hymenoptera. Current Biology 27 (7): 1013–1018.

[RJ93] Ross, A. J., & E. A. Jarzembowski. 1993. Arthropoda (Hexapoda; Insecta). In: Benton, M. J. (ed.) The Fossil Record 2 pp. 363–426. Chapman & Hall: London.

Sphex

Great black wasp Sphex pensylvanicus, copyright Rodney Campbell.

Belongs within: Sphecidae.

Sphex is a cosmopolitan genus of medium-sized to very large, ground-nesting wasps that provision their nests with various Orthoptera (Bohart & Menke 1976).

Characters (from Bohart & Menke 1976): Male antenna usually with one or more non-spiculate, flat (rarely curved) placoids whilch are most common on flagellomeres IV–VI; free margin of female clypeus usually arcuate, sharp-edged, often with a small median notch, sometimes with a small median lobe which may be notched; clypeal margin usually broadly truncate in male, sometimes thickened, often broadly, shallowly emarginate; labrum in female usually with a median longitudinal carina which may project apically, surface plain in male; female mandible long, broadest at middle, usually strongly arcuate, the axes of the base and apex approximating a right angle, apex usually attaining or surpassing base of opposite mandible when folded, inner margin with single, large tooth near middle, the upper surface of which is usually ridged and sulcate, proximal side of inner tooth often subtended by a small tooth; male mandible shorter and more slender than female, inner tooth sometimes subapical; malar space absent; collar with some thickness and usually standing apart from scutum; propodeal enclosure present or absent; propodeal side usually with a complete spiracular groove; basal veinlet of submarginal cell II usually less than or equal to length of anterior veinlet, occasionally up to 1.2 times as long as anterior veinlet, anterior veinlct of submarginal cell III (part of radial sector) usually shorter than posterobasal veinlet (part of media); outer margin of female foreleg with well-developed rake comprised of long, often blade-like setae, tarsomere I usually asymmetrical and bearing rake setae on both outer and inner margins, II with two or more outer rake setae in addition to those at outer apex; apicoventral blade-like setae of last tarsomere of mid and hind legs narrow to broad, usually separated by about 1.5–2.0 times breadth of one seta, rarely separated by as much as 3.0–4.0 times a setal width; claws short to long, moderately to strongly arcuate in lateral profile, not prehensile, claw teeth perpendicularly or obliquely oriented to inner margin; petiole usually straight, short, length measured along dorsum rarely more than two-thirds combined length of hindtarsomeres II–IV; tergum VIII of male with cerci; sterna of male with or without long erect setae, transverse bands of fimbriae absent, terminal sterna often with tufts or patches of short, dense setae; sternum VIII usually triangular, or rounded and with a small apicomedian projection, but unusually modified in a few species; ventral margin of penis valve head often with teeth which usually extend in a row around outer surface near apex, penis valve head sometimes inflated and/or bearing apicodorsal or lateral "wings" or other processes; digitus of volsella simple except in some species with highly modified aedeagus.

<==Sphex Linnaeus 1758 C85 [=Sphaex Scopoli 1772 BM76]
    |--S. (Sphex) C85 [incl. Ammobia Billberg 1820 BM76, Proterosphex Fernald 1905 BM76]
    |    |--*S. (S.) flavipennis (Fabricius 1793) C85 (see below for synonymy)
    |    |--S. (S.) abyssinicus (Arnold 1928) [=Chlorion abyssinicum] BM76
    |    |--S. (S.) afer Lepeletier 1845 BM76
    |    |    |--S. a. afer BM76
    |    |    `--S. a. sordidus Dahlbom 1845 (see below for synonymy) BM76
    |    |--S. (S.) ahasverus Kohl 1890 C85
    |    |--S. (S.) alacer Kohl 1895 BM76
    |    |--S. (S.) argentatus Fabricius 1787 C85 (see below for synonymy)
    |    |    |--S. a. argentatus BM76
    |    |    `--S. a. fumosus Kohl 1890 BM76
    |    |--S. (S.) argentinus Taschenberg 1869 BM76
    |    |--S. (S.) ashmeadi (Fernald 1906) [=Chlorion ashmeadi] BM76
    |    |--S. (S.) atropilosus Kohl 1885 [incl. S. atrohirtus Kohl 1890] BM76
    |    |--S. (S.) basilicus (Turner 1915) [=Chlorion (Proterosphex) basilicus] C85
    |    |--S. (S.) bilobatus Kohl 1895 [incl. S. canescens Smith 1856 non Scopoli 1786] C85
    |    |--S. (S.) bohemanni Dahlbom 1845 (see below for synonymy) BM76
    |    |--S. (S.) brachystomus Kohl 1890 BM76
    |    |--S. (S.) brasilianus Saussure 1867 BM76
    |    |--S. (S.) caeruleanus Drury 1773 [incl. S. pulchripennis Mocsáry 1883] BM76
    |    |--S. (S.) caliginosus Erichson 1848 (see below for synonymy) BM76
    |    |--S. (S.) camposi Campos 1922 BM76
    |    |--S. (S.) carbonicolor van der Vecht 1973 [=S. carbonaria Smith 1856 non Scopoli 1763] C85
    |    |--S. (S.) castaneipes Dahlbom 1843 BM76
    |    |--S. (S.) cognatus Smith 1856 (see below for synonymy) C85
    |    |--S. (S.) confrater Kohl 1890 [incl. S. sieberti Strand 1910] BM76
    |    |--S. (S.) cubensis (Fernald 1906) [=Chlorion cubense; incl. S. clavipes Kohl 1890 non Linnaeus 1758] BM76
    |    |--S. (S.) darwiniensis Turner 1912 C85
    |    |--S. (S.) decipiens Kohl 1895 BM76
    |    |    |--S. d. decipiens BM76
    |    |    `--S. d. meridionalis (Arnold 1947) [=Chlorion meridionale] BM76
    |    |--S. (S.) decoratus Smith 1873 [=S. decorata] C85
    |    |--S. (S.) deplanatus Kohl 1895 BM76
    |    |--S. (S.) diabolicus Smith 1858 BM76
    |    |    |--S. d. diabolicus BM76
    |    |    `--S. d. flammitrichus Strand 1913 [incl. S. aureopilosus Berland 1928] BM76
    |    |--S. (S.) dorsalis Lepeletier 1845 (see below for synonymy) BM76
    |    |--S. (S.) dorycus Guérin-Méneville 1838 [incl. S. errabundus Kohl 1898] BM76
    |    |--S. (S.) ephippium Smith 1856 C85
    |    |--S. (S.) ermineus Kohl 1890 C85
    |    |--S. (S.) erythrinus Guiglia 1938 [=S. erytrhinus Magretti 1905 (n. n.)] BM76
    |    |--S. (S.) ferrugineipes Fox 1897 BM76
    |    |--S. (S.) finschii Kohl 1890 C85
    |    |--S. (S.) flavovestitus Smith 1856 (see below for synonymy) BM76
    |    |    |--S. f. flavovestitus BM76
    |    |    `--S. f. saussurei (Fernald 1906) (see below for synonymy) BM76
    |    |--S. (S.) formosellus van der Vecht 1957 C85
    |    |--S. (S.) fulvohirtus Bingham 1890 BM76
    |    |--S. (S.) fumicatus Christ 1791 (see below for synonymy) BM76
    |    |    |--S. f. fumicatus BM76
    |    |    `--S. f. voeltzkowii Kohl 1909 BM76
    |    |--S. (S.) fumipennis Smith 1856 C85
    |    |    |--S. f. fumipennis BM76
    |    |    |--S. f. antennatus Smith 1856 BM76
    |    |    `--S. f. rouxi Schulthess 1915 [incl. S. splendidus Berland 1928 nec Müller 1776 nec Reich 1795] BM76
    |    |--S. (S.) funerarius Gussakovskij 1934 BM76
    |    |--S. (S.) gaullei Berland 1927 BM76
    |    |--S. (S.) gilberti Turner 1908 C85
    |    |--S. (S.) gisteli Strand 1917 (see below for synonymy) BM76
    |    |--S. (S.) gratiosus Smith 1856 BM76
    |    |--S. (S.) guatemalensis Cameron 1888 BM76
    |    |--S. (S.) habenus Say 1832 (see below for synonymy) BM76
    |    |--S. (S.) haemorrhoidalis Fabricius 1781 [incl. S. pachydermus Strand 1916, S. volubilis Kohl 1895] BM76
    |    |    |--S. h. haemorrhoidalis BM76
    |    |    |--S. h. basuto (Arnold 1947) [=Chlorion basuto] BM76
    |    |    |--S. h. kobrowi (Arnold 1928) [=Chlorion kobrowi] BM76
    |    |    |--S. h. mweruensis (Arnold 1947) [=Chlorion mweruense] BM76
    |    |    `--S. h. umtalicus Strand 1916 BM76
    |    |--S. (S.) ichneumoneus (Linnaeus 1758) (see below for synonymy) BM76
    |    |--S. (S.) incomptus Gerstaecker 1871 [incl. Chlorion nyanzae Turner 1918] BM76
    |    |    |--S. i. incomptus BM76
    |    |    `--S. i. anonymus Leclercq 1955 BM76
    |    |--S. (S.) ingens Smith 1856 BM76
    |    |--S. (S.) inusitatus Yasumatsu 1935 BM76
    |    |    |--S. i. inusitatus BM76
    |    |    `--S. i. fukuiensis Tsuneki 1957 BM76
    |    |--S. (S.) jamaicensis (Drury 1773) (see below for synonymy) BM76
    |    |--S. (S.) jansei Cameron 1910 BM76
    |    |--S. (S.) kolthoffi Gussakovskij 1938 BM76
    |    |--S. (S.) lanatus Mocsáry 1883 BM76
    |    |--S. (S.) latreillei Lepeletier 1831 [incl. S. chiliensis Lepeletier 1845, S. thunbergi Lepeletier 1831] BM76
    |    |--S. (S.) latro Erichson 1848 [incl. S. clypeatus Smith 1856, S. roratus Kohl 1890] BM76
    |    |--S. (S.) libycus Beaumont 1956 BM76
    |    |--S. (S.) luctuosus Smith 1856 [=S. luctuosa] C85
    |    |--S. (S.) madasummae van der Vecht 1973 (see below for synonymy) BM76
    |    |--S. (S.) malagassus Saussure 1890 BM76
    |    |--S. (S.) mandibularis Cresson 1868 BM76
    |    |--S. (S.) maximiliani Kohl 1890 BM76
    |    |--S. (S.) melanopus Dahlbom 1843 (see below for synonymy) BM76
    |    |--S. (S.) melas Gussakovskij 1930 BM76
    |    |--S. (S.) mendozanus Brèthes 1909 BM76
    |    |--S. (S.) mimulus Turner 1910 C85
    |    |--S. (S.) mochii Giordani Soika 1942 BM76
    |    |--S. (S.) modestus Smith 1856 [=S. modesta; incl. S. bannitus Kohl 1895, S. dolichocerus Kohl 1890] C85
    |    |--S. (S.) muticus Kohl 1885 BM76
    |    |--S. (S.) neavei (Arnold 1928) [=Chlorion neavei] BM76
    |    |--S. (S.) nigrohirtus Kohl 1895 [incl. S. camerunicus Strand 1916, S. conradti Berland 1927] BM76
    |    |--S. (S.) nitidiventris Spinola 1851 [incl. S. beatus Cameron 1888, S. neotropicus Kohl 1890] BM76
    |    |--S. (S.) nudus Fernald 1903 [incl. S. bridwelli Fernald 1903] BM76
    |    |--S. (S.) obscurus (Fabricius 1804) (see below for synonymy) BM76
    |    |--S. (S.) observabilis (Turner 1918) [=Chlorion observabile] BM76
    |    |--S. (S.) opacus Dahlbom 1845 [incl. S. iheringii Kohl 1890] BM76
    |    |--S. (S.) optimus Smith 1856 BM76
    |    |--S. (S.) oxianus Gussakovskij 1928 BM76
    |    |    |--S. o. oxianus BM76
    |    |    `--S. o. nubilus Beaumont 1968 BM76
    |    |--S. (S.) paulinierii Guérin-Méneville 1843 [incl. S. eximius Lepeletier 1845] BM76
    |    |--S. (S.) pensylvanicus Linnaeus 1763 [incl. S. robustisoma Strand 1916] BM76
    |    |--S. (S.) permagnus (Willink 1951) [=Chlorion permagnum] BM76
    |    |--S. (S.) peruanus Kohl 1890 BM76
    |    |--S. (S.) praedator Smith 1859 (see below for synonymy) BM76
    |    |    |--S. p. praedator BM76
    |    |    |--S. p. luteipennis Mocsáry 1883 BM76
    |    |    |--S. p. melanopoda Strand 1915 BM76
    |    |    `--S. p. tyrannicus Smith 1860 BM76
    |    |--S. (S.) prosper Kohl 1890 BM76
    |    |--S. (S.) pruinosus Germar 1817 (see below for synonymy) BM76
    |    |--S. (S.) resinipes (Fernald 1906) (see below for synonymy) BM76
    |    |--S. (S.) resplendens Kohl 1885 C85 (see below for synonymy)
    |    |--S. (S.) rhodosoma (Turner 1915) [=Chlorion (Proterosphex) rhodosoma] C85
    |    |--S. (S.) rufinervis Pérez 1895 BM76
    |    |--S. (S.) rufiscutis (Turner 1918) [=Chlorion rufiscute] BM76
    |    |    |--S. r. rufiscutis BM76
    |    |    `--S. r. ‘laevigatus’ Arnold 1951 non Rossi 1794 BM76
    |    |--S. (S.) rufocinctus Brullé 1833 (see below for synonymy) BM76
    |    |    |--S. r. rufocinctus BM76
    |    |    `--S. r. mavromoustakisi Beaumont 1947 BM76
    |    |--S. (S.) rugifer Kohl 1890 C85
    |    |--S. (S.) satanas Kohl 1898 [incl. S. gorgon Kohl 1913] BM76
    |    |--S. (S.) schoutedeni Kohl 1913 BM76
    |    |--S. (S.) schrottkyi (Bertoni 1918) [=Proterosphex schrottkyi; incl. S. luciati Brèthes 1918] BM76
    |    |--S. (S.) semifossulatus van der Vecht 1973 [=S. argentifrons Smith 1868 non Lepeletier 1845] C85
    |    |--S. (S.) sericeus (Fabricius 1804) C85 [=Pepsis sericea BM76]
    |    |    |--S. s. sericeus C85
    |    |    |--S. s. fabricii Dahlbom 1843 (see below for synonymy) BM76
    |    |    |--S. s. ferocior van der Vecht & Krombein 1955 (see below for synonymy) BM76
    |    |    |--S. s. godeffroyi Saussure 1869 C85 [incl. S. aurifex Smith 1873 C85, S. pallidehirtus Kohl 1890 BM76]
    |    |    |--S. s. lineolus Lepeletier 1845 [incl. S. lepeletierii Saussure 1867, S. rugosus Matsumura 1912] BM76
    |    |    |--S. s. nigrescens van der Vecht & Krombein 1955 BM76
    |    |    |--S. s. stueberi van der Vecht & Krombein 1955 BM76
    |    |    `--S. s. wegneri van der Vecht & Krombein 1955 BM76
    |    |--S. (S.) servillei Lepeletier 1845 (see below for synonymy) BM76
    |    |--S. (S.) stadelmanni Kohl 1895 BM76
    |    |    |--S. s. stadelmanni BM76
    |    |    `--S. s. integrus (Arnold 1928) [=Chlorion integrum] BM76
    |    |--S. (S.) staudingeri Gribodo 1894 C85
    |    |--S. (S.) subhyalinus Fox 1899 BM76
    |    |--S. (S.) subtruncatus Dahlbom 1843 (see below for synonymy) BM76
    |    |    |--S. s. subtruncatus BM76
    |    |    |--S. s. coraxus van der Vecht 1957 BM76
    |    |    |--S. s. orius van der Vecht 1957 BM76
    |    |    |--S. s. siamensis Taschenberg 1869 BM76
    |    |    |--S. s. sulciscuta Gribodo 1894 BM76
    |    |    `--S. s. xuthus van der Vecht 1957 BM76
    |    |--S. (S.) taschenbergi Magretti 1884 BM76
    |    |--S. (S.) tepanecus Saussure 1867 [incl. S. mexicanus Taschenberg 1869 non Saussure 1867] BM76
    |    |--S. (S.) texanus Cresson 1872 BM76
    |    |--S. (S.) tinctipennis Cameron 1888 BM76
    |    |--S. (S.) tomentosus Fabricius 1787 [incl. S. tuberculatus Smith 1873 non Villers 1789] BM76
    |    |--S. (S.) torridus Smith 1873 BM76
    |    `--S. (S.) vestitus Smith 1856 [=S. vestita; incl. S. imperialis Kohl 1890, S. praetexta Smith 1873] C85
    `--S. (Fernaldina Bohart & Menke 1963) BM76
         |--S. (*F.) lucae Saussure 1867 [incl. S. belfragei Cresson 1872] BM76
         `--S. (F.) melanocnemis Kohl 1885 BM76

Sphex incertae sedis:
  S. albifrons Villers 1789 BM76
  S. annularis Poda 1761 BM76
  S. antarcticus Linnaeus 1767 BM76
  S. argillacea Linnaeus 1758 L58
  S. aurata Linnaeus 1758 L58
  S. austriacus Schrank 1781 BM76
  S. bifasciatus Müller 1776 BM76
  S. bischoffi Zeuner 1931 BM76
  S. caerulea Linnaeus 1758 L58
  S. ‘cinctus’ Fabricius 1793 non S. cincta Scopoli 1763 BM76
  S. coccineus Gmelin 1790 BM76
  S. collaris Linnaeus 1767 BM76
  S. colon Linnaeus 1758 L58
  S. conicus Villers 1789 BM76
  S. ‘conicus’ Radoszkowski 1877 non Villers 1789 BM76
  S. cyanea Linnaeus 1758 L58
  S. elongatus Villers 1789 BM76
  S. fabulosa Linnaeus 1758 L58
  S. ‘flavicornis’ Villers 1789 non Fabricius 1781 BM76
  S. gibbosus Rossi 1790 BM76
  S. giganteus Heer 1867 BM76
  S. gregarius Scopoli 1763 BM76
  S. guttatus Gmelin 1790 BM76
  S. ignita Linnaeus 1758 L58
  S. indica Linnaeus 1758 L58
  S. leucopterus Pallas 1771 BM76
  S. lineatus Villers 1789 BM76
  S. lucidus Villers 1789 BM76
  S. lugubris Villers 1789 BM76
  S. mauritanicus Linnaeus 1767 [incl. S. mauritianus Christ 1791] BM76
  S. melanochlorus Gmelin 1790 BM76
  S. militaris Müller 1776 BM76
  S. mixtus Fabricius 1794 BM76
  S. naviculatus Villers 1789 BM76
  S. ‘niger’ Müller 1775 non Fabricius 1775 BM76
  S. ‘nigerrimus’ Schrank 1802 non Scopoli 1763 BM76
  S. nigrita Lucas 1849 E12
  S. ‘obscurus’ Statz 1936 nec Pepsis obscura Fabricius 1804 nec S. obscurus Fischer-Waldheim 1843 BM76
  S. pectinipes Linnaeus 1758 L58
  S. pygmaeus Schrank 1785 BM76
  S. quadrifasciatus Müller 1776 BM76
  S. ‘quadrifasciatus’ Villers 1789 non Müller 1776 BM76
  S. semicinctus Villers 1789 BM76
  S. serotinus Müller 1776 BM76
  S. spinipes Gmelin 1790 BM76
  S. splendidus Müller 1776 BM76
  S. ‘splendidus’ Reich 1795 non Müller 1776 BM76
  S. stigma Linnaeus 1767 BM76
  S. tanoi Tsuneki 1974 BM76
  S. tenthredinoides Scopoli 1763 BM76
  S. testaceus Gmelin 1790 BM76
  S. ‘tomentosus’ Gmelin 1790 non Fabricius 1787 BM76
  S. triangulum Villers 1789 [=S. triangulus (l. c.)] BM76
  S. ‘tricolor’ Reich 1795 nec Schrank 1781 nec Fabricius 1793 BM76
  S. trifasciatus Müller 1776 BM76
  S. trimarginatus Müller 1776 BM76
  S. tropica Linnaeus 1758 L58
  S. vaga Linnaeus 1758 L58
  S. variegata Linnaeus 1758 L58
  S. ‘vespiformis’ Schrank 1781 non Fabricius 1775 BM76

Nomina nuda: S. annulatus Lichtenstein 1796 non S. annulata Fabricius 1798 BM76
             S. antaeus Lichtenstein 1796 BM76
             S. argyrosticta Lichtenstein 1796 BM76
             S. argyrostoma Lichtenstein 1796 BM76
             S. aselenos Lichtenstein 1796 BM76
             S. aureonitens Lichtenstein 1796 BM76
             S. brachyptera Lichtenstein 1796 BM76
             S. chilon Lichtenstein 1796 BM76
             S. chrysosticta Lichtenstein 1796 BM76
             S. chrysostoma Lichtenstein 1796 BM76
             S. corynetes Lichtenstein 1796 BM76
             S. formicaroides Gistel 1837 BM76
             S. gigas Lichtenstein 1796 BM76
             S. gnatho Lichtenstein 1796 BM76
             S. lineatus Lichtenstein 1796 non Villers 1789 BM76
             S. manduco Lichtenstein 1796 BM76
             S. manicatus Lichtenstein 1796 BM76
             S. mesomelaena Lichtenstein 1796 BM76
             S. nigellus Lichtenstein 1796 non Smith 1856 BM76
             S. nigripes Lichtenstein 1796 nec Fabricius 1793 nec Smith 1856 BM76
             S. pumila Lichtenstein 1796 BM76
             S. quinqueguttatus Lichtenstein 1796 BM76
             S. ruficollis Lichtenstein 1796 BM76
             S. rufilumbis Lichtenstein 1796 BM76
             S. serpentinus Lichtenstein 1796 BM76
             S. sinensis Lichtenstein 1796 BM76
             S. synoecodes Perez in Campos 1922 BM76
             S. tiphia Gistel 1837 BM76

Sphex (Sphex) afer sordidus Dahlbom 1845 [incl. S. pachysoma Kohl 1890, S. plumipes Radoszkowski 1886 non Drury 1773, S. tristis Kohl 1885] BM76

Sphex (Sphex) argentatus Fabricius 1787 C85 [=Pepsis argentata BM76, *Ammobia argentata BM76; incl. S. argenteus Turton 1802 BM76, S. argentifrons Lepeletier 1845 BM76, S. nanulus Strand 1913 BM76, S. plumiferus Costa 1864 BM76, S. umbrosus Christ 1791 C85, S. unicolor Fabricius 1787 BM76]

Sphex (Sphex) bohemanni Dahlbom 1845 [incl. S. abbottii Fox 1891, S. kilimandjaroensis Cameron 1908, S. transvaalensis Cameron 1910] BM76

Sphex (Sphex) caliginosus Erichson 1848 [incl. S. erythropterus Cameron 1888, S. fuscus Lepeletier 1845 non Linnaeus 1761] BM76

Sphex (Sphex) cognatus Smith 1856 [=S. cognata; incl. S. amator Smith 1856, S. formosa Smith 1856, S. opulenta Smith 1856] C85

Sphex (Sphex) dorsalis Lepeletier 1845 [incl. S. chlorargyricus Costa 1862, S. dubitatus Cresson 1872, S. micans Taschenberg 1869 non Eversmann 1849, S. singularis Smith 1856, S. spiniger Kohl 1890] BM76

*Sphex (Sphex) flavipennis (Fabricius 1793) C85 [=Pepsis flavipennis C85; incl. S. bicolor Dahlbom 1845 non Fabricius 1775 BM76, S. cinereorufocinctus Dahlbom 1845 BM76, S. rufodorsatus De Stefani 1887 BM76, S. sellae Gribodo 1873 BM76]

Sphex (Sphex) flavovestitus Smith 1856 [incl. S. flavipes Smith 1856 nec Fabricius 1781 nec Christ 1791, Chlorion flavitarse Fernald 1906] BM76

Sphex (Sphex) flavovestitus saussurei (Fernald 1906) [=Chlorion saussurei; incl. S. hirsutus Saussure 1867 non Scopoli 1763] BM76

Sphex (Sphex) fumicatus Christ 1791 [incl. S. albifrons Fabricius 1793 non Villers 1789, S. argentiferus Walker 1871, Chlorion davisi Fernald 1907, S. erebus Kirby 1900, S. magrettii Gribodo 1894, S. metallicus Taschenberg 1869] BM76

Sphex (Sphex) gisteli Strand 1917 [incl. S. aurulentus Gistel 1857 nec Fabricius 1787 nec Fabricius 1793 nec Guérin-Méneville 1835] BM76

Sphex (Sphex) habenus Say 1832 [incl. S. chrysophorus Kohl 1890, S. illustris Cresson 1872, S. lanciger Kohl 1895, S. lautus Cresson 1872, S. princeps Kohl 1890] BM76

Sphex (Sphex) ichneumoneus (Linnaeus 1758) [=Apis ichneumonea; incl. S. aurifluus Perty 1833, S. aurocapillus Templeton 1841, S. croesus Lepeletier 1845, S. dimidiatus Lepeletier 1845 nec De Geer 1773 nec Christ 1791 nec S. dimidiata Fabricius 1793, S. ignotus Strand 1916, S. sumptuosus Costa 1862, Nomada surinamensis Retzius 1783] BM76

Sphex (Sphex) jamaicensis (Drury 1773) [=Vespa jamaicensis; incl. S. aurulentus Guérin-Méneville 1835 nec Fabricius 1787 nec Fabricius 1793, S. fulviventris Kohl 1890, S. jamaica Christ 1791, S. lanierii Guérin-Méneville 1844, S. ornatus Lepeletier 1845] BM76

Sphex (Sphex) madasummae van der Vecht 1973 [incl. S. caerulescens Le Guillou 1841 non Reich 1795, S. maurus Smith 1856 non Fabricius 1787, S. nigerrimus Costa 1864 nec Scopoli 1763 nec Schrank 1802] BM76

Sphex (Sphex) melanopus Dahlbom 1843 [incl. S. difficilis Spinola 1851, S. funestus Kohl 1890, S. proximus Smith 1856, S. ruficaudus Taschenberg 1869] BM76

Sphex (Sphex) obscurus (Fabricius 1804) [=Pepsis obscura; incl. S. cinerascens Dahlbom 1843, S. hirtipes Fabricius 1793, S. xanthopterus Cameron 1889] BM76

Sphex (Sphex) praedator Smith 1859 [incl. S. calopterus Kohl 1890, S. celebesianus Strand 1913, S. kohlianus Strand 1913] BM76

Sphex (Sphex) pruinosus Germar 1817 [incl. S. retractus Nurse 1903, S. rothneyi Cameron 1889, S. scioensis Gribodo 1879, S. vicinus Lepeletier 1845] BM76

Sphex (Sphex) resinipes (Fernald 1906) [=Chlorion resinipes; incl. S. rufipes Lepeletier 1845 non Linnaeus 1758] BM76

Sphex (Sphex) resplendens Kohl 1885 C85 [=S. nitidiventris Smith 1859 non Spinola 1851 C85; incl. S. gratiosissimus Dalla Torre 1897 C85, S. gratiosa Smith 1859 non S. gratiosus Smith 1856 C85, S. lanceiventris Vachal 1908 BM76, S. mertoni Strand 1911 BM76, S. wallacei Turner 1908 C85]

Sphex (Sphex) rufocinctus Brullé 1833 [incl. S. leuconotus Brullé 1833, S. maxillosus Fabricius 1793 non Poiret 1787, *Proterosphex maxillosus, S. obscurus Fischer-Waldheim 1843 non Pepsis obscura Fabricius 1804, S. pedibusnigris Zanon 1925, S. triangulum Brullé 1833 non Villers 1789] BM76

Sphex (Sphex) sericeus fabricii Dahlbom 1843 [incl. S. aurulentus Fabricius 1793 non Fabricius 1787, S. ferrugineus Lepeletier 1845] BM76

Sphex (Sphex) sericeus ferocior van der Vecht & Krombein 1955 [incl. S. ferox Smith 1862 non Chlorion ferox Westwood 1837] BM76

Sphex (Sphex) servillei Lepeletier 1845 [incl. S. chichimecus Saussure 1867, S. congener Kohl 1890, S. fuliginosus Dahlbom 1843 non Scopoli 1763, S. joergenseni Brèthes 1913] BM76

Sphex (Sphex) subtruncatus Dahlbom 1843 [incl. S. erythropoda Cameron 1889, S. nigripes Smith 1856 non Fabricius 1793, S. tsingtauensis Strand 1916] BM76

*Type species of generic name indicated

REFERENCES

[BM76] Bohart, R. M., & A. S. Menke. 1976. Sphecid Wasps of the World. University of California Press: Berkeley.

[C85] Cardale, J. C. 1985. Vespoidea and Sphecoidea. In: Walton, D. W. (ed.) Zoological Catalogue of Australia vol. 2. Hymenoptera: Formicoidea, Vespoidea and Sphecoidea pp. 150–303. Australian Government Publishing Service: Canberra.

[E12] Evenhuis, N. L. 2012. Publication and dating of the Exploration Scientifique de l'Algérie: Histoire Naturelle des Animaux Articulés (1846–1849) by Pierre Hippolyte Lucas. Zootaxa 3448: 1–61.

[L58] Linnaeus, C. 1758. Systema Naturae per Regna Tria Naturae, secundum classes, ordines, genera, species, cum characteribus, differentiis, synonymis, locis. Tomus I. Editio decima, reformata. Laurentii Salvii: Holmiae.

Prionyx

Prionyx parkeri, copyright Judy Gallagher.

Belongs within: Sphecidae.

Prionyx is a cosmopolitan genus of wasps, most diverse in the Mediterranean region and southwest Asia, that prey on grasshoppers of the family Acrididae (Bohart & Menke 1976).

Characters (from Bohart & Menke 1976): Flagellomere I sometimes equal to II or II longer than I in some males; male flagellomeres plain or with placoids on articles III–V or VI (rarely on II–VII or only III–IV), placoids usually flat and nonspiculate; female clypeus usually bulging, free margin arcuate to straight for most of its breadth, often with a median V- or U-shaped notch; male clypeus arcuate to trapezoidal in outline, sometimes weakly emarginate; female labrum entire or broadly emarginate, or with a large U-shaped median notch in which case surface usually with a median carina which projects as a tooth into notch; male labrum entire or variably emarginate; female mandible usually with two teeth near middle of inner margin (one inner tooth rarely weak or absent), male mandible with a single subapical inner tooth; mouthparts short to long, labial palpi sometimes very short and occasionally only with one to three segments; episternal sulcus extending ventrad to or nearly to anteroventral margin of pleuron, rarely ending at level of scrobe; lower metapleural area often defined in females and some males by a dorsal ridge or crest; metapleuron often depressed and channel-like for reception of hindfemur; usually three submarginal cells present (exceptionally two); first and second recurrent veins typically received by submarginal cells II and III respectively, but other combinations occur; tibiae and tarsi moderately to densely spinose; female foreleg with a well developed rake of long, usually blade-like setae: apicoventral blade-like setae of last tarsomere of mid and hind leg usually separated by not more than a setal breadth; claw with two to five basal teeth on inner margin; petiole varying from short, straight with length much less than combined length of hindtarsomeres II–IV, to elongate, arcuate, and slightly more than length of hindtarsomeres II–IV; last sternum of female varying from broadly, transversely arched to strongly keel-like; male sterna occasionally with long, erect setae and IV–V usually covered with dull, scale-like, or velvety micropubescence which contrasts with adjacent sterna (III–VI rarely densely fimbriate; sternum VIII triangular and often keel-like, or spatulate, apex rounded or narrowly truncate and sometimes emarginate; penis valve head usually with teeth along ventral margin; apical lobe of volsella long and slender.

<==Prionyx Van der Linden 1827 C85 (see below for synonymy)
    |--*P. kirbii (Van der Linden 1827) C85 (see below for synonymy)
    |    |--P. k. kirbii BM76
    |    `--P. k. marginatus (Smith 1856) (see below for synonymy) BM76
    |--P. afghaniensis (Beaumont 1970) [=Sphex afghaniensis] BM76
    |--P. atratus (Lepeletier 1845) (see below for synonymy) BM76
    |--P. bifoveolatus (Taschenberg 1869) (see below for synonymy) BM76
    |--P. canadensis (Provancher 1887) [=Priononyx canadensis; incl. Sphex excisus Kohl 1890] BM76
    |--P. chobauti (Roth 1925) [=Sphex chobauti] BM76
    |--P. crudelis (Smith 1856) (see below for synonymy) BM76
    |--P. damascenus (Beaumont 1968) [=Sphex damascenus] BM76
    |--P. elegantulus (Turner 1912) [=Sphex elegantulus] BM76
    |--P. erythrogaster (Rohwer 1913) [=Callosphex erythrogaster] BM76
    |--P. fervens (Linnaeus 1758) (see below for synonymy) BM76
    |--P. foxi Bohart & Menke 1963 [incl. Sphex ferrugineus Fox 1892 non Lepeletier 1845] BM76
    |--P. fragilis (Nurse 1903) [=Sphex fragilis] BM76
    |--P. funebris (Berland 1927) [=Sphex funebris] BM76
    |--P. globosus (Smith 1856) [=Sphex globosa] C85
    |--P. gobiensis (Tsuneki 1971) [=Sphex gobiensis] BM76
    |--P. guichardi (Beaumont 1967) [=Sphex guichardi] BM76
    |--P. haberhaueri (Radoszkowski 1872) [=Sphex haberhaueri] BM76
    |--P. herrerai (Brèthes 1926) [=Sphex herrerai; incl. S. vilarrubiai Giner Marí 1944] BM76
    |--P. inda (Linnaeus 1758) (see below for synonymy) BM76
    |--P. insignis (Kohl 1885) [=Sphex insignis] BM76
    |--P. judaeus (Beaumont 1968) [=Sphex judaeus] BM76
    |--P. kurdistanicus (Balthasar 1953) [=Sphex kurdistanicus] BM76
    |--P. ‘leuconotus’ (Morawitz 1890) [=Sphex leuconotus non Brullé 1833] BM76
    |--P. lividocinctus (Costa 1858) (see below for synonymy) BM76
    |    |--P. l. lividocinctus BM76
    |    |--P. l. apakensis (Tsuneki 1971) [=Sphex apakensis] BM76
    |    `--P. l. oasis (Tsuneki 1971) [=Sphex oasis] BM76
    |--P. macula (Fabricius 1804) [=Pepsis macula; incl. Sphex eatoni Saunders 1910] BM76
    |    |--P. m. macula BM76
    |    `--P. m. lugens (Kohl 1889) [=Sphex lugens] BM76
    |--P. melanotus (Morawitz 1890) [=Sphex melanotus] BM76
    |--P. neoxenus (Kohl 1890) (see below for synonymy) BM76
    |--P. nigropectinatus (Taschenberg 1869) (see below for synonymy) BM76
    |--P. niveatus (Dufour 1853) (see below for synonymy) BM76
    |    |--P. n. niveatus BM76
    |    `--P. n. ettingol (Tsuneki 1971) [=Sphex ettingol] BM76
    |--P. notonitidus (Willink 1951) [=Chlorion notonitidum] BM76
    |--P. nudatus (Kohl 1885) [=Sphex nudatus] BM76
    |--P. parkeri Bohart & Menke 1963 BM76
    |--P. perezi (Berland 1927) [=Sphex perezi] BM76
    |--P. persicus (Mocsáry 1883) [=Sphex persicus; incl. S. hispidus Morawitz 1890] BM76
    |--P. pseudostriatus (Giner Marí 1944) [=Sphex pseudostriatus; incl. S. vaqueroi Giner Marí 1944] BM76
    |--P. pumilio (Taschenberg 1869) (see below for synonymy) BM76
    |--P. radoszkowskyi (Kohl 1888) [=Sphex radoszkowskyi] BM76
    |--P. reymondi (Roth 1954) [=Sphex reymondi] BM76
    |--P. saevus (Smith 1856) [=Harpactopus saevus] C85
    |    |--P. s. saevus BM76
    |    `--P. s. harpax (Kohl 1898) [=Sphex harpax] BM76
    |--P. senegalensis (Arnold 1951) [=Sphex senegalensis] BM76
    |--P. senilis (Morice 1911) [=Sphex senilis; incl. S. biskrensis Roth 1925] BM76
    |--P. sennae (Mantero 1901) [=Sphex sennae] BM76
    |--P. simillimus (Fernald 1907) [=Chlorion simillimum; incl. S. tucumanensis Strand 1910] BM76
    |--P. sirdariensis (Radoszkowski 1877) [=Sphex sirdariensis] BM76
    |--P. songaricus (Eversmann 1849) [=Sphex songaricus; incl. S. tenuicornis Morawitz 1890] BM76
    |--P. spinolae (Smith 1856) [=Sphex spinolae; incl. S. chilensis Spinola 1851 non Lepeletier 1845] BM76
    |--P. stschurowskii (Radoszkowski 1877) [=Sphex stschurowskii] BM76
    |    |--P. s. stschurowskii BM76
    |    `--P. s. hyalipennis (Kohl 1895) [=Sphex hyalipennis] BM76
    |--P. subfuscatus (Dahlbom 1845) (see below for synonymy) BM76
    |    |--P. s. subfuscatus BM76
    |    |--P. s. albovillosulus (Giordani Soika 1942) [=Sphex albovillosulus] BM76
    |    |--P. s. namkumiensis (Laidlaw 1929) [=Sphex namkumiensis] BM76
    |    |--P. s. rhodesianus (Arnold 1936) [=Chlorion rhodesianum] BM76
    |    `--P. s. rukwaensis (Arnold 1959) [=Sphex rukwaensis] BM76
    |--P. sundewalli (Dahlbom 1845) [=Enodia sundewalli] BM76
    |--P. thomae (Fabricius 1775) (see below for synonymy) BM76
    |--P. trichargyrus (Spinola 1838) [=Sphex trichargyrus; incl. S. leucosoma Kohl 1890] BM76
    |--P. viduatus (Christ 1791) (see below for synonymy) BM76
    |    |--P. v. viduatus BM76
    |    |--P. v. argentatus (Mocsáry 1883) [=Enodia argentata; incl. Sphex mocsaryi Kohl 1885] BM76
    |    `--P. v. pollens (Kohl 1885) [=Sphex pollens] BM76
    |--P. vittatus (Kohl 1884) [=Enodia vittata] BM76
    `--P. zarudnyi (Gussakovskij 1933) [=Sphex zarudnyi] BM76

Nomen nudum: Pseudosphex noverca Kaye 1910 BM76

Prionyx Van der Linden 1827 C85 [incl. Calosphex Kohl 1890 BM76, Enodia Dahlbom 1843 non Hübner 1819 BM76, Gastrosphaeria Costa 1858 BM76, Harpactopus Smith 1856 BM76, Neosphex Reed 1894 BM76, Parasphex Smith 1856 BM76, Priononyx Dahlbom 1843 BM76, Pseudosphex Taschenberg 1869 non Hübner 1818 BM76]

Prionyx atratus (Lepeletier 1845) [=Sphex atratus; incl. Priononyx brunnipes Cresson 1872, S. labrosus Harris 1835 (n. n.)] BM76

Prionyx bifoveolatus (Taschenberg 1869) [=Priononyx bifoveolatus; incl. Sphex caridei Lieberman 1931, S. striatulus Brèthes 1909, S. subexcisus Brèthes 1909, S. wagneri Berland 1927] BM76

Prionyx crudelis (Smith 1856) [=*Harpactopus crudelis; incl. Sphex aegyptius Lepeletier 1845 non Linnaeus 1758, S. grandis Radoszkowski 1876, S. rufipennis Fabricius 1793 non De Geer 1778, S. turcomanicus Radoszkowski 1893] BM76

Prionyx fervens (Linnaeus 1758) [=Sphex fervens; incl. S. doumerci Lepeletier 1845, Pepsis johannis Fabricius 1804, S. laerma Cameron 1897, Priononyx striatus Smith 1856] BM76

Prionyx inda (Linnaeus 1758) [=Sphex inda; incl. S. englebergi Brauns 1889, S. indostana Linnaeus 1764, Harpactopus tyrannus Smith 1856, S. vagus Radoszkowski 1881 nec Linnaeus 1758 nec Christ 1791] BM76

*Prionyx kirbii (Van der Linden 1827) C85 [=Ammophila kirbii C85, P. kirbyi BM76; incl. Sphex albisectus Lepeletier & Serville 1828 BM76, *Enodia albisecta BM76, *Parasphex albisectus BM76]

Prionyx kirbii marginatus (Smith 1856) [=Parasphex marginatus; incl. Sphex alluaudi Berland 1927, S. chudeaui Berland 1927, S. congoensis Berland 1927, S. curvilineatus Cameron 1912, S. sjoestedti Cameron 1908] BM76

Prionyx lividocinctus (Costa 1858) [=Enodia lividocincta; incl. E. graeca Mocsáry 1883, Priononyx isselii Gribodo 1880, E. obliquestriata Mocsáry 1883] BM76

Prionyx neoxenus (Kohl 1890) [=Sphex neoxenus; incl. S. gayi Berland 1927, S. melaenus Spinola 1851, S. melanogaster Brèthes 1910, S. nigricapillus Berland 1927, S. ommissus Kohl 1890] BM76

Prionyx nigropectinatus (Taschenberg 1869) [=Sphex nigropectinatus; incl. S. dives Lepeletier 1845, Podium maracandicum Radoszkowski 1877, S. nivosus Smith 1856] BM76

Prionyx niveatus (Dufour 1853) [=Sphex niveatus, *Calosphex niveatus; incl. Enodia albopectinata Taschenberg 1869, Sphex suavis Morawitz 1893] BM76

Prionyx pumilio (Taschenberg 1869) [=*Pseudosphex pumilio; incl. *Neosphex albospiniferus Reed 1894, Sphex dolichoderus Kohl 1890] BM76

Prionyx subfuscatus (Dahlbom 1845) [=Sphex subfuscatus; incl. *Gastrosphaeria anthracina Costa 1858, Enodia chrysoptera Ruthe & Stein 1857, S. desertorum Eversmann 1849, S. nigritus Lucas 1848 non Fabricius 1781, S. soror Dahlbom 1845, S. subfuscatus Eversmann 1849 non Dahlbom 1845] BM76

Prionyx thomae (Fabricius 1775) [=Sphex thomae, Pepsis thomae, *Priononyx thomae; incl. Sphex altibia Strand 1911, Priononyx antillarum Saussure 1867, Pepsis crucis Fabricius 1804, Sphex edwardsi Cameron 1903, Priononyx mexicanus Saussure 1867, S. platensis Brèthes 1908, Enodia pubidorsum Costa 1862] BM76

Prionyx viduatus (Christ 1791) [=Sphex viduatus; incl. Enodia canescens Dahlbom 1843, S. granti Kirby 1900, S. micans Eversmann 1849, S. platynotus Matsumura 1912, S. pubescens Fabricius 1793, Priononyx zanoni Gribodo 1925] BM76

*Type species of generic name indicated

REFERENCES

[BM76] Bohart, R. M., & A. S. Menke. 1976. Sphecid Wasps of the World. University of California Press: Berkeley.

[C85] Cardale, J. C. 1985. Vespoidea and Sphecoidea. In: Walton, D. W. (ed.) Zoological Catalogue of Australia vol. 2. Hymenoptera: Formicoidea, Vespoidea and Sphecoidea pp. 150–303. Australian Government Publishing Service: Canberra.