Chalcididae

Trigonura sp., copyright Lynn Bergen.

Belongs within: Chalcidoidea.
Contains: Cratocentrini, Haltichellinae, Epitranus, Dirhininae, Phasgonophorini, Conura, Brachymeria (Brachymeria).

The Chalcididae are a group of chalcidoid wasps characterised by large, ventrally dentate hind femora that are adapted for jumping.

Characters (from Bouček 1988): Body often large and non-metallic, gaster convex, not collapsing; gena posteriorly with strong carina; thorax strongly punctate, prepectus very small, tegula only slightly longer than broad; hind femur strongly enlarged with teeth on ventral edge.

<==Chalcididae [Chalcidae, Chalcidinae] HB13
    |  i. s.: Spilochalcis mariae B37
    |--+--Cratocentrini HB13
    |  `--Xenanastatus Bouček 1988 MH11, B88
    |       `--*X. partisanguineus (Girault 1923) [=Eupelmus partisanguineus] B88
    `--+--+--Haltichellinae HB13
       |  `--+--+--Epitranus HB13
       |     |  `--Dirhininae HB13
       |     `--Smicromorpha Girault 1913 B88 [incl. Smicromorphella Girault 1930 B88; Smicromorphinae HB13]
       |          |--*S. doddi Girault 1913 [incl. S. cadaverosa Girault 1914] B88
       |          |--S. banksi Naumann 1986 B88
       |          |--S. eudela Naumann 1986 B88
       |          |--S. lagynos Naumann 1986 B88
       |          `--S. minera Girault 1926 [=*Smicromorphella minerva] B88
       `--+--+--Phasgonophorini HB13
          |  `--Conura HB13
          `--+--Trigonura Sichel 1865 HB13, B88 (see below for synonymy)
             |    |--*T. crassicauda [=Phasgonophora (*Trigonura) crassicauda] B88
             |    |--T. algerti HB13
             |    |--T. californica HB13
             |    |--T. euthyrrhinni (Dodd 1921) [=Chalcis euthyrrhini, *Chalcidellia euthyrrhini] B88
             |    |--T. guttatipennis (Girault 1927) [=Chalcidellia guttatipennis] B88
             |    `--‘Chalcidellia’ ucalegon R70
             `--Brachymeria Westwood in Stephens 1829 B88 (see below for synonymy)
                  |  i. s.: B. coloradensis (Cresson 1872) GM79 [incl. Chalcis tachinae Howard 1885 G17, GM79]
                  |         B. femorata (Panzer 1801) G38 [=Chalcis femorata G38; incl. C. ornatipes Cameron 1906 B88]
                  |         B. ovata N91 [=Chalcis ovata B37
                  |           |--B. o. ovata G17
                  |           `--‘Chalcis’ o. abiesae Girault 1917 G17
                  |         B. pedalis (Cresson 1872) GM79
                  |         B. pulchripes Holmgren 1868 B88
                  |         B. tibialis HB13
                  |--B. (Brachymeria) B88
                  |--B. (Australochalcis Girault 1939) B88
                  |    `--B. (*A.) humilicrus (Girault 1939) [=*Australochalcis humilicrus] B88
                  |--B. (Dirrhinomorpha Girault & Dodd in Girault 1915) B88
                  |    `--B. (*D.) angusta (Girault & Dodd in Girault 1915) [=*Dirrhinomorpha angusta] B88
                  `--B. (Mirochalcis Girault 1915) B88
                       `--B. (*M.) atricorpus (Girault 1915) [=*Mirochalcis atricorpus] B88

Brachymeria Westwood in Stephens 1829 B88 [incl. Ceyxia Cameron 1911 B88, Gahanula Burks 1960 B88, Meyeriella Krausse 1916 B88, Oncochalcis Cameron 1904 B88, Pseudobrachymeria Burks 1960 B88; Brachymerariae, Brachymeriini HB13]

Trigonura Sichel 1865 HB13, B88 [incl. Bactrochalcis Kieffer 1912 B88, Centrochalcidea Gahan & Fagan 1923 B88, Centrochalcis Cameron 1913 non Cameron 1905 B88, Chalcidellia Girault 1924 B88]

*Type species of generic name indicated

REFERENCES

[B37] Balduf, W. V. 1937. Bionomic notes on the common bagworm, Thyridopteryx ephemeraeformis Haw., (Lepid., Psychidae) and its insect enemies (Hym., Lepid.). Proceedings of the Entomological Society of Washington 39 (7): 169–184.

[B88] Bouček, Z. 1988. Australasian Chalcidoidea (Hymenoptera): A biosystematic revision of genera of fourteen families, with a reclassification of species. CAB International: Wallingford (UK).

[G38] Gahan, A. B. 1938. Notes on some genera and species of Chalcidoidea (Hymenoptera). Proceedings of the Entomological Society of Washington 40 (8): 209–227.

[G17] Girault, A. A. 1917. Descriptiones stellarum novarum. Privately published (reprinted in: Gordh, G., A. S. Menke, E. C. Dahms & J. C. Hall. 1979. The privately printed papers of A. A. Girault. Memoirs of the American Entomological Institute 28: 80–101).

[GM79] Gordh, G., A. S. Menke, E. C. Dahms & J. C. Hall. 1979. The privately printed papers of A. A. Girault. Memoirs of the American Entomological Institute 28: 1–400.

[HB13] Heraty, J. M., R. A. Burks, A. Cruaud, G. A. P. Gibson, J. Liljeblad, J. Munro, J.-Y. Rasplus, G. Delvare, P. Janšta, A. Gumovsky, J. Huber, J. B. Woolley, L. Krogmann, S. Heydon, A. Polaszek, S. Schmidt, D. C. Darling, M. W. Gates, J. Mottern, E. Murray, A. D. Molin, S. Triapitsyn, H. Baur, J. D. Pinto, S. van Noort, J. George & M. Yoder. 2013. A phylogenetic analysis of the megadiverse Chalcidoidea (Hymenoptera). Cladistics 29: 466–542.

[MH11] Munro, J. B., J. M. Heraty, R. A. Burks, D. Hawks, J. Mottern, A. Cruaud, J.-Y. Rasplus & P. Jansta. 2011. A molecular phylogeny of the Chalcidoidea (Hymenoptera). PloS One 6 (11): e27023.

[N91] Naumann, I. D. 1991. Hymenoptera (wasps, bees, ants, sawflies). In: CSIRO. The Insects of Australia: A textbook for students and research workers 2^nd ed. vol. 2 pp. 916–1000. Melbourne University Press: Carlton (Victoria).

[R70] Riek, E. F. 1970. Hymenoptera (wasps, bees, ants). In: CSIRO. The Insects of Australia: A textbook for students and research workers pp. 867–959. Melbourne University Press.

Conura

Chalcis myrifex, copyright H. Dumas.

Belongs within: Chalcididae.

Conura is a genus of chalcidid wasps whose species mostly attack the pupae of Lepidoptera, though some develop on other insects such as Coleoptera. Molecular analysis (Heraty et al. 2013) suggests that this genus is paraphyletic to other members of the Chalcidini, a group of Chalcididae with a distinctly petiolate gaster and apically acute hind tibia. Members of the genus Chalcis are parasitoids of stratiomyiid fly larvae (Bouček 1988).

Characters (from Bouček 1988, for Chalcidini): Apex of hind tibia tapering into a strong spine extended far beyond insertion of tarsus; gaster attached at coxae; petiole distinctly longer than broad, not longitudinally striate; propodeal spiracle elongate in almost vertical direction; postmarginal vein several times longer than stigmal vein.

<==Conura [Chalcidariae, Chalcidini, Smicrini]
    |  i. s.: C. delumbis MH11
    |         C. debilis MH11
    |         C. miniata HB13
    |--C. xanthostigma HB13
    `--+--C. flavicans HB13
       `--+--C. immaculata HB13
          `--+--Melanosmicra variventris HB13
             `--Chalcis Fabricius 1787 HB13, B88 [=Smicra Spinola 1837 B88, Smiera Spinola 1811 B88]
                  |--*C. sispes [=Sphex sispes, *Smiera sispes] B88
                  |--C. amenocles D07
                  |--C. australiensis (Girault 1936) [=Smicra australiensis; incl. S. chinchillae Girault 1936] B88
                  |--C. columbiana Howard 1885 GM79
                  |--C. flavipes Fabricius 1793 MS01, B88
                  |--C. flebilis HB13
                  |--C. louisiana Girault 1917 G17
                  |--C. myrifex HB13
                  `--C. ovata G17
                       |--C. o. ovata G17
                       `--C. o. abiesae Girault 1917 G17

Nomen nudum: Chalcis anna Girault 1937 B88

*Type species of generic name indicated

REFERENCES

[B88] Bouček, Z. 1988. Australasian Chalcidoidea (Hymenoptera): A biosystematic revision of genera of fourteen families, with a reclassification of species. CAB International: Wallingford (UK).

[D07] Desjardins, C. A. 2007. Phylogenetics and classification of the world genera of Diparinae (Hymenoptera: Pteromalidae). Zootaxa 1647: 1–88.

[G17] Girault, A. A. 1917. Descriptiones stellarum novarum. Privately published (reprinted Gordh, G., A. S. Menke, E. C. Dahms & J. C. Hall. 1979. The privately printed papers of A. A. Girault. Memoirs of the American Entomological Institute 28: 80–101).

[GM79] Gordh, G., A. S. Menke, E. C. Dahms & J. C. Hall. 1979. The privately printed papers of A. A. Girault. Memoirs of the American Entomological Institute 28: 1–400.

[HB13] Heraty, J. M., R. A. Burks, A. Cruaud, G. A. P. Gibson, J. Liljeblad, J. Munro, J.-Y. Rasplus, G. Delvare, P. Janšta, A. Gumovsky, J. Huber, J. B. Woolley, L. Krogmann, S. Heydon, A. Polaszek, S. Schmidt, D. C. Darling, M. W. Gates, J. Mottern, E. Murray, A. D. Molin, S. Triapitsyn, H. Baur, J. D. Pinto, S. van Noort, J. George & M. Yoder. 2013. A phylogenetic analysis of the megadiverse Chalcidoidea (Hymenoptera). Cladistics 29: 466–542.

[MS01] Mocsáry, A., & V. Szépligeti. 1901. Hymenopterák [Hymenopteren]. In: Horváth, G. (ed.) Zichy Jenő Gróf Harmadik Ázsiai Utazása [Dritte Asiatische Forschungsreise des Grafen Eugen Zichy] vol. 2. Zichy Jenő Gróf Harmadik Ázsiai Utazásának Állattani Eredményei [Zoologische Ergebnisse der Dritten Asiatischen Forschungsreise des Grafen Eugen Zichy] pp. 121–169. Victor Hornyánszky: Budapest, and Karl W. Hierseman: Leipzig.

[MH11] Munro, J. B., J. M. Heraty, R. A. Burks, D. Hawks, J. Mottern, A. Cruaud, J.-Y. Rasplus & P. Jansta. 2011. A molecular phylogeny of the Chalcidoidea (Hymenoptera). PloS One 6 (11): e27023.

Dirhininae

Dirhinus sp., photographed by D. Magdalena Sorger.

Belongs within: Chalcidoidea.

The Dirhininae are a group of chalcidid wasps with the frons angulately produced forwards; in Dirhinus, it is divided into a pair of edged horns. Dirhinus species are parasites in fly puparia, including those of a number of synanthropic species (Bouček 1988).

<==Dirhininae B88
    |--Aplorhinus [Aplorhinini] B88
    |    `--A. bakeri B88
    `--Dirhinus Dalman 1818 (see below for synonymy) B88
         |--*D. excavatus B88
         |--D. anthracia Walker 1846 B88 (see below for synonymy)
         |--D. atricornis (Girault 1927) [=Pareniaca atricornis] B88
         |--D. emersoni (Girault 1927) [=Pareniaca emersoni] B88
         |--D. inflexus D07
         |--D. loriae (Masi 1947) [=Pareniaca loriae] B88
         |--D. variocelli Girault 1926 [=Dirrhinus (l. c.) variocelli] B88
         `--D. vultur (Girault 1915) *Eniacomorpha vultur; incl. Pareniaca boussingaulti Girault 1915] B88

Dirhinus Dalman 1818 [incl. Dirhinoides Masi 1947, Dirrhinoidea Girault 1912, Eniaca Kirby 1883, Eniacella Girault 1913, Eniacomorpha Girault 1915, Pareniaca Crawford 1913; Dirhinini] B88

Dirhinus anthracia Walker 1846 B88 [incl. Eniacella bicornuticeps Girault 1915 B88, *E. rufricornis Girault 1913 B88, Dirrhinus rufricornis GM79, Dirhinus sarcophagae Froggatt 1919 B88]

*Type species of generic name indicated

REFERENCES

[B88] Bouček, Z. 1988. Australasian Chalcidoidea (Hymenoptera): A biosystematic revision of genera of fourteen families, with a reclassification of species. CAB International: Wallingford (UK).

[D07] Desjardins, C. A. 2007. Phylogenetics and classification of the world genera of Diparinae (Hymenoptera: Pteromalidae). Zootaxa 1647: 1-88.

[GM79] Gordh, G., A. S. Menke, E. C. Dahms & J. C. Hall. 1979. The privately printed papers of A. A. Girault. Memoirs of the American Entomological Institute 28: 1-400.

Epitranus

New species of Epitranus from Tanzania, photographed by Jean-Yves Rasplus.

Belongs within: Chalcidoidea.

Epitranus is an Old World genus of parasitic wasps (possibly introduced to the Americas) whose hosts, so far as is known, are small moths of the Pyralidae and Tineidae (Bouček 1988).

Characters (from Bouček 1988): Antennae inserted very low, on a shield overhanging mouth, scrobes virtually absent; forewing with marginal vein very long, stigmal rudimentary, postmarginal absent; apex of hind tibia tapering into a strong spine extended far beyond insertion of tarsus; gaster attached at coxae, on slender striate petiole which longer than half of gaster.

<==Epitranus Walker 1834 (see below for synonymy) B88
    |--*E. fulvescens B88
    |--E. atripennis Bouček 1982 B88
    |--E. bifasciatus Bouček 1982 B88
    |--E. dorsiplanus Bouček 1982 B88
    |--E. ferrugineus (Cameron 1912) (see below for synonymy) B88
    |--E. hassani Bouček 1982 B88
    |--E. io (Girault 1915) [=Chalcitelloides io] B88
    |--E. nigriscutum (Girault 1914) [=*Chalcitelloides nigriscutum] B88
    |--E. nigrithorax (Girault 1915) [=Chalcitelloides nigrithorax] B88
    |--E. nitens Bouček 1982 B88
    |--E. obsoletus Bouček 1982 B88
    |--‘*Neoanacryptus’ petiolatus B88
    |--‘*Paranacryptus’ sanguineus B88
    |--E. sedlaceki Bouček 1982 B88
    |--E. teleute (Walker 1838) (see below for synonymy) B88
    |--E. umbripennis Bouček 1982 B88
    `--E. vicinus Bouček 1982 B88

Epitranus Walker 1834 [incl. Anacryptus Kirby 1883, Arretocera Kirby 1883, Chalcitella Westwood 1835, Chalcitelloides Girault 1914, Neoanacryptus Girault 1913, Paranacryptus Girault 1915, Pararretoceroides Mani 1938; Epitraninae, Epitranini] B88

Epitranus ferrugineus (Cameron 1912) [=Anacryptus ferrugineus; incl. Paranacryptus hyalinus Girault 1915, P. sanguineus Girault 1915, Epitranus sanguineus] B88

Epitranus teleute (Walker 1838) [=Smiera teleute; incl. Chalcitella australiensis Girault 1913, Neoanacryptus hyalipennis Girault 1915, *N. petiolatus Girault 1913, N. regificus Girault 1915, Chalcitella piceiventris Cameron 1912] B88

*Type species of generic name indicated

REFERENCES

[B88] Bouček, Z. 1988. Australasian Chalcidoidea (Hymenoptera): A biosystematic revision of genera of fourteen families, with a reclassification of species. CAB International: Wallingford (UK).

Antrocephalus

Antrocephalus sp., photographed by Charissa de Lange.

Belongs within: Haltichellinae.

Antrocephalus is an Old World genus of wasps (with a single species introduced to South America) that mostly parasitises Lepidoptera. Mature wasps emerge from the host pupa (Bouček 1988).

Characters (from Bouček 1988): Frons at inner margins of eyes with distinct carina on either side, clearly curving in before lateral ocelli and uniting behind median ocellus; pronotum frequently with keels running obliquely from anterior shoulders towards a point just before middle of posterior margin but there ending as two tubercles separated by a narrow median depression; axillae separated from each other by the base of scutellum; forewing with postmarginal vein distinctly developed, marginal vein virtually on the very margin of wing; hind femur sometimes with comb beginning in proximal third on a very low looth, then for a distance almost straight before a subapical lobe, or comb shortened.

<==Antrocephalus Kirby 1883 (see below for synonymy) B88
    |--*A. fascicornis [=Halticella fascicornis]
    |--‘*Tainania’ acutiventris B88
    |--A. anna (Girault 1930) [=*Stomatocerella anna, Stomatoceras anna] B88
    |--A. atritegula (Girault 1926) [=Stomatoceras atritegula] B88
    |--A. aureus (Girault 1913) [=Stomatoceras aureus] B88
    |--A. australiensis (Girault 1913) [=Stomatoceras australiensis] B88
    |--A. ballaratensis (Girault 1915) [=Stomatoceras ballaratensis] B88
    |--A. bicolor (Ashmead 1900) [=Haltichella bicolor] B88
    |--A. bicoloris Bouček 1988 (see below for synonymy) B88
    |--A. bidens (Girault 1917) [=Stomatoceroides bidens] B88
    |--A. burnsi (Girault 1927) [=*Metarretocera burnsi] B88
    |--A. carinifrons [=*Coelochalcis carinifrons] B88
    |--A. carlylei (Girault 1917) [=Stomatoceras carlylei] B88
    |--A. carpocapsae Cameron 1912 [incl. Anthrocephalus (l. c.) erythrogaster Cameron 1912] B88
    |--A. clariscapus (Dodd 1917) B88 (see below for synonymy)
    |--A. conicalis (Girault 1930) [=Stomatoceras conicalis] B88
    |--A. dipterophagus (Girault 1922) [=Stomatoceras dipterophagus] B88
    |--A. disconiger (Girault 1929) [=Stomatoceras disconiger] B88
    |--A. dividens B88
    |--A. eracon (Walker 1838) [=Hockeria eracon] B88
    |--A. fabricator (Walker 1862) [=Halticella fabricator] B88
    |--A. fasciatipennis (Bingham 1906) [=Stomatoceras fasciatipennis] B88
    |--A. fuscipennatus Bouček 1988 (see below for synonymy) B88
    |--A. fuscipennis (Girault 1913) (see below for synonymy) B88
    |--A. ghirlandajoni (Girault 1922) [=Stomatoceras ghirlandajoni] B88
    |--A. gracilicorpus (Girault 1915) [=Stomatoceras gracilicorpus] B88
    |--A. hackeri (Girault 1913) [=Stomatoceras hackeri] B88
    |--A. hallami (Girault 1920) [=Stomatoceras hallami] B88
    |--A. hazlitti (Girault 1915) [=Stomatoceras hazlitti] B88
    |--A. imbili (Girault 1938) [=Stomatoceras imbili] B88
    |--A. insipiens (Girault 1915) [=Stomatoceroides insipiens] B88
    |--A. insularis (Girault 1913) [=Stomatoceroides insularis] B99
    |--A. kirbyi (Girault 1915) [=Stomatoceras kirbyi] B88
    |--A. leai (Girault 1914) [=Stomatoceras leai] B88
    |--A. livii (Girault 1921) [=Stomatoceras livii] B88
    |--A. longicornis (Girault 1915) [=Stomatoceras longicornis] B88
    |--A. luci (Girault 1927) [=Stomatoceras luci] B88
    |--A. maeterlincki (Girault 1915) [=Stomatoceras maeterlincki] B88
    |--A. marginiceps Cameron 1912 [=Anthrocephalus (l. c.) marginiceps] B88
    |--A. melitarae (Girault 1925) [=Stomatoceras dipterophagus melitarae] B88
    |--A. minor (Girault 1915) [=Stomatoceras minor] B88
    |--A. mitys (Walker 1846) [=Halticella mitys; incl. Stomatoceras bergeraci Girault 1921] B88
    |--‘*Sabatiella’ nigra B88
    |--A. nigricornis (Girault 1913) [=Stomatoceroides nigricornis] B88
    |--A. nigricorpus (Girault 1914) [=Stomatoceroides nigricorpus] B88
    |--A. nigripennis Cameron 1907 B88
    |--A. nigripes (Girault 1913) [=Stomatoceroides nigripes] B88
    |--A. nigriscapus (Girault 1914) [=Stomatoceras nigriscapus] B88
    |--A. novifuscipennis (Girault 1913) [=Stomatoceras novifuscipennis] B88
    |--A. nyssa (Walker 1838) [=Hockeria nyssa, Haltichella nyssa; incl. Ho. proxenus Walker 1839, Ha. proxena] B88
    |--A. omphale (Girault 1915) [=Stomatoceras omphale] B88
    |--A. palgravei (Girault 1926) [=Stomatoceras palgravei] B88
    |--A. parvivespa (Girault 1929) [=Stomatoceras parvivespa] B88
    |--A. peraustralis (Girault 1915) [=Stomatoceras peraustralis] B88
    |--A. primus (Girault 1930) [=*Uda prima] B88
    |--A. prolongatus (Girault 1930) [=Stomatoceras prolongatus] B88
    |--A. ratzeburgei (Girault 1915) [=Stomatoceras ratzeburgei] B88
    |--A. rousseaui (Girault 1917) [=Stomatoceras rosseaui] B88
    |--A. rubipes (Girault 1913) [=Stomatoceroides rubipes; incl. S. rubripes Girault 1914] B88
    |--A. rufipes [=*Dilla rufipes, *Dillisca rufipes] B88
    |--A. saltensis (Girault 1927) [=Stomatoceras saltensis] B88
    |--A. salti (Girault 1927) [=Stomatoceras carlylei var. salti] B88
    |--A. spilogaster Cameron 1912 [=Anthrocephalus (l. c.) spilogaster] B88
    |--A. stokesi (Crawford 1911) (see below for synonymy) B88
    |--A. tenebricosus (Girault & Dodd in Girault 1915) [=Stomatoceras tenebricosus] B88
    |--A. terrae (Girault 1930) [=Stomatoceras terrae] B88
    |--A. thaumasuroides (Girault 1930) [=Stomatoceras thaumasuroides] B88
    |--A. theclavorae (Girault 1930) [=Stomatoceras theclavorae] B88
    |--A. tineophagus (Girault 1913) [=Stomatoceras tineophagus] B88
    |--A. unmaculatus (Girault 1915) [=Stomatoceras unmaculatus] B88
    |--A. varius (Girault 1915) [=Stomatoceras varius] B88
    |--A. versicolor (Girault 1913) [=Stomatoceroides versicolor] B88
    |--A. vespella (Girault 1929) [=Stomatoceras vespella] B88
    `--A. victoria (Girault 1913) [=Stomatoceras victoria] B88

Antrocephalus Kirby 1883 [incl. Coelochalcis Cameron 1904, Dilla Strand 1911, Dillisca Ghesquière 1946, Metarretocera Girault 1927, Sabatiella Masi 1929, Stomatocerella Girault 1930, Stomatoceroides Girault 1913, Tainania Masi 1929, Uda Girault 1930, Uxa Girault 1930] B88

Antrocephalus bicoloris Bouček 1988 [=*Stomatoceroides bicolor Girault 1913 non Haltichella bicolor Ashmead 1900, Stomatoceras bicolor] B88

Antrocephalus clariscapus (Dodd 1917) B88 [=Stomatoceroides clariscapus B88, Stomatoceras clariscapus G30, *Uxa clariscapus B88]

Antrocephalus fuscipennatus Bouček 1988 [=Stomatoceras fuscipennis Girault 1914 non Stomatoceroides fuscipennis Girault 1913] B88

Antrocephalus fuscipennis (Girault 1913) [=Stomatoceroides fuscipennis, Stomatoceras harrisoni Girault 1926, Stomatoceroides maria Girault 1929] B88

Antrocephalus stokesi (Crawford 1911) [=Haltichella stokesi; incl. Anthrocephalus (l. c.) pomonellae Cameron 1912, Stomatoceras pomonellae] B88

*Type species of generic name indicated

REFERENCES

[B88] Bouček, Z. 1988. Australasian Chalcidoidea (Hymenoptera): A biosystematic revision of genera of fourteen families, with a reclassification of species. CAB International: Wallingford (UK).

[G30] Girault, A. A. 1930. New pests from Australia. VIII. Privately published (reprinted Gordh, G., A. S. Menke, E. C. Dahms & J. C. Hall. 1979. The privately printed papers of A. A. Girault. Memoirs of the American Entomological Institute 28: 273-277).

Brachymeria (Brachymeria)

Brachymeria ucalegon, a parasitoid of blow fly larvae, photographed by C. Bento.

Belongs within: Chalcidoidea.

Brachymeria subgenus Brachymeria includes both primary parasitic and hyperparasitic wasps in pupae of holometabolous insects, particularly Lepidoptera (Bouček 1988).

See also: Brachymeria perflavipes and beyond.

Characters (from Bouček 1988): Malar suture between eye and mouth distinct, usually indicated by a carina; thorax rather densely punctured, dorsally convex; propodeum with rough alveolation reaching its anterior margin; propodeal spiracle elongate in oblique subhorizontal direction; postmarginal vein much shorter than marginal vein, often longer than stigmal vein, latter very short; hind legs at most moderately thickened; apex of hind tibia tapering into a strong spine extended far beyond insertion of tarsus; gaster attached at coxae; petiole very short, mostly concealed in dorsal view.

<==Brachymeria (Brachymeria) (see below for synonymy) B88
    |--*B. (B.) minuta (Linnaeus 1767) [=Vespa minuta, Chalcis minuta; incl. C. pusilla, Haltichella pusilla] B88
    |--B. (B.) albitegula (Girault 1915) [=Chalcis albitegula] B88
    |--B. (B.) aligherei (Girault 1927) [=Chalcis aligherei] B88
    |--B. (B.) anselmi (Girault 1926) B88 (see below for synonymy)
    |--B. (B.) aurea (Girault 1915) [=Chalcis aurea; incl. C. delii Girault 1924] B88
    |--B. (B.) australiensis (Girault 1913) [=Tumidicoxa (Tumidicoxella) australiensis] B88
    |--B. (B.) borealis (Girault 1915) (see below for synonymy) B88
    |--B. (B.) bouceki Narendran 1978 B88
    |--B. (B.) brisbanensis (Girault 1915) [=Chalcis brisbanensis; incl. C. miltoni Girault 1926] B88
    |--B. (B.) browningi (Girault 1915) [=Chalcis browningi] B88
    |--B. (B.) caesar (Girault 1926) [=Chalcis caesar] B88
    |--B. (B.) cailliaudii (Montrousier 1864) [=Chalcis cailliaudii] B88
    |--B. (B.) confalonierii [=B. (*Neobrachymeria) confalonierii] B88
    |--B. (B.) corneillei (Girault 1924) [=Chalcis corneillei; incl. C. aequalipunctatus Girault 1924] B88
    |--B. (B.) cosmophilae (Girault 1925) [=Chalcis cosmophilae] B88
    |--B. (B.) curtisi (Girault 1915) [=Chalcis curtisi] B88
    |--B. (B.) decens (Girault 1929) [=Chalcis decens] B88
    |--B. (B.) edna (Girault 1927) [=Chalcis pomonae var. edna] B88
    |--B. (B.) euploeae (Westwood 1837) [=Chalcis (B.) euploeae] B88
    |--B. (B.) falsosa (Vachal 1907) [=Chalcis falsosa] B88
    |--B. (B.) froggatti (Cameron 1912) [=Chalcis froggatti] B88
    |--B. (B.) hercules (Girault 1913) [=Pseudopitelea (l. c.) hercules, Chalcis hercules] B88
    |--B. (B.) hypolycaenae (Girault 1915) [=Chalcis hypolycaenae] B88
    |--B. (B.) indignator (Walker 1862) [=Halticella indignator] B88
    |--B. (B.) internata (Walker 1862) [=Halticella internata] B88
    |--B. (B.) judaei (Girault 1937) [=Chalcis judaei] B88
    |--B. (B.) juno (Girault 1927) [=Chalcis juno; incl. C. leo Girault 1933, C. minerva Girault 1927] B88
    |--B. (B.) lasus (Walker 1841) (see below for synonymy) B88
    |--B. (B.) lugubris (Walker 1871) [=Chalcis lugubris; incl. C. atrata Kirby 1883] B88
    |--B. (B.) mariana (Girault 1927) [=Chalcis schuberti var. mariana] B88
    |--B. (B.) marmonti (Girault 1924) (see below for synonymy) B88
    |--B. (B.) megaspila (Cameron 1907) (see below for synonymy) B88
    |--B. (B.) menoni Joseph, Narendran & Joy 1972 B88
    |--B. (B.) minutissima (Girault 1926) [=Chalcis minutissimus] B88
    |--B. (B.) mochii Masi 1936 B88
    |--‘*Tumidicoxa’ nigra B88
    |--B. (B.) nigricoxa (Girault 1913) [=Tumidicoxa (*Tumidicoxella) nigricoxa, Chalcis nigricoxa] B88
    |--B. (B.) nortia (Girault 1929) [=Chalcis plutellophaga var. nortia] B88
    |--B. (B.) ogyrisidis (Girault 1922) [=Chalcis ogyrisidis] B88
    |--B. (B.) opponens (Walker 1871) [=Chalcis opponens] B88
    |--B. (B.) pandani (Girault 1926) [=Chalcis pandani] B88
    |--B. (B.) parvicorpus (Girault 1925) [=Chalcis parvicorpus] B88
    |--B. (B.) perflavipes (Girault 1915) (see below for synonymy) B88
    |--B. (B.) persplendidipes (Girault 1926) [=Chalcis persplendidipes] B88
    |--B. (B.) phya (Walker 1838) [=Chalcis phya; incl. C. bachi Girault 1924] B88
    |--B. (B.) piratica (Brues 1918) [=Chalcis piraticus] B88
    |--B. (B.) plutellophaga (Girault 1922) [=Tumidicoxella plutellophaga] B88
    |--B. (B.) podagrica (Fabricius 1787) (see below for synonymy) B88
    |--B. (B.) pomonae (Cameron 1912) [=Chalcis pomonae] B88
    |--B. (B.) puella (Girault 1927) [=Chalcis puella] B88
    |--B. (B.) redia (Girault 1929) [=Chalcis redia] B88
    |--B. (B.) rubrifemur (Girault 1913) (see below for synonymy) B88
    |--B. (B.) ruficornis (Girault 1913) [=Tumidicoxa ruficornis] B88
    |--B. (B.) rufifemur (Girault 1913) [=Tumidicoxa rufifemur] B88
    |--B. (B.) salomonis (Cameron 1911) [=Chalcis salomonis] B88
    |--B. (B.) sanguiniventris (Girault 1927) [=Chalcis calliphorae sanguiniventris] B88
    |--B. (B.) schuberti (Girault 1924) [=Chalcis schuberti] B88
    |--B. (B.) shakespearei (Girault 1926) [=Chalcis shakespearei] B88
    |--B. (B.) shellyi (Girault 1915) [=Chalcis shellyi] B88
    |--B. (B.) sidnica Holmgren 1868 (see below for synonymy) B88
    |--B. (B.) taiwana [=Chalcis taiwana, B. (*Matsumurameria) taiwana] B88
    |--B. (B.) terribilis (Brues 1928) [=Chalcis terribilis] B88
    |--B. (B.) teuta (Walker 1841) (see below for synonymy) B88
    |--B. (B.) ucalegon (Walker 1846) (see below for synonymy) B88
    |--B. (B.) unguttifemur (Girault 1926) [=Chalcis unguttifemur] B88
    |--B. (B.) vergilii (Girault 1927) [=Chalcis rubripes vergilii] B88
    |--B. (B.) veronesini (Girault 1924) [=Chalcis veronesini] B88
    |--B. (B.) vicaria (Walker 1861) B88
    |--B. (B.) victoria (Girault 1913) [=Tumidicoxa victoria, Chalcis victoria] B88
    `--B. (B.) yamalae (Girault 1924) [=Chalcis yamalae] B88

Brachymeria Westwood in Stephens 1829 (Brachymeria) [incl. Brachepitelia Girault 1913, Matsumurameria Habu 1960, Neobrachymeria Masi 1929, Pseudepitelia Girault 1913, Tumidicoxa Girault 1911, Tumidicoxella Girault 1913, Tumidicoxoides Girault 1913] B88

Brachymeria (Brachymeria) anselmi (Girault 1926) B88 [=Chalcis anselmi B88; incl. Tumidicoxoides pulchripes Girault & Dodd in Girault 1915 non Brachymeria pulchripes Holmgren 1868 B88, C. pulchripes GM79, C. xenophoni Girault 1930 B88]

Brachymeria (Brachymeria) borealis (Girault 1915) [=Chalcis robusta var. borealis; incl. C. epicteti Girault 1924, C. rex Girault 1924, C. robusta Girault 1915 non Cresson 1865] B88

Brachymeria (Brachymeria) lasus (Walker 1841) [=Chalcis lasus; incl. C. regina var. copernici Girault 1936, C. regina var. dentata Girault 1915, C. nitator Walker 1862, C. papuana Cameron 1913, Tumidicoxa regina Girault 1913, C. regina] B88

Brachymeria (Brachymeria) marmonti (Girault 1924) [=Chalcis marmonti; incl. B. koduvalliensis Joseph, Narendran & Joy 1973, C. wittei Schmitz 1946] B88

Brachymeria (Brachymeria) megaspila (Cameron 1907) [=Chalcis megaspila; incl. C. koebelei Crawford 1910, C. poema Girault 1927] B88

Brachymeria (Brachymeria) perflavipes (Girault 1915) [=Chalcis perflavipes, Tumidicoxa flavipes Girault 1925 non Chalcis flavipes Fabricius 1793] B88

Brachymeria (Brachymeria) podagrica (Fabricius 1787) [=Chalcis podagrica; incl. C. dipterophaga Girault & Dodd in Girault 1915, *Tumidicoxoides kurandaensis Girault 1913, Brachymeria kurandaensis, Chalcis kurandanensis, Tumidicoxoides paucipunctatus Girault 1915, C. vegai Girault 1924] B88

Brachymeria (Brachymeria) rubrifemur (Girault 1913) [=*Pseudepitelia rubrifemur, Chalcis rubrifemur; incl. C. ruskini Girault 1915] B88

Brachymeria (Brachymeria) sidnica Holmgren 1868 [incl. Chalcis elijahi Girault 1927, C. multicolor Girault 1915 non Kieffer 1905, C. silvae Girault 1924, C. tegularis Cameron 1912 non Cresson 1872, C. thymus Girault 1917, Pseudepitelia tricolor Girault 1913 non Chalcis tricolor Förster 1859] B88

Brachymeria (Brachymeria) teuta (Walker 1841) [=Chalcis teuta; incl. *Brachepitelia rubripes Girault 1913, C. rubripes, Tumidicoxa (Tumidicoxella) tasmaniensis Girault 1913] B88

Brachymeria (Brachymeria) ucalegon (Walker 1846) [=Chalcis ucalegon; incl. C. calliphorae Froggatt 1916, C. rubriventris Girault 1915, Tumidicoxa rufiventris Girault 1913 non Chalcis rufiventris Kieffer 1905] B88

*Type species of generic name indicated

REFERENCES

[B88] Bouček, Z. 1988. Australasian Chalcidoidea (Hymenoptera): A biosystematic revision of genera of fourteen families, with a reclassification of species. CAB International: Wallingford (UK).

[GM79] Gordh, G., A. S. Menke, E. C. Dahms & J. C. Hall. 1979. The privately printed papers of A. A. Girault. Memoirs of the American Entomological Institute 28: 1-400.

Haltichellinae

Male Irichohalticella pilosella, from Bouček (1988).

Belongs within: Chalcidoidea.
Contains: Antrocephalus.

The Haltichellinae are a subfamily of the wasp family Chalcididae, characterised by having the apex of the hind tibia almost perpendicularly truncate and with two spurs, only rarely with the ventral corner forming a short spine. Three tribes are recognised within the Haltichellinae (though the analysis by Munro et al., 2011, suggested that Haltichellini may be paraphyletic with regard to Hybothoracini [Tropimeris was not included in this analysis]). Hybothoracini and Tropimeris lack the postmarginal vein in the forewing and have the marginal vein at least slightly removed from the wing margin; Hybothoracini also have the antennae inserted very low, at the level of the mouth(Bouček 1988).

<==Haltichellinae B88
    |--Tropimeris Steffan 1948 [Tropimeridini] B88
    |    |--*T. excavata B88
    |    `--T. monodon Bouček 1958 B88
    `--Haltichellini B88
         |  i. s.: Trichoxenia Kirby 1883 [incl. Megachilochalcis Girault 1915] B88
         |           `--*T. cineraria (Walker 1871) (see below for synonymy) B88
         |         Neostomatoceras Girault 1920 B88
         |           `--*N. chalcidiformis Girault 1920 B88
         |         Nipponohockeria Habu 1960 [=Nippohockeria (l. c.)] B88
         |           `--*N. ishii B88
         |         Uga Girault 1930 [incl. Neotainania Husain & Agarwal 1982] B88
         |           |--*U. colliscutellum (Girault 1922) [=Stomatoceras colliscutellum] B88
         |           `--U. menoni Kerrich 1960 [incl. *Neotainania brevicorpis] B88
         |         Allochalcis Kiefer 1905 [incl. Trichochalcis Kiefer 1905] B88
         |           |--*A. nervosa [incl. *Trichochalcis inermis] B88
         |           |--A. poeta (Girault 1934) [=Trichoxenia poeta] B88
         |           |--A. rubrifemur (Girault 1926) [=Trichoxenia rubrifemur] B88
         |           |--A. shakespearei (Girault 1926) [=Trichoxenia shakespearei] B88
         |           `--A. subfasciata (Walker 1871) (see below for synonymy) B88
         |         Oxycoryphe Kriechbaumer 1894 [incl. Hoozania Masi 1932, Paraspirhina Cameron 1911] B88
         |           |--*O. subaenea B88
         |           |--O. acuta Bouček 1988 B88
         |           |--O. bidens Bouček 1988 B88
         |           |--O. maculipennis [=*Hoozania maculipennis] B88
         |           `--O. nitida [=*Paraspirhina nitida] B88
         |--+--Aspirrhina MH11
         |  `--Haltichella Spinola 1811 MH11, B88 (see below for synonymy)
         |       |--*H. bispinosa [=Chalcis bispinosa; incl. H. rufipes] B88
         |       |--H. macrocera Waterston 1922 B88
         |       `--H. magnidens (Girault 1917) [=Stomatoceras magnidens] B88
         `--+--+--Antrocephalus MH11
            |  `--+--Kriechbaumerella Dalla Torre 1894 MH11, B88 (see below for synonymy)
            |     |    |--*K. palpebrator [=*Coelops palpebrator] B88
            |     |    `--‘Stomatoceras’ magrettii [=*Eucepsis magrettii] B88
            |     `--Hockeria Walker 1834 MH11, B88 (see below for synonymy)
            |          |--H. bifasciata [incl. Chalcis bispinosa Kirby 1833 (preoc.), *H. bispinosa] B88
            |          |--‘*Afrhockeria’ basilewskyi B88
            |          |--H. dioculata (Girault 1930) [=*Hockerella dioculata] B88
            |          |--‘Halticella’ liberator [=*Stomatoceras liberator] B88
            |          `--‘Stomatoceras’ sulcatiscutellum Girault 1917 G17
            `--Hybothoracini MH11
                 |  i. s.: Nearretocera Girault 1913 [incl. Arretoceroides Girault 1915] B88
                 |           `--*N. johnstoni Girault 1913 [incl. *Arretoceroides feralis Girault 1915] B88
                 |         Xenarretocera Girault 1926 B88
                 |           `--*X. superba Girault 1926 B88
                 |         Notaspidiella Bouček 1988 B88
                 |           |--*N. tirathabae [=Irichohalticella tirathabae] B88
                 |           `--N. frater [=Hybothorax frater] B88
                 |         Nipponochalcidia Habu 1976 B88
                 |           |--*N. kajimurai [=Euchalcidia kajimurai] B88
                 |           `--N. hexcarinata (Girault 1925) B88 (see below for synonymy)
                 |         Steninvreia Bouček 1988 B88
                 |           |--*S. tricarinata (Girault 1927) [=Xenarretocera tricarinata] B88
                 |           |--S. edgari Bouček 1988 B88
                 |           `--S. petiolata Bouček 1988 B88
                 |         Invreia Masi 1927 (see below for synonymy) B88
                 |           |--*I. subaenea B88
                 |           |--‘Euchalcis’ doriae [=Euchalcidia doriae] B88
                 |           |--‘*Euchalcidia’ elegantula B88
                 |           `--I. soudanensis [=*Hyperchalcidia soudanensis] B88
                 |         Proconura Dodd in Girault 1915 B88
                 |           |--*P. politiventris Dodd & Girault in Girault 1915 B88
                 |           |--P. caryobori B88
                 |           |--P. dexius (Walker 1838) [=Hockeria dexius] B88
                 |           |--P. murrayi (Girault 1929) [=Xenarretocera murrayi] B88
                 |           |--P. parvula (Girault & Dodd in Girault 1915) [=Haltichella parvula] B88
                 |           |--P. seminigripes (Girault 1926) (see below for synonymy) B88
                 |           |--P. shakespearei Girault 1928 B88
                 |           `--P. v-carinata (Girault 1927) [=Xenarretocera v-carinata] B88
                 |--Notaspidium Dalla Torre 1897 MH11, B88 [=Notaspis Walker 1834 non Hermann 1804 B88]
                 |    |--*N. formiciforme [=*Notaspis formiciformis] B88
                 |    `--N. papuanum Bouček 1988 B88
                 `--+--Schwarzella Ashmead 1904 MH11, B88
                    |    `--S. americana MH11
                    `--Irichohalticella Cameron 1912 MH11, B88 [=Irichohaltichella (l. c.) B88]
                         |--*I. pilosella Cameron 1912 B88
                         |--I. atritegula (Girault 1922) [=Nearretocera atritegula] B88
                         |--I. coccinipes Girault 1928 B88
                         |--I. fuscipennis (Dodd & Girault in Girault 1915) [=Nearretocera fuscipennis] B88
                         |--I. multistriata Girault 1927 [=Irichohaltichella (l. c.) multistriata] B88
                         |--I. persimilis (Dodd in Girault 1915) [=Nearretocera persimilis] B88
                         |--I. rubricornis (Dodd in Girault 1915) [=Nearretocera rubricornis] B88
                         |--I. silvae Girault 1927 [=Irichohaltichella (l. c.) silvae] B88
                         `--I. silvifilia Girault 1927 [=Irichohaltichella (l. c.) silvifilia] B88

Allochalcis subfasciata (Walker 1871) [=Halticella subfasciata; incl. Stomatoceras unrubripunctus Girault 1924] B88

Haltichella Spinola 1811 MH11, B88 [=Halticella Stephens 1829 B88; incl. Haltichellodes Steffan 1955 B88, Microchalcis Kieffer 1905 B88]

Hockeria Walker 1834 MH11, B88 [incl. Afrhockeria Steffan 1955 B88, Afrochalcis Schmitz 1946 B88, Centrochalcis Cameron 1905 B88, Hockerella Girault 1930 B88, Hypochalcis Girault 1915 B88, Stomatoceras Kirby 1833 B88]

Invreia Masi 1927 [incl. Euchalcidia Masi 1927, Hyperchalcidia Steffan 1951, Parinvreia Steffan 1951, Peltochalcidia Steffan 1948] B88

Kriechbaumerella Dalla Torre 1894 MH11, B88 [=Coelops Kriechbaumer 1894 non Blyth 1849 B88; incl. Eucepsis Steffan 1953 B88]

Nipponochalcidia hexcarinata (Girault 1925) B88 [=Nearretocera hexcarinata B88, Xenarretocera hexcarinata G26]

Proconura seminigripes (Girault 1926) [=Xenarretocera seminigripes; incl. Nearretocera longipedicel Girault 1926] B88

*Trichoxenia cineraria (Walker 1871) [=Halticella cineraria; incl. *Megachilochalcis auricomosus Girault 1915, M. auricomosa, M. marginatipennis Girault 1926] B88

*Type species of generic name indicated

REFERENCES

[B88] Bouček, Z. 1988. Australasian Chalcidoidea (Hymenoptera): A biosystematic revision of genera of fourteen families, with a reclassification of species. CAB International: Wallingford (UK).

[G17] Girault, A. A. 1917. Descriptiones hymenopterorum chalcidoidicarum variorum cum observationibus. V. Privately published (reprinted Gordh, G., A. S. Menke, E. C. Dahms & J. C. Hall. 1979. The privately printed papers of A. A. Girault. Memoirs of the American Entomological Institute 28: 116-131).

[G26] Girault, A. A. 1926. New pests from Australia. Privately published (reprinted Gordh, G., A. S. Menke, E. C. Dahms & J. C. Hall. 1979. The privately printed papers of A. A. Girault. Memoirs of the American Entomological Institute 28: 199).

[MH11] Munro, J. B., J. M. Heraty, R. A. Burks, D. Hawks, J. Mottern, A. Cruaud, J.-Y. Rasplus & P. Jansta. 2011. A molecular phylogeny of the Chalcidoidea (Hymenoptera). PLoS One 6 (11): e27023.