Panephemeroptera

Nymph of Mesogenesia petersae, from Staniczek et al. (2011); scale bar = 2 mm.

Belongs within: Palaeoptera.
Contains: Permoplectoptera, Furcatergalia, Pisciformia.

The Panephemeroptera are the clade of insects including the modern Ephemeroptera, mayflies, and their fossil relatives. Mayflies spend the greater part of their life cycle as aquatic nymphs (called naiads), with the emergent stage of their life-cycle (including two instars, the sub-adult subimago and the fully mature imago) being non-feeding and short-lived.

<==Panephemeroptera SBG11
    |--Syntonopteroidea SBG11
    |    |--Miracopteron [Miracopteridae] SBG11
    |    |    `--M. mirabile R02
    |    `--Syntonopteridae GE05
    |         |--Syntonoptera schucherti RJ93
    |         |--Gallolithoneura SBG11
    |         |--Anglolithoneura SBG11
    |         `--Lithoneura GE05
    |              |--L. lameerei GE05
    |              `--L. mirifica R02
    `--Ephemerida [Ephemeropteroidea, Plectoptera, Protereismatina, Reticulata] SBG11
         |  i. s.: Turphanella Demoulin 1954 KS02
         |         Siphoplecton KS02
         |         Geisfeldiella KS02
         |         Aphelophlebodes KS02
         |         Siphangarus S02
         |         Bolbonyx ludibriosus S02
         |         Mesopalingea lerida S02
         |         Cratoligoneuriella S02
         |         Stenonema interpunctatum M47
         |           |--S. i. interpunctatum M47
         |           |--S. i. canadense M47
         |           |--S. i. frontale M47
         |           `--S. i. heterotarsale M47
         |         Siphlonisca aerodromia MH96
         |         Campylocia anceps D70
         |         Dolania americana K-P83
         |         Ephoron virgo (Olivier 1791) M86
         |         Parameletus K03
         |           |--P. chelifer Bengtsson 1908 K03
         |           `--P. columbiae PC91
         |         Tintorina Krzeminski & Lombardo 2001 KL01 [Tintoriniidae GE05]
         |           `--*T. meridensis Krzeminski & Lombardo 2001 (see below for synonymy) KL01
         |--Permoplectoptera SBG11
         `--Heptabranchia SBG11
              |--Mickoleitiidae [Coxoplectoptera] SBG11
              |    |--Mickoleitia Staniczek, Bechly & Godunko 2011 SBG11
              |    |    `--*M. longimanus Staniczek, Bechly & Godunko 2011 SBG11
              |    `--Mesogenesia Tshernova 1977 SBG11, KS02 [incl. Archaeobehningia Tshernova 1977 SBG11]
              |         |--‘Archaeobehningia’ edmundsi RJ93
              |         `--M. petersae Tshernova 1977 SBG11
              `--Ephemeroptera [Euephemeroptera, Euplectoptera] SBG11
                   |  i. s.: Chironetes albimanicatus RD77
                   |--Ephemerina [Anteriotorna, Bidentiseta, Schistonota] KS02
                   |    |--Furcatergalia GE05
                   |    `--Pisciformia GE05
                   `--Baetiscina [Posteritorna, Prosopistomatoidea] KS02
                        |--Baetisca [Baetiscidae, Baetiscoidea, Carapacea] PC91
                        `--Prosopistomatidae KS02
                             |--Myanmarella rossi KS02
                             `--Prosopistoma PC91

*Tintorina meridensis Krzeminski & Lombardo 2001 [=T. triassica Krzeminski & Lombardo 2001 (n. n.)] KL01

*Type species of generic name indicated

REFERENCES

[D70] Demoulin, G. 1970. Contribution a la connaisance de ephemeropteres du Miocene. I. Siphlurites explanatus Cockerell. Bulletin de l’Institut Royal des Sciences Naturelles de Belgique 46 (5): 1–4.

[GE05] Grimaldi, D., & M. S. Engel. 2005. Evolution of the Insects. Cambridge University Press: New York.

[K03] Kluge, N. J. 2003. About evolution and homology of genital appendages of insects. Trudy Russkogo Entomologicheskogo Obshestva [Proceedings of the Russian Entomological Society] 74: 3–16.

[KS02] Kluge, N. Yu., & N. D. Sinitshenkova. 2002. Order Ephemerida Latreille, 1810. The true mayflies (=Ephemeroptera Hyatt et Arms, 1891 (s. l.); =Euephemeroptera Kluge, 2000. In: Rasnitsyn, A. P., & D. L. J. Quicke (eds) History of Insects pp. 89–97. Kluwer Academic Publishers: Dordrecht.

[KL01] Krzeminski, W., & C. Lombardo. 2001. New fossil Ephemeroptera and Coleoptera from the Ladinian (Middle Triassic) of Canton Ticino (Switzerland). Rivista Italiana di Paleontologia e Stratigrafia 107 (1): 69–78.

[K-P83] Kukalová-Peck, J. 1983. Origin of the insect wing and wing articulation from the arthropodan leg. Canadian Journal of Zoology 61: 1618–1669.

[M86] Marten, M. 1986. Drei für Deutschland neue und weitere, selten gefundene Eintagsfliegen aus der Fulda (Insecta, Ephemeroptera). Spixiana 9 (2): 169–173.

[M47] Mayr, E. 1947. Ecological factors in speciation. Evolution 1: 263–288.

[MH96] Miller, S. A., & J. P. Harley. 1996. Zoology 3^rd ed. Wm. C. Brown Publishers: Dubuque (Iowa).

[PC91] Peters, W. L., & I. C. Campbell. 1991. Ephemeroptera (mayflies). In: CSIRO. The Insects of Australia: A textbook for students and research workers vol. 1 pp. 279–293. Melbourne University Press: Carlton (Victoria).

[R02] Rasnitsyn, A. P. 2002. Cohors Libelluliformes Laicharting, 1781 (=Subulicornes Latreille, 1807, =Hydropalaeoptera Rohdendorf, 1968). In: Rasnitsyn, A. P., & D. L. J. Quicke (eds) History of Insects pp. 85–89. Kluwer Academic Publishers: Dordrecht.

[RD77] Richards, O. W., & R. G. Davies. 1977. Imms' General Textbook of Entomology 10^th ed. vol. 2. Classification and Biology. Chapman and Hall: London.

[RJ93] Ross, A. J., & E. A. Jarzembowski. 1993. Arthropoda (Hexapoda; Insecta). In: Benton, M. J. (ed.) The Fossil Record 2 pp. 363–426. Chapman & Hall: London.

[S02] Sinitshenkova, N. D. 2002. Ecological history of the aquatic insects. In: Rasnitsyn, A. P., & D. L. J. Quicke (eds) History of Insects pp. 388–426. Kluwer Academic Publishers: Dordrecht.

[SBG11] Staniczek, A. H., G. Bechly & R. J. Godunko. 2011. Coxoplectoptera, a new fossil order of Palaeoptera (Arthropoda: Insecta), with comments on the phylogeny of the stem group of mayflies (Ephemeroptera). Insect Systematics and Evolution 42: 101–138.

Coenagrionidae

Female blue riverdamsel Pseudagrion microcephalum, copyright Renjusplace.

Belongs within: Zygoptera.
Contains: Ischnura, Agriocnemis.

The Coenagrionidae are a cosmopolitan group of damselflies whose adults are commonly found skimming over still or sluggish waters (Watson & O'Farrell 1991).

Characters (from Theischinger & Hawking 2006): Usually brightly coloured, often vivid red or blue with black markings. Anal vein long; supplementary longitudinal veins absent in distal portion of wings. Larva without a median cleft on premental ligula; one to eight pairs of premental setae, three to eight pairs of palpal setae; caudal gills leaf-like, subnodate or denodate, without prominent main tracheole, held vertically.

<==Coenagrionidae [Coenagriidae]
    |--Ischnurinae [Ischnurainae] WO91
    |    |--Ischnura TH06
    |    `--Aciagrion fragile (Tillyard 1906) WO91, TH06
    |--Coenagrion TH06 [Coenagrioninae WO91]
    |    |--C. brisbanense O70
    |    |--C. haustulatum WP99
    |    |--C. lyelli (Tillyard 1913) TH06
    |    `--C. puella (Linnaeus 1758) FB03
    |--Agriocnemidinae WO91
    |    |--Agriocnemis TH06
    |    |--Argiocnemis rubescens Selys 1877 WO91, TH06
    |    `--Austrocnemis WO91
    |         |--A. maccullochi (Tillyard 1926) TH06
    |         |--A. obscura Theischinger & Watson 1991 TH06
    |         `--A. splendida (Martin 1901) TH06
    |--Amphicnemidinae WO91
    |    |--Archibasis mimetes (Tillyard 1913) WO91, TH06
    |    |--Teinobasis WO91
    |    |    |--T. ariel TH06
    |    |    `--T. rufithorax (Selys 1877) TH06
    |    `--Amphicnemis SL89
    |         |--A. ecornuta Selys Longchamps 1889 SL89
    |         |--A. furcata SL89
    |         |--A. lestoides SL89
    |         `--A. wallacii SL89
    `--Pseudagrioninae WO91
         |--Xanthagrion erythroneurum (Selys 1876) WO91, TH06
         |--Caliagrion billinghursti (Martin 1901) WO91, TH06
         |--Ceriagrion WO91
         |    |--C. aeruginosum (Brauer 1869) TH06
         |    |--C. cerinorubellum [=Agrion cerinorubellum] SL89
         |    |--C. coromandelianum (Fabr. 1798) [=Agrion coromandelianum] K00
         |    `--C. melanurum K00
         |--Austroagrion WO91
         |    |--A. cyane (Selys 1876) TH06
         |    |--A. exclamationis Campion 1915 TH06
         |    |--A. pindrina Watson 1969 TH06
         |    `--A. watsoni Lieftinck 1982 TH06
         `--Pseudagrion TH06
              |--P. aureofrons Tillyard 1906 TH06
              |--P. cingillum (Brauer 1869) TH06
              |--P. ignifer Tillyard 1906 TH06
              |--P. jedda Watson & Theischinger 1991 TH06
              |--P. lucifer Theischinger 1997 TH06
              |    |--P. l. lucifer TH06
              |    `--P. l. aureum TH06
              |--P. microcephalum (Rambur 1842) TH06
              `--P. pruinosum [=Agrion pruinosum] SL89

Coenagrionidae incertae sedis:
  Xanthocnemis zelandica (McLachlan 1873) HL02
  Pyrrhosoma nymphula (Sulzer 1776) FB03
  Hetaerina TW05
    |--H. americana TW05
    `--H. titia P74
  Argia TW05
    |--A. emma P74
    |--A. lugens P74
    `--A. vivida TW05
  Megalagrion O94
    |--M. oahuense W92
    `--M. pacificum H91
  Nehalennia speciosa (Charpentier 1840) P74, I92
  Enallagma P74
    |--E. boreale P74
    |--E. carunculatum P74
    |--E. cyathigerum P74
    `--E. praevarum P74

*Type species of generic name indicated

REFERENCES

[FB03] Fleck, G., G. Bechly, X. Martínez-Delclòs, E. Jarzembowski, R. Coram & A. Nel. 2003. Phylogeny and classification of the Stenophlebioptera (Odonata: Epiproctophora). Annales de la Societe Entomologique de France 39 (1): 55–93.

[HL02] Haacks, M., & A. Lehmann. 2002. Some observations on dragonflies (Insecta: Odonata) throughout New Zealand. Weta 24: 13–17.

[H91] Howarth, F. G. 1991. Environmental impacts of classical biological control. Annual Review of Entomology 36: 485–509.

[I92] Iwahashi, J. (ed.) 1992. Reddo Deeta Animaruzu: a pictorial of Japanese fauna facing extinction. JICC: Tokyo.

[K00] Kirby, W. F. 1900. On a small collection of Odonata (dragonflies) from Hainan, collected by the late John Whitehead. Annals and Magazine of Natural History, series 7, 5: 530–539, pl. 12.

[O70] O’Farrell, A. F. 1970. Odonata (dragonflies and damselflies). In: CSIRO. The Insects of Australia: A textbook for students and research workers pp. 241–261. Melbourne University Press.

[O94] Otte, D. 1994. The Crickets of Hawaii: origin, systematics and evolution. The Orthopterists' Society: The Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia.

[P74] Paulson, D. R. 1974. Reproductive isolation in damselflies. Systematic Zoology 23 (1): 40–49.

[SL89] Selys Longchamps, E. de. 1889. Odonates de Sumatra comprenant les espèces recueillies à Pulo Nias par M. le D.^r E. Modigliani. Annali del Museo Civico di Storia Naturale di Genova, Serie 2^a, 7: 444–484.

[TW05] Terry, M. D., & M. F. Whiting. 2005. Mantophasmatodea and phylogeny of the lower neopterous insects. Cladistics 21: 240–257.

[TH06] Theischinger, G., & J. Hawking. 2006. The Complete Field Guide to Dragonflies of Australia. CSIRO Publishing: Collingwood (Victoria).

[WP99] Walter, D. E., & H. C. Proctor. 1999. Mites: Ecology, Evolution and Behaviour. CABI Publishing: Wallingford (UK).

[WO91] Watson, J. A. L., & A. F. O’Farrell. 1991. Odonata (dragonflies and damselflies). In: CSIRO. The Insects of Australia: A textbook for students and research workers vol. 1 pp. 294–310. Melbourne University Press: Carlton (Victoria).

[W92] Wilson, E. O. 1992. The Diversity of Life. Harvard University Press: Belknap (USA).

Isostictidae

Southern pinflies Neosticta canescens, copyright Damian White.

Belongs within: Zygoptera.

The Isostictidae are a group of dull-coloured damselflies found in Australia, New Guinea and New Caledonia (Watson & O'Farrell 1991).

Characters (from Theischinger & Hawking 2006): Slender, medium-sized to large damselflies, pale brown to dark greenish grey, rarely black, thorax and abdomen sometimes pruinose. Anal vein absent; CuP one to several cells long. Larva with at least two pairs of premental setae, premental ligula may have a median cleft; caudal gills long, distinctly nodate, apically pointed.

<==Isostictidae [Isostictinae] TH06
    |--Lithosticta macra Watson 1991 TH06
    |--Labidiosticta vallisi (Fraser 1955) TH06
    |--Isosticta simplex WO91, T09
    |--Phasmosticta O70
    |--Oristicta TH06
    |    |--O. filicola Tillyard 1913 TH06
    |    `--O. vallisi WO91
    |--Rhadinosticta TH06
    |    |--R. banksi (Tillyard 1913) [incl. R. handschini] TH06
    |    `--R. simplex (Martin 1901) TH06
    |--Austrosticta TH06
    |    |--A. fieldi Tillyard 1908 TH06
    |    |--A. frater Theischinger 1997 TH06
    |    `--A. soror Sjöstedt 1917 TH06
    |--Eurysticta TH06
    |    |--E. coolawanyah Watson 1969 TH06
    |    |--E. coomalie Watson 1991 TH06
    |    |--E. kununurra Watson 1991 TH06
    |    `--E. reevesi Theischinger 2001 TH06
    `--Neosticta TH06
         |--N. canescens Tillyard 1913 TH06
         |    |--N. c. canescens TH06
         |    `--N. c. dorrigoensis TH06
         |--N. fraseri Watson 1991 TH06
         `--N. silvarum (Sjöstedt 1917) TH06

*Type species of generic name indicated

REFERENCES

[O70] O’Farrell, A. F. 1970. Odonata (dragonflies and damselflies). In: CSIRO. The Insects of Australia: A textbook for students and research workers pp. 241–261. Melbourne University Press.

[TH06] Theischinger, G., & J. Hawking. 2006. The Complete Field Guide to Dragonflies of Australia. CSIRO Publishing: Collingwood (Victoria).

[T09] Tillyard, R. J. 1909. Notes and exhibits. Proceedings of the Linnean Society of New South Wales 33: 797–798.

[WO91] Watson, J. A. L., & A. F. O’Farrell. 1991. Odonata (dragonflies and damselflies). In: CSIRO. The Insects of Australia: A textbook for students and research workers vol. 1 pp. 294–310. Melbourne University Press: Carlton (Victoria).

Paneurypalpidomorpha

Western river cruiser Macromia magnifica, copyright Jim Johnson.

Belongs within: Brachystigmata.
Contains: Libellulidae, Hemicorduliidae, Synthemistidae.

The Paneurypalpidomorpha are a clade of dragonflies in which the wings have the anterior margin of the hypertriangle distinctly convex, and the primary antenodals close together (Bechly & Ueda 2002).

Synapomorphies (from Bechly & Ueda 2002) Anterior margin of hypertriangle distinctly convex, especially in the hindwings, because of a basally arched MA; primary antenodal Ax1 in fore wing shifted basal of level of distal angle of discoidal triangle; Ax1 and Ax2 in both pairs of wings relatively close together with not more than one secondary antenodal crossvein between them; lestine oblique vein only 1–2 cells distad of subnodus in both pairs of wings; forewing discoidal triangle more or less transverse instead of elongate; discoidal triangles unicellular in both pairs of wings (occasionally reversed in hind wing).

<==Paneurypalpidomorpha BU02
    |--Juracordulia Bechly 1998 [Juracorduliidae] BU02
    |    `--J. schiemenzi Bechly 1998 BU02
    `--Eurypalpidomorpha BU02
         |--Valdicordulioidea BU02
         |    |--Valdicorduliidae BU02
         |    `--Araripephlebiidae BU02
         `--Eurypalpidiformia BU02
              |--Eocordulia R02 [Eocorduliidae BU02]
              |    `--E. cretacea Pritykina 1986 RJ93
              `--Libelluloidea [Paneurypalpida] BU02
                   |  i. s.: Palaeolibellula S02
                   |--Libellulidae TH06
                   |--Hemicorduliidae WO91
                   |--Synthemistidae WO91
                   |--Oxygastridae TH06
                   |    |--Hesperocordulia berthoudi Tillyard 1911 WO91, TH06
                   |    `--Oxygastra TH06
                   |--Pseudocordulia Tillyard 1909 T09 [Pseudocorduliidae TH06]
                   |    |--*P. circularis Tillyard 1909 T09
                   |    `--P. elliptica Tillyard 1913 TH06
                   |--Gomphomacromiidae [Gomphomacromiinae] WO91
                   |    |--Gomphomacromia Brauer 1864 FB03
                   |    |    |--*G. paradoxa T09
                   |    |    `--G. volxemi T09
                   |    `--Archaeophya TH06
                   |         |--A. adamsi Fraser 1959 TH06
                   |         `--A. magnifica Theischinger & Watson 1978 TH06
                   |--Cordulephyidae [Cordulephyinae] FB03
                   |    |--Neocordulia TH06
                   |    `--Cordulephya TH06
                   |         |--*C. pygmaea Selys 1870 T09, TH06
                   |         |--C. bidens Sjöstedt 1917 TH06
                   |         |--C. divergens Tillyard 1917 TH06
                   |         `--C. montana Tillyard 1911 TH06
                   |--Urothemistidae [Macrodiplactidae, Urothemistinae] TH06
                   |    |--Macrodiplax cora (Kaup 1867) TH06
                   |    |--Urothemis TH06
                   |    |    |--U. aliena Selys 1878 TH06
                   |    |    `--U. sanguinea [=Libellula sanguinea; incl. L. signata] SL89
                   |    `--Aethriamanta TH06
                   |         |--A. circumsignata Selys 1897 TH06
                   |         `--A. nymphaeae Lieftinck 1949 TH06
                   |--Macromiidae [Macromiinae] GE05
                   |    |--Pseudomacromia [Pseudomacromiidae] GE05
                   |    |    `--P. sensibilis Carle & Wighton 1990 RJ93
                   |    `--Macromia TH06
                   |         |--M. cincta SL89
                   |         |--M. clio Ris 1916 I92
                   |         |--M. kubokaiya Asahina 1964 I92
                   |         |--M. magnifica A99
                   |         |--M. splendens T09
                   |         |--M. tillyardi Martin 1906 TH06
                   |         |--M. urania Ris 1916 I92
                   |         |--M. viridescens Tillyard 1911 TH06
                   |         `--M. westwoodii SL89
                   |--Corduliidae [Cordulinae] WO91
                   |    |--Pentathemis membranulata Karsch 1890 TH06
                   |    |--Metaphya tillyardi Ris 1913 TH06
                   |    |--Dorocordulia A07
                   |    |--Epitheca P74
                   |    |--Helocordulia P74
                   |    |--Neurocordulia P74
                   |    |--Somatochlora A07
                   |    |--Cordulia aenea K01
                   |    |--Didymops A07
                   |    |--Epicordulia A07
                   |    |--Tetragoneuria A07
                   |    |--*Neophya rutherfordi T09
                   |    `--Syncordulia T09
                   `--Austrocorduliidae TH06
                        |--Apocordulia macrops Watson 1980 TH06
                        |--Austrophya Tillyard 1909 TH06, T09
                        |    `--*A. mystica Tillyard 1909 T09
                        |--Lathrocordulia TH06
                        |    |--L. garrisoni Theischinger & Watson 1991 TH06
                        |    `--L. metallica Tillyard 1911 TH06
                        |--Micromidia TH06
                        |    |--M. atrifrons (McLachlan 1883) TH06
                        |    |--M. convergens Theischinger & Watson 1978 TH06
                        |    `--M. rodericki Fraser 1959 TH06
                        `--Austrocordulia Tillyard 1908 T09
                             |--*A. refracta Tillyard 1909 T09
                             |    |--A. r. refracta TH06
                             |    `--A. r. jurzitzai TH06
                             |--A. leonardi Theischinger 1973 TH06
                             `--A. territoria Theischinger & Watson 1978 TH06

*Type species of generic name indicated

REFERENCES

[A07] Anderson, T. M. 2007. An assessment of water mite parasitism of dragonflies based on museum collections. In: Morales-Malacara, J. B., V. M. Behan-Pelletier, E. Ueckermann, T. M. Pérez, E. G. Estrada-Venegas & M. Badii (eds) Acarology XI: Proceedings of the International Congress pp. 61–69. Instituto de Biología and Faculdad de Ciencias, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Sociedad Latinoamericana de Acarología: México.

[A99] Ax, P. 1999. Das System der Metazoa II. Ein Lehrbuch der phylogenetischen Systematik. Gustav Fisher Verlag: Stuttgart (translated: 2000. Multicellular Animals: The phylogenetic system of the Metazoa vol. 2. Springer).

[BU02] Bechly, G., & K. Ueda. 2002. The first fossil record and first New World record for the dragonfly clade Chlorogomphida (Insecta: Odonata: Anisoptera: Araripechlorogomphidae n. fam.) from the Crato Limestone (Lower Cretaceous, Brazil). Stuttgarter Beiträge zur Naturkunde Serie B (Geologie und Paläontologie) 328: 1–11.

[FB03] Fleck, G., G. Bechly, X. Martínez-Delclòs, E. Jarzembowski, R. Coram & A. Nel. 2003. Phylogeny and classification of the Stenophlebioptera (Odonata: Epiproctophora). Annales de la Societe Entomologique de France 39 (1): 55–93.

[GE05] Grimaldi, D., & M. S. Engel. 2005. Evolution of the Insects. Cambridge University Press: New York.

[I92] Iwahashi, J. (ed.) 1992. Reddo Deeta Animaruzu: a pictorial of Japanese fauna facing extinction. JICC: Tokyo.

[K01] Klapálek, F. 1901. Neuropteroidák [Neuropteroiden]. In: Horváth, G. (ed.) Zichy Jenő Gróf Harmadik Ázsiai Utazása [Dritte Asiatische Forschungsreise des Grafen Eugen Zichy] vol. 2. Zichy Jenő Gróf Harmadik Ázsiai Utazásának Állattani Eredményei [Zoologische Ergebnisse der Dritten Asiatischen Forschungsreise des Grafen Eugen Zichy] pp. 203–221. Victor Hornyánszky: Budapest, and Karl W. Hierseman: Leipzig.

[P74] Paulson, D. R. 1974. Reproductive isolation in damselflies. Systematic Zoology 23 (1): 40–49.

[R02] Rasnitsyn, A. P. 2002. Special features of the study of fossil insects. In: Rasnitsyn, A. P., & D. L. J. Quicke (eds) History of Insects pp. 8–12. Kluwer Academic Publishers: Dordrecht.

[RJ93] Ross, A. J., & E. A. Jarzembowski. 1993. Arthropoda (Hexapoda; Insecta). In: Benton, M. J. (ed.) The Fossil Record 2 pp. 363–426. Chapman & Hall: London.

[SL89] Selys Longchamps, E. de. 1889. Odonates de Sumatra comprenant les espèces recueillies à Pulo Nias par M. le D.^r E. Modigliani. Annali del Museo Civico di Storia Naturale di Genova, Serie 2^a, 7: 444–484.

[S02] Sinitshenkova, N. D. 2002. Ecological history of the aquatic insects. In: Rasnitsyn, A. P., & D. L. J. Quicke (eds) History of Insects pp. 388–426. Kluwer Academic Publishers: Dordrecht.

[TH06] Theischinger, G., & J. Hawking. 2006. The Complete Field Guide to Dragonflies of Australia. CSIRO Publishing: Collingwood (Victoria).

[T09] Tillyard, R. J. 1909. On some remarkable Australian Corduliinae, with descriptions of new species. Proceedings of the Linnean Society of New South Wales 33: 737–751, pls 21–22.

[WO91] Watson, J. A. L., & A. F. O’Farrell. 1991. Odonata (dragonflies and damselflies). In: CSIRO. The Insects of Australia: A textbook for students and research workers vol. 1 pp. 294–310. Melbourne University Press: Carlton (Victoria).

Brachystigmata

Male (above) and female Chlorogomphus magnificus, copyright Wildan Ardani.

Belongs within: Cavilabiata.
Contains: Paneurypalpidomorpha.

The Brachystigmata are a clade of dragonflies that mostly have fairly short pterostigmata in the wings (Bechly & Ueda 2002).

Synapomorphies (from Bechly & Ueda 2002): Wings with relatively short pterostigmata that cover only 1–3 complete cells (reversed in Libellulinae); “gaff” (= basal CuA before its branching) in hind wing strongly prolonged and very straight in the groundplan (sigmoidal in Eurypalpidomorpha); area between MP and CuA basally widened with more than one row of cells (reversed in some subclades); terminal branch of CuAa secondarily branched on CuA (inapplicable whe CuAa is secondarily unbranched); RP3/4 and MA strictly parallel up to the hind margin; area between RP2 and IR2 distally distinctly widened, with more than one cell row in the distal half (sometimes reversed).

<==Brachystigmata BU02
    |--Nannogomphidae BU02
    `--Paucipostnodalia BU02
         |--Prohemeroscopus Bechly et al. 1998 [Prohemeroscopidae] BU02
         |    |--*P. jurassicus BU02
         |    `--P. kuehnapfeli BU02
         `--Eubrachystigmata BU02
              |--Hemeroscopus R02 [Hemeroscopidae BU02]
              |    `--H. baissicus Pritykina 1977 R02
              `--Neobrachystigmata BU02
                   |--Paneurypalpidomorpha BU02
                   `--Chlorogomphida BU02
                        |--Araripechlorogomphus Bechly & Ueda 2002 [Araripechlorogomphidae] BU02
                        |    `--*A. muratai Bechly & Ueda 2002 BU02
                        `--Chlorogomphoidea BU02
                             |--Chloropetaliidae [Chloropetaliinae] BU02
                             `--Chlorogomphus SL89 [Chlorogomphinae BU02]
                                  |--C. brevistigma I92
                                  |    |--C. b. brevistigma I92
                                  |    `--C. b. okinawensis Ishida 1964 I92
                                  |--C. brunneus Oguma 1926 I92
                                  |    |--C. b. brunneus I92
                                  |    |--C. b. costalis I92
                                  |    `--C. b. keramensis Asahina 1972 I92
                                  |--C. hyalinus SL89
                                  |--C. iriomotensis Ishida 1972 I92
                                  |--C. magnificus SL89
                                  `--C. papilio RD77

*Type species of generic name indicated

REFERENCES

[BU02] Bechly, G., & K. Ueda. 2002. The first fossil record and first New World record for the dragonfly clade Chlorogomphida (Insecta: Odonata: Anisoptera: Araripechlorogomphidae n. fam.) from the Crato Limestone (Lower Cretaceous, Brazil). Stuttgarter Beiträge zur Naturkunde Serie B (Geologie und Paläontologie) 328: 1–11.

[I92] Iwahashi, J. (ed.) 1992. Reddo Deeta Animaruzu: a pictorial of Japanese fauna facing extinction. JICC: Tokyo.

[R02] Rasnitsyn, A. P. 2002. Special features of the study of fossil insects. In: Rasnitsyn, A. P., & D. L. J. Quicke (eds) History of Insects pp. 8–12. Kluwer Academic Publishers: Dordrecht.

[RD77] Richards, O. W., & R. G. Davies. 1977. Imms' General Textbook of Entomology 10^th ed. vol. 2. Classification and Biology. Chapman and Hall: London.

[SL89] Selys Longchamps, E. de. 1889. Odonates de Sumatra comprenant les espèces recueillies à Pulo Nias par M. le D.^r E. Modigliani. Annali del Museo Civico di Storia Naturale di Genova, Serie 2^a, 7: 444–484.

Palaeoptera

Reconstructed wings of Lycocercus goldenbergi, from Kukalová (1969).

Belongs within: Pterygota.
Contains: Panephemeroptera, Odonatoptera, Diaphanopterodea, Megasecoptera, Eugereonoidea, Spilapteroidea.

The Palaeoptera are a group of insects in which the wings are ancestrally held extending laterally from the body at rest and cannot be folded back flat over the abdomen. They include the modern mayflies and dragonflies, together with the Palaeodictyoptera, a group of usually large (sometimes extremely large) plant-sucking insects known from the latest Early Carboniferous to the Late Permian (Sinitshenkova 2002).

<==Palaeoptera SBG11
    |--Hydropalaeoptera [Syntonopterida, Syntonopterodea] SBG11
    |    |  i. s.: Aedoeophasma anglica R02
    |    |--Triplosoba [Protephemerida, Protephemeroptera, Triplosobida, Triplosobidae] SBG11
    |    |    `--*T. pulchella R02
    |    |--Panephemeroptera SBG11
    |    |--Odonatoptera SBG11
    |    `--Bojophlebia [Bojophlebiidae] SBG11
    |         `--B. prokopi SBG11
    `--Palaeodictyopteroidea [Dictyoneuridea, Palaeodictyopterida] GC12
         |  i. s.: Namuroningxiidae [Namuronigxiidae] SBG11
         |--+--Diaphanopterodea GE05
         |  `--Megasecoptera GE05
         `--Palaeodictyoptera [Dictyoneurida, Paleodictyoptera] GE05
              |  i. s.: Rochdalia parkeri K-P91
              |         Idoptilus onisciformis K-P83
              |         Stenodictya lobata GE05
              |         Mazothairos enormis GE05, K-P91
              |         Moravia grandis GE05
              |         Permoneuridae RJ93
              |         Straeleniella [Straeleniellidae] RJ93
              |           `--S. namurensis Laurentiaux-Vieira & Laurentiaux 1986 RJ93
              |--Frankenholziina S02
              |    |--Frankenholzioidea S02
              |    |    |--Psychroptilus Z02 [Psychroptilidae S02]
              |    |    `--+--Dictyoneurellidae S02
              |    |       `--Frankenholzia RJ93 [Frankenholziidae S02]
              |    |            `--F. culmanni RJ93
              |    `--Arcioneuroidea S02
              |         |--Arcioneuridae S02
              |         |--Elmoboriidae S02
              |         `--+--Eubrodia Carpenter 1967 [Eubrodiidae] S02
              |            `--Eukuloja [Eukulojidae] S02
              |                 `--E. cubitalis S02
              `--Dictyoneurina S02
                   |  i. s.: Archaeoptilidae S02
                   |         Lithoptilidae S02
                   |         Mecynoptera tuberculata S02
                   |--+--Eugereonoidea S02
                   |  `--Dictyoneuroidea S02
                   |       |--Peromapteridae S02
                   |       |--Saarlandiidae S02
                   |       `--Dictyoneuridae S02
                   |            |--Palaeoneura qiligouensis Hon 1985 S02, RJ93
                   |            `--Schmidtopteron adictyon RJ93
                   `--+--+--Calvertielloidea S02
                      |  |    |--Mongolodictyidae S02
                      |  |    `--Sharovia [Calvertiellidae] S02
                      |  |         `--S. sojanica S02
                      |  `--Breyerioidea S02
                      |       |--Stobsiidae S02
                      |       |--Cryptoveniidae S02
                      |       `--Breyeriidae S02
                      |            |--Jugobreyeria sippelorum Brauckmann et al. 1985 RJ93
                      |            `--Breyeria boulei RJ93
                      `--+--Spilapteroidea S02
                         `--Homoiopteroidea S02
                              |--Heolidae S02
                              `--Homoiopteridae S02
                                   |--Parathesoneura carpenteri Sharov & Sinichenkova 1977 K-P83
                                   |--Mazonopterum wolfforum Kukalová-Peck & Richardson 1983 K-P83
                                   |--Ostrava nigra (Kukalová 1960) K-P83
                                   |--Adolarryia bairdi Kukalová-Peck & Richardson 1983 K-P83
                                   |--Monsteropterum moravicum Kukalová-Peck 1972 K-P83
                                   |--Homoioptera S02
                                   |    |--H. gigantea RJ93
                                   |    `--H. vorhallensis S02 [=Homaloneura vorhallensis Z02]
                                   |--Thesoneura [Thesoneuridae] SBG11
                                   `--Lycocercus [Lycocercidae] SBG11
                                        |--L. goldenbergi RJ93
                                        `--L. pictus SBG11

*Type species of generic name indicated

REFERENCES

[GC12] Garrouste, R., G. Clément, P. Nel, M. S. Engel, P. Grandcolas, C. D'Haese, L. Lagebro, J. Denayer, P. Gueriau, P. Lafaite, S. Olive, C. Prestianni & A. Nel. 2012. A complete insect from the Late Devonian period. Nature 488: 82–85.

[GE05] Grimaldi, D., & M. S. Engel. 2005. Evolution of the Insects. Cambridge University Press: New York.

[K-P83] Kukalová-Peck, J. 1983. Origin of the insect wing and wing articulation from the arthropodan leg. Canadian Journal of Zoology 61: 1618–1669.

[K-P91] Kukalová-Peck, J. 1991. Fossil history and the evolution of hexapod structures. In: CSIRO. The Insects of Australia: A textbook for students and research workers vol. 1 pp. 141–179. Melbourne University Press: Carlton (Victoria).

[R02] Rasnitsyn, A. P. 2002. Cohors Libelluliformes Laicharting, 1781 (=Subulicornes Latreille, 1807, =Hydropalaeoptera Rohdendorf, 1968). In: Rasnitsyn, A. P., & D. L. J. Quicke (eds) History of Insects pp. 85–89. Kluwer Academic Publishers: Dordrecht.

[RJ93] Ross, A. J., & E. A. Jarzembowski. 1993. Arthropoda (Hexapoda; Insecta). In: Benton, M. J. (ed.) The Fossil Record 2 pp. 363–426. Chapman & Hall: London.

[S02] Sinitshenkova, N. D. 2002. Superorder Dictyoneuridea Handlirsch, 1906 (=Palaeodictyopteroidea). In: Rasnitsyn, A. P., & D. L. J. Quicke (eds) History of Insects pp. 115–124. Kluwer Academic Publishers: Dordrecht.

[SBG11] Staniczek, A. H., G. Bechly & R. J. Godunko. 2011. Coxoplectoptera, a new fossil order of Palaeoptera (Arthropoda: Insecta), with comments on the phylogeny of the stem group of mayflies (Ephemeroptera). Insect Systematics and Evolution 42: 101–138.

[Z02] Zherikhin, V. V. 2002. Ecological history of the terrestrial insects. In: Rasnitsyn, A. P., & D. L. J. Quicke (eds) History of Insects pp. 331–388. Kluwer Academic Publishers: Dordrecht.

Lestoidea

Common flatwing Austroargiolestes icteromelas, copyright James Niland.

Belongs within: Zygoptera.

The Lestoidea are a group of mostly green damselflies with wing venation including aligned postnodal and postsubnodal crossveins. Many species, including members of the families Synlestidae and Megapodagrionidae, characteristically hold the wings spread at rest (Theischinger & Hawking 2006).

<==Lestoidea [Lestomorpha] RP02
    |--Perilestidae RD77
    |--Chlorolestidae RD77
    |--Cretacoenagrion RJ93 [Cretacoenagrionidae RP02]
    |    `--C. alleni Jarzembowski 1990 RJ93
    |--Chorismagrion TH06 [Chorismagrionidae, Chorismagrioninae WO91]
    |    `--C. risi Morton 1914 TH06
    |--Synlestidae [Synlestinae] WO91
    |    |--Phylolestes L88
    |    |--Episynlestes TH06
    |    |    |--E. albicauda (Tillyard 1913) TH06
    |    |    |--E. cristatus Watson & Moulds 1977 TH06
    |    |    `--E. intermedius Theischinger & Watson 1985 TH06
    |    `--Synlestes TH06
    |         |--S. selysi Tillyard 1917 TH06
    |         |--S. tropicus Tillyard 1917 TH06
    |         `--S. weyersii Seleys 1869 TH06
    |              |--S. w. weyersii TH06
    |              |--S. w. nigrescens TH06
    |              `--S. w. tillyardi TH06
    |--Lestidae TH06
    |    |--Lestes TH06 [Lestinae WO91]
    |    |    |--L. concinnus Hagen 1862 TH06
    |    |    |--L. nympha K01
    |    |    |--L. praemorsa SL89
    |    |    `--L. sponsa (Hansemann 1823) FB03
    |    `--Sympecmatinae WO91
    |         |--Sympecma RD77
    |         |    |--S. fusca RD77
    |         |    `--S. paedisca RD77
    |         |--Indolestes WO91
    |         |    |--I. alleni (Tillyard 1913) TH06
    |         |    |--I. boninensis Asahina 1952 I92
    |         |    |--I. obiri Watson 1979 TH06
    |         |    `--I. tenuissimus (Tillyard 1906) TH06
    |         `--Austrolestes WO91
    |              |--A. aleison Watson & Moulds 1979 TH06
    |              |--A. analis (Rambur 1842) TH06
    |              |--A. annulosus (Selys 1862) TH06
    |              |--A. aridus (Tillyard 1908) TH06
    |              |--A. cingulatus (Burmeister 1839) TH06
    |              |--A. colensonis (White 1846) HL02
    |              |--A. insularis Tillyard 1913 TH06
    |              |--A. io (Selys 1862) TH06
    |              |--A. leda (Selys 1862) TH06
    |              |--A. minjerriba Watson 1979 TH06
    |              `--A. psyche (Hagen 1862) TH06
    `--Megapodagrionidae [Megapodogrionidae] WO91
         |  i. s.: Miniargiolestes minimus (Tillyard 1908) TH06
         |         Archiargiolestes TH06
         |           |--A. parvulus (Watson 1977) TH06
         |           |--A. pusillissimus Kennedy 1925 TH06
         |           `--A. pusillus (Tillyard 1908) TH06
         |         Griseargiolestes TH06
         |           |--G. albescens (Tillyard 1913) TH06
         |           |--G. bucki Theischinger 1998 TH06
         |           |--G. eboracus (Tillyard 1913) TH06
         |           |--G. fontanus (Tillyard 1913) TH06
         |           |--G. griseus (Hagen 1862) TH06
         |           |--G. intermedius (Tillyard 1913) TH06
         |           `--G. metallicus (Sjöstedt 1917) TH06
         `--Argiolestinae WO91
              |--Podopteryx selysi (Förster 1899) WO91, TH06
              |--Argiolestes WO91
              |    |--A. alpinus OW74
              |    |--A. griseus O70
              |    |--A. icteromelas O70
              |    |    |--A. i. icteromelas O70
              |    |    `--A. i. nobilis O70
              |    |--A. minimus ASD05
              |    `--A. pusillus WO91
              `--Austroargiolestes WO91
                   |--A. alpinus (Tillyard 1913) TH06
                   |--A. amabilis (Förster 1899) TH06
                   |--A. aureus (Tillyard 1916) TH06
                   |--A. brookhousei Theischinger & O’Farrell 1986 TH06
                   |--A. calcaris (Fraser 1958) TH06
                   |--A. christine Theischinger & O’Farrell 1986 TH06
                   |--A. chrysoides (Tillyard 1913) TH06
                   |--A. elke Theischinger & O’Farrell 1986 TH06
                   |--A. icteromelas (Selys 1862) TH06
                   |    |--A. i. icteromelas TH06
                   |    `--A. i. nigrolabiatus TH06
                   `--A. isabellae Theischinger & O’Farrell 1986 TH06

*Type species of generic name indicated

REFERENCES

[ASD05] Armstrong, K. N., A. W. Storey & P. M. Davies. 2005. Effects of catchment clearing and sedimentation on macroinvertebrate communities of cobble habitat in freshwater streams of southwestern Australia. Journal of the Royal Society of Western Australia 88 (1): 1–11.

[FB03] Fleck, G., G. Bechly, X. Martínez-Delclòs, E. Jarzembowski, R. Coram & A. Nel. 2003. Phylogeny and classification of the Stenophlebioptera (Odonata: Epiproctophora). Annales de la Societe Entomologique de France 39 (1): 55–93.

[HL02] Haacks, M., & A. Lehmann. 2002. Some observations on dragonflies (Insecta: Odonata) throughout New Zealand. Weta 24: 13–17.

[I92] Iwahashi, J. (ed.) 1992. Reddo Deeta Animaruzu: a pictorial of Japanese fauna facing extinction. JICC: Tokyo.

[K01] Klapálek, F. 1901. Neuropteroidák [Neuropteroiden]. In: Horváth, G. (ed.) Zichy Jenő Gróf Harmadik Ázsiai Utazása [Dritte Asiatische Forschungsreise des Grafen Eugen Zichy] vol. 2. Zichy Jenő Gróf Harmadik Ázsiai Utazásának Állattani Eredményei [Zoologische Ergebnisse der Dritten Asiatischen Forschungsreise des Grafen Eugen Zichy] pp. 203–221. Victor Hornyánszky: Budapest, and Karl W. Hierseman: Leipzig.

[L88] Liebherr, J. K. 1988. General patterns in West Indian insects, and graphical biogeographic analysis of some circum-Caribbean Platynus beetles (Carabidae). Systematic Zoology 37 (4): 385–409.

[O70] O’Farrell, A. F. 1970. Odonata (dragonflies and damselflies). In: CSIRO. The Insects of Australia: A textbook for students and research workers pp. 241–261. Melbourne University Press.

[OW74] O’Farrell, A. F., & J. A. L. Watson. 1974. Odonata (dragonflies and damselflies). In: CSIRO. The Insects of Australia: A textbook for students and research workers. Supplement 1974 pp. 35–36.Melbourne University Press.

[RP02] Rasnitsyn, A. P., & L. N. Pritykina. 2002. Superorder Libellulidea Laicharting, 1781. Order Odonata Fabricius, 1792. The dragonflies. In: Rasnitsyn, A. P., & D. L. J. Quicke (eds) History of Insects pp. 97–104. Kluwer Academic Publishers: Dordrecht.

[RD77] Richards, O. W., & R. G. Davies. 1977. Imms' General Textbook of Entomology 10^th ed. vol. 2. Classification and Biology. Chapman and Hall: London.

[RJ93] Ross, A. J., & E. A. Jarzembowski. 1993. Arthropoda (Hexapoda; Insecta). In: Benton, M. J. (ed.) The Fossil Record 2 pp. 363–426. Chapman & Hall: London.

[SL89] Selys Longchamps, E. de. 1889. Odonates de Sumatra comprenant les espèces recueillies à Pulo Nias par M. le D.^r E. Modigliani. Annali del Museo Civico di Storia Naturale di Genova, Serie 2^a, 7: 444–484.

[TH06] Theischinger, G., & J. Hawking. 2006. The Complete Field Guide to Dragonflies of Australia. CSIRO Publishing: Collingwood (Victoria).

[WO91] Watson, J. A. L., & A. F. O’Farrell. 1991. Odonata (dragonflies and damselflies). In: CSIRO. The Insects of Australia: A textbook for students and research workers 2^nd ed. vol. 1 pp. 294–310. Melbourne University Press: Carlton (Victoria).

Last updated: 30 May 2022.

Anisoptera

Part and counterpart of Aeschnidium heishankowense, from here.

Belongs within: Euepiproctophora.
Contains: Eteoanisoptera.

The Anisoptera as recognised here includes the modern dragonflies (Eteoanisoptera) and a number of close fossil relatives, united by the possession of non-petiolate wings. Excluding the basal Henrotayia marci, whose affinities are somewhat uncertain, Anisoptera are also supported by fore wings with the nodal Cr nearly perpendicular to RA and ScP, and with a pseudo-IR1 vein; the presence of an 'anisopteroid vein' (AA + CuA)b in the hind wing; and a transverse anal triangle in the male. The Aeschnidiidae are united with modern dragonflies by the long hypertriangle in the fore wing in contrast to the short hypertriangle in Liassogomphidae (Fleck et al. 2003).

<==Anisoptera [Pananisoptera]
    |  i. s.: Sona R02 [Sonidae FB03]
    |           `--S. nectes Pritykina 1986 R02
    |         Petaliaeschna fletcheri Fraser 1927 FB03
    |--Henrotayia Fleck, Bechly et al. 2003 [Henrotayiidae] FB03
    |    `--*H. marci Fleck, Bechly et al. 2003 FB03
    `--+--Liassogomphidae [Gomphitidae] FB03
       |    |--Liassogomphus brodiei (Buckman 1843) FB03
       |    |--Elattogomphus latus Bode 1953 NB01
       |    |--Proinogomphus bodei (Handlirsch 1939) NB01
       |    `--Phthitogomphus angulatus (Handlirsch 1939) NB01
       `--Neoanisoptera NB01
            |--Eteoanisoptera FB03
            `--Aeschnidiidae FB03
                 |--Aeschnidium heishankowense ZBH03
                 |--Huizhougenia Lin 1980 KS02
                 |--Nothomacromia [Nothomacromiidae] S02
                 |--Aeschnidopsis flindersiensis RJ93
                 `--Hebeiaeschnidia fengningensis RJ93

*Type species of generic name indicated

REFERENCES

[FB03] Fleck, G., G. Bechly, X. Martínez-Delclòs, E. Jarzembowski, R. Coram & A. Nel. 2003. Phylogeny and classification of the Stenophlebioptera (Odonata: Epiproctophora). Annales de la Societe Entomologique de France 39 (1): 55–93.

[KS02] Kluge, N. Yu., & N. D. Sinitshenkova. 2002. Order Ephemerida Latreille, 1810. The true mayflies (=Ephemeroptera Hyatt et Arms, 1891 (s. l.); =Euephemeroptera Kluge, 2000. In: Rasnitsyn, A. P., & D. L. J. Quicke (eds) History of Insects pp. 89–97. Kluwer Academic Publishers: Dordrecht.

[NB01] Nel, A., G. Bechly, X. Martínez-Delclòs & G. Fleck. 2001. A new family of Anisoptera from the Upper Jurassic of Karatau in Kazakhstan (Insecta: Odonata: Juragomphidae n. fam.) Stuttgarter Beiträge zur Naturkunde Serie B (Geologie und Paläontologie) 314: 1–9.

[R02] Rasnitsyn, A. P. 2002. Special features of the study of fossil insects. In: Rasnitsyn, A. P., & D. L. J. Quicke (eds) History of Insects pp. 8–12. Kluwer Academic Publishers: Dordrecht.

[RJ93] Ross, A. J., & E. A. Jarzembowski. 1993. Arthropoda (Hexapoda; Insecta). In: Benton, M. J. (ed.) The Fossil Record 2 pp. 363–426. Chapman & Hall: London.

[S02] Sinitshenkova, N. D. 2002. Ecological history of the aquatic insects. In: Rasnitsyn, A. P., & D. L. J. Quicke (eds) History of Insects pp. 388–426. Kluwer Academic Publishers: Dordrecht.

[ZBH03] Zhou, Z., P. M. Barrett & J. Hilton. 2003. An exceptionally preserved Lower Cretaceous ecosystem. Nature 421: 807–814.

Last updated: 29 May 2022.

Gomphoidea

Mating pair of yellow-striped hunters Austrogomphus guerini, copyright Fir0002/Flagstaffotos.

Belongs within: Eteoanisoptera.

The Gomphoidea are a group of mostly small dragonflies, in which the larvae have a flattened prementum lacking a median cleft. The Late Jurassic and Early Cretaceous Proterogomphidae probably represent early members of this clade. The majority of living species are included in the family Gomphidae except the larger palaeotropical genus Ictinogomphus in the Lindeniidae, distinguished by the presence of crossveins in the triangle of the fore- and hind wings (Theischinger & Hawking 2006). Within the Gomphidae, members of the Australian genus Antipodogomphus generally posses a subcostal antenodal crossvein proximal to the first primary antenodal Ax1 in at least the fore wings and often in the hind wings (Theischinger & Hawking 2006).

<==Gomphoidea
    |--Proterogomphidae RP02
    |--Ictinogomphus WO91 [Ictinogomphinae, Lindeniidae TH06]
    |    |--I. australis (Selys 1873) TH06
    |    |--I. dobsoni (Watson 1969) TH06
    |    `--I. paulini Watson 1991 TH06
    `--Gomphidae [Gomphinae, Gomphinidae] TH06
         |--Armagomphus armiger (Tillyard 1913) TH06
         |--Odontogomphus donnellyi Watson 1991 TH06
         |--Cacoides BU02
         |--Hagenius A07
         |--Dromogomphus A07
         |--Erpetogomphus P74
         |--Gomphoides occultus P74, P92
         |--Lanthus A07
         |--Progomphus P74
         |--Arigomphus A07
         |--Gomphurus A07
         |--Hylogomphus A07
         |--Stylurus A07
         |--Sinogomphus taushanensis RJ93
         |--Ophiogomphus TW05
         |    |--O. serpentinus K01
         |    `--O. severus TW05
         |--Zephyrogomphus TH06
         |    |--Z. lateralis (Selys 1873) TH06
         |    `--Z. longipositor (Watson 1991) TH06
         |--Ictinus SL89
         |    |--I. decoratus SL89
         |    `--I. melaenops SL89
         |--Gomphus FB03
         |    |--G. lucasii de Selys 1847 E12
         |    |--G. spicatus A07
         |    `--G. vulgatissimus FB03
         |--Macrogomphus SL89
         |    |--M. albardae SL89
         |    |--M. decemlineatus SL89
         |    `--M. quadratus SL89
         |--Austroepigomphus TH06
         |    |--A. (Austroepigomphus) TH06
         |    |    |--A. (A.) melaleucae (Tillyard 1909) TH06
         |    |    `--A. (A.) praeruptus (Selys 1857) TH06
         |    `--A. (Xerogomphus) TH06
         |         |--A. (X.) gordoni (Watson 1962) TH06
         |         `--A. (X.) turneri (Martin 1901) TH06
         |--Antipodogomphus TH06
         |    |--A. acolythus (Martin 1901) TH06
         |    |--A. dentosus Watson 1991 TH06
         |    |--A. edentulus Watson 1991 TH06
         |    |--A. hodgkini Watson 1969 TH06
         |    |--A. neophytus Fraser 1958 TH06
         |    `--A. proselythus (Martin 1901) TH06
         |--Hemigomphus TH06
         |    |--H. atratus Watson 1991 TH06
         |    |--H. comitatus (Tillyard 1909) TH06
         |    |--H. cooloola Watson 1991 TH06
         |    |--H. gouldii (Selys 1854) TH06
         |    |--H. heteroclytus Selys 1854 TH06
         |    |--H. magela Watson 1991 TH06
         |    `--H. theischingeri Watson 1991 TH06
         `--Austrogomphus TH06
              |  i. s.: A. lateralis P05
              |--A. (Austrogomphus) TH06
              |    |--A. (A.) angelorum Tillyard 1913 TH06
              |    |--A. (A.) arbustorum Tillyard 1906 TH06
              |    |--A. (A.) australis Dale 1854 TH06
              |    |--A. (A.) collaris Hagen 185 TH06
              |    |--A. (A.) cornutus Watson 1991 TH06
              |    |--A. (A.) doddi Tillyard 1909 TH06
              |    |--A. (A.) guerini (Rambur 1842) TH06
              |    |--A. (A.) mjobergi Sjöstedt 1917 TH06
              |    |--A. (A.) mouldsorum Theischinger 1999 TH06
              |    |--A. (A.) ochraceus (Selys 1869) TH06
              |    `--A. (A.) pusillus Sjöstedt 1917 TH06
              `--A. (Pleiogomphus) TH06
                   |--A. (P.) amphiclitus (Selys 1873) TH06
                   |--A. (P.) bifurcatus Tillyard 1909 TH06
                   |--A. (P.) divaricatus Watson 1991 TH06
                   `--A. (P.) prasinus Tillyard 1906 TH06

*Type species of generic name indicated

REFERENCES

[A07] Anderson, T. M. 2007. An assessment of water mite parasitism of dragonflies based on museum collections. In: Morales-Malacara, J. B., V. M. Behan-Pelletier, E. Ueckermann, T. M. Pérez, E. G. Estrada-Venegas & M. Badii (eds) Acarology XI: Proceedings of the International Congress pp. 61–69. Instituto de Biología and Faculdad de Ciencias, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Sociedad Latinoamericana de Acarología: México.

[BU02] Bechly, G., & K. Ueda. 2002. The first fossil record and first New World record for the dragonfly clade Chlorogomphida (Insecta: Odonata: Anisoptera: Araripechlorogomphidae n. fam.) from the Crato Limestone (Lower Cretaceous, Brazil). Stuttgarter Beiträge zur Naturkunde Serie B (Geologie und Paläontologie) 328: 1–11.

[E12] Evenhuis, N. L. 2012. Publication and dating of the Exploration Scientifique de l'Algérie: Histoire Naturelle des Animaux Articulés (1846–1849) by Pierre Hippolyte Lucas. Zootaxa 3448: 1–61.

[FB03] Fleck, G., G. Bechly, X. Martínez-Delclòs, E. Jarzembowski, R. Coram & A. Nel. 2003. Phylogeny and classification of the Stenophlebioptera (Odonata: Epiproctophora). Annales de la Societe Entomologique de France 39 (1): 55–93.

[K01] Klapálek, F. 1901. Neuropteroidák [Neuropteroiden]. In: Horváth, G. (ed.) Zichy Jenő Gróf Harmadik Ázsiai Utazása [Dritte Asiatische Forschungsreise des Grafen Eugen Zichy] vol. 2. Zichy Jenő Gróf Harmadik Ázsiai Utazásának Állattani Eredményei [Zoologische Ergebnisse der Dritten Asiatischen Forschungsreise des Grafen Eugen Zichy] pp. 203–221. Victor Hornyánszky: Budapest, and Karl W. Hierseman: Leipzig.

[P74] Paulson, D. R. 1974. Reproductive isolation in damselflies. Systematic Zoology 23 (1): 40–49.

[P05] Pinder, A. M. 2005. A review of biodiversity in wetlands with organic sediments on the Swan Coastal Plain, Western Australia, with an emphasis on aquatic invertebrates. Journal of the Royal Society of Western Australia 88 (3): 129–132.

[P92] Poinar, G. O., Jr. 1992. Life in Amber. Stanford University Press: Stanford.

[RP02] Rasnitsyn, A. P., & L. N. Pritykina. 2002. Superorder Libellulidea Laicharting, 1781. Order Odonata Fabricius, 1792. The dragonflies. In: Rasnitsyn, A. P., & D. L. J. Quicke (eds) History of Insects pp. 97–104. Kluwer Academic Publishers: Dordrecht.

[RJ93] Ross, A. J., & E. A. Jarzembowski. 1993. Arthropoda (Hexapoda; Insecta). In: Benton, M. J. (ed.) The Fossil Record 2 pp. 363–426. Chapman & Hall: London.

[SL89] Selys Longchamps, E. de. 1889. Odonates de Sumatra comprenant les espèces recueillies à Pulo Nias par M. le D.^r E. Modigliani. Annali del Museo Civico di Storia Naturale di Genova, Serie 2^a, 7: 444–484.

[TW05] Terry, M. D., & M. F. Whiting. 2005. Mantophasmatodea and phylogeny of the lower neopterous insects. Cladistics 21: 240–257.

[TH06] Theischinger, G., & J. Hawking. 2006. The Complete Field Guide to Dragonflies of Australia. CSIRO Publishing: Collingwood (Victoria).

[WO91] Watson, J. A. L., & A. F. O’Farrell. 1991. Odonata (dragonflies and damselflies). In: CSIRO. The Insects of Australia: A textbook for students and research workers 2^nd ed. vol. 1 pp. 294–310. Melbourne University Press: Carlton (Victoria).

Last updated: 29 May 2022.