[Crustacea • 2017] Heteromysis cancelli, H. fosteri & H. octopodis • Three New Species of Heteromysis (Mysida: Mysidae: Heteromysini) from the Cape Peninsula, South Africa, with first documentation of a mysid-cephalopod association

Heteromysis octopodis 

Wittmann & Griffiths, 2017

 DOI:  10.3897/zookeys.685.13890

Abstract

Faunistic studies in sublittoral and littoral marine habitats on the Cape Peninsula, South Africa, have yielded three new species belonging to the genus Heteromysis, subgenus Heteromysis: H. cancelli sp. n. associated with the diogenid hermit crab Cancellus macrothrix Stebbing, 1924, and H. fosteri sp. n. extracted from ‘empty’ urchin and gastropod shells. The first documented mysid-cephalopod association is reported for H. octopodis sp. n. which was found in dens occupied by Octopus vulgaris Cuvier, 1797, but was also captured from tide pools. The three new species differ from previously known E. Atlantic species, among other characters, by a single spine on the endopods of uropods in combination with large cornea and absence of median sternal processes on thoracic somites. They are also characterized by a white stripe along the dorso-lateral terminal margin of the eyestalks in living specimens. The new species appear quite similar to each other, but are distinguished by different depths of the telson cleft, different distributions of spines on the lateral margins of the telson, different numbers of segments on thoracic endopod 4, and by differently modified setae on the carpus of the third thoracic endopod, as well as on the carpopropodus of the fourth endopod. An updated key to the species of Heteromysis known from the E. Atlantic is given.

Keywords: Crustacea, hermit crab association, octopus association, ectocommensals, taxonomy, key to species, SE. Atlantic

 A subadult female of Heteromysis octopodis sp. n. with 11 mm body length from tide pool
B multi-species association inside den in 3 m depth, occupied by Octopus vulgaris, to the right with the crab Guinusia chabrus; upper arrow points to a mysid school of what we assume to be H. octopodis sp. n., lower arrow to a different but undetermined mysid species.

A, B from Miller’s Point, Cape Peninsula, South Africa; in situ images by Craig Foster B image is taken of the same octopus den from which the samples were collected, but on a different date. 

 Karl J. Wittmann and Charles L. Griffiths. 2017. Three New Species of Heteromysis (Mysida, Mysidae, Heteromysini) from the Cape Peninsula, South Africa, with first documentation of a mysid-cephalopod association. ZooKeys. 685; 15-47.  DOI:  10.3897/zookeys.685.13890

[Mollusca • 2023] Kodama jujutsu & Idiosepius kijimuna • Two New Pygmy Squids (Cephalopoda: Idiosepiidae) from the Ryukyu Islands, Japan

Kodama jujutsu 

 Reid, Sato, Jolly & Strugnell, 2023

DOI: 10.1007/s00227-023-04305-1

Researchgate.net/publication/374900966

Abstract

Two new pygmy squid from the Ryukyu archipelago, Japan, are described: Kodama jujutsu, n. gen., n. sp. and Idiosepius kijimuna, n. sp. They differ from all other nominal species in a combination of traits, including the number of tentacular club suckers, shape of the funnel-mantle locking-cartilage, modification of the male hectocotylus and the structure of the gladius and nuchal-locking cartilage, in addition to mitochondrial DNA markers (12S, 16S and COI). They are both known from Okinawa Island and there is some overlap in their distributions. In a molecular phylogeny that includes all nominal Idiosepiidae, Kodama jujutsu, n. gen., n. sp. is sister taxon to a clade containing Xipholeptos Reid & Strugnell, 2018 and Idiosepius Steenstrup, 1881. Xipholeptos and Idiosepius are sister taxa. Idiosepius spp. now includes seven nominal species. In addition, aspects of the behaviour of the new species are described.

Keywords: Pygmy squid, Kodama, Idiosepius, Idiosepius kijimuna, Kodama jujutsu, Ryukyu archipelago

Live Idiosepius kijimuna n. sp.
 attached to vegetation using dorsal adhesive pad.

Photo by Brandon Hannan 

Idiosepius kijimuna n. sp.

Etymology: The species name is used for creatures in Okinawan mythology. The Kijimunā are said to be elfin creatures that make their home in the banyan trees that grow over the Ryukyu Archipelago. Their diet consists entirely of seafood and they are excellent fishers. They avoid octopuses at all costs. The name is used as a noun in apposition.

Kodama n. gen.

Etymology: The generic name Kodama refers to a tree spirit in Japanese folklore. It has a reputation of being rounded in shape. The presence of Kodama is a sign of a healthy forest. We have chosen this name to suggest its extension to representing a healthy reef.

 Kodama jujutsu, n. sp.

Etymology: The specific name jujutsu is derived from the Japanese word jūjutsu that is a martial art of the same name, translating to ‘gentle art’. The goal of the sport is to control your opponents by grappling them. This pygmy squid has been seeing grappling shrimp in a similar fashion. The name is used as a noun in apposition.

Kodama jujutsu n. gen., n. sp.
 a–h, live animals photographed in the wild. i laboratory reared hatchling, dorsal view. j ventral view same specimen. The large white testis toward the posterior end of the mantle is clearly visible in images c, e and h. Prominent skin tags posterior to the eyes can be seen in c, e, g and h, and the nipple-like posterior tip of the mantle apparent in some postures is shown in a, c, and h. Curling and recurving the arms appears to be a common posture.

Photos: a, c, d–h, © Shawn Miller; b © Brandon Hannan; i, j © Jeff Jolly

Researchgate.net/publication/374900966

Kodama jujutsu n. gen., n. sp. a stuck to a hydroid that is being consumed by the nudibranch Bornella anguilla. b side view and c antero-lateral foreshortened view, capturing ovigerous caridean shrimp.

Photos: © Brandon Hannan

Researchgate.net/publication/374900966

Amanda Reid, Noriyosi Sato, Jeffrey Jolly & Jan Strugnell. 2023. Two New Pygmy Squids, Idiosepius kijimuna n. sp. and Kodama jujutsu n. gen., n. sp. (Cephalopoda: Idiosepiidae) from the Ryukyu Islands, Japan.  Marine Biology. 170: 167. DOI: 10.1007/s00227-023-04305-1

Researchgate.net/publication/374900966_Two_new_pygmy_squids_Idiosepius_kijimuna_n_sp_and_Kodama_jujutsu_n_gen_n_sp_from_the_Ryukyu_Islands_Japan

 phys.org/news/2023-10-pygmy-squids-corals-japan.html

[Paleontology • 2023] Idahocolumbites phatthalungensis • Olenekian (Early Triassic) Ammonoids and Conodonts from southern Thailand

Idahocolumbites phatthalungensis Thongterm & Shigeta, 

in Tongtherm, Shigeta, Sardsud, Asato, Maekawa, Haga, Agematsu et Sashida, 2023

National Museum of Nature and Science Monographs. 54. 

 kahaku.go.jp/english/research/publication/monograph/v54.html 

 facebook.com/Tongtherm

Abstract 

We document an extensive biostratigraphic investigation of a section of the Phukhaothong Dolomite Member of the marine Triassic Chaiburi Formation (part of the Sibumasu [or Shan-Thai] Block), which is exposed on the north side of an isolated mountain at Khao Thong in the Phatthalung area of southern Thailand. The 104 m+ thick section, consisting of bedded to massive, light grey dolomite, contains ammonoids in the middle to upper parts, and conodonts occur in abundant throughout the section. Seven distinct early Spathian (late Olenekian) ammonoid assemblages, a late Smithian (early Olenekian) conodont zone and three early Spathian conodont zones are recognized in ascending order as follows: ammonoids-Columbites sp. indet. beds, Arctomeekoceras? sp. indet. beds, Tirolites sp. indet. B beds, Tirolites sp. indet. C beds and Tirolites sp. indet. D bed in the Tirolites-Columbites Zone, and the Idahocolumbites cheneyi beds and Idahocolumbites phatthalungensis beds in the Idahocolumbites Zone; conodonts-late Smithian, Hadrodontina aequabilis-Staeschegnathus perrii Zone, early Spathian Icriospathodus crassatus Zone, Triassospathodus symmetricus-Novispathodus anhuiensis Zone and Novispathodus sp. I-Novispathodus sp. J Zone. The age of the primitive ichthyopterygian Thaisaurus chonglakmanii collected from the Idahocolumbites cheneyi beds is constrained to the early Spathian, thus suggesting it is the oldest known ichthyopterygian, because the range of Marcouxia and Idahocolumbites is limited to the Columbites parisianus Subzone of the lower Spathian in the western USA. The Spathian ammonoid faunas exhibit a very strong relationship with other Tethyan as well as eastern Panthalassa faunas in the low paleolatitudes, but bear very little or no relationship with middle and higher latitudinal faunas, suggesting the existence of a strong latitudinal diversity gradient during the Spathian. Late Smithian and early Spathian conodont faunas also exhibit a strong relationship with low paleolatitudinal faunas. Fifty-eight taxa (ammonoids: 26, conodonts: 32) are documented and one new ammonoid species, i.e., Idahocolumbites phatthalungensis, is described.

Keywords: ammonoids, biostratigraphy, Chaiburi Formation, conodonts, Early Triassic, Olenekian,

Phatthalung, Smithian, Spathian, Thailand.

 

 Idahocolumbites phatthalungensis

  Kittichai Tongtherm, Yasunari Shigeta, Apsorn Sardsud, Kaito Asato, Takumi Maekawa, Takuma Haga, Sachiko Agematsu and Katsuo Sashida. 2023. Olenekian (Early Triassic) Ammonoids and Conodonts from southern Thailand. National Museum of Nature and Science Monographs. 54.

  kahaku.go.jp/english/research/publication/monograph/v54.html

  facebook.com/Tongtherm/posts/6166523333381548

หมวดหินชัยบุรี ในยุคไทรแอสซิก ที่พบใน จ.พัทลุง 

ชั้นหินบริเวณเขาทองอยู่ในช่วงรอยต่อของต้นยุคไทรแอสซิก อายุย่อย Smithian-Spathian ซึ่งตรงกับเหตุการ Smithian-Spathian boundary (SSB) ที่เป็นช่วงตรวจเจอปริมาณคาร์บอนสะสมเป็นจำนวนมากในทะเลส่วนหนึ่งเป็นผลมาจากการปะทุของลาวา ซึ่งทำให้เกิดการสูญพันธุ์ครั้งใหญ่ช่วงสิ้นยุคเพอร์เมียน (P–T extinction event) ที่กว่าสิ่งมีชีวิตจะฟื้นตัวกลับมาใช้เวลานานมาก ทั้งนี้กลุ่มแอมโมนอยด์และโคโนดอนต์เป็นกลุ่มที่ฟื้นตัวเร็วกว่ากลุ่มอื่น โดยในครั้งนี้สามารถกำหนด Biozone ของหมวดหินนี้จากฟอสซิลได้และเทียบเคียงได้กับชั้นหินเดียวกันทั่วโลก ที่เราพบอยู่ประมาณ 33 แหล่งเท่านั้น

งานครั้งนี้พบซากดึกดำบรรพ์ทั้งสิ้น 58 ชนิด เป็นแอมโมนอยด์ 26 ชนิด โคโนดอนต์ 32 ชนิด และนอกจากนี้เรายังพบแอมโมนอยด์ชนิดใหม่ทางวิทยาศาสตร์ คือ Idahocolumbites phatthalungensis ไอดาโฮโคลัมไบเทส พัทลุงเอนซิส โดยตั้งชื่อตามชื่อจังหวัดพัทลุง

[Mollusca • 2023] Nautilus vitiensis, N. samoaensis & N. vanuatuensis • Three New Species of Nautilus Linnaeus, 1758 (Cephalopoda: Nautilidae) from the Coral Sea and South Pacific

A, B Nautilus samoaensis sp. nov. 
C N. vanuatuensis sp. nov. D N. vitiensis sp. nov.

Barord, Combosch, Giribet, Landman, Lemer, Veloso & Ward, 2023

DOI: 10.3897/zookeys.1143.84427

Abstract

Nautiloids are a charismatic group of marine molluscs best known for their rich fossil record, but today they are restricted to a handful of species in the family Nautilidae from around the Coral Triangle. Recent genetic work has shown a disconnect between traditional species, originally defined on shell characters, but now with new findings from genetic structure of various Nautilus populations. Here, three new species of Nautilus from the Coral Sea and South Pacific region are formally named using observations of shell and soft anatomical data augmented by genetic information: N. samoaensis sp. nov. (from American Samoa), N. vitiensis sp. nov. (from Fiji), and N. vanuatuensis sp. nov. (from Vanuatu). The formal naming of these three species is timely considering the new and recently published information on genetic structure, geographic occurrence, and new morphological characters, including color patterns of shell and soft part morphology of hood, and will aid in managing these possibly endangered animals. As recently proposed from genetic analyses, there is a strong geographic component affecting taxonomy, with the new species coming from larger island groups that are separated by at least 200 km of deep water (greater than 800 m) from other Nautilus populations and potential habitats. Nautilid shells implode at depths greater than 800 m and depth therefore acts as a biogeographical barrier separating these species. This isolation, coupled with the unique, endemic species in each locale, are important considerations for the conservation management of the extant Nautilus species and populations.

Keywords: Conservation, deep-sea, Nautilidae, Nautilus, taxonomy

Class Cephalopoda Cuvier, 1795

Order Ectocochliata Schwartz, 1894

Subclass Nautiloidea Agassiz, 1847

Family Nautilidae de Blainville, 1825

Genus Nautilus Linnaeus, 1758

 Nautilus pompilius Linnaeus, 1758 

(type species of Nautilus)

Underwater photos of living Nautilus
A, B Nautilus samoaensis sp. nov. C N. vanuatuensis sp. nov. D N. vitiensis sp. nov.

 Nautilus vitiensis sp. nov.

Etymology: The specific epithet, an adjective, refers to the type locality, the island of Viti Levu, Fiji, where the type specimen plus additional released specimens sampled for genetic work were collected.

Habitat and distribution: Nautilus vitiensis sp. nov. inhabits areas along the coast of Viti Levu, Fiji at Suva Harbour and Pacific Harbour. Specimens were collected and filmed (Suppl. material 1: video 1) at depths between 200–400 m (Tajika et al. 2022).

 Nautilus samoaensis sp. nov.

Etymology: The specific epithet, an adjective, refers to the type locality, American Samoa.

Habitat and distribution: Nautilus samoaensis sp. nov. inhabits areas near Pago Pago, American Samoa. Specimens were collected and filmed (Suppl. material 2: video 2) at depths between 200 and 400 m.

 Nautilus vanuatuensis sp. nov.

Etymology: The specific epithet, an adjective, refers to the type locality, Vanuatu, where all the known specimens have been collected.

Habitat and distribution: Nautilus vanuatuensis inhabits sites within Mele Bay, Vanuatu. Specimens were collected and filmed (Suppl. material 3: video 3) at depths of 200–400 m.

Conclusions: 

The three species, Nautilus vitiensis, N. samoaensis, and N. vanuatuensis represent populations of nautiluses on the easternmost edge of the overall habitat range of Nautilus. The designation of these three populations as distinct species provides insight into evolutionary radiation of the genus and clarification for future conservation practices.

Gregory J. Barord, David J. Combosch, Gonzalo Giribet, Neil Landman, Sarah Lemer, Job Veloso and Peter D. Ward. 2023. Three New Species of Nautilus Linnaeus, 1758 (Mollusca, Cephalopoda) from the Coral Sea and South Pacific. ZooKeys. 1143: 51-69. DOI: 10.3897/zookeys.1143.84427

[Invertebrate • 2022] Callistoctopus xiaohongxu • Morphological Description and mitochondrial DNA-based Phylogenetic Placement of A New Species of Callistoctopus Taki, 1964 (Cephalopoda, Octopodidae) from the southeast waters of China

Callistoctopus xiaohongxu 

Zheng, Xu & Li, 2022

DOI: 10.3897/zookeys.1121.86264

Abstract

In this study, we described a new species of octopus and named it Callistoctopus xiaohongxu sp. nov. based on nine specimens captured in the waters of southeast China. Callistoctopus xiaohongxu sp. nov. is a small to moderate-sized octopus. The most characteristic and defining morphological features are the reddish-orange to reddish-brown skin, gills with 8 or 9 lamellae per demibranch, \∧/-shaped funnel organ, and small suckers. Fragments obtained from the mitochondrial cytochrome c oxidase subunit I (COI) gene of nine specimens were 593 bp in length, and the genetic distance among the specimens of C. xiaohongxu sp. nov. and the other 16 octopods ranged from 11.13 to 21.09%. Topologies resulting from ML and BI analyses of the COI gene showed a highly supported monophyletic clade (bootstrap value [BS] = 94%, posterior probability [PP] = 100%) containing all the specimens identified as C. xiaohongxu sp. nov.

Keywords: Callistoctopus xiaohongxu sp. nov., COI gene, new species, octopus, taxonomy

Callistoctopus xiaohongxu sp. nov., holotype, male, 45.5 mm ML (OUC-201808200301)
A photograph of dorsal view B photograph of ventral view.

Scale bars: 10 mm (A, B).

Callistoctopus xiaohongxu sp. nov.
A proximal portion of arms 1–3 (left side), male, 49.5 mm ML (OUC-201812050301) B funnel organ, male, 53.2 mm ML (OUC-201812050302) C oral view of basal portion of arms, male, 63.2mm ML (OUC-201812050304) D distal portion of hectocotylus, male, 63.2 mm ML (OUC-201812050304).

Abbreviations: c, calamus; l, ligula. Scale bars: 10 mm (B, C, D).

Order Octopoda Leach, 1818

Family Octopodidae d’Orbigny, 1840

Genus Callistoctopus Taki, 1964

Type species: Callistoctopus ornatus (Gould, 1852).

 Callistoctopus xiaohongxu sp. nov.

Diagnosis: Small to moderate size (ML 41.7–83.3 mm). Colour of skin reddish-orange to reddish-brown, no papillae or patch. One or two lines of black chromatophores on the lateral margins of arms under the skin (Fig. 2A). Head narrow (HWI 23.0–39.1). Arms of moderate length (ALI 154.9–336.3), thin (AWI 8.7–18.0). Web deep (WDI 15.7–22.9). Suckers small (SDI 5.0–6.9) and biserial. Enlarged suckers absent. Funnel organ \ /\ /-shaped, long (FLI 51.0–68.5). Gills with 8–9 lamellae per demibranch. Ligula moderate size (LLI 7.0–11.6) with groove.

Callistoctopus xiaohongxu sp. nov.
A live specimen B net-like structure on web.

Etymology: The name ‘xiaohongxu’, which refers to its small body size and reddish body colour, is the phonetic translation of the local Chinese name of this species in Zhangzhou, where specimens were collected.

Distribution: According to fishermen in Zhangzhou, this species is distributed in the East China Sea and the South China Sea, mainly in Quanzhou, Fujian Province to Shanwei, Guangdong Province.

Xiaodong Zheng, Chenxi Xu and Jiahua Li. 2022. Morphological Description and mitochondrial DNA-based Phylogenetic Placement of A New Species of Callistoctopus Taki, 1964 (Cephalopoda, Octopodidae) from the southeast waters of China. ZooKeys. 1121: 1-15. DOI: 10.3897/zookeys.1121.86264

[Invertebrate • 2022] Sepioloidea jaelae & S. virgilioi • Two New ‘Bottletail Squids’ (Cephalopoda: Sepiadariidae: Sepioloidea) from New Zealand, with New Observations on Sepioloidea pacifica (Kirk, 1882)

 Sepioloidea virgilioi   

Sepioloidea jaelae 

Santos, Bolstad & Braid, 2022

DOI: 10.1007/s12526-021-01247-z 

 australian.museum

Abstract

Members of the cephalopod family Sepiadariidae Fischer, 1882, commonly called ‘bottletail squids’, are known primarily from the Indo-Pacific and southwest Pacific. To date, only one species is known to occur in New Zealand waters: Sepioloidea pacifica (Kirk, 1882). However, researchers have long suspected the presence of additional species in the genus Sepioloidea d’Orbigny, 1845 in Férussac & d’Orbigny 1835-1848. The majority of known Sepioloidea material from New Zealand national collections was examined; both morphological and, where available, molecular characters are compared. As a result, two new species, Sepioloidea virgilioi sp. nov. and Sepioloidea jaelae sp. nov., are recognised and described. Diagnostic morphological characters include the tentacular club sucker arrangement and hectocotylus structure. Molecular data support the recognition of these two new taxa, with sampled populations of each of the three available Sepioloidea falling within three monophyletic clades following analysis of COI (cytochrome c oxidase subunit I) sequence data. The minimum interspecific distance is 11.09%—far greater than the maximum intraspecific distance (1.57%). A revised diagnosis for S. pacifica sensu stricto is also provided.

Keywords: Sepiolida, Taxonomy, Southwest Pacific, DNA barcode, COI

Sepioloidea jaelae.

Left: whole organism sketch.

Upper centre and upper right: whole organism shortly after capture [credit: Rob Stewart, NIWA, New Zealand].

Lower centre: hectocotylus. 

Lower right: tentacular club.

Sepioloidea virgilioi.

 Left: whole organism sketch.

Upper centre: live organism [Hurst (1969)]. 

Upper right: preserved specimen. 

Lower centre: hectocotylus. Lower right: tentacular club.

Sepioloidea virgilioi sp. nov.

 Sepioloidea jaelae sp. nov. 

 

Jaever M. Santos, Kathrin S. R. Bolstad and Heather E. Braid. 2022. Two New ‘Bottletail Squids’ (Cephalopoda: Sepiadariidae: Sepioloidea) from New Zealand, with New Observations on Sepioloidea pacifica (Kirk, 1882). Marine Biodiversity. 52: 26. DOI: 10.1007/s12526-021-01247-z

 

Deep dark dumplings: Two new bottletail squids from New Zealand

australian.museum/blog/amri-news/deep-dark-dumplings-two-new-bottletail-squids-from-new-zealand/

[Paleontology • 2022] Syllipsimopodi bideni • Fossil Coleoid Cephalopod (Cephalopoda: Coleoidea) from the Mississippian Bear Gulch Lagerstätte sheds light on early Vampyropod Evolution

Syllipsimopodi bideni 

Whalen & Landman, 2022

DOI: 10.1038/s41467-022-28333-5

 Reconstruction by K. Whalen.

Abstract

We describe an exceptionally well-preserved vampyropod, Syllipsimopodi bideni gen. et sp. nov., from the Carboniferous (Mississippian) Bear Gulch Lagerstätte of Montana, USA. The specimen possesses a gladius and ten robust arms bearing biserial rows of suckers; it is the only known vampyropod to retain the ancestral ten-arm condition. Syllipsimopodi is the oldest definitive vampyropod and crown coleoid, pushing back the fossil record of this group by ~81.9 million years, corroborating molecular clock estimates. Using a Bayesian tip-dated phylogeny of fossil neocoleoid cephalopods, we demonstrate that Syllipsimopodi is the earliest-diverging known vampyropod. This strongly challenges the common hypothesis that vampyropods descended from a Triassic phragmoteuthid belemnoid. As early as the Mississippian, vampyropods were evidently characterized by the loss of the chambered phragmocone and primordial rostrum—traits retained in belemnoids and many extant decabrachians. A pair of arms may have been elongated, which when combined with the long gladius and terminal fins, indicates that the morphology of the earliest vampyropods superficially resembled extant squids.

Syllipsimopodi bideni gen. et sp. nov., holotype ROMIP 64897.
 a Schematic drawing of Syllipsimopodi bideni gen. et sp. nov.; teal = gladius, orange = head (including arms), brown = buccal apparatus, gray = ink sac, blue = conus, magenta = fin support, patterned yellow = scale-like patches (possible connective tissue remnant).
b Increased contrast false color image of Syllipsimopodi, holotype ROMIP 64897. Scale = 1 cm.
c Artistic reconstruction showing suckers (created by K. Whalen).

  

Syllipsimopodi bideni gen. et sp. nov., holotype ROMIP 64897, showing arm crown.
 a–d Scale = 1 cm. a Complete body fossil. b–d Showing arm crown; c arm traces in blue, purple indicates the arm is overlapping below two other arms, green indicates the arm is overlapping above itself; d red and yellow circles mark individual suckers.
e–g scale = 5 mm; closeup of arms showing suckers, select suckers indicated with white arrows.

Class: Cephalopoda Cuvier 1795 

Subclass: Coleoidea Bather 1888 

Clade: Vampyropoda von Boletzky 1992 

Syllipsimopodi bideni gen. et sp. nov.

Holotype. ROMIP 64897 (Royal Ontario Museum).

Material. The type and only specimen was donated to the Royal Ontario Museum by B. Hawes in 1988; accession number 88-72717. There is no counterpart.

Locality. Bear Gulch Limestone, Heath Formation, Big Snowy Group, Fergus County, Montana, USA. The Bear Gulch Limestone is a plattenkalk, or lithographic limestone, similar to the more famous Jurassic Solnhofen Limestone of Germany. ...

Horizon. Bear Gulch Limestone, Arnsbergian E2b (~328.3–324.5 Ma), Serpukhovian (Namurian), Mississippian, Carboniferous8,18,32.

Diagnosis. Coleoid with simple, nearly triangular gladius, bearing funnel-like conus and median field with median rib, but no hyperbolar zones, cone flags, or lateral reinforcements; lateral fields unlikely. Lacking chambered phragmocone, primordial rostrum, or rostrum. Ten arms bearing biserial rows of suckers but no hooks or cirri; two arms may be elongated (though this could be taphonomic). Ink sac present. Terminal median fin support and one fin pair present.

Etymology. The genus name is derived from the Greek συλλήψιμος (syllípsimos) for prehensile and πόδι (pódi) for foot. The name prehensile-foot is chosen because this is the oldest known cephalopod to develop suckers, allowing the arms, which are modifications of the molluscan foot, to better grasp prey and other objects. The species name is to celebrate the recently inaugurated (at the time of submission) 46th President of the United States, Joseph R. Biden.

Overview of neocoleoid interrelationships and divergence time estimates, showing the position of Syllipsimopodi bideni gen. et sp. nov.

Christopher D. Whalen and Neil H. Landman. 2022. Fossil Coleoid Cephalopod from the Mississippian Bear Gulch Lagerstätte sheds light on early Vampyropod Evolution. Nature Communications. 13: 1107. DOI: 10.1038/s41467-022-28333-5

   twitter.com/NaturePortfolio/status/1501281100051759107

Octopus Ancestors Had 10 Arms, New Study Shows

 amnh.org/explore/news-blogs/research-posts/fossil-octopus-ancestor-arms

   

     

[Invertebrate • 2021] Octopus djinda • A New Member of the Octopus vulgaris Group (Cephalopoda: Octopodidae) from southwest Australia

 Octopus djinda Amor, 

in Amor & Hart, 2021

DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5061.1.7

photo: Mark Norman

 

Abstract

A new Octopus Cuvier, 1797 species, Octopus djinda Amor, 2021 (previously treated as O. cf. tetricus and O. aff. tetricus), is described from the shallow waters off southwest Australia. This species was classified as conspecific with O. tetricus Gould, 1852 from Australia’s east coast and New Zealand but is shown here to be morphologically and genetically distinct. This description is based on 25 individuals across three localities in southwest Australia, encompassing most of its distribution. Greater and non-overlapping sucker counts on the males hectocotylised arm delimit east and west coast forms. DNA barcoding using cytochrome c oxidase subunit I also successfully differentiates between these taxa; 13 polymorphisms along a 349 bp partial fragment (3.7% sequence divergence). A close relative of the O. vulgaris Cuvier, 1797 species-group, O. djinda, sp. nov. supports a highly productive fishery and is currently one of two octopod fisheries worldwide to have received sustainable certification from the Marine Stewardship Council. The taxonomic description presented here provides formal recognition of the taxonomic status of southwest Australia’s common octopus, O. djinda, sp. nov. and facilitates appropriate fisheries catch reporting and management.

Keywords: Mollusca, Allopatric speciation, Bassian Isthmus, cryptic species, Octopus tetricus

Michael D. Amor and Anthony M. Hart. 2021. Octopus djinda (Cephalopoda: Octopodidae): A New Member of the Octopus vulgaris group from southwest Australia. Zootaxa. 5061(1); 145-156. DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5061.1.7 Mark Norman

12 of the new species described so far in 2021

 discoverwildlife.com/news/new-species-in-2021 

[Paleontology • 2021] Early Palaeozoic Discinocarina: A Key to the Appearance of Cephalopod Jaws

general view of the cephalic region of an orthocerid in an attacking position.
 The Aptychopsis is working as a protective shield, the dorsal plate is displaced to open the mouth with a radula on a short proboscis. The number of arms (ten) is based on Shigeno et al. 2008, 2010. The presence of well-developed eyes in orthocerids is based on the molecular study of Nautilus eyes (Ogura et al. 2013).

in Mironenko, 2021. 

DOI: 10.1111/let.12414

Reconstruction by Andrey Atuchin  deviantart.com/olorotitan

facebook.com/AleksandrMironenko90

 mirsite.ru

Abstract

Cephalopoda is the only class of molluscs in which virtually all its modern representatives have a pair of powerful jaws. There is little doubt that jaws have contributed to the evolutionary success of cephalopods, but their origin still remains a mystery. Though cephalopods appeared at the end of the Cambrian, the oldest unequivocal jaws have been reported to date from the Late Devonian, though they were initially interpreted as phyllopod crustaceans of the suborder Discinocarina. After their relation with ammonoids was proven, they were considered as opercula, and only later their mandibular nature was recognized and widely accepted. Finds of discinocarins from Silurian deposits are still considered as opercula of ammonoid ancestors - nautiloids of the order Orthocerida. However, according to modern ideas, there is no place within their soft body for the location of such large opercula. Moreover, the repeated appearance of very similar structures in the same evolutionary line at least twice, but in different places of the body and for different purposes seems highly improbable. A new hypothesis is proposed herein, in which the Silurian fossils, earlier assigned to Discinocarina, are not specialized opercula, but protective shields, to defend orthocerids not from the predators, but from their own prey. The chitinous plates around the mouth likely appeared in the Silurian orthocerids for protection from such damage and later, during Silurian and Devonian, most likely gradually evolved into the jaws.

Keywords: Anaptychi, aptychi, Aptychopsis, Cephalopoda, Discinocarina, jaw apparatus

Hypothetical reconstruction of Silurian Orthocerida with Aptychopsis as proto-jaws.
A, general view of the cephalic region of an orthocerid in an attacking position. The Aptychopsisis working as a protective shield, the dorsal plate is displaced to open the mouth with a radula on a short proboscis. The number of arms (ten) is based on Shigeno et al. 2008, 2010. The presence of well-developed eyes in orthocerids is based on the molecular study of Nautilus eyes (Ogura et al. 2013).
B, various views of Orthocerida with Aptychopsis. A small formation on the top of the orthocerid's head is an anterior part of a collar. In modern Nautilus it is a part of the protective hood (Shigeno et al. 2008), but in ancient cephalopods most likely it served to connect the head to the shell and to support collar folds (see Mironenko 2015).

(Andrey Atuchin, based on the sketch by A. A. Mironenko).

 

Aleksandr A. Mironenko. 2021. Early Palaeozoic Discinocarina: A Key to the Appearance of Cephalopod Jaws. Lethaia: an international journal of palaeontology and stratigraphy. 54(4); 457-476. DOI: 10.1111/let.12414

deviantart.com/olorotitan/art/Orthocerida-reconstruction-882845031

 facebook.com/AleksandrMironenko90/posts/1059766017761051

 mirsite.ru/papers/22.html

[Invertebrate • 2021] Iridoteuthis merlini & I. lophia • Two New Species of Iridoteuthis (Cephalopoda: Sepiolidae: Heteroteuthinae) from the southwest Pacific, with A Redescription of Stoloteuthis maoria (Dell, 1959)

 Iridoteuthis merlini

Reid, 2021

DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5005.4.3

 

Abstract

Examination of the Stoloteuthis maoria (Dell, 1959) type specimens held in the Museum of New Zealand, Te Papa Tongarewa revealed that the two female paratypes were not conspecific with the S. maoria holotype male and belong to the genus Iridoteuthis Naef, 1912. Based on this finding, Stoloteuthis maoria is redescribed here to properly define the male and female characters. Its occurrence in Australian waters is formally recognised for the first time; the species was known previously only from New Zealand. The Iridoteuthis taxon was found to be new and is described as I. merlini, n. sp. Like S. maoria, this new species occurs in New Zealand and southern Australia. A second new Iridoteuthis from New Zealand was also discovered among the Te Papa collection and is described here as I. lophia, n. sp. The sucker pedicels in males of this latter species are highly and uniquely modified. 

Keywords: Cephalopoda, Heteroteuthinae, Stoloteuthis, Iridoteuthis, Mollusca

Amanda L. Reid. 2021. Two New Species of Iridoteuthis (Cephalopoda: Sepiolidae: Heteroteuthinae) from the southwest Pacific, with A Redescription of Stoloteuthis maoria (Dell, 1959). Zootaxa. 5005(4); 503-537. DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5005.4.3

New species of bobtail squid named in honour of Professor Merlin Crossley 

Naming of Iridoteuthis merlini recognises UNSW DVC’s valued contribution to the Australian Museum.

newsroom.unsw.edu.au/news/general/new-species-bobtail-squid-named-honour-professor-merlin-crossley

[Invertebrate • 2021] Grimpoteuthis imperator • Emperor Dumbo from the Emperor Seamounts, North Pacific: Holistic Description of New Deep Sea Megafauna (Cephalopoda: Cirrata) using A Minimally Invasive Approach

Grimpoteuthis imperator

Ziegler & Sagorny, 2021

天皇ダンボ || DOI: 10.1186/s12915-021-01000-9

 

Abstract

Background: 

In zoology, species descriptions conventionally rely on invasive morphological techniques, frequently leading to damage of the specimens and thus only a partial understanding of their structural complexity. More recently, non-destructive imaging techniques have successfully been used to describe smaller fauna, but this approach has so far not been applied to identify or describe larger animal species. Here, we present a combination of entirely non-invasive as well as minimally invasive methods that permit taxonomic descriptions of large zoological specimens in a more comprehensive manner.

Results: 

Using the single available representative of an allegedly novel species of deep-sea cephalopod (Mollusca: Cephalopoda), digital photography, standardized external measurements, high-field magnetic resonance imaging, micro-computed tomography, and DNA barcoding were combined to gather all morphological and molecular characters relevant for a full species description. The results show that this specimen belongs to the cirrate octopod (Octopoda: Cirrata) genus Grimpoteuthis Robson, 1932. Based on the number of suckers, position of web nodules, cirrus length, presence of a radula, and various shell characters, the specimen is designated as the holotype of a new species of dumbo octopus, Grimpoteuthis imperator sp. nov. The digital nature of the acquired data permits a seamless online deposition of raw as well as derived morphological and molecular datasets in publicly accessible repositories.

Conclusions: 

Using high-resolution, non-invasive imaging systems intended for the analysis of larger biological objects, all external as well as internal morphological character states relevant for the identification of a new megafaunal species were obtained. Potentially harmful effects on this unique deep-sea cephalopod specimen were avoided by scanning the fixed animal without admixture of a contrast agent. Additional support for the taxonomic placement of the new dumbo octopus species was obtained through DNA barcoding, further underlining the importance of combining morphological and molecular datasets for a holistic description of zoological specimens.

Keywords: Magnetic resonance imaging, Micro-computed tomography, Three-dimensional, Modelling, Taxonomy, Cephalopod, Cirrate, Dumbo

Grimpoteuthis imperator sp. nov. ZMB MOLL 240160.
 a–c Habitus before fixation showing dorsal, ventral, and oral views, anterior facing up. d, e Specimen prior to MRI following several months in 10% formalin solution showing dorsal and ventral views, anterior facing up. Stippled frame denotes the MRI region of interest. f Virtual section through the 3D MRI dataset, anterior facing right. The asterisk denotes a susceptibility artefact in the buccal mass area caused by ingested sediment. g Virtual section through the central long axis of the funnel. h Section of an arm showing the suckers and cirri, right lateral view. i Volume rendering of the viscera, ventral view, anterior facing up. j Close-up of the left gill showing eight broad lamellae. k Volume rendering of the viscera, oblique posterior view

Family Grimpoteuthidae O’Shea, 1999

Genus Grimpoteuthis Robson, 1932

Type species: Cirroteuthis umbellata Fischer, 1883: 404. 

By original designation, Robson 1932: 137.

Grimpoteuthis imperator sp. nov.

Diagnosis: Medium-sized species with moderately long, lateral fins. Cirri short and suckers moderate. Gills compact with eight broad lamellae. Radula present, teeth homodont. Paired anterior and unpaired posterior salivary glands present. Shell U-shaped, smooth with lateral wings parallel, broadly tapering towards distal ends.

Distribution: So far known only from the type locality in the northern part of the Emperor Seamounts, an undersea mountain chain in the northwestern part of the North Pacific.

Etymology: Latin, imperator, noun in apposition. Named after the Emperor Seamounts to which the type locality belongs. 

Proposed vernacular names are Emperor Dumbo (English), Dumbo impérial (French), 天皇ダンボ (Japanese), and Kaiserdumbo (German).

Conclusions: 

By extending the morphomics concept to the description of a new species of megafauna, we here show that a minimally invasive approach based on the application of complementary non-invasive 3D imaging techniques supplemented with molecular sequence data can help to advance metazoan taxonomy, in particular, in cases where valuable, larger zoological specimens require a more detailed, holistic analysis.

  

Alexander Ziegler and Christina Sagorny. 2021. Holistic Description of New Deep Sea Megafauna (Cephalopoda: Cirrata) using A Minimally Invasive Approach. BMC Biology. 19: 81. DOI: 10.1186/s12915-021-01000-9

Alan J. Jamieson and Michael Vecchione. 2020. First in situ observation of Cephalopoda at hadal depths (Octopoda: Opisthoteuthidae: Grimpoteuthis sp.). Marine Biology. 167, 82. DOI  10.1007/s00227-020-03701-1 Open Access

Footage captured of cephalopod at deepest ocean level ever observed

  phys.org/news/2020-06-footage-captured-cephalopod-deepest-ocean.html