[Mammalogy • 2023] Saguinus kulina • Taxonomic Review of Saguinus mystax (Spix, 1823) (Primates: Callitrichidae), and Description of A New Species

Saguinus mystax (Spix, 1823)

Spix’s Mustached Tamarin

Saguinus pileatus pileatus (I. Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire & Deville, 1848)

Red-capped Mustached Tamarin

Saguinus pileatus pluto (Lönnberg, 1926)

White-rumped Mustached Tamarin

Saguinus kulina 

Lopes, Rohe, Bertuol, Polo, Lima, Valsecchi, Santos, Nash, Silva, Boubli, Farias & Hrbek, 2023

 Kulinas’ Tamarin 

DOI: 10.7717/peerj.14526

 Illustrations by Stephen D. Nash.

Abstract 

Although the Amazon has the greatest diversity of primates, there are still taxonomic uncertainties for many taxa, such as the species of the Saguinus mystax group. The most geographically broadly distributed and phenotypically diverse species in this group is S. mystax, and its phenotypic diversity has been recognized as three subspecies—S. mystax mystax, S. mystax pileatus and S. mystax pluto—with non-overlapping geographic distributions. In this sense, we carried out an extensive field survey in their distribution areas and used a framework of taxonomic hypothesis testing of genomic data combined with an integrative taxonomic decision-making framework to carry out a taxonomic revision of S. mystax. Our tests supported the existence of three lineages/species. The first species corresponds to Saguinus mystax mystax from the left bank of the Juruá River, which was raised to the species level, and we also discovered and described animals from the Juruá–Tefé interfluve previously attributed to S. mystax mystax as a new species. The subspecies S. m. pileatus and S. m. pluto are recognized as a single species, under a new nomenclatural combination. However, given their phenotypic distinction and allopatric distribution, they potentially are a manifestation of an early stage of speciation, and therefore we maintain their subspecific designations.

Order Primates Linnaeus, 1758

Family Callitrichidae Thomas, 1903

Genus Saguinus Hoffmannsegg, 1807

Saguinus mystax (Spix, 1823)

Common name: Spix’s Mustached Tamarin

Distribution. Saguinus mystax occurs in Peru and Brazil (Fig. 2).

Saguinus pileatus pileatus (I. Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire & Deville, 1848) comb. nov. 

Common name: Red-capped Mustached Tamarin

Saguinus pileatus pluto (Lönnberg, 1926) comb. nov.

Common name: White-rumped Mustached Tamarin

 

Coat color pattern of Saguinus mystax and Saguinus sp. analyzed in this study.

 Illustrations by Stephen D. Nash.

Saguinus kulina sp. n. Lopes, Rohe, Bertuol, Polo, Lima, Valsecchi, Santos, Nash, Silva, Boubli, Farias & Hrbek, 2023.

Common name: Kulinas’ Tamarin (English), 

sauim-dos-kulinas (Portuguese), pishi (Kulina).

 

Diagnostic characters:  The new species is diagnosable from all other species of Saguinus by mantle and forelimbs light black brown subterminal band yellow, saddle, rump and hindlimbs light black with brown (Table 1; Figs. 3 and 4).

Etymology. The specific name is a noun in apposition and honors the Kulina indigenous peoples of the Kumaru Indigenous Territory, the largest indigenous territory within Juruá–Tefé interfluve.

Geographic Distribution. Saguinus kulina sp. n. is endemic to the western Amazonia, occurring between the right bank of the Juruá River and the left bank of the Tefé River (Fig. 2).

Conclusions: 

We describe a new species of Saguinus from the Juruá–Tefé interfluve based on robust genomic evidence, pelage characters and geographic distribution. We also elevate Saguinus mystax to the species level, but we find no conclusive evidence for species level differentiation of Saguinus p. pileatus and Saguinus p. pluto. Finally, we emphasize that field surveys and scientific collection of specimens are essential for the continued advancement of knowledge of primate diversity specifically, and all Amazon biodiversity in general.

Gerson Paulino Lopes, Fábio Rohe​, Fabrício Bertuol, Erico Polo, Ivan Junqueira Lima, João Valsecchi, Tamily Carvalho Melo Santos, Stephen D. Nash, Maria Nazareth Ferreira da Silva, Jean P. Boubli, Izeni Pires Farias and Tomas Hrbek​.   2023. Taxonomic Review of Saguinus mystax (Spix, 1823) (Primates, Callitrichidae), and Description of A New Species. PeerJ. 11:e14526. DOI: 10.7717/peerj.14526

   

[Mammalogy • 2021] Mico schneideri • An Integrative Analysis Uncovers A New, Pseudo-cryptic Species of Amazonian Marmoset (Primates: Callitrichidae: Mico) from the Arc of Deforestation

Schneider’s marmosets Mico schneideri sp. n. recorded at the type locality: Paranaíta, left margin of the Teles Pires River, Mato Grosso State, Brazil.
(a) Adult female; (b) adult male.

Mico schneideri Costa-Araújo, Silva-Jr., Boubli, Rossi, Hrbek & Farias, 

in Costa-Araújo, Silva-Jr, Boubli, ... et Hrbek, 2021

 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-93943-w

Photos: Diego Silva.

Abstract

Amazonia has the richest primate fauna in the world. Nonetheless, the diversity and distribution of Amazonian primates remain little known and the scarcity of baseline data challenges their conservation. These challenges are especially acute in the Amazonian arc of deforestation, the 2500 km long southern edge of the Amazonian biome that is rapidly being deforested and converted to agricultural and pastoral landscapes. Amazonian marmosets of the genus Mico are little known endemics of this region and therefore a priority for research and conservation efforts. However, even nascent conservation efforts are hampered by taxonomic uncertainties in this group, such as the existence of a potentially new species from the Juruena–Teles Pires interfluve hidden within the M. emiliae epithet. Here we test if these marmosets belong to a distinct species using new morphological, phylogenomic, and geographic distribution data analysed within an integrative taxonomic framework. We discovered a new, pseudo-cryptic Mico species hidden within the epithet M. emiliae, here described and named after Horacio Schneider, the pioneer of molecular phylogenetics of Neotropical primates. We also clarify the distribution, evolutionary and morphological relationships of four other Mico species, bridging Linnean, Wallacean, and Darwinian shortfalls in the conservation of primates in the Amazonian arc of deforestation.

Two of the four lineages retrieved in genus Mico, based on morphological synapomorphies (data not shown) and phylogenomic analyses.
 (a) Mico emiliae lineage; (b) Mico schneideri sp. n. lineage.

Illustrations: Stephen Nash.

Schneider’s marmosets Mico schneideri sp. n. recorded at the type locality: Paranaíta, left margin of the Teles Pires River, Mato Grosso State, Brazil.
(a) Adult female; (b) adult male.

Photos: Diego Silva.

Order Primates Linnaeus, 1758

Family Callitrichidae Gray, 1821

Genus Mico Lesson, 1840

Mico schneideri sp. n. Costa-Araújo, Silva-Jr., Boubli, Rossi, Hrbek & Farias

Diagnosis. Uniform lead colour on saddle and rump, and underparts cream-silvery with orange hues.

Etymology. The new species is named in honour of Professor Horacio Schneider, a pioneer, and a major contributor to the phylogenetic studies of Neotropical Primates, who humbly accepted to have this species named in his honour.

Suggested vernacular names. Schneider’s marmoset (English); 

sagui-de-Schneider (Portuguese).

Rodrigo Costa-Araújo, José S. Silva-Jr., Jean P. Boubli, Rogério V. Rossi, Gustavo R. Canale, Fabiano R. Melo, Fabrício Bertuol, Felipe E. Silva, Diego A. Silva, Stephen D. Nash, Iracilda Sampaio, Izeni P. Farias and Tomas Hrbek. 2021. An Integrative Analysis Uncovers A New, Pseudo-cryptic Species of Amazonian Marmoset (Primates: Callitrichidae: Mico) from the Arc of Deforestation. Scientific Reports. 11: 15665. DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-93943-w

Researchgate.net/publication/353640898_a_new_pseudo-cryptic_species_of_Mico

[Mammalogy • 2019] Mico munduruku • The Munduruku Marmoset: A New Monkey Species from southern Amazonia

Mico munduruku Costa-Araújo, Farias & Hrbek

in Costa-Araújo, de Melo, Canale, Hernández-Rangel, Rezende et al​,. 2019. 

 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.7019

Illustrations: Stephen Nash

Abstract

Although the Atlantic Forest marmosets (Callithrix spp.) are among the best studied Neotropical primates, the Amazonian marmosets (Callibella humilis, Cebuella spp. and Mico spp.) are much less well-known. Even species diversity and distributions are yet to be properly determined because field data and materials currently available in scientific collections do not allow comprehensive taxonomic studies of Amazonian marmosets. From 2015 to 2018, we conducted 10 expeditions in key-areas within southern Amazonia where little or no information on marmosets was available. In one such region—the Tapajós–Jamanxim interfluve—we recorded marmosets with a distinctive pelage pigmentation pattern suggesting they could represent a new species. We tested this hypothesis using an integrative taxonomic framework that included phylogenomic data (ddRAD sequences), pelage pigmentation characters, and distribution records. We found that the marmosets of the northern Tapajós–Jamanxim interfluve have unique states in pelage pigmentation characters, form a clade (100% support) in our Bayesian and Maximum-Likelihood phylogenies, and occur in an area isolated from other taxa by rivers. The integration of these lines of evidence leads us to describe a new marmoset species in the genus Mico, named after the Munduruku Amerindians of the Tapajós–Jamanxim interfluve, southwest of Pará State, Brazil.

Figure 2: Bayesian phylogeny of the genus Mico. Gray-scale bars represent the main species lineages in genus Mico, black bar represent the outgroups. Clade posterior probabilities are given above nodes. Asterisk (*) indicates low (<70%) bootstrap support in the Maximum Likelihood phylogeny which otherwise was identical to the Bayesian inference phylogeny. Illustrations: Stephen Nash.

One of the four lineages of the genus Mico.
Left to right: Mico munduruku sp. n., M. leucippe, M. emiliae, M. argentatus, M. rondoni, M. intermedius.

 Illustration: Stephen Nash.

Order Primates Linnaeus, 1758

Family Callitrichidae Gray, 1821

Genus Mico Lesson, 1840

Mico munduruku sp. n. 

R Costa-Araújo, IP Farias & T Hrbek, 2019

Type locality. Boca do Crepori community, right margin of the mouth of the Crepori River, Itaituba municipality, Pará State, Brazil.

Diagnosis. The new species is unambiguously diagnosable from all other species of Mico by the possession of a white tail, feet and hands, white forearms with a beige-yellowish spot on the elbow, and beige-yellowish saddle.

Etymology. The specific epithet is a noun in apposition and honors the Munduruku Amerindians of the Tapajós–Jamanxim interfluve.

Suggested vernacular names. “sagui-dos-Munduruku” (Portuguese),

 “Munduruku marmoset” (English).

Geographic Distribution. Mico munduruku sp. n. is endemic to the Amazonian forest of the southwest of Pará State, Brazil, occurring from the left margin of the Jamanxim River, below the mouth of Novo River, possibly up to the right margin of the upper Tapajós River, below the mouth of Cururú River.

Habitat. Lowland primary and secondary terra firme forests.

      

Rodrigo Costa-Araújo, Fabiano R. de Melo, Gustavo Rodrigues Canale, Sandra M. Hernández-Rangel, Mariluce Rezende Messias, Rogério Vieira Rossi, Felipe E. Silva, Maria Nazareth Ferreira da Silva, Stephen D. Nash, Jean P. Boubli, Izeni Pires Farias and Tomas Hrbek​. 2019. The Munduruku Marmoset: A New Monkey Species from southern Amazonia. PeerJ. 7:e7019. DOI: 10.7717/peerj.7019

Nova espécie de sagui é descoberta em um dos pontos mais desmatados da Amazônia g1.globo.com/sp/campinas-regiao/terra-da-gente/especiais/noticia/2019/08/01/nova-especie-de-sagui-e-descoberta-em-um-dos-pontos-mais-desmatados-da-amazonia.ghtml