Showing posts with label David Levine. Show all posts
Showing posts with label David Levine. Show all posts

Friday, December 6, 2024

Primo Levi’s Unlikely Suicide Haunts His Lasting Work

 

Primo Levi
by David Levine


Primo Levi’s Unlikely Suicide Haunts His Lasting Work

A monumental new edition of the Auschwitz survivor’s complete writings shows a humanist laboring in the dark

BY
ADAM KIRSCH
SEPTEMBER 20, 2015


When Primo Levi died in 1987 at age 67, after falling down the stairwell of his apartment building in Turin, Italy, his fellow writer and survivor Elie Wiesel delivered an epigrammatic coroner’s report: “Primo Levi died at Auschwitz forty years later.” The long-delayed suicide of the Holocaust survivor is a story whose outlines we know too well. Jean Amery, who survived Gestapo torture and Auschwitz, took an overdose of sleeping pills in 1978; Paul Celan, who spent the war in a slave labor camp in Romania and saw his parents murdered, drowned himself in the Seine in 1970; Jerzy Kosiński, who survived in hiding during the Nazi occupation of Poland, asphyxiated himself in a bathtub in 1991. By jumping from a third-story landing, Levi seemed to be delivering the same message: he had borne the burden of an intolerable experience as long as he could, until his strength gave out and he had to let it drop.

Tuesday, August 1, 2023

She May Have Died in 1999, but Iris Murdoch Is the Perfect Novelist for Our Time

 

Iris Murdoch
David Levine


She May Have Died in 1999, but Iris Murdoch Is the Perfect Novelist for Our Time

Her absolute refusal to judge her characters is an antidote to contemporary literary certainty.


For much of 2021, while putting the finishing touches on my own book, I served as a reader for a literary prize. I was excited—honored, even—to do it, and looked forward to deeply immersing myself in the fiction of this moment. And did I ever: I read at least the first chapters of more than 200 novels, turning my reading year into a kind of supersize survey course of contemporary literature. At first it felt great, as if I were tuned in to the frequency of our age. By the fall, though, I felt as though I was overdosing on the contemporary. It’s not that the literature of today wasn’t good—I read several wonderful books!—so much as that contemporary literature cannot help but be, well, contemporary.

Saturday, March 12, 2022

Hide-and-Seek / The complete Isaac Babel

Isaac Babel
by David Levine



Hide-and-Seek
The complete Isaac Babel

By John Updike
October 28, 2001

Isaac Babel was born in the Moldavanka, a poor, raffish district of Odessa, in 1894, and died, it has been established only within the last ten years, in Moscow's Lubyanka prison, early in the morning on January 27, 1940. He was shot by a firing squad after a twenty-minute trial held the day before in the private chambers of Lavrenti Beria, the notorious head of the K.G.B.'s predecessor, the N.K.V.D. Babel was convicted of "active participation in an anti-Soviet Trotskyite organization" and of "being a member of a terrorist conspiracy, as well as spying for the French and Austrian governments." He had confessed, during the previous eight months of imprisonment and interrogation, to charges of espionage, but his last recorded statement protested, "I am innocent. I have never been a spy. I never allowed any action against the Soviet Union. . . . I am asking for only one thing—let me finish my work."

Thursday, April 29, 2021

Joyce Carol Oates / A Draydreamer

Joyce Carol Oates by David Levine


A DAYDREAMER
by Joyce Carol Oates 

"a daydreamer is prepared for most things…"

— Joyce Carol Oates, from The Wheel of Love and Other Stories




Thursday, December 5, 2019

Digested read / The Schooldays of Jesus by JM Coetzee

JM Coetzee
David Levine

DIGESTED READ

The Schooldays of Jesus by JM Coetzee

‘Is it possible that I am the Messiah?’ David asks. ‘No, you’re just a very naughty boy’

John Crace
Sunday 4 September 2016


“I was expecting Estrella to be bigger,” says he, Simon. “It looked much bigger on the map.”
“Where are we?” says Ines.
“I don’t know because we have forgotten everything except the bits we remember. All I know is that we are everywhere and nowhere,” says he, Simon.
“Why does your direct speech always end with ‘says he, Simon’ but mine always ends ‘says Ines’?” says Ines.
“Only Booker judges can truly know why this kind of nonsense ends up on their longlist,” says he, Simon.


The Schooldays of Jesus by JM Coetzee

They look at their six-year-old boy who is not their boy, the boy who is called David yet is not called David.
“Is it possible that I am the Messiah?” David asks.
“No, you’re just a very naughty boy.”
Simon and Ines find some work which they do to the best of their ability. Sometimes they fall asleep. It is hard to stay awake when every sentence has been crafted to be as dull as this. David sees some boys torturing a duck. Simon kills the duck because it has been fatally wounded.
“Are there burial rites for ducks?” David asks.
“That’s a fascinating question,” says he, Simon.
The owner of the place where Simon and Ines are working offers to pay to send David to one of Estrella’s two Academies.
“David seems to be a very intelligent little boy,” says the woman.
“That’s news to us,” say the readers, who remember him all too well from the first book, The Childhood of Jesus.
“There are two Academies in Estrella,” says the woman who has forgotten she has already mentioned this. “The Academy of Dancing and the Academy of Singing. There are also regular schools but I think David should go to the Academy of Dancing.”
“Very well,” says he, Simon.
The next day Simon takes David to meet the beautiful Ana Magdalena. “Ordinary sums like 9 x 7 are for the lesser mechanical mortals. Here I teach children how to get in touch with numbers through interpretative dance.” She shimmies across the room. “That was the true meaning of the number two. Only children can understand this because they are still in touch with their former cosmic lives.”
Simon wants to say this is the biggest load of bollocks he has ever heard and that JM Coetzee must be taking the piss out of his readers but he has forgotten what Ana Magdalena has said so he just nods.
“I want to dance the number eight,” says David.
Outside the Academy David meets an ugly, dishevelled man called Dmitri. “I work in the museum but as I don’t have any work to do I spend all my time hanging around the Academy,” says Dmitri.
“That’s fascinating,” says he, Simon.
At some point Simon and Ines separate but neither suffer any great distress as neither has any recollection of being together. Simon goes to watch Ana Magdalena swimming naked with the boys in the Academy and finds some pornography that Dmitri has been showing to the boys.



“Can I ask a load of second-rate philosophical questions that are usually found in the novels of Paulo Coelho?” asks David.
“That would be great,” says he, Simon. “I can’t wait.”
“Do you think I’m Jesus?”
“Well, you’re not David.”
Just then Simon hears a commotion. Ana Magdalena has been found strangled in the basement.
“I did it, I did it,” yells Dmitri. “Send me to the salt mines for ever. I deserve to be punished.”
“No,” says everyone. “You must go to a hospital for you are not well.”
The next 100 pages pass slowly for time is sometimes like that. The Academy of Dance closes, David is refused a place at the Academy of Singing and continues to be annoying.
“Psst, it’s me,” says Dmitri. “I’ve escaped from the hospital. Help me get to the salt mines. I was having a passionate affair with Ana Magdalena and I don’t know why I killed her. I need to atone for my sins.”
“OK,” says he, Simon. Simon doesn’t question this ludicrous turn of events as none dare challenge the plotting of a Nobel prize-winning novelist who has twice won the Booker.
David dances a perfect two. “That’s very good,” says he, Simon. “Now hide under the mattress so you don’t get counted in the census.”
“Is that because I am the Son of God? I can dance a perfect three if you like.”
“Save that for one of the next 20 books,” says he, Simon. “You’re still only seven and something tells me you are going to live to 33.”
Digested read, digested: Crucifiction
THE GUARDIAN



Friday, April 19, 2019

David Levine / Joyce


David Levine
JAMES JOYCE

Profile

Born James Augustine Aloysius Joyce on February 2, 1882 in Dublin, Ireland, Joyce was one of the most revered writers of the 20th century, whose landmark book, Ulysses, is often hailed as one of the finest novels ever written. His exploration of language and new literary forms showed not only his genius as a writer but spawned a fresh approach for novelists, one that drew heavily on Joyce's love of the stream-of-consciousness technique and the examination of big events through small happenings in everyday lives.
Joyce came from a big family. He was the eldest of ten children born to John Stanislaus Joyce and his wife Marry Murray Joyce. His father, while a talented singer (he reportedly had one of the finest tenor voices in all of Ireland), didn't provide a stable a household. He liked to drink and his lack of attention to the family finances meant the Joyces never had much money.
From an early age, James Joyce showed not only exceeding intelligence but also a gift for writing and a passion for literature. He taught himself Norwegian so he could read Henrik Ibsen's plays in the language they'd been written, and spent his free time devouring Dante, Aristotle, and Thomas Aquinas.
Because of his intelligence Joyce's family pushed him to get an education. Largely educated by Jesuits, Joyce attended the Irish schools of Clongowes Wood College and later Belvedere College before finally landing at University College Dublin, where he earned a Bachelor of Arts degree with a focus on modern languages.
Joyce's relationship with his native country was a complex one and after graduating he left Ireland for a new life in Paris where he hoped to study medicine. He returned, however, not long after upon learning that his mother had become sick. She died in 1903.Joyce stayed in Ireland for a short time, long enough to meet Nora Barnacle, a hotel chambermaid who hailed from Galway and later became his wife. Around this time, Joyce also had his first short story published in the Irish Homestead magazine. The publication picked up two more Joyce works, but this start of a literary career was not enough to keep him in Ireland and in late 1904 he and Barnacle moved first to what is now the Croatian city of Pula before settling in the Italian seaport city of Trieste.
There, Joyce taught English and learned Italian, one of 17 languages he could speak, a list that included Arabic, Sanskrit, and Greek. Other moves followed, as the Joyce and Barnacle (the two weren't formally married until some three decades after they met) made their home in cities like Rome and Paris. To keep his family above water (the couple went on to have two children, Georgio and Lucia) Joyce continued to find work as a teacher.
All the while, though, Joyce continued to write and in 1914 he published his first book, Dubliners, a collection of 15 short stories. Two years later Joyce put out a second book, the novel Portrait of the Artist as a Young Man.
While not a huge commercial success, the book caught the attention of the American poet, Ezra Pound, who praised Joyce for his unconventional style and voice.
The same year that the Dubliners came out, Joyce embarked on what would prove to be his landmark novel: Ulysses. The story recounts a single day in Dublin. The date: June 16, 1904, the same day that Joyce and Barnacle met. On the surface, the novel follows the story three central characters, Stephen Dedalus, Leopold Bloom, a Jewish advertising canvasser, and his wife Molly Bloom, as well as the city life that unfolds around them. But Ulysses is also a modern retelling of Homer's Odyssey, with the three main characters serving as modern versions of Telemachus, Ulysses, and Penelope.
With its advanced use of interior monologue, the novel not only brought the reader deep into Bloom's sometimes lurid mind, but pioneered Joyce's use of stream of consciousnesses as a literary technique and set the course for a whole new kind of novel. But Ulysses is not an easy read, and upon its publication in Paris in 1922 by Sylvia Beach, an American expat who owned a bookstore in the city, the book drew both praise and sharp criticism.
All of which only helped bolster the novel's sales. Not that it really needed the help. Long before Ulysses ever came out, debate raged over the content of the novel. Parts of the story had appeared in English and American publications and in the US and the UK the book was banned for several years after it was published in France. In the US, Ulysses's supposed obscenity prompted the Post Office to confiscate issues of the magazine that had published Joyce's work. Fines were levied against the editors, and a censorship battle was waged that only further hyped the novel.Still, the book found its way into the hands of eager American and British readers, who managed to get hold of bootlegged copies of the novel. In the US, the ban came to a head in 1932 when in New York City Customs Agents seized copies of the book that had been sent to Random House, which wanted to publish the book.
The case made its way to court where in 1934 Judge John M. Woolsey came down in favor of the publishing company by declaring that Ulysses was not pornographic. American readers were free to read the book. In 1936, British fans of Joyce were allowed to do the same.
While he sometimes resented the attention Ulysses brought him, Joyce saw his days as a struggling writer come to an end with the book's publication. It hadn't been an easy road. During World War I, Joyce had moved his family to Zurich, where they subsisted on the generosity of English magazine editor, Harriet Weaver, and Barnacle's uncle.
Eventually Joyce and his family settled into a new life in Paris, which is where they were living when Ulysses was published. Success, however, couldn't protect Joyce from health issues. His most problematic condition concerned his eyes. He suffered from a constant stream of ocular illnesses, went through a host of surgeries, and for a number of years was near blind. At times Joyce was forced to write in red crayon on sheets of large paper.
In 1939 Joyce published Finnegans Wake, his long awaited follow up novel, which, with its myriad of puns and new words, proved to be an even more difficult read than his previous work. Still, the book was an immediate success, earning "book of the week" honors in the US and the United Kingdom not long after debuting.
A year after Finnegans' publication, Joyce and his family were on the move again, this time to southern France in advance of the coming Nazi invasion of Paris. Eventually the family ended back in Zurich.
Sadly, Joyce never saw the conclusion of World War II. Following an intestinal operation, the writer died at the age of 59 on January 13, 1941 at the Schwesternhause von Roten Kreuz Hospital. His wife and son were at his bedside when he passed. He is buried in Fluntern cemetery in Zurich.








Saturday, April 6, 2019

David Levine / Hemingway



David Levine
ERNEST HEMINGWAY



If a writer of prose knows enough of what he is writing about he may omit things that he knows and the reader, if the writer is writing truly enough, will have a feeling of those things as strongly as though the writer had stated them. The dignity of movement of an ice-berg is due to only one-eighth of it being above water. A writer who omits things because he does not know them only makes hollow places in his writing

Ernest Hemingway in Death in the Afternoon




The most painful thing is losing yourself in the process of loving someone too much, and forgetting that you are special too.



Ernest Hemingway, Men Without Women



All you have to do is write one true sentence. Write the truest sentence that you know.

Ernest Hemingway




Friday, April 5, 2019

Alice Munro / Simon's Luck / Review

Alice Munro by David Levine



“Simon’s Luck”
by Alice Munro
from The Beggar Maid

The-Beggar-MaidTrevor
The last story we covered in Alice Munro’s The Beggar Maid was titled “Providence” (you can read our thoughts here); this one is called “Simon’s Luck,” bringing to mind yet another force that, along with fate, choice, and manipulation, has some bearing on which direction our lives go. It’s a good time to stop and think about those forces, as Rose, for the last few stories, has been out on the sea, relatively alone and without mooring. After she ended her marriage to Patrick, she left for the unknown, unsure where she was going to land, what she was going to do. Time kept passing, carrying her forward whether she had footing or not. I’ve commented on the meandering feeling to those stories (which I still consider a weakness), and some of that feeling continues in “Simon’s Luck.” Rose is still trying to answer the question: Who do you think you are?
Interestingly, while Rose is finding her way to some degree of establishment when the story begins, she is an actress, a job that helps keep her identity rather fluid: “she can fit in anywhere.” Established doesn’t mean financially successful, though. To make ends meet, she is teaching at a community college where she sometimes attends gatherings with other professors and has to make some connections with students. She does not belong in this world any more than she belonged in Patrick’s. But that’s where she finds herself.
At one particular gathering meant to be restricted from students, Rose attempts to get along with others by telling amusing, if not completely true, stories about her life. She’s being the actress again; at her core she is uncomfortable and uncertain. When she ends is verbally assaulted by a former student who is apparently disgruntled because he didn’t get a position he wanted and assumes Rose is the reason, though she probably isn’t. This altercation only takes a moment, but Rose is deeply embarrassed.
A man she never knew, Simon, steps in and escorts the student, who should not have even been there, away and, because he and Rose talk a bit, steps into Rose’s life for the weekend. From conversations about the suicide of female artists that Rose had at the party, we go to conversations about plants and gardens. Simon is an unexpected, and very welcome, safe harbor:
It’s good that you’re here . . . otherwise I’d be spending my time thinking about that boy. I’d be trying not to, but it would keep coming at me. In unprotected moments. I would have been in a state of humiliation.
The boy, however, is not the root of Rose’s general state of humiliation. Simon, it seems, may provide lasting relief for much of Rose’s pain. He himself has lived through a great deal of pain, and it is lucky he’s even alive. When Rose learns a bit more about his luck, she remarks that it was luck only for him. Other victims were not so fortunate. But she does feel lucy to have found Simon, as sudden and unexpected as their encounter has been. When the weekend ends, Simon returns to his home, and there are excited words about when they will meet again and continue to work on the garden.
In some of the strongest pages we’ve gotten since the earlier stories in The Beggar Maid, we watch Rose become increasingly agitated as she waits for Simon to call. She is infatuated, and we all know how awful time can be when we are agitated with expectations arising from infatuation:
Soon it was midnight. The rain came down hard. The next time she looked it was twenty to two. How could empty time pass so quickly? She put out the lights because she didn’t want to be caught sitting up. She undressed, but couldn’t lie down on the fresh sheets. She sat on in the kitchen, in the dark. From time to time she made fresh tea. Some light from the street light at the corner came into the room.
And the sense of umooring returns:
She could see that light, a bit of the store, the church steps across the road. The church no longer served the discreet and respectable Protestant sect that had built it, but proclaimed itself a Temple of Nazareth, also a Holiness Center, whatever that might be. Things were more askew here than Rose had noticed before. No retired farmers lived in these houses; in fact there were no farms to retire from, just the poor fields covered with juniper. People worked thirty or forty miles away, in factories, in the Provincial Hospital, or they didn’t work at all, they lived a mysterious life on the borders of criminality or a life of orderly craziness in the shade of the Holiness Center.
She thinks of herself as one of the desperate:
And this was a situation she had created, she had done it all herself, it seemed she never learned any lessons at all. She had turned Simon into the peg on which her hopes were hung and she could never manage now to turn him back into himself.
He does not call. And we are ushered into another period of waiting, “for which the weekend would have been only a casual trial run, a haphazard introduction to the serious, commonplace, miserable ritual.” There is no communication again. The promise of that garden looks more like a curse. Munro perhaps even overemphasizes this by having the sunlight she’d frequently remarked upon earlier turn into rain. When Rose finally cannot stand it again, she packs up and leaves everything, including her job mid-term. She says she got a better job on the west coast.
And she does, luckily. She also learns some time later that Simon died of cancer. As unlikely as one would have thought her earlier fears he wasn’t calling because he was dying in a hospital bed, this was probably the case. Simon’s luck had run out. Rose’s good fortune turned out to lead her to another period of loss, though at least she has a better job than she did before.
The question of suicide looms over this piece, threatening to strike Rose as a viable option, though it never quite does. Rose continues to run, looking for something solid, feeling, it seems, the whole time like she’s far away. Again, as a reader, I feel the same way. So wonderfully has Munro established Rose’s childhood in Hanratty, her relationship with the miserable Flo, that as awful as that past has been, it still feels right. We’ll return there, finally, in the next piece.

Betsy
“Simon’s Luck” continues the theme of happenstance in life. Rose, in the depths of despair over losing a man who could have been “the man for [her] life,” runs away from the man, her work, and the whole east coast. Ironically, it is this run that lands her the part that is “the best job she ever had.”
Out there in British Columbia, where Rose has finally become an established actress, “a word everybody was using was fragile.” Rose exclaims that in fact the word doesn’t apply to her, now. She’s now made of “horsehide.”
Maybe. But the story is also about how fragile Rose is, how fragile life is. A cat dies in a dryer; a man dies of cancer; Jewish children flee Poland and then try to flee France, barely escaping the French and German authorities. Chance is a theme. Rose may be successful, but her seventeen-year-old daughter is “remote” and “unforthcoming,” the girl treats her mother to “silences.”
Given the difficult chanciness of life, its “disarrangements” and its “predictable disasters,” it’s no surprise that Rose runs into a woman at a party who is writing a book on women and suicide, or, to be specific, “the suicide of female artists.” She goes on and lists the evidence: “Diane Arbus, Virginia Woolf, Sylvia Plath, Anne Sexton, Christiane Pflug.”
While the narrative concerns itself with Rose’s brief affair with Simon, the pulse of the story has more to do with the fragile state of the woman artist. Rose is underpaid because she doesn’t have the proper degrees; she is loudly insulted and unfairly humiliated at a party by a former student; she is often alone, probably because she is a single woman pursuing a career; she has a tendency to ruminate to ill-effect, essentially running herself down until she is run-over. She has happenstance friends, friends who are, for instance, also fortune tellers on the side, and she is given to bouts of drinking (“not so very much, but steadily”) when things do not go well.
Suicide is never far from the reader’s mind with Rose. As a child, the royal beating her father gave her makes her think of using suicide as a way to punish him. During her ill-advised marriage to Patrick, she (half-heartedly) slits her wrists. In this story, Rose commits career suicide by running off from her teaching job in the middle of the semester.
In fact, though, by luck, Rose is an actress. With her, suicide is more of a gesture whose effects and drama she wishes to observe and perhaps enjoy. In this case, it is ironically the career suicide that gives her the big chance.
Chance. Munro is interesting in that at a time when psychoanalysis was still the rage, Rose is not portrayed as the victim of a Freudian plot or Freudian culture or the lack of Freudian therapy. She is merely the victim of life, its happenstance and its providence and its predictable disasters. Simon’s luck was to evade the Germans but get hit by cancer; Rose’s luck was to be born a poor woman but get a big chance when she chose to run away. The issue is not victimization. Life is naturally victimizing. The issue is choice.
The issue is also that running away is not always bad. Sometimes it is survival.
Munro’s own success appears to be, on the surface, due to steady work. Perhaps she is telling us that artistic success is also due to doing the very thing that looks like suicide, but which, in fact, saves your life. Having jettisoned the past, you can finally get on with your future.
That is not to say Munro does not observe the truth of things:
The host appeared in a velvet jumpsuit . . . only three years younger than Rose but look at him. He had shed a wife, a family, a house, a discouraging future, set himself up with new clothes and new furniture and a succession of student mistresses. Men can do it.
Careers, art, marriage, and wealth: they are all easier to manage if you are a man.
There is a comic vein in Munro, a wicked wit, a sense of the proper uses of ridicule, and the enjoyment of both. Suicide is a fact — people do do it — but that country sensibility (that lucky ability to deprecate yourself, that personal inclination to say you’ve developed horsehide, or maybe just honesty or its partner, humility),may be the lucky chance that helps you survive.
Ironically, with all this talk of suicide, Rose’s TV series features a young woman who is threatening to throw herself into the sea because she is pregnant. But that doesn’t happen.
People watching trusted that they would be protected from predictable disasters, also from shifts of emphasis that throw the story line open to question, the disarrangements which demand new judgments and solutions, and throw the windows open on unforgettable scenery.
Anyone reading The Beggar Maid does so without a life jacket. There are no guarantees in Munro. The reader is not protected from predictable disasters. Rose’s life has required new judgments of her and new solutions. Some scenes trouble the reader long after the play has been over, such as the royal beating, or the turds frozen in the snow, or the rape with a stick, or the sight of Rose, possibly drunk, pulling up grass out of the yard in the middle of the night, or the vision of Anna eating Captain Crunch for dinner in front of the TV while Rose is busy working, or possibly busy trying to figure out how to meet her married lover.
Simon, the classics professor, says he never saw the children again with whom he fled the French pogrom. Rose intimates that they died; he laughs when she says it was “lucky only for you.” He laughs because it’s true, because it’s comic, because, “that’s life,” in a sense. Rose never saw Simon again. Cancer of the pancreas. That’s life.
People in the 60s and 70s did dramatic things for art, like kill themselves: Sylvia Plath, Anne Sexton. Not Rose. Not Munro.
Post Script: Trains continually figure in Munro as a trope for escape. Here, Simon escapes the Germans on a train. Elsewhere, women flee difficult marriages on a train, meet strangers, indulge fantasies, and have dangerous sex. Men flee themselves. They pretend to be who they aren’t; one actually jumps off a train that’s heading home. Trains allow Munro to encapsulate that sense we have (right or wrong) that we can make a run for it when we’ve made hash of things or life has become, for whatever reason, a prison. It’s not a pretty sight — that train ride, that run for the money, so to speak — but sometimes it works. Trains (and all escapes) provide that necessary steam valve for choice and self-determination.
At the same time, however, there’s an element of luck. You might make it. You might not.