Fisikawan dari Harvard

Arip Nurahman

Department of Physics, Faculty of Sciences and Mathematics, Indonesia University of Education
&
Follower Open Course Ware at MIT-Harvard University U.S.A.

Harvard Physics Nobel Laureates

	1946 Percy W. Bridgman "For the invention of an apparatus to produce extremely high pressures, and for the discoveries he made therewith in the field of high pressure physics"		1981 Nicolaas Bloembergen "For contribution to the development of laser spectroscopy"
	1952 Edward Mills Purcell "For development of new methods for nuclear magnetic precision measurements and discoveries in connection therewith"		1984 Carlo Rubbia "For decisive contributions to the large project that led to the discovery of the W and Z bosons"
	1965 Julian Schwinger "For fundamental work in quantum electrodynamics, with deep-ploughing consequences for the physics of elementary particles"		1989 Norman F. Ramsey "For the invention of the separated oscillatory fields method and its use in the hydrogen maser and other atomic clocks"
	1977 John Hasbrouck van Vleck "For fundamental theoretical investigations of the electronic structure of magnetic and disordered systems"		2005 Roy J. Glauber "For his contribution to the quantum theory of optical coherence"
	1979 Sheldon L. Glashow and Steven Weinberg "For contributions to the theory of the unified weak and electromagnetic interaction between elementary particles, including, inter alia, the prediction of the weak neutral current"

Howard Berg, Herchel Smith Professor of Physics and Professor of Molecular and Cellular Biology

Nicolaas Bloembergen, Gerhard Gade University Professor, Emeritus

George W. Brandenburg, Associate of the Department

Adam E. Cohen, Assistant Professor of Chemistry and Chemical Biology and of Physics

Eugene Demler, Professor of Physics

Frederik Denef, Associate Professor of Physics

John M. Doyle, Professor of Physics

Gary J. Feldman, Frank B. Baird, Jr. Professor of Science

Douglas Finkbeiner, Assistant Professor of Astronomy and of Physics

Melissa Franklin, Mallinckrodt Professor of Physics

Gerald Gabrielse, George Vasmer Leverett Professor of Physics

Peter L. Galison, Joseph Pellegrino University Professor; Director, Collection of Historical Scientific Instruments

Howard M. Georgi, Mallinckrodt Professor of Physics, Harvard College Professor, Master of Leverett House

Sheldon L. Glashow, Higgins Professor of Physics, Emeritus

Roy J. Glauber, Mallinckrodt Professor of Physics

Jene A. Golovchenko, Rumsford Professor of Physics and Gordon McKay Professor of Applied Physics

Markus Greiner, Assistant Professor of Physics

Joao Guimaraes da Costa, Assistant Professor of Physics

Bertrand I. Halperin, Hollis Professor of Mathematicks and Natural Philosophy

Lene Vestergaard Hau, Mallinckrodt Professor of Physics and of Applied Physics

Thomas C. Hayes, Instructional Laboratory Associate in Physics; Lecturer on Physics

Eric J. Heller, Professor of Chemistry and Physics

Jenny Hoffman, Assistant Professor of Physics

Gerald Holton, Mallinckrodt Professor of Physics and Professor of the History of Science, Emeritus

Paul Horowitz, Professor of Physics and of Electrical Engineering

John Huth, Donner Professor of Science

Arthur M. Jaffe, Landon T. Clay Professor of Mathematics and Theoretical Science

Efthimios Kaxiras, Gordon McKay Professor of Applied Physics & Professor of Physics

Andrew J. M. Kiruluta, Associate Professor of Radiology, Harvard Medical School

Erel Levine, Assistant Professor of Physics

Mikhail D. Lukin, Professor of Physics

Vinothan Manoharan, Assistant Professor of Chemical Engineering and Physics

Charles Marcus, Professor of Physics

Paul C. Martin, John H. Van Vleck Professor of Pure and Applied Physics

Eric Mazur, Balkanski Professor of Physics and Applied Physics

Masahiro Morii, Professor of Physics

David Morin, Lecturer on Physics and Assistant Head Tutor

Venkatesh ("Venky") Narayanamurti, John A. and Elizabeth S. Armstrong Professor of Engineering and Applied Sciences; Professor of Physics

David R. Nelson, Professor of Physics and Applied Physics, Arthur K. Solomon Professor of Biophysics

David Norcross, Director of the Physics Laboratories

Hongkun Park, Professor of Chemistry and of Physics

William Paul, Mallinckrodt Professor of Applied Physics & Professor of Physics, Emeritus

Peter S. Pershan, Frank B. Baird, Jr. Professor of Science

Robert V. Pound, Mallinckrodt Professor of Physics, Emeritus

Mara Prentiss, Mallinckrodt Professor of Physics

Norman Ramsey, Higgins Professor of Physics, Emeritus

Lisa Randall, Frank B. Baird, Jr. Professor of Science

Subir Sachdev, Professor of Physics

Aravinthan Samuel, Assistant Professor of Physics

Matthew D. Schwartz, Assistant Professor of Physics

Irwin I. Shapiro, Timken University Professor

Isaac F. Silvera, Thomas D. Cabot Professor of the Natural Sciences

Andrew Strominger, Professor of Physics

Christopher W. Stubbs, Professor of Physics and of Astronomy; Chair, Department of Physics

Michael Tinkham, Rumford Research Professor of Physics and Gordon McKay Research Professor of Applied Physics, Emeritus

Cumrun Vafa, Donner Professor of Science

Ronald L. Walsworth, Senior Lecturer

David A. Weitz, Mallinckrodt Professor of Physics and of Applied Physics

Robert Westervelt, Mallinckrodt Professor of Applied Physics and of Physics

Richard Wilson, Mallinckrodt Professor of Physics, Emeritus

Tai T. Wu, Gordon McKay Professor of Applied Physics & Professor of Physics

Amir Yacoby, Professor of Physics

Xi Yin, Assistant Professor of Physics

Xiaowei Zhuang, Professor of Chemistry and Chemical Biology and of Physic, Howard Hughes Medical Institute Investigator

Faculty by Research Area

Astrophysics & Astronomy Horowitz, Shapiro, Stubbs, Walsworth , Zaldarriaga


Experimental Atomic, Molecular, and Optical Physics Doyle, Gabrielse, Golovchenko, Greiner, Hau, Heller, Kiruluta, Lukin, Prentiss, Ramsey, Walsworth


Theoretical Atomic, Molecular, and Optical Physics Demler, Glauber, Heller, Lukin, Sachdev


Experimental Biophysics Berg, Cohen, Golovchenko, Hau, Kiruluta, Levine, Mazur, Manoharan, Park, Samuel, Weitz, Walsworth, Westervelt, Zhuang


Theoretical Biophysics Levine, Nelson


Computational Physics Heller, Kaxiras


Experimental Condensed Matter Physics Bloembergen, Golovchenko, Greiner, Hoffman, Kiruluta, Marcus, Mazur, Manoharan, Narayanamurti, Park, Paul, Pershan, Pound, Silvera, Tinkham, Weitz, Walsworth, Westervelt, Yacoby


Theoretical Condensed Matter Physics Demler, Halperin, Heller, Kaxiras, Martin, Nelson, Sachdev


Environmental Modeling & Risk Analysis Wilson


Experimental High Energy PhysicsDoyle, Feldman, Franklin, Gabrielse, Guimaraes da Costa, Huth, Morii, Wilson


Theoretical High Energy Physics/String TheoryDenef, Georgi, Jaffe, Randall, Schwartz, Strominger, Vafa, Wu, Yin


Experimental High Pressure Physics Silvera


History of Physics Galison, Holton


Experimental Low Temperature Physics Doyle, Gabrielse, Halperin, Hoffman, Marcus, Silvera, Tinkham, Walsworth, Westervelt, Yacoby


Mathematical Physics Jaffe, Heller


Experimental Mesoscopic Cohen, Golovchenko, Marcus, Mazur, Narayanamurti, Park, Tinkham, Weitz, Westervelt, Yacoby


Theoretical Mesoscopic Demler, Heller, Halperin, Lukin, Nelson, Sachdev


Nuclear Physics Doyle, Pound, Ramsey, Wilson

Sumber: http://www.physics.harvard.edu/

Indonesian Space Force Command

Indonesian Space Force Command  

(Komando Angkatan Antariksa Indonesia)

F-117 Nighthawk

F-117A Nighthawk "Stealth Fighter"

F-117 Nighthawk
Role	Stealth attack aircraft[1]
National origin	United States
Manufacturer	Lockheed Corporation Lockheed Martin
First flight	18 June 1981
Introduced	15 October 1983
Retired	22 April 2008[2]
Primary user	United States Air Force
Number built	64 (5 YF-117A, 59 F-117A)
Unit cost	US$42.6 M (flyaway cost) US$111.2 M (total program)[3]
Developed from	Lockheed Have Blue

 

The F-117A Nighthawk is the world's first operational aircraft designed to exploit low-observable stealth technology. The unique design of the single-seat F-117A provides exceptional combat capabilities. About the size of an F-15 Eagle, the twin-engine aircraft is powered by two General Electric F404 turbofan engines and has quadruple redundant fly-by-wire flight controls. Air refuelable, it supports worldwide commitments and adds to the deterrent strength of the U.S. military forces. 

The F-117A can employ a variety of weapons and is equipped with sophisticated navigation and attack systems integrated into a state-of-the-art digital avionics suite that increases mission effectiveness and reduces pilot workload. Detailed planning for missions into highly defended target areas is accomplished by an automated mission planning system developed, specifically, to take advantage of the unique capabilities of the F-117A. 

Streamlined management by Aeronautical Systems Center, Wright-Patterson AFB, Ohio, combined breakthrough stealth technology with concurrent development and production to rapidly field the aircraft. The F-117A program has demonstrated that a stealth aircraft can be designed for reliability and maintainability. The aircraft maintenance statistics are comparable to other tactical fighters of similar complexity. Logistically supported by Sacramento Air Logistics Center, McClellan AFB, Calif., the F-117A is kept at the forefront of technology through a planned weapon system improvement program located at USAF Plant 42 at Palmdale, Calif. The Air Force thinking today is that it will phase out the Nighthawks after 2018. 

The first F-117A was delivered in 1982, and the last delivery was in the summer of 1990. The F-117A production decision was made in 1978 with a contract awarded to Lockheed Advanced Development Projects, the "Skunk Works," in Burbank, Calif. The first flight was in 1981, only 31 months after the full-scale development decision. Lockheed-Martin delivered 59 stealth fighters to the Air Force between August 1982 and July 1990. Five additional test aircraft belong to the company. 

Air Combat Command's only F-117A unit, the 4450th Tactical Group, achieved operational capability in October 1983. Since the F-117’s first Air Force flight in 1982, the aircraft has flown under different unit designations, including the 4450th Tactical Group and the 37th Tactical Fighter Wing at Tonapah Test Range, NV; the 57th Fighter Weapons Wing, Nellis AFB, NV; the 410th Flight Test Squadron/410th Test Squadron, Palmdale, CA; and Detachment 1, Test Evaluation Group, also at Holloman, which falls under the 53rd Wing, Eglin AFB, FL. 

The stealth fighter emerged from the classified world while stationed at Tonapah Airfield with an announcement by the Pentagon in November 1988 and was first shown publicly at Nellis in April 1990. The 4450th TG was deactivated in October 1989, and was reactivated as the 37th Tactical Fighter Wing. 

In 1992 the F-117A Nighthawk made its new home at Holloman Air Force Base. The official arrival ceremony for the F-117 to Holloman AFB was conducted 09 May 1992. The 49th Fighter Wing (49FW) at Holloman serves as the only F-117 Home Station. The 49th Operations Group operates and maintains the F-117A aircraft. The 7th CTS "Screamin' Demons" serves as the transition training unit, preparing experienced Air Force pilots for assignment to the F-117A Nighthawk. The 8th and 9th Fighter Squadrons are designated to employ the F-117A Nighthawk in combat. Once an F-117 pilot has successfully completed training, he is then assigned to one of only two operational Nighthawk squadrons--the 8th FS "Black Sheep" and the 9th FS "Flying Knights." The 49FW provides full compliment of flightline maintenance capabilities as well as back-shop support. The F-117 deploys in support of contingency operations, as directed by National Command Authorities. Flightline maintenance support is deployed concurrent with the aircraft. Depending on the deployment duration, varying levels of back shop maintenance support may also be deployed.

The F-117A first saw action in December 1989 during Operation Just Cause in Panama. 

The stealth fighter attacked the most heavily fortified targets during Desert Storm (January-February 1991) , and it was the only coalition jet allowed to strike targets inside Baghdad's city limits. The F-117A, which normally packs a payload of two 2,000-pound GBU-27 laser-guided bombs, destroyed and crippled Iraqi electrical power stations, military headquarters, communications sites, air defense operation centers, airfields, ammo bunkers, and chemical, biological and nuclear weapons plants. 

Although only 36 stealth fighters were deployed in Desert Storm and accounted for 2.5 percent of the total force of 1,900 fighters and bombers, they flew more than a third of the bombing runs on the first day of the war. In all during Desert Storm, the stealth fighter conducted more than 1,250 sorties, dropped more than 2,000 tons of bombs, and flew more than 6,900 hours. More than 3,000 antiaircraft guns and 60 surface-to-air missile batteries protected the city, but despite this seemingly impenetrable shield, the Nighthawks owned the skies over the city and, for that matter, the country. The stealth fighter, which is coated with a secret, radar-absorbent material, operated over Iraq and Kuwait with impunity, and was unscathed by enemy guns. 

In the opening phase of Allied Force, aimed primarily at Yugoslavia's integrated air defense system, NATO air forces conducted more than 400 sorties. During the first two night attacks, allied troops in the air and at sea struck 90 targets throughout Yugoslavia and in Kosovo. F-117 Nighthawks from the 8th Expeditionary Fighter Squadron at Holloman Air Force Base NM participated in air strikes against targets in the Balkans during NATO operations. One F-117 fighter was lost over Yugoslavia on 27 March 1999. A US search and rescue team picked up the pilot several hours after the F-117 went down outside Belgrade. On 01 April 1999, Defense Secretary William Cohen directed 12 more F-117 stealth fighters to join NATO Operation Allied Force, to join the total of 24 F-117s that were participating in NATO Operation Allied Force. 

Design

The front side of an F-117

The F-117 is shaped to deflect radar signals and is about the size of an F-15 Eagle. The single-seat Nighthawk is powered by two non-afterburning General Electric F404 turbofan engines, and has quadruple-redundant fly-by-wire flight controls. It is air refuelable. To lower development costs, the avionics, fly-by-wire systems, and other parts are derived from the F-16 Fighting Falcon, F/A-18 Hornet and F-15E Strike Eagle. The parts were originally described as spares on budgets for these aircraft, to keep the F-117 project secret. The F-117 Nighthawk has a radar signature of about 0.025 m².^[31]

Among the penalties for stealth are lower engine power thrust, due to losses in the inlet and outlet, a very low wing aspect ratio, and a high sweep angle (50°) needed to deflect incoming radar waves to the sides.^[32] With these design considerations and no afterburner, the F-117 is limited to subsonic speeds.

The F-117A is equipped with sophisticated navigation and attack systems integrated into a digital avionics suite. It carries no radar, which lowers emissions and cross-section. It navigates primarily by GPS and high-accuracy inertial navigation. Missions are coordinated by an automated planning system that can automatically perform all aspects of an attack mission, including weapons release. Targets are acquired by a thermal imaging infrared system, slaved to a laser that finds the range and designates targets for laser-guided bombs.

The F-117A's split internal bay can carry 5,000 lb (2,300 kg) of ordnance. Typical weapons are a pair of GBU-10, GBU-12, or GBU-27 laser-guided bombs, two BLU-109 penetration bombs, or two Joint Direct Attack Munitions (JDAMs), a GPS/INS guided stand-off bomb.

Specifications

An F-117 conducts a live exercise bombing run using GBU-27 laser-guided bombs.

Data from US Air Force,^[57] National Museum^[1]

General characteristics

• Crew: 1
• Length: 65 ft 11 in (20.09 m)
• Wingspan: 43 ft 4 in (13.20 m)
• Height: 12 ft 9.5 in (3.78 m)
• Wing area: 780 ft² (73 m²)
• Empty weight: 29,500 lb (13,380 kg)
• Loaded weight: 52,500 lb (23,800 kg)
• Powerplant: 2× General Electric F404-F1D2 turbofans, 10,600 lbf (48.0 kN) each

Performance

• Maximum speed: Mach 0.92 (617 mph, 993 km/h)
• Cruise speed: Mach 0.92
• Range: 930 NM^[58] (1720 km)
• Service ceiling: 69,000 ft (20,000 m)
• Wing loading: 65 lb/ft² (330 kg/m²)
• Thrust/weight: 0.40

Armament

• 2 × internal weapons bays with one hardpoint each (total of two weapons) equipped to carry:

• Bombs:
  • BLU-109 hardened penetrator
  • GBU-10 Paveway II laser-guided bomb
  • GBU-12 Paveway II laser-guided bomb
  • GBU-27 Paveway III laser-guided bomb
  • JDAM INS/GPS guided munition

Sumber:

TNI AU Indonesia

Fisikawan dari MIT

Collected By:

Arip Nurahman
Department of Physics, Faculty of Sciences and Mathematics
Indonesia University of Education
&
Follower Open Course Ware at MIT-Harvard University, U.S.A.

MIT Physics Open Course Ware

http://ocw.mit.edu/courses/physics/

Fisikawan dari MIT

(Massachusetts Institute of Technology)

Klik di Bawah ini

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In terms of intellectual interest, the MIT Department of Physics is without compare. Its graduate program was recently ranked first in the nation. Its faculty and students are dynamic, innovative, and on the cutting edge of science exploration. Faculty members are involved in research worldwide and are represented at all major research facilities.

The research activities of MIT Department of Physics affiliates have also been recognized by five Nobel Prizes awarded since 1990. Recent Nobel Laureates include:

2004	Frank Wilczek, Herman Feshbach Professor of Physics, MIT
2001	Wolfgang Ketterle, John D. MacArthur Professor of Physics, MIT; Eric A. Cornell, MIT PhD Physics 1990
1994	Clifford G. Shull, Professor of Physics Emeritus, MIT (deceased)
1990	Jerome I. Friedman, Institute Professor and Professor of Physics, MIT; Henry W. Kendall, Professor of Physics, MIT; MIT PhD Physics 1951, SB Physics 1948 (deceased)
1976	Samuel C. C. Ting, Thomas Dudley Cabot Professor of Physics; Burton Richter, MIT PhD Physics 1956, SB Physics 1952

MIT physics faculty and Nobel Laureates Jerome Friedman, Frank Wilczek,
Wolfgang Ketterle and Samuel Ting.

In terms of working atmosphere, the Department is committed to creating a comfortable, yet challenging environment. The atmosphere is informal and collegial, yet employees are encouraged to grow professionally as well as personally through training and educational opportunities.

Jerome I. Friedman
Institute Professor, Emeritus; Professor of Physics, Emeritus; 1990 Nobel Laureate
Experimental High Energy Physics

Frank Wilczek
Herman Feshbach Professor of Physics; 2004 Nobel Laureate
Theoretical Particle Physics

Wolfgang Ketterle
John D. MacArthur Professor of Physics; Director, MIT-Harvard Center for Ultracold Atoms; 2001 Nobel Laureate
Atomic, Molecular and Optical

Samuel C. C. Ting
Thomas Dudley Cabot Professor of Physics; 1976 Nobel Laureate
Experimental High Energy Physics

Physics Research Divisions:

Division of Astrophysics

COMPACT OBJECTS	COSMOLOGY	OTHER
X-ray	Optical	Space Plasma Physics
Binary Evolution	Radio	Planetary Astronomy
Gravitation	Theory
	X-ray

Division of Atomic, Condensed Matter, and Plasma Physics

Atomic

Condensed Matter Experiment

Condensed Matter Theory

Biophysics

Plasma Physics

Division of Experimental Nuclear and Particle Physics

High Energy Physics

Relativistic Heavy Ion Physics

Intermediate Energy Physics

Division of Theoretical Nuclear and Particle Physics (including the Center for Theoretical Physics and Laboratory for Nuclear Science)

Particle Theory

Nuclear Theory

String Theory

Research Centers and Facilities

MIT-affiliated Research Centers and Facilities

Bates Linear Accelerator Center

Center for Magnetic Resonance

Center for Materials Science and Engineering

Center for Theoretical Physics

Condensed Matter Theory Group

G. R. Harrison Spectroscopy Laboratory

Haystack Radio Observatory

The Kavli Institute for Astrophysics & Space Research at MIT

Laboratory for Nuclear Science

Laser Interferometer Gravitational Wave Observatory (LIGO) (with Caltech)

Magellan Project at Las Campanas Observatory (with OCIW, and the Universities of Arizona, Harvard, and Michigan)

Michigan-Dartmouth-MIT Observatory

MIT–Harvard Center for Ultracold Atoms

Plasma Science and Fusion Center

Research Laboratory of Electronics

George R. Wallace Jr. Astrophysical Observatory

U. S. Government Research Centers and Facilities

Brookhaven National Laboratory: High Flux Beam Reactor

Brookhaven National Laboratory: National Synchrotron Light Source

Sumber: http://web.mit.edu/physics/