Dari mekanika klasik menuju relativitas umum
Relativitas umum dapat dipahami dengan baik dengan mengevaluasi kemiripannya beserta perbedaannya dari fisika klasik.
Langkah pertama adalah realisasi bahwa mekanika klasik dan hukum gravitasi Newton mengijinkan adanya deskripsi geometri.
Kombinasi deskripsi ini dengan hukum-hukum relativitas khusus akan membawa kita kepada penurunan heuristik relativitas umum.
Generalisasi relativistik
Geometri gravitasi Newton pada dasarnya didasarkan pada mekanika klasik. Ia hanyalah kasus khusus dari mekanika relativitas khusus.
Geometri gravitasi Newton pada dasarnya didasarkan pada mekanika klasik. Ia hanyalah kasus khusus dari mekanika relativitas khusus.
Dalam bahasa simetri: ketika gravitasi dapat diabaikan, fisika yang berlaku bersifat invarian Lorentz pada relativitas khusus daripada invarian Galileo pada mekanika klasik.
Perbedaan antara keduanya menjadi signifikan apabila kecepatan terlibat di dalamnya mendekati kecepatan cahaya dan berenergi tinggi.
Referensi:
- Ohanian, Hans C.; Ruffini, Remo (1994), Gravitation and Spacetime, W. W. Norton & Company, ISBN 0-393-96501-5
- Olive, K. A.; Skillman, E. A. (2004), "A Realistic Determination of the Error on the Primordial Helium Abundance", Astrophysical Journal 617: 29–49, doi: , arΧiv:astro-ph/0405588
- O'Meara, John M.; Tytler, David; Kirkman, David; Suzuki, Nao (2001), "The Deuterium to Hydrogen Abundance Ratio Towards a Fourth QSO: HS0105+1619", Astrophysical Journal 552: 718–730, doi: , arΧiv:astro-ph/0011179
- Oppenheimer, J. Robert; Snyder, H. (1939), "On continued gravitational contraction", Physical Review 56: 455–459, doi:
- Overbye, Dennis (1999), Lonely Hearts of the Cosmos: the story of the scientific quest for the secret of the Universe, Back Bay, ISBN 0316648965
- Pais, Abraham (1982), 'Subtle is the Lord...' The Science and life of Albert Einstein, Oxford University Press, ISBN 0-19-853907-X
- Peacock, John A. (1999), Cosmological Physics, Cambridge University Press, ISBN 0-521-41072-X
- Peebles, P. J. E. (1966), "Primordial Helium abundance and primordial fireball II", Astrophysical Journal 146: 542–552, doi:, http://esoads.eso.org/abs/1966ApJ...146..542P
- Peebles, P. J. E. (1993), Principles of physical cosmology, Princeton University Press, ISBN 0-691-01933-9
- Peebles, P.J.E.; Schramm, D.N.; Turner, E.L.; Kron, R.G. (1991), "The case for the relativistic hot Big Bang cosmology", Nature 352: 769–776, doi:
- Penrose, Roger (1965), "Gravitational collapse and spacetime singularities", Physical Review Letters 14: 57–59, doi:
- Penrose, Roger (1969), "Gravitational collapse: the role of general relativity", Rivista del Nuovo Cimento 1: 252–276
- Penrose, Roger (2004), The Road to Reality, A. A. Knopf, ISBN 0679454438
- Penzias, A. A.; Wilson, R. W. (1965), "A measurement of excess antenna temperature at 4080 Mc/s", Astrophysical Journal 142: 419–421, doi:, http://esoads.eso.org/abs/1965ApJ...142..419P
- Peskin, Michael E.; Schroeder, Daniel V. (1995), An Introduction to Quantum Field Theory, Addison-Wesley, ISBN 0-201-50397-2
- Peskin, Michael E. (2007), Dark Matter and Particle Physics, arΧiv:0707.1536
- Poisson, Eric (2004), "The Motion of Point Particles in Curved Spacetime", Living Rev. Relativity 7, http://www.livingreviews.org/lrr-2004-6, retrieved 2007-06-13
- Poisson, Eric (2004), A Relativist's Toolkit. The Mathematics of Black-Hole Mechanics, Cambridge University Press, ISBN 0-521-83091-5
- Polchinski, Joseph (1998a), String Theory Vol. I: An Introduction to the Bosonic String, Cambridge University Press, ISBN 0-521-63303-6, http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joseph_Polchinski
- Polchinski, Joseph (1998b), String Theory Vol. II: Superstring Theory and Beyond, Cambridge University Press, ISBN 0-521-63304-4
- Pound, R. V.; Rebka, G. A. (1959), "Gravitational Red-Shift in Nuclear Resonance", Physical Review Letters 3: 439–441, doi:
- Pound, R. V.; Rebka, G. A. (1960), "Apparent weight of photons", Phys. Rev. Lett. 4: 337–341, doi:
- Pound, R. V.; Snider, J. L. (1964), "Effect of Gravity on Nuclear Resonance", Phys. Rev. Lett. 13: 539–540, doi:
- Ramond, Pierre (1990), Field Theory: A Modern Primer, Addison-Wesley, ISBN 0-201-54611-6
- Rees, Martin (1966), "Appearance of Relativistically Expanding Radio Sources", Nature 211: 468–470, doi:
- Reissner, H. (1916), "Über die Eigengravitation des elektrischen Feldes nach der Einsteinschen Theorie", Annalen der Physik 355: 106–120, doi:
- Remillard, Ronald A.; Lin, Dacheng; Cooper, Randall L.; Narayan, Ramesh (2006), "The Rates of Type I X-Ray Bursts from Transients Observed with RXTE: Evidence for Black Hole Event Horizons", Astrophysical Journal 646: 407–419, doi: , arΧiv:astro-ph/0509758
- Renn, Jürgen, ed. (2007), The Genesis of General Relativity (4 Volumes), Dordrecht: Springer, ISBN 1-4020-3999-9
- Renn, Jürgen, ed. (2005), Albert Einstein—Chief Engineer of the Universe: Einstein's Life and Work in Context, Berlin: Wiley-VCH, ISBN 3-527-40571-2
- Reula, Oscar A. (1998), "Hyperbolic Methods for Einstein's Equations", Living Rev. Relativity 1, http://www.livingreviews.org/lrr-1998-3, retrieved 2007-08-29
- Rindler, Wolfgang (2001), Relativity. Special, General and Cosmological, Oxford University Press, ISBN 0-19-850836-0
- Rindler, Wolfgang (1991), Introduction to Special Relativity, Clarendon Press, Oxford, ISBN 0-19-853952-5
- Robson, Ian (1996), Active galactic nuclei, John Wiley, ISBN 0471958530
- Roulet, E.; Mollerach, S. (1997), "Microlensing", Physics Reports 279: 67–118, doi:
- Rovelli, Carlo (2000), Notes for a brief history of quantum gravity, arΧiv:gr-qc/0006061
- Rovelli, Carlo (1998), "Loop Quantum Gravity", Living Rev. Relativity 1, http://www.livingreviews.org/lrr-1998-1, retrieved 2008-03-13
- Schäfer, Gerhard (2004), "Gravitomagnetic Effects", General Relativity and Gravitation 36: 2223–2235, doi: , arΧiv:gr-qc/0407116
- Schödel, R.; Ott, T.; Genzel, R.; Eckart, A. (2003), "Stellar Dynamics in the Central Arcsecond of Our Galaxy", Astrophysical Journal 596: 1015–1034, doi: , arΧiv:astro-ph/0306214
- Schutz, Bernard F. (1985), A first course in general relativity, Cambridge University Press, ISBN 0-521-27703-5
- Schutz, Bernard F. (2001), "Gravitational radiation", in Murdin, Paul, Encyclopedia of Astronomy and Astrophysics, Grove's Dictionaries, ISBN 1561592684
- Schutz, Bernard F. (2003), Gravity from the ground up, Cambridge University Press, ISBN 0-521-45506-5
- Schwarz, John H. (2007), String Theory: Progress and Problems, arΧiv:hep-th/0702219
- Schwarzschild, Karl (1916a), "Über das Gravitationsfeld eines Massenpunktes nach der Einsteinschen Theorie", Sitzungsber. Preuss. Akad. D. Wiss.: 189–196
- Schwarzschild, Karl (1916b), "Über das Gravitationsfeld eines Kugel aus inkompressibler Flüssigkeit nach der Einsteinschen Theorie", Sitzungsber. Preuss. Akad. D. Wiss.: 424–434
- Seidel, Edward (1998), "Numerical Relativity: Towards Simulations of 3D Black Hole Coalescence", in Narlikar, J. V.; Dadhich, N., Gravitation and Relativity: At the turn of the millennium (Proceedings of the GR-15 Conference, held at IUCAA, Pune, India, December 16–21, 1997), IUCAA, arΧiv:gr-qc/9806088, ISBN 81-900378-3-8
- Seljak, Uros̆; Zaldarriaga, Matias (1997), "Signature of Gravity Waves in the Polarization of the Microwave Background", Phys. Rev. Lett. 78: 2054–2057, doi: , arΧiv:astro-ph/9609169
- Shapiro, S. S.; Davis, J. L.; Lebach, D. E.; Gregory, J. S. (2004), "Measurement of the solar gravitational deflection of radio waves using geodetic very-long-baseline interferometry data, 1979–1999", Phys. Rev. Lett. 92: 121101, doi:
- Shapiro, Irwin I. (1964), "Fourth test of general relativity", Phys. Rev. Lett. 13: 789–791, doi:
- Shapiro, I. I.; Pettengill, Gordon H.; Ash, Michael E.; 1968 (1968), "Fourth test of general relativity: preliminary results", Phys. Rev. Lett. 20: 1265–1269, doi:
- Singh, Simon (2004), Big Bang: The Origin of the Universe, Fourth Estate, ISBN 0007152515
- Sorkin, Rafael D. (2005), "Causal Sets: Discrete Gravity", in Gomberoff, Andres; Marolf, Donald, Lectures on Quantum Gravity, Springer, arΧiv:gr-qc/0309009, ISBN 0-387-23995-2
- Sorkin, Rafael D. (1997), "Forks in the Road, on the Way to Quantum Gravity", Int. J. Theor. Phys. 36: 2759–2781, doi: , arΧiv:gr-qc/9706002
- Spergel, D. N.; Verde, L.; Peiris, H. V.; Komatsu, E. (2003), "First Year Wilkinson Microwave Anisotropy Probe (WMAP) Observations: Determination of Cosmological Parameters", Astrophys. J. Suppl. 148: 175–194, doi: , arΧiv:astro-ph/0302209
- Spergel, D. N.; Bean, R.; Doré, O.; Nolta, M. R. (2007), "Wilkinson Microwave Anisotropy Probe (WMAP) Three Year Results: Implications for Cosmology", Astrophysical Journal Supplement 170: 377–408, doi: , arΧiv:astro-ph/0603449
- Springel, Volker; White, Simon D. M.; Jenkins, Adrian; Frenk, Carlos S. (2005), "Simulations of the formation, evolution and clustering of galaxies and quasars", Nature 435: 629–636, doi:
- Stairs, Ingrid H. (2003), "Testing General Relativity with Pulsar Timing", Living Rev. Relativity 6, http://www.livingreviews.org/lrr-2003-5, retrieved 2007-07-21
- Stephani, H.; Kramer, D.; MacCallum, M.; Hoenselaers, C.; Herlt, E. (2003), Exact Solutions of Einstein's Field Equations (2 ed.), Cambridge University Press, ISBN 0-521-46136-7
- Synge, J. L. (1972), Relativity: The Special Theory, North-Holland Publishing Company
- Szabados, László B. (2004), "Quasi-Local Energy-Momentum and Angular Momentum in GR", Living Rev. Relativity 7, http://www.livingreviews.org/lrr-2004-4, retrieved 2007-08-23
- Taylor, Joseph H. (1994), "Binary pulsars and relativistic gravity", Rev. Mod. Phys. 66: 711–719, doi:
- Thiemann, Thomas (2006), Loop Quantum Gravity: An Inside View, arΧiv:hep-th/0608210
- Thiemann, Thomas (2003), "Lectures on Loop Quantum Gravity", Lect. Notes Phys. 631: 41–135
- Thorne, Kip S. (1972), "Nonspherical Gravitational Collapse—A Short Review", in Klauder, J., Magic without Magic, W. H. Freeman, pp. 231–258
- Thorne, Kip S. (1994), Black Holes and Time Warps: Einstein's Outrageous Legacy, W W Norton & Company, ISBN 0-393-31276-3
- Thorne, Kip S. (1995), Gravitational radiation, arΧiv:gr-qc/9506086
- Townsend, Paul K. (1997), Black Holes (Lecture notes), arΧiv:gr-qc/9707012
- Townsend, Paul K. (1996), Four Lectures on M-Theory, arΧiv:hep-th/9612121
- Traschen, Jenny (2000), "An Introduction to Black Hole Evaporation", in Bytsenko, A.; Williams, F., Mathematical Methods of Physics (Proceedings of the 1999 Londrina Winter School), World Scientific, arΧiv:gr-qc/0010055
- Trautman, Andrzej (2006), "Einstein-Cartan theory", in Francoise, J.-P.; Naber, G. L.; Tsou, S. T., Encyclopedia of Mathematical Physics, Vol. 2, Elsevier, pp. 189–195, arΧiv:gr-qc/0606062
- Unruh, W. G. (1976), "Notes on Black Hole Evaporation", Phys. Rev. D 14: 870–892, doi:
- Valtonen, M. J.; Lehto, H. J.; Nilsson, K.; Heidt, J.; Takalo, L. O. (2008), "A massive binary black-hole system in OJ 287 and a test of general relativity", Nature 452: 851–853, doi:
- Wald, Robert M. (1975), "On Particle Creation by Black Holes", Commun. Math. Phys. 45: 9–34, doi:
- Wald, Robert M. (1984), General Relativity, University of Chicago Press, ISBN 0-226-87033-2
- Wald, Robert M. (1994), Quantum field theory in curved spacetime and black hole thermodynamics, University of Chicago Press, ISBN 0-226-87027-8
- Wald, Robert M. (2001), "The Thermodynamics of Black Holes", Living Rev. Relativity 4, http://www.livingreviews.org/lrr-2001-6, retrieved 2007-08-08
- Walsh, D.; Carswell, R. F.; Weymann, R. J. (1979), "0957 + 561 A, B: twin quasistellar objects or gravitational lens?", Nature 279: 381, doi:
- Wambsganss, Joachim (1998), "Gravitational Lensing in Astronomy", Living Rev. Relativity 1, http://www.livingreviews.org/lrr-1998-12, retrieved 2007-07-20
- Weinberg, Steven (1972), Gravitation and Cosmology, John Wiley, ISBN 0-471-92567-5
- Weinberg, Steven (1995), The Quantum Theory of Fields I: Foundations, Cambridge University Press, ISBN 0-521-55001-7
- Weinberg, Steven (1996), The Quantum Theory of Fields II: Modern Applications, Cambridge University Press, ISBN 0-521-55002-5
- Weinberg, Steven (2000), The Quantum Theory of Fields III: Supersymmetry, Cambridge University Press, ISBN 0-521-66000-9
- Weisberg, Joel M.; Taylor, Joseph H. (2003), "The Relativistic Binary Pulsar B1913+16"", in Bailes, M.; Nice, D. J.; Thorsett, S. E., Proceedings of "Radio Pulsars," Chania, Crete, August, 2002, ASP Conference Series
- Weiss, Achim (2006), "Elements of the past: Big Bang Nucleosynthesis and observation", Einstein Online (Max Planck Institute for Gravitational Physics), http://www.einstein-online.info/en/spotlights/BBN_obs/index.html, retrieved 2007-02-24
- Wheeler, John A. (1990), A Journey Into Gravity and Spacetime, Scientific American Library, San Francisco: W. H. Freeman, ISBN 0-7167-6034-7
- Will, Clifford M. (1993), Theory and experiment in gravitational physics, Cambridge University Press, ISBN 0-521-43973-6
- Will, Clifford M. (2006), "The Confrontation between General Relativity and Experiment", Living Rev. Relativity, http://www.livingreviews.org/lrr-2006-3, retrieved 2007-06-12
- Zwiebach, Barton (2004), A First Course in String Theory, Cambridge University Press, ISBN 0-521-83143-1
Kunjungi Juga:
Relativitas Umum dan Ke Geniusan Einstein
Sumber:
The University of Cambridge
Wikipedia
The End