Not long ago, I finished Francois Mauriac's Viper's Tangle. Sometimes I ask myself why I took French in high school, especially now that we are so close to Mexico. Why didn't I take Spanish? I had this romantic idea about French literature and travel to France. I don't think I had actually read any French literature in high school. It often seems fairly dark and cynical. I just skimmed Candide again in order to make an argument with my son's AP language teacher to pick another title, and felt justified in my remembered disapproval of its misanthropy and bitterness. Francois Mauriac's Viper's Tangle is narrated by a character who is also filled with hate and skepticism, one of Voltaire's heirs. But Mauriac writes a dark book with a redemptive ending.
In Mauriac's book the narrator, Louis, of a bourgeois if not peasant class background, becomes bitter, although he may naturally be depressive, when he discovers his aristocratic wife married him because her first lover left her. Her family disapproves of him, although they hope he will make money for the family. And make money he does. He never leaves his wife, but he withholds love from her and the children after the one daughter whom he did love dies. As his bitterness towards his wife grows, so does his pocketbook and his debasement and the hatred in his heart. He cheats on his wife but is too cheap to become a hedonist.
Instead he tortures his family with the threat of settling his wealth on someone else. At first his chosen heir is his sister-in-law's illegitimate son, whom he actually loves because he is everything Louis is not. When that boy dies in the War, he decides to give all his money to his own illegitimate son. But that young man is not very bright and is worried about getting in trouble with the law, so instead he takes a payoff from Louis's son and son-in-law who are spying on him to save the family millions.
The book is written as a confession from Louis to Isabella, his wife, to explain why he wanted to disinherit his family. He has always felt hated and thus hates himself. But a few events open his heart to grace. First, he is capable of love, as is seen by his early love for his wife and his devotion to his daughter Marie and his nephew Luc. Another moment is when the priest who tutors his children calls him a "good man" for forgiving him (He went on an outing to the theater in disobedience to his Superior).
The critical moment of spiritual awakening, or opening of his heart to grace, occurs when Louis learns that Isabella has died before him while he is gone and before he could return home to visit her. He at last has an emotional break down. He realizes he had really wanted reconciliation with her. He finds charred pieces of her journals in the fireplace and realizes she desired reconciliation too - one line in particular "Forgive, not knowing what you have to forgive" opens his eyes to what he has been blind to.
In his grief he realizes he did care. He suddenly gives up his plan to give away his money (he was foiled anyway), and begins to experience peace. He has a moment of honesty with his children and settles down to live at their estate on a vineyard, a place he begins to value for its beauty rather than as a commodity. His granddaughter leaves the sanitorium where she was recovering from the breakup of her marriage and comes to live with him. After he dies and his journal is found, she is the one who testifies to his conversion, to the mysticism he experiences at the end of his life when he is able to love at last. He can see the tangle of vipers in his heart that have nearly poisoned completely his ability to love, but the triumph of the story is that he does see that love, in particular self-sacrificing Christian love, is the only means to peace. And he begins to forgive himself.
He realizes he needed the aid of some "person, of someone in whom we might all have been reunited, of someone who would, in the eyes of my family, have guaranteed the victory that I had won over myself, of someone who would stand my witness. . . Even the genuinely good cannot, unaided, learn to love. To penetrate beyond the absurdities, the vices, and above all, the stupidities of human creatures, one must possess the secret of a love that the world has now forgotten."
Louis's conversion is evident when he finally falls on his feet to prayer in desire to express his weakness. He sees he had been honest about his poisoned heart, but now he realizes that even he can be redeemed.
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The short novella of Thornton Wilder, The Bridge of San Luis Rey, also tells the story of lives of lost souls. This was a reread for me, after a space of maybe 20 years, and a reminder of why I used to love early 20th century American literature. It's descriptive without being flowery, direct without being dark, psychological without being sentimental, and sociological without being overtly ideological. In 1928, it won the Pulitzer Prize for literature, one of three Wilder was awarded.
The story is based on a fictional event, although I think I believed it was based on a true event, until I consulted the all knowing Wikipedia. There is really an Incan rope bridge over a river in Peru that was still standing in 1864, after nearly 500 years. In the story, the bridge has collapsed with 5 people on it who all died. Wilder, and one of his characters, an 18th century monk, Brother Juniper, ask the question, "Why these five?" The first chapter is called "Perhaps An Accident." Brother Juniper, who was about to cross the bridge and saw it fall, attempts to piece together biographies of the five who have died to prove God's Providence in letting these five die, while preserving others, like himself. Is God just in punishing them? Were their lives meant to serve as a lesson? Had they fulfilled what they were called into being to do?
The next three chapters detail the lives of the Marquesa de Montemayor, a rich woman who writes daily letters about local gossip to her estranged daughter in Spain, and her serving girl Pepita who was picked by the Abbess to follow in her footsteps; Esteban, an orphaned twin whose brother had died shortly before from a leg infection and who was left crazed with grief; and Uncle Pio, an old illegitimate Spaniard who loved theater and who helped train Camila the Perichole to become a famous actress. Camila later spurns Uncle Pio and leaves the theater in order to recreate her identity as a wealthy lady, after she becomes the lover of the Viceroy. She has three children, then suffers smallpox and loses everything. One of her sons dies with Uncle Pio on the bridge, because Camila was letting him go to get an education.
The last chapter is called "Perhaps an Intention." Brother Juniper writes his book and tries to come up with a mathematical measurement of a person's goodness and usefulness. He makes a chart of people who died in a plague and comes up empty of pattern. At one point he tears up his calculations and throws them into the sea where "he gazed for an hour upon the great clouds of pearl that hang forever upon the horizon of that sea and extracted from their beauty a resignation that he did not permit his reason to examine." Although his intentions are good, he is burned for heresy, and calls on St. Francis as hi dies. His book supposedly survives in a university as an anthropological oddity.
Each of the five who died left behind mourners and people whose lives were transformed by their deaths, in small but notable ways. The Marquesa's last letter detailed a conversion experience upon encountering Pepita's devoted, selfless, and brave love for her Abbess (had she not died would she have remained inspired?) and her letters become famous. Her daughter eventually comes with her baby to visit Pepita's abbess. Camila was in despair at losing her fame and status and beauty by her disfiguring disease, but after she loses her son and the one man who loved her for who she was (Uncle Pio), she also goes to visit the Abbess to talk about her loss and ends up staying to do works of charity. Esteban had tried to hang himself after the death of his twin, but was saved by a ship's captain, who is one of his few mourners.
The book leaves the question of life's meaning apparently open, as Wilder is quoted as saying on the novel's entry on Wikipedia: "However, the central idea of the work, the justification for a number of human lives that comes up as a result of the sudden collapse of a bridge, stems from friendly arguments with my father, a strict Calvinist. Strict Puritans imagine God all too easily as a petty schoolmaster who minutely weights guilt against merit, and they overlook God's 'Caritas' which is more all-encompassing and powerful. God's love has to transcend his just retribution. But in my novel I have left this question unanswered. As I said earlier, we can only pose the question correctly and clearly, and have faith one will ask the question in the right way."[3]
The answer discovered by Louis in Viper's Tangle and the Abbess's words that end Wilder's tale seem pretty clear: "But soon we shall die and all memory of those five will have left the earth, and we ourselves shall be loved for a while and forgotten. But the love will have been enough; all those impulses of love return to the love that made them. Even memory is not necessary for love. There is a land of the living and a land of the dead and the bridge is love, the only survival, the only meaning."
The story is based on a fictional event, although I think I believed it was based on a true event, until I consulted the all knowing Wikipedia. There is really an Incan rope bridge over a river in Peru that was still standing in 1864, after nearly 500 years. In the story, the bridge has collapsed with 5 people on it who all died. Wilder, and one of his characters, an 18th century monk, Brother Juniper, ask the question, "Why these five?" The first chapter is called "Perhaps An Accident." Brother Juniper, who was about to cross the bridge and saw it fall, attempts to piece together biographies of the five who have died to prove God's Providence in letting these five die, while preserving others, like himself. Is God just in punishing them? Were their lives meant to serve as a lesson? Had they fulfilled what they were called into being to do?
The next three chapters detail the lives of the Marquesa de Montemayor, a rich woman who writes daily letters about local gossip to her estranged daughter in Spain, and her serving girl Pepita who was picked by the Abbess to follow in her footsteps; Esteban, an orphaned twin whose brother had died shortly before from a leg infection and who was left crazed with grief; and Uncle Pio, an old illegitimate Spaniard who loved theater and who helped train Camila the Perichole to become a famous actress. Camila later spurns Uncle Pio and leaves the theater in order to recreate her identity as a wealthy lady, after she becomes the lover of the Viceroy. She has three children, then suffers smallpox and loses everything. One of her sons dies with Uncle Pio on the bridge, because Camila was letting him go to get an education.
The last chapter is called "Perhaps an Intention." Brother Juniper writes his book and tries to come up with a mathematical measurement of a person's goodness and usefulness. He makes a chart of people who died in a plague and comes up empty of pattern. At one point he tears up his calculations and throws them into the sea where "he gazed for an hour upon the great clouds of pearl that hang forever upon the horizon of that sea and extracted from their beauty a resignation that he did not permit his reason to examine." Although his intentions are good, he is burned for heresy, and calls on St. Francis as hi dies. His book supposedly survives in a university as an anthropological oddity.
Each of the five who died left behind mourners and people whose lives were transformed by their deaths, in small but notable ways. The Marquesa's last letter detailed a conversion experience upon encountering Pepita's devoted, selfless, and brave love for her Abbess (had she not died would she have remained inspired?) and her letters become famous. Her daughter eventually comes with her baby to visit Pepita's abbess. Camila was in despair at losing her fame and status and beauty by her disfiguring disease, but after she loses her son and the one man who loved her for who she was (Uncle Pio), she also goes to visit the Abbess to talk about her loss and ends up staying to do works of charity. Esteban had tried to hang himself after the death of his twin, but was saved by a ship's captain, who is one of his few mourners.
The book leaves the question of life's meaning apparently open, as Wilder is quoted as saying on the novel's entry on Wikipedia: "However, the central idea of the work, the justification for a number of human lives that comes up as a result of the sudden collapse of a bridge, stems from friendly arguments with my father, a strict Calvinist. Strict Puritans imagine God all too easily as a petty schoolmaster who minutely weights guilt against merit, and they overlook God's 'Caritas' which is more all-encompassing and powerful. God's love has to transcend his just retribution. But in my novel I have left this question unanswered. As I said earlier, we can only pose the question correctly and clearly, and have faith one will ask the question in the right way."[3]
The answer discovered by Louis in Viper's Tangle and the Abbess's words that end Wilder's tale seem pretty clear: "But soon we shall die and all memory of those five will have left the earth, and we ourselves shall be loved for a while and forgotten. But the love will have been enough; all those impulses of love return to the love that made them. Even memory is not necessary for love. There is a land of the living and a land of the dead and the bridge is love, the only survival, the only meaning."