Philip Croft wrote:
The Fulmar is, for me, one of the most remarkable birds of
my local patch, in the Mewslade area. They are outstanding fliers, manoeuvring
with amazing ease and accuracy, even in strong, gusty winds. A few Fulmars
breed in the area. Each autumn the birds disappear out to sea and for a while
there are no Fulmars, with their characteristic stiff-winged flight, to be
seen. They usually return in December and are then visible around the coast
(with occasional absences) for the next nine months or so (photo taken on December 19, 2013).
Although they bear a superficial resemblance to gulls,
Fulmars are not closely related to gulls, and are, in fact, very different from
them, both in structure and behaviour. They are “tube-noses”, with separate
nostrils on the top of a rather complex bill. This feature is perhaps not very
attractive, in what is otherwise a very beautiful bird (photo taken on January 8, 2014).
They are fantastically well-adapted to a life in the air and
at sea. One of the delights of watching Fulmars flying close to the cliffs is
observing how they use their feet as rudders (or ailerons?) for fine-tuning the
steering. The legs are very close to the rear of the body and thus the feet are
perfectly positioned for steering. Fulmars are as hopeless on land as they are
brilliant in the air; those rear-mounted legs cannot support the bird and, at
the nest site, they move by shuffling on their bellies.
This winter, birds returned at about the normal time. By mid
January I was observing what I will call nuptial behaviour. Fulmars pair for
life and are very long-lived (30 to 50 years is not uncommon). The pairs become
separated during the time spent out at sea and re-establish the partnership in
the breeding area. Mid January seemed very early in the year for nuptial
behaviour to be so obvious, since Fulmars generally do not breed until May. In
the third week in January, at one nest site in my area (site 1), a pair had
become well-established and the birds were involved in frequent nuptial
behaviour: widely opening the bill, gaping at each other, cackling; touching
bill to bill; throwing the head back and cackling; head waving; neck-nibbling.
They were also vigorously defending their site against potential intruders, as
shown below (photo taken on January
20, 2014).
Repelling intruders also involves widely opening the bill
and cackling; context is important in understanding what Fulmars are up to!
This behaviour has continued at site 1, with the addition of
a ritual involving one bird bowing while the other opens the bill (photo taken February 16, 2014).
During February a pair has become well-established at
another site in my patch (site 2). The birds at this site have been showing all
the same nuptial and territorial behaviour as the pair at site 1. The site 2 birds
seem to be even more demonstrative in their nuptial behaviour, with very
frequent and noisy bill-gaping, bill-touching, rubbing their necks together, neck
stretching and waving and an action which looks like one bird putting its bill
inside the other’s open bill. I haven’t managed to capture an image of this
action yet, but will keep trying! The photos below are of the site 2 pair
displaying on February 22 and February
27, 2014.
At both sites the birds (or one bird of the pair) will leave
the ledge and fly around the area, apparently just for the joy of it! I think
they are probably still roosting at sea because the birds are quite often
absent if I visit soon after dawn. Both of these nest sites are in inaccessible
positions: it is impossible to get really close to the nest. Both can be viewed
and photographed from vantage points separated from the nest by sheer drops.
These positions are not dangerous (as long as it is not too windy) and the
Fulmars seem to be completely indifferent to my presence.
I’ll continue watching these two sites and will report again
if there is any evidence of actual breeding.
Philip Croft.
