Over the centuries in England, post houses existed along the roads, many of them constructed at first to provide
horses for the Royal Mail. The type of business determined its name: ale
houses served ales, taverns served wine, inns provided rooms for travelers.
The post houses came to be known as posting inns, unlike the
coaching inns that would provide carriage for hire. Eventually, public houses,
which came to later be called “pubs” and were different from private houses or
clubs, came into being might serve food and drink. All these establishments
held to a long tradition of a memorable name, preferably one that might be made
into a sign that would be easy for an illiterate person to identify. Common
names included: the Blue Lion, the
Pheasant, the Rose & Crown, the Feversham Arms, the Bell, Castle House, the
Boar's Head, the Peacock, the Kings Head, the White Hart, the Swan, the George (a
popular name after the Hanoverians took the throne). More unusual names might
include the Running Footman, the Honest Layer, the Cock and Bull, or the Eagle
and Child.
Initially, these posting inns or post houses provided
only horses, but as the Royal Mail was changed in the late 1700’s to use mail
coaches, the coaches, horses, and drivers were all supplied by contract. There
was much competition for this lucrative business—a contractor earned not only a
fixed regular income for the postal service, but could also charge fares for
any passengers on the coach, and an inn could also hope for extra income from
quick refreshments sold to passengers.
On Monday August 2, 1784, John Palmer's first coach left the Rummer Tavern in Bristol at 4:00 PM, carrying the mail and four passengers (which later became seven passengers, with four inside). As noted, Palmer had long advocated postal reform and expansion—increased commerce, industry, and population demanded it. After his friend William Pitt became Prime Minister, Palmer got authority to try his reform ideas. Palmer's Mail Coach reached Bath at 5:20 PM, and arrived in London at the Swan with Two Necks well before 8:00 the next morning to deliver mail to the Chief Post Office in Lombard Street. The coach had traveled 119 miles in under sixteen hours, an incredible feat at the time. Palmer received public acclaim and bureaucratic stone-walling, including a record of criticism which ran to three volumes of copperplate. However, Palmer's Mail Coaches began to take hold.
In 1787, the Post Office adopted an improved
mail coach design patented coach by John Besant and John Vidler. The two men soon
held a monopoly on the supply of Royal Mail coaches, including their upkeep,
and servicing, and all the coaches took on the distinct black and scarlet colors
of the Royal Mail, with the stage number painted on the back side pannel.
By 1811, approximately 220 mail coaches ran on regular
schedules from London to various major cities.
These coaches used the main post roads and cross roads (post roads that
did not pass through London, but which crossed the main roads), which could
support the light, fast coaches. The new
process for macadamizing roads created excellent paved surfaces on the main
roads, but other dangers existed, including: poor drivers (on the road and on
the mail coaches), bad light from the lack of any moon at night, snow drifts,
flooded rivers that had to be forded, collapsed bridges, thunder and lightning
that might spook the horses, heavy fog, and rain that could be blinding. On
steep hills, passengers might have to climb out and walk beside the coach going
up and down to better save the horses for their primary job of delivering the
mail. In addition, dust was always a problem on the road in the summer, and any
lady who traveled generally wore a veil not to protect her identity, but to
save her delicate skin.
Toll roads were constructed during this time period—roads
that were the enterprise of local contractors or postal concerns, and the toll
was meant to pay for the construction work. Mail coaches had the advantages of
not having to pay tolls, which could be worth as much as six pounds to the
contractor.
The Royal Mail coach was faster than any stage as the mail only stopped for delivery of mail, and sometimes did not stop at all but only slowed to allow the mail to be exchanged with a quick toss. The coaches were drawn by a team of four, and had seating inside for four passengers, and outside for two or three more to sit with the driver. A seat inside for the Royal Mail from London to Bristol cost about 2 pounds and 10 shillings, while one outside cost about 1 pound. In general, Royal Mail ticket costs were about one penny (1d) per mile more than would be charged by a privately operated stage. (Stage fares averaged about 2d to 3d a mile for an outside seat, and 4d to 5d for an inside seat.)
Mail coaches averaged 7 to 8 mph on hard summer roads,
and up to 10 mph on a good, straight road with no hills, but in poor winter
conditions this speed went down to about 5 mph. Fresh horses were supplied
every 10 to 15 miles. Unlike stage coaches, which were operated by private
companies, the limit on passengers and luggage on the mail prevented the common
danger of overturning due to excessive or top-heavy weight. The mail coaches also
traveled mostly at night when roads were less busy and the coach might make
better time.
But the heyday of the posting inns and mail coaches wasn't long. In the 1830's the first delivery of mail by rail took place between Liverpool and Manchester, and by the early 1840's London-based mail coaches were being withdrawn from service. The last mail coach service to London ended in 1846--the age of rail had taken over. Many posting inns closed as traffic moved from road to rail. A few regional mail coaches continued active service into the 1850's, but these, too, were being replaced, and many posting inns fell into ruin, with only those in the main towns surviving
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