"What
wretches are ordinary servants that go on in the same vulgar Track ev'ry
day! Eating, working and sleeping! But we, who have the Honour to serve the
Nobility, are of another Species. We are
above the common Forms, have Servants to wait upon us, and are as lazy and
luxurious as our Masters."
So is quoted a duke's servants in James
Townley's 1775 High Life Below Stairs. The English class system extended through the upper ranks and well into
lower orders, with its own complications of hierarchy. But even as the industrial revolution broke
down class system by creating a new class of rich merchants, the upper class
required their servants. And the larger
the house and estate, the more staff required for its maintenance.
In the country, an estate needed the
following, in order of their own precedent:
-A land steward to manage the estate,
collect rents and settle disputes between tenants.
-A house steward or housekeeper to supervise
indoor staff for two hundred pounds a year, and some houses might have both a
house steward and a housekeeper who served under him.
-A valet for the master of the house, and a
lady's maid for the lady of the house, whose wages might be anything from
twenty to two hundred, depending on if they were in demand in London, or stuck
in the countryside without opportunity.
A
master of horse or stable clerk to supervise the stables, including livery
servants who worked outdoors, coachmen and stable lads, for around sixty pounds
a year in salary.
A
butler, a cook, a head gardener, who earned twenty to forty pounds year. This might include a wine-butler, and also a
porter or major domino who supervised the comings and goings at the house, and
a groom of chambers, who looked after the furniture in the house.
In the lower male ranks came other
coachmen, footmen, running footmen, grooms, under-butlers, under-coachmen,
park-keepers, game-keepers, yard boys, hall boys, footboys. In the lower female servant ranks came nannies,
chambermaids, laundry maids, dairy maids, maids-of-all-work, scullery
maids. In town such staff might earn as
much as ten to twenty pounds a year, with men being paid more. In the country, salaries were half that or even less.
In the no-mans land between servant and
master existed those creatures who might be of upper or lower class, but who
did not quite fit into either, the governess, tutor and dancing master.
A large estate might require as many as
fifty indoor servants, and twice that or more in outside labor to deal with the
estate's lawns, animals, produce, beer-making, dairy and so on. An estate acted very much like its own
village, with squabbles between servants, gossip, flirtations, jealousies, and
structure. All of which had changed little
from feudal times.
However, the world was changing. New factories, new roads and lower costs of
transportation make even the servant class more mobile. And keeping a good staff began to be an issue.
To hire staff, the lady of the house--or
the housekeeper or house steward--might advertise in The London Times or
the Morning Post. The custom of
'Mop Fairs' where servants might parade and find new positions also existed
through the 1700's and into the 1800's.
"Females of the domestic kind are distinguished by their aprons,
vs. cooks in coloured, nursery maids in white linen and chamber and waiting
maids in lawn or cambric," writes Samuel Curwen of such a fair at Waltham
Abbey in 1782. Such a fair included
strolling, stalls, and full public houses, with a good bit of drinking. It was for many servants a holiday.
Dress very much told of a person's status,
both as in the world upstairs and below. The upper servants dressed in livery and uniforms provided by the house,
while lower servant were expected to wear plain and ordinary.
The cost to hire, feed, and dress an
extensive staff could be considerable. Wages tended to be higher as well in a richer house. And servants could expect to be left tips--or
vails--by visiting guests. A vail might
be as much as a month's wages left by a departing guest, the amount
determined by the status of the guest and the rank of the servant.
While
a cook might earn fourteen to twenty pounds, in a rich house, this might be as
much as forty to fifty pounds a year.
Or, if in demand and talented, a chef might earn more, as did the Earl
of Sefton's chef, Ude, who made three hundred guineas a year.
On 400 pounds a year, a family might expect
to afford two maids, one horse and one groom. Not in Front of the Servants reports that, "Between 1776 and
1802 the Reverend James Woodforde found that on three hundred pounds a year it
was possible to have the following staff: a farming man, who also helped about
the house on occasion, a footman, a yard boy, an upper maid (who did the
cooking) and an undermaid."
On 1,000 pounds a year income, that family
could then keep three female servants, a coachman, a footman, two carriages,
and a pair of horses. It took around
5,000 a year--the income of most wealthy gentry--to keep thirteen male
servants, nine female staff, ten horses and four carriages.
Coupled with the expense of a staff came
its management. While on many country
estates, servants came from the local lower orders and might well be born on
the estate and look to live and die there, in town servants looked for
opportunities to advance. Servants in
town could register with agencies, but they would need to bring with them good
references.
However, as noted by a Portuguese visitor
to England in 1808, "servants 'are not to be corrected, or even spoken to,
but they immediately threaten to leave their service.'"
As with any group, problems arose. Servants gossiped, stole from the pantry and
even from a careless master's closet, and then there was the issue of upper
class males and lower class females.
"If you are in a great family, and my
lady's woman, my lord may probably like you, although you are not half so
handsome as his own lady." So wrote
Jonathan Swift in his Directions to Servants in 1745. He went on to advise that any lady's made at
least make certain that she is paid for "the smallest liberty." The attitude prevailed well into Victorian
times that the maids of a house provided opportunity for gentlemen, for such
girls were beyond any thought of marriage. Such activities came to be frowned upon rather than winked at, but
continued. A very few gentlemen took the
shocking step to marry their housekeeper, but such alliances meant ostracism
from society for such couples. And
servants themselves were shocked by such a mixing of class for they often
could be even greater snobs than were their upper class masters.
--------------
Shannon
Donnelly’s writing has won numerous awards,
including a RITA nomination for
Best Regency, the Grand Prize in the "Minute Maid Sensational Romance
Writer" contest, judged by Nora Roberts, RWA's Golden Heart, and others.
Her writing has repeatedly earned 4½ Star Top Pick reviews from Romantic
Times magazine, as well as praise from Booklist and other reviewers,
who note: "simply superb"..."wonderfully uplifting"....and
"beautifully written." She is also the author of the Mackenzie Solomon, Demon/Warders Urban Fantasy series, Burn Baby Burn and Riding in on a Burning Tire. She is currently working on her next
Regency romance, Lady Chance.
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