“.. the destruction ranging in the outer world may meet the very real aggressiveness ranging in the inside of the child”

“Instead of turning away from them (war conditions) in instinctive horror, as people seem to expect, the child may turn towards them with primitive excitement. The real danger is not that the child, caught up all innocently in the whirlpool of war, will be shocked into illness. The danger lies in the fact that the destruction ranging in the outer world may meet the very real aggressiveness ranging in the inside of the child.”

― Anna Freud, War And Children

“... to make the child free of fear and at home in everything.”

“It seem to me such a beautiful goal:
to make the child free of fear and at home in everything.”

― Anna Freud in a letter to Lou Andreas-Salomé of 11 December 1927


“Es scheint mir so ein schönes Ziel:
das Kind angstlos zu machen und heimisch in allem.”

― Anna Freud in einem Brief an Lou Andreas-Salomé vom 11. Dezember 1927

Winnicott, Klein, Bowlby, Lacan, Anna & Sigmund Freud: 6 Psychoanalytic Theorists Introduced in Animated Videos

Sigmund Freud

Sigmund Freud, the inventor of psychoanalysis, appreciated the many ways in which our minds are troubled and anxious.

Selected Works:

• The Penguin Freud Library - 15 Beautifully Designed Book Covers - A selection of classic Freud texts, in new translations, under the general editorship of Adam Phillips.

• Introducing Freud: A Graphic Guide To The Father Of Psychoanalysis

Anna Freud

It's to Anna Freud we owe the genius term 'defensiveness' to describe how most of us get some of the time.

Selected Works:

• The Ego and the Mechanisms of Defence
• Anna Freud: Selected Writings
• Reading Anna Freud

Melanie Klein

Melanie Klein was a great psychotherapist who teaches us how to stop either idealising or denigrating others.

Selected Works:

• Love, Guilt And Reparation
• The Psycho-Analysis Of Children
• Introducing Melanie Klein: A Graphic Guide

John Bowlby

The English psychoanalyst John Bowlby teaches us about Attachment Theory, which is quite simply the best way to understand how and why relationships are tricky.

Selected Works:

• The Making and Breaking of Affectional Bonds
• A Secure Base: Parent-Child Attachment and Healthy Human Development

Donald Winnicott

Donald Winnicott has lots to teach us about how to look after children - but also about how not to aim for perfection. Being a 'good enough' parent is good enough...

Selected Works:

• Playing and Reality
• Winnicott by Adam Phillips

Jacques Lacan

Jacques Lacan was France’s most famous psychoanalyst, who came up with the intriguing concept of the ‘mirror phase.’

Introductory Books on Lacan:

• Introducing Lacan: A Graphic Guide 

• How to Read Lacan - Free online

• An Introductory Dictionary of Lacanian Psychoanalysis

• The Lacanian Subject: Between Language and Jouissance

• A Clinical Introduction to Lacanian Psychoanalysis: Theory and Technique

See also

'What is Psychoanalysis?' is a 4-part educational film series by Freud Museum London​ for students and teachers.

On Being a Patient: A short animation about the experience of psychoanalysis

Happy 121st Birthday, Anna Freud!

Take a peek inside the mind of psychoanalyst Anna Freud for her 121st birthday. As the daughter of famed neurologist Sigmund Freud, Anna followed her father’s footsteps into the field and is recognized as the founder of psychoanalytic child psychology.

Anna Freud was born December 3, 1895 in Vienna, Austria. As the daughter of Sigmund Freud, she was inescapably steeped in the psychoanalytic theories of her famous father; however, she did more than simply live in his shadow, pioneering the field of child psychoanalysis and extending the concept of defense mechanisms to develop ego psychology.

Sigmund Freud (1856 - 1939) in his office in Vienna with his daughter Anna (1895 - 1982), circa 1937. Photo taken by Princess Eugenie of Greece, daughter of Marie Bonaparte.

Anna Freud's work continued her father's intellectual adventure. She said: "We felt that we were the first who had been given a key to the understanding of human behaviour and its aberrations as being determined not by overt factors but by the pressure of instinctual forces emanating from the unconscious mind..." Her life was also a constant search for useful social applications of psychoanalysis, above all in treating, and learning from, children. "I don't think I'd be a good subject for biography," she once commented, "not enough 'action'! You would say all there is to say in a few sentences - she spent her life with children!" (Source: Life and Work of Anna Freud)

Anna Freud (3 December 1895 – 9 October 1982) was the 6th and last child of Sigmund Freud and Martha Bernays.

Listen to Anna's voice in Freud’s Home Movies

Made from amateur footage shot between 1930 and 1939, the film starts with a colour introduction by Anna Freud. She provides a commentary that includes invaluable information about the everyday events and special moments in the Freud family life.

You can watch the complete 24-minute film from which these scenes were taken on YouTube.

(Selected) Books by Anna Freud

• The Ego and the Mechanisms of Defence
• Normality and Pathology in Childhood: Assessments of Development
• Anna Freud: The Harvard Lectures
• Anna Freud: Selected Writings

Books on Anna Freud

• Anna Freud: A Biography
• Reading Anna Freud
• Mothers of Psychoanalysis: Helene Deutsch, Karen Horney, Anna Freud, Melanie Klein
• Anna Freud, Melanie Klein, and the Psychoanalysis of Children and Adolescents
• After-Education: Anna Freud, Melanie Klein, and Psychoanalytic Histories of Learning
• Impious Fidelity: Anna Freud, Psychoanalysis, Politics
• The Anna Freud Tradition: Lines of Development - Evolution and Theory and Practice over the Decades
• Technique of Child Psychoanalysis: Discussions with Anna Freud

Anna Freud: Selected Writings

Buy Anna Freud: Selected Writings here.

'There are few situations in life which are more difficult to cope with than an adolescent son or daughter during the attempt to liberate themselves'

Anna Freud was one of the most creative and innovative thinkers in the history of psychoanalysis, whose pioneering work in child analysis and development revolutionized the treatment of the young.

This essential anthology of her writings includes extracts from her classic The Ego and the Mechanisms of Defence, as well as papers on normal and pathological child development, on adolescence, trauma, aggression and analytical technique. Together they offer a definitive overview of her entire career, displaying the richness, variety and originality of her thinking.

'An achievement of the first importance ... underlines the clarity and cogency of Anna Freud's thinking, [and] makes it accessible to a wide audience'
Clifford Yorke, former Medical Director, the Anna Freud Centre, London

Anna Freud, Melanie Klein, and the Psychoanalysis of Children and Adolescents

Buy Anna Freud, Melanie Klein, and the Psychoanalysis of Children and Adolescents here. - Free delivery worldwide

The central theme of this book is concerned with the controversies on technique between Anna Freud and Melanie Klein in the 1920s and 1930s, and with a clear differentiation between child analysis proper and analytical child psychotherapy. Alex Holder takes into account the historic background in which child psychoanalysis developed, especially World War II and the Nazi regime in Germany. The author also looks at the way child psychoanalysis developed in specific institutions, such as the Hampstead Child Therapy Course in London, and in specific areas, such as the spread of child analysis in the US. The concluding chapter is on the importance of knowledge of child analysis among psychoanalysts working with adults. The differences in the theories of the two "greats" in child analysis, Anna Freud and Melanie Klein, are examined one by one, including such concepts as the role of transference, the Oedipus complex and the superego.

Melanie Klein's works are collected in four volumes:

• Volume 1 – Love, Guilt and Reparation: And Other Works 1921–1945, London: Hogarth Press.
• Volume 2 – The Psychoanalysis of Children, London: Hogarth Press.
• Volume 3 – Envy and Gratitude, London: Hogarth Press.
• Volume 4 – Narrative of a Child Analysis, London: Hogarth Press.

Selected books on Melanie Klein:

• Introducing Melanie Klein: A Graphic Guide

• The Selected Melanie Klein

• Mothers of Psychoanalysis: Helene Deutsch, Karen Horney, Anna Freud, Melanie Klein

• Anna Freud, Melanie Klein, and the Psychoanalysis of Children and Adolescents

• The Klein-Lacan Dialogues

Impious Fidelity: Anna Freud, Psychoanalysis, Politics

Buy Impious Fidelity here.

In Impious Fidelity, Suzanne Stewart-Steinberg investigates the legacy of Anna Freud at the intersection between psychoanalysis as a mode of thinking and theorizing and its existence as a political entity. Stewart-Steinberg argues that because Anna Freud inherited and guided her father's psychoanalytic project as an institution, analysis of her thought is critical to our understanding of the relationship between the psychoanalytic and the political. This is particularly the case given that many psychoanalysts and historians of psychiatry charge that Anna Freud's emphasis on defending the supremacy of the ego against unconscious drives betrayed her father's work.

Are the unconscious and the psychoanalytic project itself at odds with the stable ego deemed necessary to a democratic politics? Hannah Arendt famously (and influentially) argued that they are. But Stewart-Steinberg maintains that Anna Freud's critics (particularly disciples of Melanie Klein) have simplified her thought and misconstrued her legacy. Stewart-Steinberg looks at Anna Freud's work with wartime orphans, seeing that they developed subjectivity not by vertical (through the father) but by lateral, social ties. This led Anna Freud to revise her father's emphasis on Oedipal sexuality and to posit a revision of psychoanalysis that renders it compatible with democratic theory and practice. Stewart-Steinberg gives us an Anna Freud who "betrays" the father even as she protects his legacy and continues his work in a new key.

The Anna Freud Tradition: Lines of Development - Evolution and Theory and Practice over the Decades

Buy The Anna Freud Tradition here.

This volume honours Anna Freud's work and legacy by providing a detailed summary of the Psychoanalytic Developmental Tradition and illustrations of its contributions to the field of Child Psychotherapy and beyond. Through the use of clinical, historical, anecdotal and outreach narratives, this book seeks to acknowledge how regardless of the evolution of child psychoanalytic theory and practice, and recent changes at the Anna Freud Centre in terms of a broad scope of trainings and interventions, the underlying psychoanalytic principles set by its founder continue to inform the work of clinicians and scholars, both within and outside this school of thought.

Technique of Child Psychoanalysis: Discussions with Anna Freud

Buy Technique of Child Psychoanalysis here.

This book distills the essence of child psychoanalysis from the practice and thought of its founder Anna Freud, who for over 50 years has been at the forefront of this controversial field. Children are the most refractory of all subjects to treat analytically. Here, for the first time, is a primer on the difficult technique as practiced at the Hampstead Clinic in London, which was founded by Anna Freud and is today the leading child analytic center in the world. She and her colleagues expose their wealth of experience to systematic review, which yields up rich insights not only into child psychoanalysis and psychotherapy but also into basic child development. In addition, their findings have relevance to the understanding of emotional disturbance at all ages.

The book follows the treatment situation through all its stages, from the first session to termination and follow-up. It focuses on the interaction between therapist and child in the treatment room, illustrating the points with copious clinical vignettes. One point examined is the structure of treatment with respect to such matters as scheduling sessions and handling interruptions. Another element that comes under scrutiny is the development of the child’s relationship to the therapist, which subsumes such factors as establishing an alliance, transference, and resistance. The child’s repertoire of expressions, both verbal and nonverbal, is explored, as is the therapist’s armamentarium of interpretations and interventions. Woven throughout the description of these elements is incisive commentary by Anna Freud. Her commonsense approach gives the book unique value, lifting it to a rare level of human wisdom.

Anna Freud: A View of Development, Disturbance and Therapeutic Techniques

Buy Anna Freud: A View of Development, Disturbance and Therapeutic Techniques here.

Anna Freud, daughter of Sigmund, made many original contributions to psychoanalytic theory and child development, and yet much of her work remains relatively unknown.

In this book, Rose Edgcumbe seeks to redress the situation. Taking a fresh look at Anna Freud's theories and techniques from a clinical and critical viewpoint, and the controversy they caused, she highlights how Anna Freud's work is still relevant and important to the problems of today's society, such as dysfunctional families, child delinquency and violence. It also plays a vital role in recent developments in therapeutic techniques.

Written by a former student and co-worker of Anna Freud, this book will make useful reading for clinicians and students of child development.

Rose Edgcumbe is a member of the Association of Child Psychotherapists and the British Psychoanalytic Society. Since training with Anna Freud at the Hampstead Clinic she has worked there in many capacities in treatment, training and reseach, and in other clinics. She has published numerous papers on child analysis, including a memorial paper: Anna Freud: Child Analyst.

Anna Freud on essential personal qualities in a future psychoanalyst

"Dear John ..., You asked me what I consider essential personal qualities in a future psychoanalyst. The answer is comparatively simple. If you want to be a real psychoanalyst you have to have a great love of the truth, scientific truth as well as personal truth, and you have to place this appreciation of truth higher than any discomfort at meeting unpleasant facts, whether they belong to the world outside or to your own inner person.

Further, I think that a psychoanalyst should have... interests... beyond the limits of the medical field... in facts that belong to sociology, religion, literature, [and] history,... [otherwise] his outlook on... his patient will remain too narrow. This point contains... the necessary preparations beyond the requirements made on candidates of psychoanalysis in the institutes. You ought to be a great reader and become acquainted with the literature of many countries and cultures. In the great literary figures you will find people who know at least as much of human nature as the psychiatrists and psychologists try to do.

Does that answer your question?"

From a letter written by Anna Freud in. Kohut, Heinz (1968). "Heinz Kohut: The evaluation of applicants for psychoanalytic training". The International Journal of Psycho-Analysis And Bulletin of the International Psycho-Analytical Association

Mothers of Psychoanalysis: Helene Deutsch, Karen Horney, Anna Freud, Melanie Klein

This book tells the story of that revolution through biographical portraits of four pioneering figures in the early institutions of psychoanalysis: Helene Deutsch, Karen Horney, Anna Freud, and Melanie Klein.

“In lucid, uncluttered prose, Janet Sayers presents the reader with a fresh viewing of the lives and times of four extraordinary women pioneer analysts. Sayers recounts how they were able to shift the theoretic balance of the day to include the creative evolution of their thinking. This book is of value not only for the novice, but certainly for many others who can learn from these excellent, abridged biographies.” —Dr. Helene DeRosis

Buy Mothers of Psychoanalysis here.

 

Sigmund Freud and his Family

The family of Sigmund Freud, the pioneer of psychoanalysis, lived in Austria and Germany until the 1930s before emigrating to England, Canada and the United States. Several of Freud's descendants have become well known in different fields.

Freud family portrait, 1876. Standing left to right: Paula, Anna, Sigmund, Emmanuel, Rosa and Marie Freud and their cousin Simon Nathanson. Seated: Adolfine, Amalia, Alexander and Jacob Freud. The other boy and girl are unidentified.

Freud's parents and siblings

Sigmund Freud (1856–1939) was born to Jewish Galician parents in the Moravian town of Příbor (German: Freiberg), which was then in the Austrian Empire, now in the Czech Republic. He was the eldest child of Jacob Freud (1815–1896), a wool merchant, and his third wife Amalia Nathansohn (1835–1930). Jacob Freud had two children from his first marriage to Sally Kanner (1829–1852):

1. Emanuel (1833–1914)
2. Philipp (1836–1911)

Jacob's second marriage (1852–1855) to Rebecca (origin uncertain) was childless. With Amalia he had eight children:

1. Sigmund (birth name Sigismund Schlomo; 6 May 1856–23 September 1939)
2. Julius (October 1857–15 April 1858)
3. Anna (31 December 1858–11 March 1955)
4. Regina Debora (nickname Rosa; born 21 March 1860, deported 23 September 1942)
5. Marie (nickname Mitzi; born 22 March 1861, deported 23 September 1942)
6. Esther Adolfine (nickname Dolfi; 23 July 1862–5 February 1943, deported)
7. Pauline Regine (nickname Pauli; born 3 May 1864, deported 23 September 1942)
8. Alexander Gotthold Ephraim (19 April 1866–23 April 1943)

Freud (aged 16) and his beloved mother, Amalia, in 1872

Julius Freud died in infancy. Anna married Ely Bernays (1860–1921), the elder brother of Sigmund's wife Martha. There were four daughters: Judith (b. 1885), Lucy (b. 1886), Hella (b. 1893), Martha (b. 1894) and one son, Edward (1891–1995). In 1892 the family moved to the United States where Edward Bernays became a major influence in modern public relations.

Rosa (Regina Deborah Graf-Freud) married a doctor, Heinrich Graf (1852–1908). Their son, Hermann (1897-1917) was killed in the First World War; their daughter, Cacilie (1899-1922), committed suicide after an unhappy love affair.

Mitzi (Maria Moritz-Freud) married her cousin Moritz Freud (1857–1922). There were three daughters: Margarethe (b. 1887), Lily (b. 1888), Martha (1892-1930) and one son, Theodor (b. 1904) who died in a drowning accident aged 23. Martha, who was known as Tom and dressed as a man, worked as a children’s book illustrator. After the suicide of her husband, Jakob Seidman, a journalist, she took her own life. Lily became an actress and in 1917 married the actor Arnold Marlé.

Dolfi (Esther Adolfine Freud) did not marry and remained in the family home to care for her parents.

Pauli (Pauline Regine Winternitz-Freud) married Valentine Winternitz (1859–1900) and emigrated to the United States where their daughter Rose Beatrice was born in 1896. After the death of her husband she and her daughter returned to Europe.

Alexander Freud married Sophie Sabine Schreiber (b. 1878). Their son, Harry, born in 1909, emigrated to the United States and died in 1968.

Both Freud’s half-brothers emigrated to Manchester, England, shortly before the rest of the Freud family moved from Leipzig to Vienna in 1860.

Emanuel and Marie Freud (1836–1923) married in Freiberg where their first two children were born: John (b. 1856, disappeared pre-1919), the "inseparable playmate" of Freud’s early childhood; and Pauline (1855–1944). Two children were born in Manchester: Bertha (1866–1940) and Samuel (1870–1945). Freud kept in touch with his British relatives through a regular correspondence with Samuel. They would eventually meet for the first time in London in 1938.

Philipp Freud married Bloomah Frankel (b. 1845 Birmingham, d.1925 Manchester). There were two children: Pauline (1873–1951) who married Fred Hartwig (1881–1958); and Morris (b. 1875 Manchester, d.1938 Port Elizabeth, South Africa).


Persecution and emigration

Sigmund Freud, 1926.

The systematic persecution of Jews by Nazi Germany and the ensuing Holocaust had a profound effect on the family. Four of Freud's five sisters died in concentration camps: Rosa in Auschwitz, Mitzi in Theresienstadt, Dolfi and Paula in Treblinka. Freud's brother, Alexander, escaped with his family to Switzerland shortly before the Anschluss and they subsequently emigrated to Canada. Freud's sons Oliver, a civil engineer, and Ernst Ludwig, an architect, lived and worked in Berlin until Hitler came to power in Germany in 1933 after which they fled with their families to France and London respectively. Oliver Freud and his wife later emigrated to the United States. Their daughter, Eva, remained in France with her fiance where she died of influenza in 1944.

Freud and his remaining family left Nazi-occupied Vienna in 1938 after Ernest Jones, the then President of the International Psychoanalytic Association, secured immigration permits for them to move to Britain. Permits were also secured for Freud’s housekeeper and maid, his doctor, Max Schur and his family, as well as a number of Freud's colleagues and their families. Freud's grandson, Ernst Halberstadt, was the first to leave Vienna, initially for Paris, before going on to London where after the war he would adopt the name Ernest Freud and train as a psychoanalyst. Next to leave for Paris were Ernestine, Sophie and Walter Freud, the wife and children of Freud's eldest son, Martin. Walter joined his father in London. His mother and sister remained in France and subsequently emigrated to the United States. His maternal grandmother, Ida Drucker, was deported from Biarritz in 1942 and died in Auschwitz. Freud’s sister-in-law, Minna Bernays, was the first to leave for London early in May 1938. She was followed by his son, Martin, on 14 May and then his daughter Mathilde and her husband, Robert Hollitscher, on 24 May. Freud, his wife and daughter, Anna, left Vienna on 4 June, accompanied by their household staff and a doctor. Their arrival at Victoria Station, London on 6 June attracted widespread press coverage. Freud’s Vienna consulting room was replicated in faithful detail in the new family home, 20 Maresfield Gardens in Hampstead, North London.

Martin and Walter Freud were both interned in 1940 as enemy aliens. Following a change in government policy on internment, both were subsequently recruited to the Pioneer Corps. After the war, denied recognition as a (Vienna trained) lawyer by the British legal profession, Martin Freud ran a tobacconist’s in Bloomsbury. Walter was deported to an internment camp in New South Wales, Australia. On his return to England in 1941 he was recruited to the Pioneer Corps and subsequently to the SOE. In April 1945 he was parachuted behind enemy lines in Austria. Advised to change his name in case of capture, he refused, declaring : “I want the Germans to know a Freud is coming back”. He narrowly survived separation from his comrades and took the leading role in securing the surrender of the strategically important Zeltweg aerodrome in southern Austria. When the war ended he was assigned to war crimes investigation work in Germany. The fate of his great aunts and maternal grandmother at the hands of the Nazis meant he was particularly pleased to help secure the prosecution of directors of the firm that supplied Zyklon B gas to the concentration camps, two of whom were executed for war crimes. In 1946 he left the army with the rank of major. The following year he was he was granted British citizenship and resumed his career as an industrial chemist. Retribution for the murder of his great aunts was also a concern for Alexander Freud’s son Harry. He arrived in post-war Vienna as a US army officer to investigate the circumstances of their deportation and helped track down and bring before the courts Anton Sauerwald, the Nazi appointed official charged with the supervision of the Freuds’ assets. Sauerwald gained early release from prison in 1947 when Anna Freud intervened on his behalf, revealing that he had "used his office as our appointed commissar in such a manner as to protect my father".


Freud's children and descendants

Sigmund Freud married Martha Bernays (1861–1951) in 1886. Martha was the daughter of Berman Bernays (1826–1879) and Emmeline Philipp (1830–1910). Her grandfather, Isaac Bernays (1792–1849), was a Chief Rabbi of Hamburg. Her sister, Minna Bernays (1865-1941), became a permanent member of the Freud household after the death of her fiancé in 1895.

Sigmund Freud’s family in 1898. Front row: Sophie, Anna and Ernst Freud. Middle row: Oliver and Martha Freud, Minna Bernays. Back row: Martin and Sigmund Freud.

Sigmund and Martha Freud had six children and eight grandchildren:

1. Mathilde Freud (1887–1978) married Robert Hollitscher (1875–1959), and had no children
2. Jean-Martin Freud (1889–1967, known as Martin Freud) married Esti Drucker (1896–1980), and had 2 children:
   1. Anton Walter Freud (1921–2004) married Annette Krarup (1925–2000); 3 children
      1. David Freud (born 1950, later Lord Freud), married and had 3 children:
         1. Andrew Freud
         2. Emily Freud
         3. Juliet Freud
      2. Ida Freud (born 1952), married N. Fairbairn
      3. Caroline Freud (born 1955), married N. Penney
   2. Sophie Freud (born 1924) married Paul Loewenstein (born 1921), and had 3 children:
      1. Andrea Freud Loewenstein
      2. Dania Loewenstein, married S. Jekel
      3. George Loewenstein
3. Oliver Freud (1891–1969) married Henny Fuchs (1892–1971), and had 1 child:
   1. Eva Freud (1924–1944)
4. Ernst Ludwig Freud (1892–1970) married Lucie Brasch (1896–1989), and had 3 children:
   1. Stephan Freud (1921-2014, known as Stephen Freud) married (i) Lois Blake (born 1924); (ii) Christine Ann Potter (born 1927). From his marriage to Lois Blake he had 1 child:
      1. Dorothy Freud
   2. Lucian Freud (1922–2011) married (i) Kathleen Garman (1926–2011), 2 children; (ii) Lady Caroline Blackwood (1931–1996). He also had 4 children by Suzy Boyt, 4 by Katherine McAdam (died 1998), 2 by Bernardine Coverley (died 2011), 1 by Jacquetta Eliot, Countess of St Germans and 1 by Celia Paul. His children include:
      1. Annie Freud (born 1948)
      2. Annabel Freud (born 1952)
      3. Alexander Boyt (born 1957)
      4. Jane McAdam Freud (born 1958)
      5. Paul McAdam Freud (born 1959)
      6. Rose Boyt
      7. Lucy McAdam Freud (born 1961) married Peter Everett; 2 children
      8. Bella Freud (born 1961) married James Fox; 1 child
      9. Isobel Boyt (born 1961)
      10. Esther Freud (born 1963) married David Morrissey; 3 children
      11. David McAdam Freud (born 1964), 4 children. Partner of Debbi Mason
      12. Susie Boyt (born 1969) married to Tom Astor; 2 children
      13. Francis Michael Eliot (born 1971)
      14. Frank Paul (born 1984)
   3. Clement Freud (1924–2009, later Sir Clement Freud) married June Flewett (stage name Jill Raymond)^[24] in 1950 and had 5 children:
      1. Nicola Freud, married to Richard Allen, had 5 children:
         1. Tom Freud (born 1973)
         2. Jack Freud, married to Kate Melhuish
         3. Martha Freud
         4. Max Freud (born 1986)
         5. Harry Freud (born 1986)
      2. Dominic Freud (born 1956) married to Patty Freud, and had 3 children (Nicholas, 21, Joshua, 19, and Sophie, 17)
      3. Emma Freud (born 1962) partner of Richard Curtis, and had 4 children
      4. Matthew Freud (born 1963) married: (i) Caroline Hutton, and had 2 children; (ii) Elisabeth Murdoch, and had 2 children
      5. Ashley Freud (adopted nephew)
5. Sophie Freud (1893–1920) married Max Halberstadt (1882–1940), and had 2 sons:
   1. Ernst Halberstadt (1914–2008, also known as Ernest Freud) married Irene Chambers (born 1920), and had 1 child:
      1. Colin Peter Freud (1956–1987)
   2. Heinz Halberstadt (1918–1923, also known as Heinele)
6. Anna Freud (1895–1982)

Sigmund and his daughter Anna Freud (1913)

Bibliography

• Clark, Ronald W. (1980). Freud: the Man and His Cause. London: Jonathan Cape.
• Cohen, David (2009). The Escape of Sigmund Freud. London: JR Books.
• Fry, Helen (2009). Freuds' War. Stroud: The History Press.
• Jones, Ernest (1953). Sigmund Freud: Life and Work (VOL 1: THE YOUNG FREUD 1856–1900). London: Hogarth Press.
• Young-Bruehl, Elizabeth (2008). Anna Freud. Yale University Press.

•

The Complete Works of Sigmund Freud ~ Free Download

After-Education: Anna Freud, Melanie Klein, and Psychoanalytic Histories of Learning

Buy After-Education here. - Free delivery worldwide

"In After-Education Deborah P. Britzman raises the startling question, What is education that it should give us such trouble? She explores a series of historic and contemporary psychoanalytic arguments over the nature of reality and fantasy for thinking through the force and history of education. Drawing from the theories of Anna Freud and Melanie Klein, she analyzes experiences of difficult knowledge, pedagogy, group psychology, theory, and questions of loneliness in learning education. Throughout the book, education appears and is transformed in its various guises: as a nervous condition, as social relation, as authority, as psychological knowledge, as quality of psychical reality, as fact of natality, as the thing between teachers and students, as an institution, and as a play between reality and fantasy."

Melanie Klein's works are collected in four volumes:

• Volume 1 – Love, Guilt and Reparation: And Other Works 1921–1945, London: Hogarth Press.
• Volume 2 – The Psychoanalysis of Children, London: Hogarth Press.
• Volume 3 – Envy and Gratitude, London: Hogarth Press.
• Volume 4 – Narrative of a Child Analysis, London: Hogarth Press.

Selected books on Melanie Klein:

• Introducing Melanie Klein: A Graphic Guide

• The Selected Melanie Klein

• Mothers of Psychoanalysis: Helene Deutsch, Karen Horney, Anna Freud, Melanie Klein

• Anna Freud, Melanie Klein, and the Psychoanalysis of Children and Adolescents

• The Klein-Lacan Dialogues

Reading Anna Freud

Buy Reading Anna Freud here. - Free delivery worldwide

What place do Anna Freud’s ideas have in the history of psychoanalysis? What can her writings teach us today about how to work therapeutically with children? Are her psychoanalytic ideas still relevant to those entrusted with the welfare of infants and young people?

Reading Anna Freud provides an accessible introduction to the writings of one of the most significant figures in the history of psychoanalysis. Each chapter introduces a number of her key papers, with clear summaries of the main ideas, historical background, a discussion of the influence and contemporary relevance of her thinking, and recommendations for further reading.

Areas covered include Anna Freud’s writings on:

• The theory and practice of child analysis and 'developmental therapy'
• The application of psychoanalytic thinking to education, paediatrics and the law
• The assessment and diagnosis of childhood disorders
• Psychoanalytic research and developmental psychopathology

Nick Midgley draws on his extensive experience as a child psychotherapist and a teacher to bring Anna Freud's ideas to life. He illustrates the remarkable originality of her thinking, and shows how analytic ideas can be used not only in child psychotherapy, but also to inform the care of children in families, hospitals, classrooms, residential care and the court-room.

Reading Anna Freud will be of interest to child therapists, child analysts and psychoanalysts, as well as others working in the field of child and adolescent mental health, such as clinical psychologists, child psychiatrists and educational psychologists. It also has much to offer to those entrusted with the care of children in a wide range of settings - including teachers, nurses and social workers - for whom Anna Freud was always keen to demonstrate the value of a psychoanalytic approach.

Nick Midgley trained as a child and adolescent psychotherapist at the Anna Freud Centre, where he now works as a clinician and as Programme Director for the MSc in Developmental Psychology and Clinical Practice. Nick has written articles on a wide range of topics and is joint editor of Minding the Child: Mentalization-based Interventions with Children, Young People and their Families (Routledge, 2012) and Child Psychotherapy and Research: New Directions, Emerging Findings (Routledge, 2009).

Buy Reading Anna Freud here. - Free delivery worldwide

Anna Freud - Normality and Pathology in Childhood: Assessments of Development

Buy Normality and Pathology in Childhood here.

Anna Freud's book deals with a most neglected aspect of psychoanalysis--normality. Its chief concern is with the ordinary problems of upbringing which face all parents and the usual phenomena encountered by every clinician. Yet, though primarily practical and clinical in its approach, it also makes a major theoretical contribution to psychology.

The author begins with an account of the development of analytic child psychology, its techniques and its sources in child and adult analysis and direct observation of the child. She then describes the course of normal development, how it can be hindered or eased, what are the unavoidable stresses and strains and how variations of normality occur. She outlines a scheme for assessing normality and for gauging and classifying pathological phenomena in terms of the obstruction of normal progress rather than the severity of symptoms. Stress is laid on the problem of predicting the outcome of infantile factors for adult pathology in the face of the child's continual development. Finally, child analysis is considered both as a therapeutic method and as a means for the advance of knowledge.

Anna Freud was outstanding for the close and systematic organization of her material and for the readability, clarity and economy of her writing. As might be expected from one of the most eminent psychoanalysts of her day, her book is a work of major importance.

Anna Freud: The Harvard Lectures

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'This remarkable series of introductory lectures on psychoanalysis is, in fact, a lucid, elegant and profound overview of classic psychoanalytic theory, in which Anna Freud spells out the main aspects of psychoanalytic psychology. The simple and clear language characteristic of her lecturing, the precision of her concepts and their mutual relationships, and their liveliness of this comprehensive synthesis make for a thought provoking, exciting reading experience, even after forty years.'- Otto Kernberg

Anna Freud - The Ego and the Mechanisms of Defence

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When The Ego and the Mechanisms of Defense was first published in German in 1936 it was at once recognized as a major contribution to psychoanalytic psychology, and its translation into English quickly followed. More than half a century later it enjoys the status of a classic. Written by a pioneer of child analysis, and illustrated by fascinating clinical pictures drawn from childhood and adolescence, it discusses those adaptive measures by which painful and unwanted feeling-states are kept at bay or made more bearable.

Anna Freud's arguments have a clarity and cogency reminiscent of her father's and the work is remarkable undated. Nothing stands still, but The Ego and the Mechanisms of Defense has unmistakably passed the test of time.


Anna Freud is the youngest of Sigmund Freud's six children, and the only one to make her career in psychoanalysis, was born in Vienna on 3 December 1895. Starting her professional life as a schoolteacher, she became a member of the Vienna Psycho-Analytical Society in 1922. She maintained a lifelong interest in education, and her extensive contributions in this field were matched by those in all aspects of family law, pediatrics, as well as psychoanalytic psychology, normal and abnormal. Her work in Vienna was brought to an end by the Nazi occupation and she found sanctuary in London with her parents in 1938. Her father died in the following year, but Anna Freud maintained the tradition he began in her work as a member of the British Psycho-Analytical Society and as the founder of the Hampstead Child Therapy Clinic - now the Anna Freud Centre. Her services to psychoanalysis were recognized by the award of the CBE in 1967 and by a large number of honorary doctorates on both sides of the Atlantic, including as a gesture of reparation, an honorary MD from the University of Vienna. She died on 9 October 1982.

Buy The Ego and the Mechanisms of Defence here. - Free delivery worldwide

(Selected) Books by Anna Freud

• Normality and Pathology in Childhood: Assessments of Development
• Anna Freud: The Harvard Lectures
• Anna Freud: Selected Writings

Books on Anna Freud

• Anna Freud: A Biography
• Reading Anna Freud
• Mothers of Psychoanalysis: Helene Deutsch, Karen Horney, Anna Freud, Melanie Klein
• Anna Freud, Melanie Klein, and the Psychoanalysis of Children and Adolescents
• After-Education: Anna Freud, Melanie Klein, and Psychoanalytic Histories of Learning
• Impious Fidelity: Anna Freud, Psychoanalysis, Politics
• The Anna Freud Tradition: Lines of Development - Evolution and Theory and Practice over the Decades
• Technique of Child Psychoanalysis: Discussions with Anna Freud

Anna Freud about Freud's family

Anna Freud about Freud's family

All information is for educational purposes only.

Sigmund Freud’s Home Movies

A DVD featuring the Freud Home movies. Made from amateur footage shot between 1930 and 1939, the film starts with a colour introduction by Anna Freud, Freud's youngest daughter. She provides a commentary that includes invaluable information about the everyday events and special moments in the Freud family life.

You can watch the complete 24-minute film from which these scenes were taken on YouTube. And you can view or download a series of annotated clips at the Freud Museum Web site.