“Becoming Mary of the Gael” was published in MEDIEVALISTS.NET: WHERE THE MIDDLE AGES BEGIN – APRIL 19, 2013
The Celtic Studies Association of North America Annual Meeting – The University of Toronto, April 18-21, 2013
Dorothy Ann Bray (McGill University)
The second paper of the opening session moved
away from archaeology and towards religious devotion and saint’s cults. Dorothy
Ann Bray presented a paper on the background of St. Brigit’s association with
the Virgin Mary in Ireland. St. Brigit is often represented as the Virgin Mary
in Irish worship – this paper explored the reasons behind this phenomenon.
Texts offer a lengthy eulogy of the saint. This
term, “Mary of the Gael”, has been firmly attached to St. Brigit. The
Middle Irish version is based on an even earlier version and there is long
tradition comparing St. Brigit to the Virgin Mary,
‘A fair both, fair
dignity which will come to thee thereafter from thy children’s descendants, who
shall be called from her great virtues truly pious Brig-eoit; she will be
another Mary, mother of the Lord.” (‘The Old Irish Life of Saint Brigit’, Irish
Historical Studies 1:2 (1938): 348)
Brigit has had a constant, insistent comparison
to Mary but only in vernacular texts. The first instance appears in a ninth
century biographical hymn. Naming of Brigit as the Mother of Jesus is bold and
audacious but this has not received much mention by scholars. Bray has not
found any women outside of Ireland so closely associated with Mary as Brigit.
There was nothing heretical or especially devious about it but Bray
wondered, ‘How did this arise?’. The assertion of Brigit as the
mother of Christ was explained in 1955 as an Irish convention of symbolically
sharing in motherhood. However, this doesn’t explain why other Irish saints are
not associated with the mother of God. Some saints are associated as a sister but
not Mother.
What about
the laity? They would be the most likely audience of these hymns. When the cult
of Mary in Ireland began is indeterminate but there is an indication that there
was worship of Mary as early as the sixth century in Ireland and that a cult
was well in place by the seventh century. Devotion to Mary carried Eastern
influences; she was often referenced to the Queen of Sheba. Sheba became
interpreted as a kind of Mary. In the East, she is celebrated more as the Queen
of Heaven, in the West, she is worshipped more as the Mother of Christ. Jerome,
Augustine and other theologians reinforced Mary’s role as a mother. Augustine
grounded his thoughts on Mary in scripture, and the new “Eve” was the Church,
not Mary. Under the influence of Ambrose, Augustine regards Mary as a model
disciple. The emphasis on Mary as the Mother of Jesus is in line with earlier
medieval views of martyrology. Most hymns to Brigit were heavy on praise
and light on biography and in Latin hymns she is described “like” Mary but not
taken to the complete level of identification as in Irish texts. Mary as the
Mother of Christ was a powerful symbol in Irish devotion.
Related articles of interest by D. A. Bray:
- Bray (Dorothy Ann):, "Secunda Brigida: Saint Ita of Killeedy and Brigidine Tradition." In: Cyril J. Byrne, Margaret Harry, and Pádraig Ó Siadhail (eds.), Celtic Languages and Celtic Peoples: Proceedings of the Second North American Congress of Celtic Studies held in Halifax August 16–19, 1989, 27–38. Halifax 1992.
- Bray (Dorothy Ann): "Saint Brigit and the fire from heaven." In ÉtC 29 (1992), pp. 105-113.
- Bray (Dorothy Ann): "Further on white read-eared cows in fact and fiction." In Peritia 19 (2005), pp. 239-255. On the possible association of the red-eared fairy cows of the Irish Otherworld and the wild cattle of Chillingham.
- Bray (Dorothy Ann): "Ireland's other apostle: Cogitosus' St. Brigit." In CMCS 59 (Summer 2010), pp. 55-70
- Bray (Dorothy Ann): "The Vita prima of St. Brigit: a preliminary analysis of its composition." In Narrative in Celtic Tradition (2011), pp. 1-15
- A pithy review of Christina Harrington's Women in a Celtic Church, Oxford University Press, 2002. This review includes reference to other important Brigit papers of recent years. Published in the Medieval Review.
- The full text of "The Image of St Brigit in the Early Irish Church" may be found at the Monastic Matrix site. The Image of St. Brigit in the Early Irish Church in Études celtiques (1987). 24 (1987): 209-215.
- For a fuller list of her publications, click here.
