The Forgotten Serial Killers: Child Care Providers (“Baby Farmers”) Who Murdered Children

baby farm – 1.) a place that houses and takes care of babies for a fee. 2.) a residence for unwed pregnant girls or women that also arranges adoptions.

Most of the baby farmers listed her were serial killers. Several notable cases involving murder and abuse by baby farmers that are not serial killer cases.

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Abbott, Evelyn (USA), 1891 – scores of babies died.

Alexe, Smaranda Alexe (Romania), 1912 –

Andrasen, Fru (Norway), 1901 – 27 infants died.

Ashmead, Elizabeth (USA), arrested 1904, 1909, 1911 – 100s of babies died.

Atherton, Dr. Bessie (USA), (with Cramer), 1926 – 3 dead babies discovered.
Bamberger, Henrietta (USA), 1899 – midwife; 300 est; conv of 1 abort-murder of mother.
Banks, Leila (USA), 1925 – 3 babies died.

Barnes, Catherine (England), 1879 – 3 babies died.

Barthian, Mme. (France), 1893 – 25 babies died.
Batten, Annie (Australia), 1904 – “alleged wholesale infanticide.”
Batts, Ellen (Australia), 1889 – 3 babies murdered.
Bednerek, Ghelente (Josefa) (Poland), 1892 – 15 bodies found.

Bellears, Mary (Australia), 1904 – multiple killings.
Bilien, Valentina (Germany), 1946 – 114 babies killed by severe neglect.
Binmore, Bessey (England) – 1875  – 4 deaths
Blair, Anne (Australia), 1870 – 1 baby died.
Blicenzyk, Marie (Poland), 1907 – multiple deaths.

Blochberger, Antoine (Austria), 1899 – 4 (?) deaths.

Boehme, Frau (Germany), 1912 – 4 deaths.

Breszczak, Marianna (Poland), 1908 – multiple deaths.

Bronzo, Rosa (Italy), 1879 – “several bodies.”
Breitschwart, Christine (USA), 1892 – 4 babies abandoned in streets in winter, 1 died.

Budzinska, Viktoria (Ukraine), 1915 – 11 deaths.

Calahan, Julia (USA), 1871 – 3 babies died.

Campbell, Nellie (USA), arrested 1902 – 8 babies died.

Chard-Williams, Ada (England), 1899 – 1 baby died (executed).
Chartier, Eleonote Vauthier (France), 1906 – 1,500 babies died.
Chivers, Daisy Ellen (England), 1928 – 1 baby murdered; suspicion of others.
“Christiana Baby Farmers” (Norway), 1902 – “a small army of tiny corpses were dug up.”

Claus, Charles & Catherine (USA), 1890 – 5 babies died.
Clayton, Madge (Australia), 1908 – 6 babies died.
“Cologne Baby Farmer” (Germany), 1902 – 50 babies died.
Compton, Mary (England), 1673 – willfully starved 4 children (executed).

Connelly, Matilda (USA), 1912 – 4 babies died.

Cooper, Martha & Daniel (New Zealand), 1922 – 3 dead babies discovered.

“Copenhagen Baby Farm Couple” (Denmark), 1860 – 23 babies died.
Cramer, Marie (USA), (with Atherton), 1926 – 3 dead babies discovered.

"Croatian Angelmaker" (Croatia), 1913 – 6 deaths.

Day, Gertrude (USA), 1914 – unsolved mystery.

Dean, Minnie (New Zealand), 1895 – 3 babies & 1 toddler died (executed).
De Jesus, Luisa (Portugal), 1772 – poisoned to death 28 babies (executed).
Delaware, Miss (New Zealand), 1889 – many babies killed.

Dellavoda, Therese Komjalhy (Hungary), 1897 – multiple deaths.

Delpech, Anne Gaillard (France), 1868 – murdered 10 babies.
Dieden, Maude (USA), 1929 – 10 babies died.

Douglas, Amy (England), 1899 – 3 babies died from starvation.
Duda & Dudek (Bohemia, Czech), 1893 – 14 babies died.
Dunn, Honora (Australia), 1881 – multiple babies abused & murdered.
Dunne, Maria (Ireland), 1898 – 3 babies died.

Dupin, Anne (France), 1869 – 40+ deaths.
Duplaca, Frau (Poland), 1901 – multiple deaths.
Dutschak, Domnika (Ukraine), 1891 – multiple deaths.
Dyer, Amelia (England), 1896 – 100s of babies died (executed).

Eckhardt, Wilhelmena (USA), 1906 – 12 babies died.
“Erenfeld Angel-maker” (Germany), 1902 – 50+.

Faure, Madame (France), 1908 – 81 deaths.

Feddern, Frau (Germany), 1898 – 25 deaths.

Firletowna, Marianne (Poland), 1878 – 4 deaths, far more suspected.
Fortmeyer, Julia (USA), 1875 – 3-100 babies murdered.

Gabler, Anna (Austria), 1896 – multiple "disappeared" babies.

Geisen-Volk, Helen (USA), 1925 – 53 babies died.

Gobay, Annie & Emma Kitchen (USA), 1903 – at least 3 babies died.
Grammage, Augusta (England), 1875 – convicted of murdering a child.

“Grey Nuns of Montreal” (Canada), 1876 – 631 babies died.

Gunness, Belle (USA), 1908 – 21 babies “disappeared.”
Guy, Mary Ann (New Zealand), 1906 – convicted of manslaughter for one death.

Guzovska, Madame (Poland), 1903 – “over 500” babies died.

Gyorgyevits, Frau (Hungary), 1894 – 20+ deaths.

Gyulai, Therese Gyulai (Hungary), 1900 – Nagy-Koros, Hungary

Hall, Mary Ann (England), 1892) – 

“Hameln Angel-Maker” (Germany), 1902 – multiple deaths.

Hanson, Annie (USA), 1892 – at least 5 babies died.

Haven, Nellie Haven & Hattie Graham (USA), 1892 – San Francisco, California, USA
Hawkins, Laura & Nettie Van Sarver (USA), 1917 – 1 known death.
Heinz, Laura Heinz (Hungary), 1899 –

Hill, Abigall (England), 1658 – 4 deaths (executed).
Hoerl, Katharina (Austria), 1874 – 14 babies murdered.

Holmen, Mrs. (Sweden), 1906 – over 1,000 babies died.
Ishikawa, Miyuki  (Japan), 1948 – 103 babies died.

Jager, Mari Azalai (Hungary), 1895 – a very large number of babies died.

Jarenkiewicz (Ukraine), 1887 – 10 babies died.

Johannesen, Fru (Norway), 1901 – 27 infants.
Josefowitsch, Marie (Ukraine), 1902 – 8 deaths.

Juhass, Mary Orban (Hungary), 1885 – multiple deaths.

Julien, Victoire Veysseire (France), 1867 – midwife, many victims.
Kadletz, Frau (Czech Republic), 1906 – 50 victims.

“Kherson Angel-Maker” (Ukraine), 1900 – 6 baby corpses.

Kirkbride, Elizabeth (England), 1877 – Liverpool, England

King, Jessie (Scotland), 1889 – 3 babies died (executed).
Knorr, Frances (Australia), 1894 – from 3 to an estimated 13 babies died (executed).

Knowles, Emma, Emma (England), 1901 – 25

Konopkova, Marianne (Poland), 1906 – 30 babies died.
Kreis Children’s Home: Ella Schmidt, Liesel Bachor, Kathe Pisters (Ger.), 1946 – 370 babies. 
Kühnel, Marie (Austria), 1907 – 7 deaths

Kusnezowa, Madame (Russia) 1913 – 1,012 babies died.

Lacroix, Diana (Canada), 1927 – 7 babies died.
Laphame, Belinda (USA), 1893 – 3 or 4 babies killed, kept in jars; others killed.
Larsson, Olivia Charlotta (Sweden), 1912 – 1 death; 2 rescued from starvation.

Laskowskiej, Julji, “Baba Ljuskowska” (Ukraine), 1893 – many deaths.

“Limburg Baby Farmers” (Germany), 1892 – multiple babies died.
"Lodz Angelmaker" (Poland), 1913 – 40 babies killed.

Lowry, Mary (USA), 1904 – 2 babies died, 3 babies near death.

Ljuskowska (Ukraine), 1893 – hundreds of deaths.

Lynn, Rachel (USA), 1911 – unknown number of babies died.

Mabre, Louise (France), 1763 – 62 babies died (executed).

Makin, Jane (Australia), 1892 – 13 babies died.

Machayie, Mrs. (England), 1884 – 5 deaths.

Maksymischin, Paranka (Galicia (Poland)), 1890 (executed).

McClosky, Margaret (USA), 1876 – 6 babies in starving condition.

McDonald, Cynthia (USA), 1887 – 2 babies died, 2 babies in starving condition.

McKenzie, Emily Charlotte (England) 1884 – many babies died.
Miller, Mrs. A. H. (USA), 1903 – 2 babies died; additional bodies searched.
“Minneapolis Baby Farmer” (USA), 1908 – starving baby rescued.

Minogata, Ischi & Akino Kawabarg (Japan), 1909 – 11 deaths

Mitchell, Alice (Australia), 1907 – 37 babies died.
Mittlestedt, Pauline (USA), 1886 – “professional infant murderess.”
Morris, Jane (USA), 1898 – New York, N. Y.; BF; 5.

Murakina, Alexandra (Russia), 1903 – “numerous” children killed.

Myer, Frau (Germany), 1892 – 58 babies died.
Newman, Isabella (Australia), 1913 – 3 babies died.

“Nijni-Novrogod Nurse” (Russia), 1894 – 17 babies died.

Nilsson, Hilda (Sweden), 1917 – 17 babies died.

Nivison, Symenthe S. (USA), 1884 – 22 babies died.
Nordberg, Alva (Sweden), 1905 – 4 babies died.
Noskina, Feige (Lithuania), 1892 – 65 babies died.
Nowatka, Frau (Germany), 1905 – multiple children poisoned to death.
Oberly, Mary (USA), 1887 – 3 deaths.

Olsen, Fru (Norway), 1901 – 27 infants died.
Orban Juhass, Marie (Hungary), 1885 - multiple deaths.

“Osaka Baby Farmers” (Japan), 1902 – 300 babies died.
“Osaka ‘Devil Woman’” (Japan), 1906 – 100 babies murdered.
Osborn, Elizabeth (USA), 1899 – 7 deaths.

Ostrouszko, Caroline (Poland), 1908 – multiple deaths.

Ostrovoskafa, Rachel (Ukraine), 1885 – more than 3 babies died; infanticide cult.

Overbye, Dagmar (Denmark), 1920 – 11 confessed child-murders.
Parr, Agnes (USA), 1877 – multiple babies died.
Pausch, Anna (Austria), 1870 – multiple babies died.
Persson, Maria (Sweden), 1911 – 21+ babies died.
Piard, Annie (USA), 1883 – multiple babies starved to death.

Piersch,Widow (Belbium), 1908 – multiple deaths.

Pilsch, Frau (Belgium), 1908 – 7 babies killed.
Porro, Rose & Margarite Coraldi (Italy), 1873 – 8 babies killed (executed). 
Prussenkowa, Frau (Ukraine), 1901 – multiple deaths.
“Przemysi Baby Farmers” (Poland), 1893 – 27 babies buried in cigar boxes.

Przybylska – (Poland), 1897 – 100 killed in 3 years.
Rakoczy, Elisabeth (Hungary), 1899 – 2 known deaths.

Ravailhe, Widow (France), 1876 – hundreds of babies killed.
Reece, Adelaide (England), 1883 – 9 deaths.

Reignolds, Mary (USA), 1875 – 5 babies died.
Roberts, Ellen (USA), 1873 – 30 deaths.
Rogers, Frances (England), 1871 – 4 children died, sentenced to 20 years.
Rohm Couple (Denmark), 1909 – 20 deaths.
Roseberry, Edna (USA), 1948 – tortured babies routinely.

Rost, Klara (Germany), 1908 – 10+ deaths.

Sach, Amelia & Annie Walters (England), 1902 – probably 100s of babies died (executed).
Saldakowa, Julia (Galicia, Ukraine), 1903 – 4 deaths.

Sánchez Aguillón, Felícitas (or Sánchez Neyra) (Mexico),1941 – 40-<100 murders.

Schaubmayr, Marie (Austria), 1917 – 19 deaths.

Schmidt, Midwife (Lower Saxony, Germany), 1897 – 

Schofer, Friederike (Silesia), 1913 – 1,500 deaths.

Scholes, Elizabeth (Australia), 1906 - 2 confirmed dead, probably several more.

Schulkin, Riva (Russia), 1890 – multiple deaths.

Schwartz, Frau (Poland), 1897 – dozens "disappeared."

Schweinhammer, Katharina (Austria), 1901 – 3 deaths.

Seiler, Barbara  (Germany), 1907 – 7 deaths.

Sisters of St. Anne (Italy), 1908 – 143 deaths.

Skoublinska, Marianne (Marianna Skublińska) (Poland), 1890 – 76 babies.

Skrobanetz, Sanda (Austria), 1914 – 4 deaths, several near death.

Spinks, Ann (England), 1898 – at least 2 babies died.
Suffert, Jennie (USA), 1889 – 2 babies dead, 4 dying.
Tanaka, Mrs. & Mrs Juniki (Japan), 1924 – 8 babies murdered by fake foster parents.
Tann, Georgia (USA), 1950 – 1,000s of babies died.
Todd, Sophia Martha (England), 1877 – 5 deaths.

Tooke, Annie (England), 1879 – 1 child murdered & dismembered.

“Turn-Severin Angel-Maker” (Romania), 1939 – 5 deaths.

Turner, Maud (Canada), 1909 – suspected of numerous murders.
Turniak, Marie (Russia), 1912 – "large numbers" killed.

Tydrych, Leontina (Poland), 1927 – 60 babies died.

“Villa Vico Baby Farmer” (Portugal), 1854 – 9 babies died.

“Warasdin Baby Farmers” (Croatia), 1893 – torture & maiming, child trafficking.
Ward, Mary Josephine (USA), 1884 – at least 10 babies died.
Waters, Margaret (England), 1870 – 5 babies died (executed).

Wiese, Elizabeth (Germany), 1903 – burned babies in stove (executed).
West, Mrs. Fred (Clara West) (USA), 1906 – burned babies alive.

Wilczynska, Josefine (Poland), 1893 – 2 deaths, 4 starving.

Willis, Rhoda (Wales), 1907 – 2 babies died.
Wimmer, Frau (Austria), 1908 – 14+ deaths.

Winsor, Charlotte (England), 1865 – unknown number (executed).

Wogen, Chaja (Poland), 1903 – multiple deaths.

Worcester, Rozilla (USA), 1877 – 6 babies died (in 30 day period).

Wroclawska, Juliana (Poland), 1908 – multiple deaths.

Wühler, Frau (German), 1913 – 11 deaths.

Young, Lila & William (Canada), 1936 – an estimated 400-600 babies died.

193 cases [March 29, 2021]

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NOTE: A few of the cases in the list involve non-serial killers: baby-torturers or providers who are confirmed to have killed only one or two of their charges.

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Murder Method (when known, incomplete list):

Battery – Geisen-Volk, Noskina

Buried Alive – Ashmead, Wiese

Crushed to Death – Winsor

Drown – Delpech, Overbye, Wiese, Noskina (in cesspool)

Drugging / Poisoning – Dean (laudanum), Jager (poison), Kusnezowa (poison), Mabre (arsenic), Reignolds (laudanum), Sach & Walters (chlorodyne), Topper (poison), West (laudanum), Nivison (morphine, belladonna), West (laudanum), Dean (laudanum), Reignolds (laudanum), Waters (laudanum), Luiza de Jesus, Wiese (morphine), King (arsenic), Laphame (opium)

Exposure – Tann (sun), Chivers (cold), Barnes (no clothing), Geisen-Volk (frozen), Breitschwart (frozen) 

Incineration alive – Ashmead, Fortmeyer, Overbye, Stysinski (arson), West, Wiese

Needle into heart° – Makin (needle, heart), Mittlestedt (darning needle, heart)

Neglect – Ishikawa, Mitchell, Nivison, Rogers, Spinks, Waters, Young, McCloskey, Geisen-Volk, Larsson, Nilsson, Persson (incomplete list)

Starvation – Barnes, Barthian, Campbell, Lowry, McClosky, Mitchell, Seifert, Tanaka, Waters, Julien

Strangling by hand or instrument – Chard-Williams*, Claus, Compton, Cooper, Douglas, Dyer, King, Knorr, Ostrovoskafa, Overbye, Turner, Geisen-Volk

Suffocation – Dean, Newman, Winsor, Noskina

Twisting baby’s neck – Eckhardt

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Burned corpses after murder: Asmead, Birney, Chivers, Eckhardt, Overbye, "Vivienne Midwife," West, Wiese

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* Chard-Williams - Stunned, strangled and trussed up with cords

° Similar method used by nursemaid: Schnell (hairpin into brain)

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►• Baby Farmers & Baby-Killing Midwives Executed

1763 – Louise Mabre (France)

1772 – Luiza de Jesus (Portugal)

1870 – Margaret Waters (England)

1873 – Rose Porro & Margarite Coraldi (Italy)
1896 – Amelia Dyer (England)

1902 – Amelia Sach & Annie Walters (England)

1889 – Jesse King (Scotland)

1903 – Elizabeth Wiese (Germany)

1865 – Catherine Winsor (England)

1907 – Rhoda Willis (Wales)

1895 – Minnie Dean (New Zealand)

1922 – Daniel Cooper (Australia)

1894 – Frances Knorr (Australia)

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For a detailed look at a baby farm visit:

Tour Through a Chicago Baby Farm in 1912

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Baby Farming in England – Described in 1923

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This photograph of Frankie Heath, rescued from a Minneapolis baby farmer,   is taken from this post:

“Minneapolis Baby Farmer” (USA), 1908 – starving baby rescued

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Edith Rendell, The Baby Farmer” (poem),  Kerang New Times (Victoria, Australia), Sep. 24, 1909, p. 4

THE BABY FARMER.

Ye mothers of Australia

O lend your pitying ear

To the wail of helpless infants

That’s borne upon the air.

As ye clasp your own loved darlings

In comfort to your hearts, I

Just think upon the fate of those

Who hear neglect’s cruel smarts.

Unwelcome little strangers

To this cold world they come,

No mother love awaiting them.

No friend, no name, no borne.

Not theirs the fault that brings them,

It is the parent’s sin,

Yet on their helpless bodies

Falls all the wrong and pain.

Who’ll rid me of this burden,

The desperate mother cries,

I cannot, will not face my friends

With shame before my eyes.

An accommodating stranger,

For dross to be paid down,

Takes the tender infant

To nurse him as her own

O luckless little creature.

Thy doom hath now its seal.

The horrors that await thee

The inquest will reveal.

Not by violent measures

She deprives hint of his breath —

By methods known unto the craft

The child is done to death.

Not alone in other states

The baby farmer thrives,

Ev-u in our very midst

She’s sacrificing lives.

She’s not a downcast person.

She’s possessed of many wiles;

She laughs and talks and is quite gay,

But she murders while she smiles.

We seek for population

In countries far away,

Yet human life is wasted

Around us every day.

The care of babes should not be left

To private enterprise

A home should be provided,

Which the state should supervise.

You say an institution

Would foster vice and sin;

How can this be

The evil hath ever with us been.

Ye women of Australia

O stay this fearful wrong,

And by concerted action

Save the helpless throng.

Ye Christian men and women.

Give it your earnest thought

To found a home for waifs and strays,

To which they may be brought.

Root out the baby farmer

By giving her no place,

And free this youthful land of ours

From murder and disgrace.

—    Edith Rendell.

[Edith Rendell, The Baby Farmer” (poem),  Kerang New Times (Victoria, Australia), Sep. 24, 1909, p. 4]

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ALSO SEE the related category of Baby-Sitter Serial Killers

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To learn more details about murderous child care providers in history, including baby farmers, adoption agents and baby sitters, see the 2-part article “Death on the Baby Farm,” by Robert St. Estephe, A Voice for Men, July 16, 2013

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SEE MORE: Female Serial Killer Collections

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[21,594-8/22/18; 27,964-10/14/20]
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Baby Farming: Setting the Record Straight on Certain Misperceptions

Wikipedia states that “Baby farming refers to the historical practice of accepting custody of an infant or child in exchange for payment in late-Victorian Era Britain and, less commonly, in Australia and the United States. If the infant was young, this usually included wet-nursing (breast-feeding by a woman not the mother). Some baby farmers ‘adopted’ children for lump-sum payments, while others cared for infants for periodic payments.” [“Baby Farming” page, Wikipedia]

Two aspects of this description are misleading: historical period and geographical distribution. The reason for the error of regional restriction is simply the fact that “Baby Farming” is the term coined in England that is used in the anglophone world. The chronological error results from the fact that the most widely known baby farmers, most particularly the serial baby-killer Amelia Dyer, date from late Victorian England.

The fact is that the practice was common throughout Europe, parts of Asia, Mexico. Further research might well make extensive additions to the list. Baby Farmers who have been prosecuted for serially murdering their charges are known as early as the 17^th century England (Abigail Hill, 1658; Mary Compton, 1673) and 18^th century in Portugal (Luiza de Jesus, 1772) and France (Louise Mabre, 1763) and as late as the 1940s in the United States (Georgia Tann; Edna Roseberry) although the term “baby farming” was not current or regionally idiomatic at these times.

The Forgotten Serial Killers lists around a hundred cases of Baby Farmers prosecuted for, or suspected of serial child murder. By overlooking the scale and breadth of the Baby Farming phenomenon we end up ignoring crimes of immense magnitude, leaving criminologists and other scholars in the dark regarding important data. The industrial-scale child-murders discovered in 1906 by Mr.and Mrs. Holmen in  Stockholm is a case in point.

Revelations concerning the “National Children’s Sanitorium” have just been announced after an investigation by the authorities, which has been going on for some weeks. It appears that the alleged sanitorium was simply a baby-farm on in immense scale and that wholesale murders of babies were committed.

Over a thousand babies over a period of three years were murdered there. The infamous American "child-rearing expert" and adoption-racket kidnapper and baby-seller, Georgia Tann of Memphis, may well have been even more prolific at baby-killing than the Swedish couple, though the term “Baby Farmer,” obsolete by the 1940s, has never been applied to her, let alone "serial killer" (except by the this author).

An extensive overview of the subject is to be found in the illustrated article “Death on the Baby Farm” by Robert St. Estephe. 

 

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Baby Farming in England – Described in 1923

The following article discusses the case of Daisy Ellen Chivers and the serial killer sisters, Amelia Sach and Annie Walters (1902). The case involving “James and Wallis, man and woman” has not yet been identified.

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FULL TEXT: The tragic fate of the unwanted child has grown to be a serious social problem in England, especially during and since the war. How many hundreds of these hapless infants who come into the world unsought, and when they, do arrive are uncared for and ill-treated until death ends their sufferings, no statistics will ever reveal. It is chiefly from mothers in the upper and middle class circles of society that they spring, but they are transplanted almost immediately into most vicious baby farming rings, bartered for a few pounds, and destined not to live long enough to cause a loss to those who adopt them.

WITHIN THE LAW

Organisations for their welfare multiply, but still the toll of infant life continues under most nefarious conditions. Very few cases of deliberate murder have been legally established in the last quarter of a century, but there are thousands of others in which the professional baby farmer has accomplished her cruel designs without bringing herself within the meshes of the law. The details of heartless cruelties developed at recent trials of professional ‘baby farmers’ have stirred all England. Take the case of a woman in the west of England, kindly, benevolent soul to all outward appearance, living in a respectable suburb, who answered advertisements by the score for someone to give motherly care to children [the reference id to Daisy Chivers]. She conceived a refined idea of murder. Before the first pound of the £20 or £40 received had been expended the child’s doom was settled.

SLOWLY BUT SURELY

She was careful to give the victims entrusted to her charge plenty of food, to keep the surroundings of the home cleanly, and apparently to be stow upon the mites an affection which disarmed suspicion. But her hand guided them to their little graves certainly and surely. On a bleak day when a keen east wind was chilling the warmest clad folk to the marrow, she was wont to take the children by turns into the garden to give them an airing. Her visits were prolonged by protracted chats with neighbors over the wall and soon underneath the solitary wrap covering the baby in her arms there was a potential victim to bronchitis and pneumonia.Three such deaths occurred within a few weeks, all due to natural causes, as the doctor who was called in at the last minute was bound to certify. It was a much less dangerous way of sacrificing life than stinting the infants in food or leaving them unattended, but it was none the less effectual as the means to the end which was undoubtedly in the mind of the unscrupulous foster-mother. It was, of course, deliberate murder in each case, but there was no means of proving if. Cases like this and many involving fiendish cruelty have recently been engaging the attention of the police and officials of the National Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Children. The cases are many and varied in their wickedness.

DEATH SENTENCE

There was an instance a few years ago where the proprietor of a children’s home was summoned to court for neglecting one of the inmates. It transpired in the evidence that there was a child in the home for whom, a sum of over five hundred pounds had been deposited. This was one of the unwanted children from the upper classes, the father being a member of a titled family. The manager of the home greedily took the money, promised every care to the infant — and left it in filth and neglect like a deserted animal. Some of the most serious cases have been those affecting children who were adopted. Sach and Walters were women who adopted children and made away with them. The women received various sums of money. They were convicted and sentenced to death. James and Wallis, man and woman, were both both similarly caught and convicted of seeking babies for adoption and murdering them. They were sentenced to death. These people were in the habit of adopting children. The Wallis woman smothered one child in a railway carriage shortly after receiving it, so much in a hurry was she to get rid of the little one.

MUST BE REGISTERED

There have been many other serious cases, in all of which it has been proved that there are numbers of people anxious to get rid of children and willing to pay considerable sums of money to accomplish their pur pose. Knowing this, callous and mercenary people have made a business of adoptions, with no desire or intention to care for the children who  pass into their hands. As the result of experience, there is a movement to enact a law that all adoptions should be registered, and that all children adopted should be subject to regular and systematic visitation. Various motives have been found to prompt people who offer to adopt children. There are those who, obviously, have no other desire than that of providing a good home and caring for any child who may be en trusted to them. These are generally people, without families, or who have lost a child. Others think of adopting a child much as they would of taking a canary, or buying a dog. It is a passing mood, and they tire as quickly of one as of the other. A case that illustrates the ease with which children can be disposed of and, incidentally, the perils lurking behind an advertisement, is that of a girl who was in a home in London, and who, as the result of an advertisement in a religious paper offering ‘a good Christian home,’ was adopted by a woman of independent means living in or near Worcester. For a time the child was treated properly. Afterward she was made to do most of the work in a twelve roomed house, rising between five and six in the morning, and never going to bed until midnight. She was found with thirty-four scars on her body, many of a terrible nature; she still bears some of the marks.

LOTS OF OFFERS

In 1911 the woman who adopted the girl and a man who horsewhipped her were sent to prison for two years with hard labor, the maximum punishment under the Children Act. The case created an enormous sensation. The custody of the girl was given to the children’s society; she is now a young woman doing well, but suffering in health from the treatment she received nine years ago. Advertisements in newspapers are very useful to people who have no desire beyond that of evading their responsibilities in respect to their children. Two people, the man fifty years of age (married), the woman thirty-two (single), were living together. In September this year a child was born to them. The man advertised in a London morning paper asking someone to adopt the baby ‘for love.’ There was a reply from people who wanted a boy to be brought up with their little girl. The child has a good home, and will no doubt be well looked after, but neither the father nor the mother is contributing to its maintenance. It is known that two other children have been disposed of by this same couple in the same way, no inquiries having been made by them as to the suitability of either home.

BRUTAL ILL TREATMENT

This haphazard method of disposing of children is common. Some years ago most of the reputable newspapers discontinued advertisements. This rule has been relaxed since the war, but lately, on bringing facts to the notice of the the proprietors of some papers, such advertisements are again excluded. It would be one of the further advantages resulting from the legalising of adoption, and setting up an authority for the purpose, if the practice of advertising could be abolished. Children are frequently disposed of in most casual ways. About the month of November, 1918, a woman calling at the registry office on other business found there the names of people willing to adopt a child. Without, apparently, making any attempt to satisfy herself that her illegitimate boy would be well treated she placed it with a man and woman who consented to take the child without pay ment. In less than a month the boy, only four years old, was found to be a mass of bruises, after being, so the inspector discovered, frightfully beaten with a belt. The doctor who gave evidence in the court said that never in the course of his twenty-five years’ practice had he seen such a case of brutal ill-treatment. Peculiar ideas are held as to agreements by many people who make them. They appear to think that by signing a paper they have performed a legal and binding act. A lazy and neglectful father disposed of his boy and his wife at the same time. The document in this case was:

STRANGE AGREEMENTS

“I. A. B., do hereby state that I leave my household goods to my wife C. D. Also that I have received £1 off E. F. so that he shall take to my wife and keep them.

Signed,

A.B.”

There are many cases in which children who are adopted without money payments are exposed to grave moral danger. A woman was sent to prison for a month for aiding and  abetting the keeping of a disreputable resort. She was also prosecuted, under the Children Act, in respect of her adopted daughter, who was exposed to the risk of being ruined. A girl aged ten years who was adopted by distant relatives was made to. sleep with a lodger aged 60, a man addicted to drink. She was ill-treated and beaten until the society intervened, when the girl was removed to the home of the parents. A man, lazy and uninclined to work, and whose wife was of idle habits, lived in a scantily furnished and filthy home. They advertised, and adopted a healthy illegitimate baby a fortnight old. They were promised £20 with the child, but received only £5. On receiving a complaint a police inspector made a visit, and found the child, then nineteen months old, very thin, dirty, and in great pain through a large swelling in the groin. The child was removed to the infirmary, afterward taken away by relatives, and soon died. The people who adopted the child were sent to prison for three months. A feature of this case was that their own child, despite their surroundings, was well looked after. This is a common experience — the child of the family cared for, the adopted child neglected. There is no case in the court records where this condition has been reversed.

GOOD PROPOSITIONS

Considerable sums of money are obtained by people with children whom they adopt, though in many cases the children do not reap any benefit. A man and his wife adopted ten children for sums ranging from £5 to £50. It was proved that several thousand pounds had been received by these people, who were prosecuted by the authorities for failing to notify the reception of the children as required under the provisions of the Children’s Act. Five of the children were never allowed out of doors. It has always been part of the adoption agents’ scheme of operation to have babies handed over at railway stations, much of the difficulty in tracing children being due to this fact. One woman in Lancashire, well known to the authorities, and more than once prosecuted for various offences in connection with nursing children, has long been in the habit of sending young children to the north by night trains.

GATE THE CHILD AWAY

Most of the transactions of her agents are carried out at railway stations. Documents relating to this woman and her doings run into hundreds of folios. Bearing all this in mind, it is somewhat disquieting to learn that the recently formed societies are carrying out the transfer of some of their children at stations. The chief constable of a northern city, with an inspector of the children’s society, interviewed two women who had been seen with children, and the chief constable told them they would be detained until he found out what had become of two children they had disposed of at the railway station. They then gave particulars, though admitting that they very seldom went to see what the homes were like be fore the children were handed over. The attendant at the waiting room stated that the two women came to the room about 10 am., carrying a baby, and remained there until 10:30, when two other women came with a girl, apparently about twelve years old. There was some conversation; the baby was handed over to one of the women, who took it away. No money passed, and no paper was signed.

SORROWFUL PARTING

The two women who arrived first at the waiting room then left, returning shortly afterward with a young woman about twenty years old, who was carrying a baby. She told the woman the child was six weeks old. There was some talk, papers were put on the table, and money was passed. The young, girl went away much affected by parting from her baby. There is an agitation to have a law passed providing for the visitation of adopted children by the Ministry of Health. This reform, if it can be brought about, will greatly hearten those who have for years been striving to mitigate, if not to entirely remove, the grave evils surrounding the subject of child adoption.

[“England’s Unwanted Babies. - The Pitiful Plight Of Helpless Children. - Ingenious Refinements of Cruelty :: Many Masked Schemes of Murder :: Helpless Little Ones Suffer - Lingering Deaths :: Cold-Blooded Actions of Heartless Imposters :: Crusade Against , Professional Baby Farming.” The Mirror (Perth, WA, Australia), Nov. 10, 1923, p. 5]

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For more cases of “Baby Farmers,” professional child care providers who murdered children see The Forgotten Serial Killers.

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