Chemistry: Structure and Properties (2nd Edition)
2nd Edition
ISBN: 9780134293936
Author: Nivaldo J. Tro
Publisher: PEARSON
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Textbook Question
Chapter 18, Problem 104E
Calculate the entropy of each state and rank the states in order of increasing entropy.
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Chapter 18 Solutions
Chemistry: Structure and Properties (2nd Edition)
Ch. 18 - What is the first law of thermodynamics, and how...Ch. 18 - What is nature’s heat tax, and how does it relate...Ch. 18 - What is a perpetual motion machine? Can such a...Ch. 18 - Is it more efficient to heat your home with a...Ch. 18 - What is a spontaneous process? Provide an example.Ch. 18 - Explain the difference between the spontaneity of...Ch. 18 - What is the precise definition of entropy? What is...Ch. 18 - Why does the entropy of a gas increase when it...Ch. 18 - Explain the difference between macrostates and...Ch. 18 - Based on its fundamental definition, explain why...
Ch. 18 - State the second law of thermodynamics. How does...Ch. 18 - What happens to the entropy of a sample of matter...Ch. 18 - Explain why water spontaneously freezes to form...Ch. 18 - Why do exothermic processes tend to be spontaneous...Ch. 18 - What is the significance of the change in Gibbs...Ch. 18 - Predict the spontaneity of a reaction (and the...Ch. 18 - State the third law of thermodynamics and explain...Ch. 18 - Why is the standard entropy of a substance in the...Ch. 18 - How does the standard entropy of a substance...Ch. 18 - How can you calculate the standard entropy change...Ch. 18 - Describe the three different methods to calculate...Ch. 18 - Why is free energy “free”?Ch. 18 - Explain the difference between G and G .Ch. 18 - Why does water spilled on the floor evaporate even...Ch. 18 - How do you calculate the change ¡n free energy for...Ch. 18 - How does the value of G for a reaction relate to...Ch. 18 - Prob. 27ECh. 18 - Prob. 28ECh. 18 - Prob. 29ECh. 18 - Prob. 30ECh. 18 - Calculate the change in entropy that occurs in the...Ch. 18 - Prob. 32ECh. 18 - Calculate the change ¡n entropy that occurs in the...Ch. 18 - Prob. 34ECh. 18 - Without doing any calculations, determine the sign...Ch. 18 - Prob. 36ECh. 18 - Without doing any calculations, determine the sign...Ch. 18 - Prob. 38ECh. 18 - Calculate Ssurr at the indicated temperature for...Ch. 18 - Prob. 40ECh. 18 - Given the values of Hrxn , Srxn and T, determine...Ch. 18 - Prob. 42ECh. 18 - Prob. 43ECh. 18 - Prob. 44ECh. 18 - Calculate the free energy change for the reaction...Ch. 18 - Prob. 46ECh. 18 - Prob. 47ECh. 18 - Predict the conditions (high temperature, low...Ch. 18 - How does the molar entropy of a substance change...Ch. 18 - What is the molar entropy of a pure crystal at 0...Ch. 18 - For each pair of substances, choose the one that...Ch. 18 - For each pair of substances, choose the one that...Ch. 18 - Rank each set of substances in order of increasing...Ch. 18 - Prob. 54ECh. 18 - Use data from Appendix IIB to calculate Srxn for...Ch. 18 - Use data from Appendix IIB to calculate Srxn for...Ch. 18 - Find S for the formation of CH2Cl2(g) from its...Ch. 18 - Prob. 58ECh. 18 - Methanol burns in oxygen to form carbon dioxide...Ch. 18 - In photosynthesis, plants form glucose (C6H12O6)...Ch. 18 - For each reaction, calculate Hrxn , Srxn and Grxn...Ch. 18 - For each reaction calculate Hrxn , Srxn and Grxn...Ch. 18 - Use standard free energies of formation to...Ch. 18 - Use standard free energies of formation to...Ch. 18 - Consider the reaction: 2NO(g)+O2(g)2NO2(g)...Ch. 18 - Prob. 66ECh. 18 - Determine G for the reaction:...Ch. 18 - Prob. 68ECh. 18 - Consider the sublimation of iodine at 25.0°C:...Ch. 18 - Consider the evaporation of methanol at 25.0°C....Ch. 18 - Consider the reaction: CH3OH(g)CO(g)+2H2(g)...Ch. 18 - Consider the reaction: CO2(g)+CCl4(g)2COCl2(g)...Ch. 18 - Use data from Appendix IIB to calculate the...Ch. 18 - Prob. 74ECh. 18 - Prob. 75ECh. 18 - Prob. 76ECh. 18 - Prob. 77ECh. 18 - Prob. 78ECh. 18 - Consider the reaction: H2(g)+I2(g)2HI(g) The...Ch. 18 - Consider the reaction: 2N0(g) — O(g) 2N02(g) The...Ch. 18 - The change in enthalpy (Hrxn) for a reaction is...Ch. 18 - Prob. 82ECh. 18 - Prob. 83ECh. 18 - Prob. 84ECh. 18 - Our atmosphere is composed primarily of nitrogen...Ch. 18 - Prob. 86ECh. 18 - Ethene (C2H4) can be halogenated by the reaction:...Ch. 18 - H2 reacts with the halogens (X2) according to the...Ch. 18 - Consider this reaction occurring at 298 K:...Ch. 18 - Consider this reaction occurring at 298 K:...Ch. 18 - Prob. 91ECh. 18 - Prob. 92ECh. 18 - These reactions are important in catalytic...Ch. 18 - Prob. 94ECh. 18 - All the oxides of nitrogen have positive values of...Ch. 18 - Prob. 96ECh. 18 - Consider the reaction X2(g)2X(g) . When a vessel...Ch. 18 - Prob. 98ECh. 18 - Indicate and explain the sign of Suniv for each...Ch. 18 - The Haber process is very important for...Ch. 18 - A metal salt with the formula MCl2 crystallizes...Ch. 18 - The solubility of AgCI(s) in water at 25°C is...Ch. 18 - Review the subsection in this chapter entitled...Ch. 18 - Calculate the entropy of each state and rank the...Ch. 18 - Suppose we redefine the standard state as P=2atm ....Ch. 18 - The G for the freezing of H2O(l) at 10°C is 210...Ch. 18 - Consider the reaction that occurs during the Haber...Ch. 18 - The salt ammonium nitrate can follow three modes...Ch. 18 - Given the tabulated data, calculate Svap for each...Ch. 18 - Prob. 110ECh. 18 - Prob. 111ECh. 18 - Consider the changes in the distribution of nine...Ch. 18 - Prob. 113ECh. 18 - Prob. 114ECh. 18 - Prob. 115ECh. 18 - The reaction A(g)B(g) has an equilibrium constant...Ch. 18 - Prob. 117ECh. 18 - Prob. 118ECh. 18 - Prob. 119ECh. 18 - Have each group member look up Hf and S for one...Ch. 18 - Calculate G at 25°C for the reaction in the...Ch. 18 - Prob. 122ECh. 18 - Which reaction Is most likely to have a positive...Ch. 18 - Prob. 2SAQCh. 18 - Arrange the gases—F2, Ar, and CH3F—in order of...Ch. 18 - Prob. 4SAQCh. 18 - Prob. 5SAQCh. 18 - For a certain reaction Hrxn=255kJ and Srxn=211J/K...Ch. 18 - Prob. 7SAQCh. 18 - s8. Use standard free energies of formation to...Ch. 18 - Prob. 9SAQCh. 18 - For the following reaction, Grxn=9.4kJ at 25 °C....Ch. 18 - Prob. 11SAQCh. 18 - Prob. 12SAQCh. 18 - Prob. 13SAQCh. 18 - Prob. 14SAQCh. 18 - Prob. 15SAQCh. 18 - Prob. 16SAQ
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- Calculate the atomic packing factor of quartz, knowing that the number of Si atoms per cm3 is 2.66x1022 and that the atomic radii of Si and O are 0.038 and 0.117 nm.arrow_forwardChoose one or more: Draw the Lewis structure. Consider and draw alternate resonance structures. Calculate the molar mass of the compound. Leave out the lone pairs of electrons. Complete the octets of each atom (dublet for H). Determine the central atom, if possible. Determine the number of covalent bonds in the structure. Check the structure with electron bookkeeping Question: Determine which of the following procedures are steps in drawing the resonance structures of pyridine and pyrazine. Check all that apply.arrow_forward1. Draw the shapes of the various d orbitals and explain why they are split into two groups; 12g and eg in an octahedral field Draw a diagram to show how the d orbitals are split into groups with different energy in an octahedral field. Some electronic configurations may exist in both high spin and low spin arrangements in an octahedral field. Draw all of these cases, and suggest which metal ions and which ligands might give rise to each. Draw an energy level diagram to show the lifting of degeneracy of the 3d orbitals in a tetrahedral ligand field . Give the number of unpaired electrons in a strong and weak octahedral field for (a) Cr² (b) Co and (c) Fe. Calculate the CFSE and magnetic moment in each casearrow_forward
- 9. Describe and explain the Jahn teller effect in octahedral complexes of Cu² and Cr Define paramagnetism and diamagnetism. What is the difference between an inner orbital complex and an outer orbital complex? The complex [NiCN)4] is diamagnetic, but [NiCla] is paramagnetic and has two unpaired electrons, explain these observations and deduce the structures of the two complexes The complex ion [Co (NH3)6] is octahedral and diamagnetic, the complexion [CoF6] is also octahedral but paramagnetic. How does valence bond theory account for this observation? How does crystal field explain color of complexes?arrow_forward5. Show how the d orbital splitting changes as an octahedral complex undergoes tetragonal distortion and eventually becomes a square planar complex. What is the spectrochemical series and what is its importance Using crystal field theory, (a) Draw the d-orbital electronic configuration of [Cr(CN)6]³ (b) How many unpaired electrons are present? (c) Calculate the CFSE and magnetic moment of the complex ion (c) If six Br groups were substituted for the six CN groups to give [CrBr.]³ would you expect Ao to increase or decrease? Why? Describe how Ao changes as the charge on the metal changes from M² to M and how it changes between a first row, second row or third row transition element.arrow_forward15. Describe clearly how crystal field theory explains satisfactorily the magnetic moment of transition metal complexes. Which complex has the larger crystal field splitting? Give reasons for your answer. (i) [Co(CN)6] or (ii) [Co(H2O)²+ or (iii) [Co(NH)6] or [Co(NH3)6] [Co(H_O)] [Rh(NH3)]* What relationship exist between A (the crystal field splitting) and the pairing energy (P) in determining whether a given complex will be high spin or low spin.arrow_forward
- Part 1 See Periodic Table Draw the major resonance contributor for the skeletal arrangement CNNO 2 (arrangement a). Include all nonbonding electrons and all nonzero formal charges. The skeleton has been given to you. Н Ν HCNO SE F ·N—N; ☑ P Cl Br Iarrow_forward5. Show how the d orbital splitting changes as an octahedral complex undergoes tetragonal distortion and eventually becomes a square planar complex. What is the spectrochemical series and what is its importance Using crystal field theory, (a) Draw the d-orbital electronic configuration of [Cr(CN)6]³ (b) How many unpaired electrons are present? (c) Calculate the CFSE and magnetic moment of the complex ion (c) If six Br groups were substituted for the six CN groups to give [CrBr.]³ would you expect Ao to increase or decrease? Why? Describe how Ao changes as the charge on the metal changes from M² to M and how it changes between a first row, second row or third row transition element.arrow_forwardPart 1 See Periodic Table One resonance structure of CNO¯ is shown. In the first box, add two curved arrows to show the movement of electrons that result in the resonance form with a -1 formal charge on the oxygen atom. In the second box, draw this resonance form with the -1 formal charge on the oxygen atom by adding bonds, lone pairs, and non-zero formal charges. =0% → [N=C=O 1 N-C-0arrow_forward
- Draw any major resonance contributor for S2O3, assuming that the S atoms are bonded to each other, and the O atoms are bonded to S atoms. Include all nonbonding electrons and all nonzero formal charges.arrow_forwardDetermine which of the following procedures are steps in drawing the resonance structures of pyridine and pyrazine. Check all that apply. Draw the Lewis structure.Consider and draw alternate resonance structures. Calculate the molar mass of the compound. Leave out the lone pairs of electrons. Determine the central atom, if possible. Complete the octets of each atom (dublet for H). Determine the number of covalent bonds in the structure. Check the structure with electron bookkeeping.arrow_forwardDetermine which of the following procedures are steps in drawing the resonance structures of pyridine and pyrazine. Check all that apply. Draw the Lewis structure.Consider and draw alternate resonance structures.Calculate the molar mass of the compound.Leave out the lone pairs of electrons.Determine the central atom, if possible.Complete the octets of each atom (dublet for H).Determine the number of covalent bonds in the structure.Check the structure with electron bookkeeping.arrow_forward
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