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List of National Historic Landmarks in Louisiana

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

This is a complete list of National Historic Landmarks in Louisiana,.

The United States National Historic Landmark program is a program of the National Park Service, and recognizes structures, districts, objects, and similar resources according to a list of criteria of national significance.[1]

The state of Louisiana is home to 53 of these landmarks, spanning a range of history from early to modern times. The most recently designated is the St. Charles Streetcar Line, designated during August 2014. Three listings have had their designations withdrawn.

The sternwheeler steamboat Delta Queen has been relocated to Chattanooga and is now listed as an NHL of Tennessee.

Key

[edit]
National Historic Landmark
National Historic Landmark District

National Historic Landmarks

[edit]
[2] Landmark name Image Date designated[3] Location Parish Description
1 Acadian House
Acadian House
Acadian House
May 30, 1974
(#73002133)
St. Martinville
30°08′11″N 91°49′30″W / 30.136423°N 91.824997°W / 30.136423; -91.824997 (Acadian House)
St. Martin Acadian house,[4] also known as Maison Olivier and is a part of the Longfellow–Evangeline State Historic Site.
2 The Cabildo
The Cabildo in New Orleans
The Cabildo
October 9, 1960
(#66000373)
New Orleans
29°57′27″N 90°03′50″W / 29.957449°N 90.063828°W / 29.957449; -90.063828 (The Cabildo)
Orleans Late 18th-century building on Jackson Square; city hall from the colonial era through early 19th century; now one of the properties of the Louisiana State Museum.
3 George Washington Cable House
George Washington Cable House
George Washington Cable House
December 29, 1962
(#66000374)
New Orleans
29°55′35″N 90°05′13″W / 29.926405°N 90.086825°W / 29.926405; -90.086825 (George Washington Cable House)
Orleans Garden District cottage home of author George Washington Cable.[5]
4 Courthouse and Lawyers' Row
1936 HABS photo
Courthouse and Lawyers' Row
May 30, 1974
(#74002249)
Clinton
30°51′59″N 91°01′06″W / 30.86651°N 91.01843°W / 30.86651; -91.01843 (Courthouse and Lawyers' Row)
East Feliciana Built in the mid-19th century, this courthouse and five nearby law office buildings are examples of Greek Revival architecture.[6]
5 James H. Dillard House
James H. Dillard House
James H. Dillard House
December 2, 1974
(#74000929)
New Orleans
29°56′10″N 90°07′36″W / 29.936071°N 90.126598°W / 29.936071; -90.126598 (James H. Dillard House)
Orleans This was the home of James Hardy Dillard, an educator at Tulane University and director of the Slater Fund and Jeanes Foundation. Born in 1856, Dillard spent most of his life improving the education of blacks in the United States.[7][8]
6 Evergreen Plantation
Evergreen Plantation
Evergreen Plantation
April 27, 1992
(#91001386)
Wallace
30°01′38″N 90°38′26″W / 30.0272°N 90.64056°W / 30.0272; -90.64056 (Evergreen Plantation)
St. John the Baptist Composed of 37 buildings, including a main house and 22 extant slave cabins, Evergreen Plantation is an intact example of major plantation complexes found during the antebellum era of the Southern United States.[9] Open to visitors.
7 Fort De La Boulaye October 9, 1960
(#66000378)
Phoenix
29°38′57″N 89°56′40″W / 29.649167°N 89.94444°W / 29.649167; -89.94444 (Fort De La Boulaye)
Plaquemines Fort De La Boulaye was a fort built in 1699–1700, when France took control of the mouth of the Mississippi River.
8 Fort Jackson
Fort Jackson, Drawn in 1817
Fort Jackson
December 19, 1960
(#66000379)
Triumph
29°21′28″N 89°27′18″W / 29.35778°N 89.455°W / 29.35778; -89.455 (Fort Jackson)
Plaquemines Constructed on the lower Mississippi River after the War of 1812, it was the site of the Battle of Forts Jackson and St. Philip in 1862. A public park, the fort was flooded for several weeks in 2005 after two hurricanes.
9 Fort Jesup
Fort Jesup
Fort Jesup
July 4, 1961
(#66000381)
Many
31°36′41″N 93°24′03″W / 31.611389°N 93.40083°W / 31.611389; -93.40083 (Fort Jesup)
Sabine Fort Jesup was built in 1822–32, to help protect the western border between American and Spanish territories. Under the command of future U.S. President Zachary Taylor, soldiers at the fort monitored Texas as it passed from Spanish and Mexican control, until the Mexican–American War in 1846.[10]
10 Fort St. Philip
Fort St. Philip
Fort St. Philip
December 19, 1960
(#66000380)
Triumph
29°21′50″N 89°27′46″W / 29.36389°N 89.46278°W / 29.36389; -89.46278 (Fort St. Philip)
Plaquemines Established on the Mississippi River in the 18th century, Fort St. Philip's major engagements were 10-day naval sieges during the War of 1812 and American Civil War. The site is privately owned and has deteriorated greatly because of river flooding, erosion, and tropical storms.
11 Gallier Hall
Gallier Hall
Gallier Hall
May 30, 1974
(#74002250)
New Orleans
29°56′56″N 90°04′15″W / 29.948854°N 90.070820°W / 29.948854; -90.070820 (Gallier Hall)
Orleans Designed by James Gallier (Sr.) in the mid-1800s; City Hall until mid-20th century and continues in use for civic and community purposes.
12 Gallier House
Gallier House
Gallier House
May 30, 1974
(#74000932)
New Orleans
29°57′41″N 90°03′42″W / 29.961457°N 90.061583°W / 29.961457; -90.061583 (Gallier House)
Orleans Beautifully restored home designed by James Gallier Jr.
13 Garden District
Garden District
Garden District
May 30, 1974
(#71000358)
New Orleans
29°55′40″N 90°05′05″W / 29.92778°N 90.0847°W / 29.92778; -90.0847 (Garden District)
Orleans
14 Nicholas Girod House
Nicholas Girod House
Nicholas Girod House
April 15, 1970
(#70000254)
New Orleans
29°57′21″N 90°03′55″W / 29.955886°N 90.065179°W / 29.955886; -90.065179 (Nicholas Girod House)
Orleans Originally constructed in 1797, by 1821 it was owned by former Mayor Nicolas Girod, a wealthy French American who refurbished it in preparation for a rescue of Napoleon from his exile. Word was received of Napoleon's death —the building is commonly known as the Napoleon House. Since 1914 has functioned as the Napoleon House restaurant.
15 Hermann-Grima House
Hermann-Grima House
Hermann-Grima House
May 30, 1974
(#710003591)
New Orleans
29°57′26″N 90°04′03″W / 29.957307°N 90.067484°W / 29.957307; -90.067484 (Hermann-Grima House)
Orleans
16 Homeplace Plantation House
1940 HABS photo
Homeplace Plantation House
April 15, 1970
(#70000842)
Hahnville
29°58′16″N 90°24′27″W / 29.971057°N 90.407583°W / 29.971057; -90.407583 (Homeplace Plantation House)
St. Charles Built circa 1790, large French Colonial raised cottage. Not open to the public.
17 Jackson Square
Jackson Square
Jackson Square
October 9, 1960
(#66000375)
New Orleans
29°57′20″N 90°03′47″W / 29.955645°N 90.063056°W / 29.955645; -90.063056 (Jackson Square)
Orleans Central square of the Vieux Carré, historically called the Place d'Armes (Plaza de Armas). Redesigned as a public park and renamed in the mid-19th century, by Micaela Almonester, Baroness de Pontalba.
18 USS KIDD (Destroyer)
USS KIDD (Destroyer)
USS KIDD (Destroyer)
January 14, 1986
(#83000502)
Baton Rouge
30°26′40″N 91°11′29″W / 30.44431°N 91.19151°W / 30.44431; -91.19151 (USS KIDD (Destroyer))
East Baton Rouge
19 Lafitte's Blacksmith Shop
Lafitte's Blacksmith Shop
Lafitte's Blacksmith Shop
April 15, 1970
(#70000255)
New Orleans
29°57′38″N 90°03′50″W / 29.960591°N 90.063885°W / 29.960591; -90.063885 (Lafitte's Blacksmith Shop)
Orleans Late 18th-century Creole cottage, became a bar in the 20th century.
20 Longue Vue House and Gardens
Longue Vue House and Gardens
Longue Vue House and Gardens
April 5, 2005
(#91001419)
New Orleans
29°58′36″N 90°07′23″W / 29.976753°N 90.123092°W / 29.976753; -90.123092 (Longue Vue House and Gardens)
Orleans
21 Los Adaes
Los Adaes
Los Adaes
June 23, 1986
(#78001427)
Robeline
31°42′31″N 93°17′36″W / 31.70861°N 93.2933°W / 31.70861; -93.2933 (Los Adaes)
Natchitoches Los Adaes was the capital of Tejas, on the northeastern frontier of New Spain, from 1729 to 1770. It included a mission, San Miguel de los Adaes, and a presidio, Nuestra Senora del Pilar de Los Adaes (Our Lady of Pilar of the Adaes).
22 Louisiana State Bank Building
1934 HABS photo
Louisiana State Bank Building
May 4, 1983
(#83004387)
New Orleans
29°57′22″N 90°03′59″W / 29.956014°N 90.066466°W / 29.956014; -90.066466 (Louisiana State Bank Building)
Orleans
23 Louisiana State Capitol Building and Gardens
Louisiana State Capitol
Louisiana State Capitol Building and Gardens
December 17, 1982
(#78001421)
Baton Rouge
30°27′25″N 91°11′14″W / 30.45704°N 91.18736°W / 30.45704; -91.18736 (Louisiana State Capitol Building and Gardens)
East Baton Rouge
24 Madame John's Legacy
Madame John's Legacy
Madame John's Legacy
April 15, 1970
(#70000256)
New Orleans
29°57′34″N 90°03′46″W / 29.959332°N 90.062902°W / 29.959332; -90.062902 (Madame John's Legacy)
Orleans One of the few French Colonial-style houses in the Quarter to survive the city's great fires of the late 18th century, its name comes from a story by George Washington Cable.
25 Madewood Plantation House
Madewood Plantation House
Madewood Plantation House
May 4, 1983
(#73000860)
Napoleonville
29°55′37″N 90°59′40″W / 29.927°N 90.99444°W / 29.927; -90.99444 (Madewood Plantation House)
Assumption Architect Henry Howard's first major building, begun in 1846.
26 Magnolia Plantation
HABS photo
Magnolia Plantation
January 3, 2001
(#79001071)
Derry
31°32′59″N 92°56′26″W / 31.5497°N 92.94056°W / 31.5497; -92.94056 (Magnolia Plantation)
Natchitoches
27 Marksville Prehistoric Indian Site
Burial Mound
Marksville Prehistoric Indian Site
July 19, 1964
(#66000372)
Marksville
31°07′29″N 92°02′52″W / 31.12472°N 92.04778°W / 31.12472; -92.04778 (Marksville Prehistoric Indian Site)
Avoyelles Archeological type site for Marksville culture.
28 Melrose Plantation
HABS photo
Melrose Plantation
May 30, 1974
(#72000556)
Melrose
31°05′16″N 92°58′03″W / 31.087711°N 92.967561°W / 31.087711; -92.967561 (Melrose Plantation)
Natchitoches Black businesswoman Marie Thérèse Coincoin created this plantation, includes perhaps the first black-for-black-designed buildings in the United States.
29 Natchitoches Historic District
HABS photo
Natchitoches Historic District
April 16, 1984
(#74000928)
Natchitoches
31°45′16″N 93°05′32″W / 31.754330°N 93.092108°W / 31.754330; -93.092108 (Natchitoches Historic District)
Natchitoches Natchitoches is the oldest permanent settlement in the lower Mississippi River Valley, founded by the French in 1714 (four years before New Orleans).
30 New Orleans Cotton Exchange Building
New Orleans Cotton Exchange Building
New Orleans Cotton Exchange Building
December 22, 1977
(#77000675)
New Orleans
29°57′09″N 90°04′16″W / 29.952394°N 90.071001°W / 29.952394; -90.071001 (New Orleans Cotton Exchange Building)
Orleans
31 Oak Alley Plantation
Oak Alley Plantation
Oak Alley Plantation
December 2, 1974
(#74002187)
Vacherie
30°00′15″N 90°46′33″W / 30.00428°N 90.775933°W / 30.00428; -90.775933 (Oak Alley Plantation)
St. James
32 Old Louisiana State Capitol
Old Louisiana State Capitol
Old Louisiana State Capitol
May 30, 1974
(#73000862)
Baton Rouge
30°26′48″N 91°11′21″W / 30.44657°N 91.18903°W / 30.44657; -91.18903 (Old Louisiana State Capitol)
East Baton Rouge Innovatively designed by architect James H. Dakin, it is "Castellated Gothic".
33 Parlange Plantation House
1936 HABS photo
Parlange Plantation House
May 30, 1974
(#70000258)
Mix
30°37′49″N 91°29′10″W / 30.63028°N 91.4861°W / 30.63028; -91.4861 (Parlange Plantation House)
Pointe Coupee
34 Pontalba Buildings
Pontalba Buildings
Pontalba Buildings
May 30, 1974
(#74000934)
New Orleans
29°57′27″N 90°03′44″W / 29.957580°N 90.062145°W / 29.957580; -90.062145 (Pontalba Buildings)
Orleans
35 Port Hudson
Port Hudson
Port Hudson
May 30, 1974
(#74002349)
Port Hudson
30°41′36″N 91°16′33″W / 30.6933°N 91.27585°W / 30.6933; -91.27585 (Port Hudson)
East Feliciana Port Hudson State Historic Site, an American Civil War battleground, the last Confederate stronghold on the Mississippi River. The Port Hudson National Cemetery is approximately six miles south, in East Baton Rouge Parish.
36 Poverty Point National Monument
Poverty Point National Monument
Poverty Point National Monument
April 15, 1970
(#66000382)
Delhi
32°38′12″N 91°24′41″W / 32.63667°N 91.41139°W / 32.63667; -91.41139 (Poverty Point National Monument)
West Carroll
37 The Presbytere
The Presbytère, seen from Jackson Square.
The Presbytere
April 15, 1970
(#70000257)
New Orleans
29°57′28″N 90°03′48″W / 29.957830°N 90.063450°W / 29.957830; -90.063450 (The Presbytere)
Orleans Iconic building on Jackson Square, planned in the 1790s during the Spanish colonial era as the twin of the Cabildo. Second floor wasn't completed until 1813, during early statehood, with the third floor added in the 1840s. Since 1911, the Presbytere has belonged to the Louisiana State Museum.
38 Jean Pierre Emmanuel Prud'homme Oakland Plantation
HABS photo
Jean Pierre Emmanuel Prud'homme Oakland Plantation
January 3, 2001
(#79001073)
Natchez
31°39′54″N 93°00′12″W / 31.665°N 93.00333°W / 31.665; -93.00333 (Jean Pierre Emmanuel Prud'homme Oakland Plantation)
Natchitoches
39 Rosedown Plantation
1934 HABS photo
Rosedown Plantation
April 5, 2005
(#01000765)
St. Francisville
30°47′46″N 91°22′15″W / 30.796015°N 91.370945°W / 30.796015; -91.370945 (Rosedown Plantation)
West Feliciana
40 Saint Alphonsus Church
Saint Alphonsus Church
Saint Alphonsus Church
June 19, 1996
(#73000872)
New Orleans
29°55′50″N 90°04′25″W / 29.930556°N 90.0736°W / 29.930556; -90.0736 (Saint Alphonsus Church)
Orleans
41 St. Charles Streetcar Line
St. Charles Streetcar Line
St. Charles Streetcar Line
August 25, 2014
(#73000873)
New Orleans
29°55′38″N 90°05′40″W / 29.927155°N 90.094335°W / 29.927155; -90.094335 (St. Charles Streetcar Line)
Orleans Most extensive streetcar line in the country; oldest continuously operated light-rail line in the world
42 St. Mary's Assumption Church
St. Mary's Assumption Church
St. Mary's Assumption Church
May 30, 1974
(#71000361)
New Orleans
29°55′48″N 90°04′27″W / 29.929888°N 90.074293°W / 29.929888; -90.074293 (St. Mary's Assumption Church)
Orleans
43 St. Patrick's Church
St. Patrick's Church
St. Patrick's Church
May 30, 1974
(#74000936)
New Orleans
29°56′48″N 90°04′12″W / 29.946631°N 90.070137°W / 29.946631; -90.070137 (St. Patrick's Church)
Orleans
44 San Francisco Plantation House
San Francisco Plantation House
San Francisco Plantation House
May 30, 1974
(#74002186)
Reserve
30°02′51″N 90°36′20″W / 30.047535°N 90.605548°W / 30.047535; -90.605548 (San Francisco Plantation House)
St. John the Baptist
45 Shadows-on-the-Teche
100 px
Shadows-on-the-Teche
May 30, 1970
(#72000553)
New Iberia
30°00′16″N 91°48′56″W / 30.00439°N 91.81566°W / 30.00439; -91.81566 (Shadows-on-the-Teche)
Iberia The Greek Revival home was completed in 1834 on the Bayou Teche by wealthy planters David and Mary Weeks, within the town of New Iberia. It remained in the Weeks family until 1958, when William Weeks Hall died and donated the building to the National Trust for Historic Preservation. Open for tours.
46 Shreveport Municipal Memorial Auditorium
Shreveport Municipal Memorial Auditorium
Shreveport Municipal Memorial Auditorium
October 6, 2008
(#91000624)
Shreveport
32°30′29″N 93°45′11″W / 32.50793°N 93.75296°W / 32.50793; -93.75296 (Shreveport Municipal Memorial Auditorium)
Caddo
47 Shreveport Water Works Company, Pump Station
1980 HABS photo
Shreveport Water Works Company, Pump Station
December 17, 1982
(#80001707)
Shreveport
32°31′04″N 93°45′26″W / 32.51769°N 93.7571°W / 32.51769; -93.7571 (Shreveport Water Works Company, Pump Station)
Caddo An engineering landmark.
48 United States Customhouse
United States Customhouse
United States Customhouse
December 2, 1974
(#74000938)
New Orleans
29°57′05″N 90°03′59″W / 29.951414°N 90.066254°W / 29.951414; -90.066254 (United States Customhouse)
Orleans
49 United States Court of Appeals—Fifth Circuit
United States Court of Appeals—Fifth Circuit
United States Court of Appeals—Fifth Circuit
July 21, 2015
(#74000937)
New Orleans
29°56′52″N 90°04′45″W / 29.94778°N 90.07917°W / 29.94778; -90.07917 (United States Court of Appeals—Fifth Circuit)
Orleans 1909 courthouse was where many key court cases brought during the Civil Rights Movement were decided
50 United States Mint, New Orleans Branch
United States Mint, New Orleans Branch
United States Mint, New Orleans Branch
May 15, 1975
(#73000875)
New Orleans
29°57′41″N 90°03′26″W / 29.961436°N 90.057266°W / 29.961436; -90.057266 (United States Mint, New Orleans Branch)
Orleans Minted both gold and silver coinage during the antebellum years of the 19th century; also served briefly as a C.S.A. mint.
51 Old Ursuline Convent
Old Ursuline Convent
Old Ursuline Convent
October 9, 1960
(#66000376)
New Orleans
29°57′39″N 90°03′39″W / 29.960753°N 90.060813°W / 29.960753; -90.060813 (Old Ursuline Convent)
Orleans Convent established early in the colonial era by Ursuline nuns and New Orleans' oldest-surviving French Colonial building (1752).
52 Vieux Carre Historic District
Upper Chartres Street
Vieux Carre Historic District
December 21, 1965
(#66000377)
New Orleans
29°57′31″N 90°03′54″W / 29.9586°N 90.065°W / 29.9586; -90.065 (Vieux Carre Historic District)
Orleans Meaning "Old Square," the original 18th-century town of New Orleans, laid out in a grid plan and known today as the French Quarter.
53 Edward Douglass White House
Edward Douglass White House
Edward Douglass White House
December 8, 1976
(#76000964)
Thibodaux
29°45′15″N 90°43′46″W / 29.754028°N 90.72931°W / 29.754028; -90.72931 (Edward Douglass White House)
Lafourche Home of Edward Douglass White, his home has been rumored to be haunted. They say who ever goes inside at exactly 11:00pm on December 8, comes out with almost no memory.
54 Agudath Achim Anshe Sfard Synagogue
Anshe Sfard Synagogue
Agudath Achim Anshe Sfard Synagogue
August 2, 2017
(#100001432)
New Orleans
29°56′04″N 90°04′55″W / 29.93432°N 90.08184°W / 29.93432; -90.08184 (Agudath Achim Anshe Sfard Synagogue)
Orleans Modern Orthodox Synagogue

Former National Historic Landmarks

[edit]
Landmark name[11] Image Date designated[11] Date withdrawn[11] Locality[11][12] Parish[11] Description[13]
1 U.S.S. Cabot
U.S.S. Cabot
U.S.S. Cabot
June 29, 1990
(#90000334)
August 7, 2001 New Orleans
Commissioned during 1943, The USS Cabot (CVL-28/AVT-3) was an Independence-class aircraft carrier in the United States Navy. From 1967 to 1989, it was used by the Spanish navy as the Dédalo. A New Orleans–based museum foundation purchased the ship for restoration during 1990, but was unable to obtain sufficient funding. The Cabot was eventually scrapped and withdrawn as a Landmark on August 7, 2001.[14]
2 Kate Chopin House
Kate Chopin House
Kate Chopin House
April 19, 1993
(#93001601)
December 28, 2015 Cloutierville
31°32′20″N 92°55′02″W / 31.538890°N 92.917092°W / 31.538890; -92.917092 (Kate Chopin House)
Natchitoches Home of Kate Chopin, author of The Awakening, source for her writings on bayou life.[15] It was destroyed by fire in 2008.
3 DELUGE (Firefighting Tug)
DELUGE (Firefighting Tug)
DELUGE (Firefighting Tug)
June 30, 1989
(#89001427)
December 11, 2023 New Orleans
29°57′15″N 90°03′18″W / 29.954109°N 90.054868°W / 29.954109; -90.054868 (DELUGE (Firefighting Tug))
Orleans The DELUGE, a fireboat that served the Port of New Orleans, is an example of large fireboats found in major ports during the 1920s.[16]

National Park Service areas in Louisiana

[edit]

National Historic Sites and other National Park Service areas in Louisiana are:

Poverty Point National Monument is listed as a National Park Service area although title for the site has not been transferred from Louisiana to the federal government. Otherwise, excepting the El Camino Real de los Tejas trail, these are federally owned sites and enjoy greater protection than most National Historic Landmarks.

See also

[edit]

References

[edit]
  1. ^ National Park Service. "National Historic Landmarks Program: Questions and Answers". Retrieved September 21, 2007.
  2. ^ Numbers represent an alphabetical ordering by significant words. Various colorings, defined here, differentiate National Historic Landmarks and historic districts from other NRHP buildings, structures, sites or objects.
  3. ^ The eight-digit number below each date is the number assigned to each location in the National Register Information System database, which can be viewed by clicking the number.
  4. ^ "Acadian House". National Historic Landmarks Program. National Park Service. Archived from the original on March 8, 2011. Retrieved February 11, 2010.
  5. ^ "Cable, George Washington, House". National Historic Landmarks Program. National Park Service. Archived from the original on March 8, 2011. Retrieved February 11, 2010.
  6. ^ "The Courthouse and Lawyers' Row". National Park Service. Retrieved May 21, 2018.
  7. ^ "Dillard, James H., Home". National Historic Landmarks Program. National Park Service. Archived from the original on March 8, 2011. Retrieved February 12, 2010.
  8. ^ "James Hardy Dillard". The Journal of Negro History. 25 (4). Association for the Study of African-American Life and History, Inc.: 585–586 October 1940. doi:10.1086/JNHv25n4p585. JSTOR 2715156. S2CID 224828031.
  9. ^ "Evergreen Plantation". National Register of Historic Places Travel Itinerary. National Park Service. Retrieved November 14, 2015.
  10. ^ "Fort Jesup". Cane River National Heritage Area: A National Register of Historic Places Travel Itinerary. National Park Service. Retrieved April 20, 2010.
  11. ^ a b c d e National Park Service (June 2011). "National Historic Landmarks Survey: List of National Historic Landmarks by State" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on November 5, 2011. Retrieved July 4, 2011..
  12. ^ National Park Service. "National Historic Landmark Program: NHL Database". Archived from the original on June 6, 2004. Retrieved August 14, 2007.
  13. ^ National Park Service. "National Historic Landmark Program: NHL Database". Archived from the original on June 6, 2004. Retrieved on various dates.
  14. ^ "U.S.S. CABOT (CVL-28)". National Historic Landmarks Program. National Park Service. Retrieved February 11, 2010.
  15. ^ "Chopin, Kate, House". National Historic Landmarks Program. National Park Service. Archived from the original on January 14, 2009. Retrieved February 11, 2010.
  16. ^ "DELUGE (Firefighting Tug)". National Historic Landmarks Program. National Park Service. Archived from the original on March 19, 2005. Retrieved February 12, 2010.
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