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h[n_, i_, k_] := h[n, i, k] = If[n == 0, 1, If[i < 1, 0,
Sum[h[n - i*j, i - 1, k]*Binomial[k^i, j], {j, 0, n/i}]]];
a[n_] := Sum[Sum[(-1)^i*Binomial[k, i]*h[n, n, k-i], {i, 0, k}], {k, 0, n}];
Table[a[n], {n, 0, 20}] (* Jean-François Alcover, Mar 10 2022, after Alois P. Heinz *)
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Cf. A257741.
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Number of sets of nonempty words with a total of n letters over n-ary alphabet such that if a letter occurs in the set all predecessors occur at least once.
h:= proc(n, i, k) option remember; `if`(n=0, 1, `if`(i<1, 0,
add(h(n-i*j, i-1, k)*binomial(k^i, j), j=0..n/i)))
end:
a:= n-> add(add((-1)^i*binomial(k, i)*h(n$2, k-i), i=0..k), k=0..n):
seq(a(n), n=0..20);
Alois P. Heinz, <a href="/A319518/b319518.txt">Table of n, a(n) for n = 0..300</a>
a(0) = 1: {}.
a(21) = 41: {a}, {ab}, {ba}, {a,b}.
a(2) = 4: {aa}, {ab}, {ba}, {a,b}.