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    1 <html><head><meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=ISO-8859-1"><title>Chapter 21. Classical Printing Support</title><link rel="stylesheet" href="../samba.css" type="text/css"><meta name="generator" content="DocBook XSL Stylesheets V1.74.0"><link rel="home" href="index.html" title="The Official Samba 3.2.x HOWTO and Reference Guide"><link rel="up" href="optional.html" title="Part III. Advanced Configuration"><link rel="prev" href="msdfs.html" title="Chapter 20. Hosting a Microsoft Distributed File System Tree"><link rel="next" href="CUPS-printing.html" title="Chapter 22. CUPS Printing Support"></head><body bgcolor="white" text="black" link="#0000FF" vlink="#840084" alink="#0000FF"><div class="navheader"><table width="100%" summary="Navigation header"><tr><th colspan="3" align="center">Chapter 21. Classical Printing Support</th></tr><tr><td width="20%" align="left"><a accesskey="p" href="msdfs.html">Prev</a> </td><th width="60%" align="center">Part III. Advanced Configuration</th><td width="20%" align="right"> <a accesskey="n" href="CUPS-printing.html">Next</a></td></tr></table><hr></div><div class="chapter" lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h2 class="title"><a name="classicalprinting"></a>Chapter 21. Classical Printing Support</h2></div><div><div class="author"><h3 class="author"><span class="firstname">Kurt</span> <span class="orgname">Danka Deutschland GmbH</span> <span class="surname">Pfeifle</span></h3><div class="affiliation"><span class="orgname">Danka Deutschland GmbH<br></span><div class="address"><p><code class="email">&lt;<a class="email" href="mailto:kpfeifle@danka.de">kpfeifle@danka.de</a>&gt;</code></p></div></div></div></div><div><div class="author"><h3 class="author"><span class="firstname">Gerald</span> <span class="othername">(Jerry)</span> <span class="orgname">Samba Team</span> <span class="surname">Carter</span></h3><div class="affiliation"><span class="orgname">Samba Team<br></span><div class="address"><p><code class="email">&lt;<a class="email" href="mailto:jerry@samba.org">jerry@samba.org</a>&gt;</code></p></div></div></div></div><div><div class="author"><h3 class="author"><span class="firstname">John</span> <span class="othername">H.</span> <span class="orgname">Samba Team</span> <span class="surname">Terpstra</span></h3><div class="affiliation"><span class="orgname">Samba Team<br></span><div class="address"><p><code class="email">&lt;<a class="email" href="mailto:jht@samba.org">jht@samba.org</a>&gt;</code></p></div></div></div></div><div><p class="pubdate">May 31, 2003</p></div></div></div><div class="toc"><p><b>Table of Contents</b></p><dl><dt><span class="sect1"><a href="classicalprinting.html#id2622106">Features and Benefits</a></span></dt><dt><span class="sect1"><a href="classicalprinting.html#id2622329">Technical Introduction</a></span></dt><dd><dl><dt><span class="sect2"><a href="classicalprinting.html#id2622481">Client to Samba Print Job Processing</a></span></dt><dt><span class="sect2"><a href="classicalprinting.html#id2622540">Printing-Related Configuration Parameters</a></span></dt></dl></dd><dt><span class="sect1"><a href="classicalprinting.html#id2622641">Simple Print Configuration</a></span></dt><dd><dl><dt><span class="sect2"><a href="classicalprinting.html#id2622925">Verifying Configuration with testparm</a></span></dt><dt><span class="sect2"><a href="classicalprinting.html#id2623122">Rapid Configuration Validation</a></span></dt></dl></dd><dt><span class="sect1"><a href="classicalprinting.html#id2623522">Extended Printing Configuration</a></span></dt><dd><dl><dt><span class="sect2"><a href="classicalprinting.html#id2623977">Detailed Explanation Settings</a></span></dt></dl></dd><dt><span class="sect1"><a href="classicalprinting.html#cups-msrpc">Printing Developments Since Samba-2.2</a></span></dt><dd><dl><dt><span class="sect2"><a href="classicalprinting.html#id2626693">Point'n'Print Client Drivers on Samba Servers</a></span></dt><dt><span class="sect2"><a href="classicalprinting.html#id2626862">The Obsoleted [printer$] Section</a></span></dt><dt><span class="sect2"><a href="classicalprinting.html#id2626983">Creating the [print$] Share</a></span></dt><dt><span class="sect2"><a href="classicalprinting.html#id2627200">[print$] Stanza Parameters</a></span></dt><dt><span class="sect2"><a href="classicalprinting.html#id2627521">The [print$] Share Directory</a></span></dt></dl></dd><dt><span class="sect1"><a href="classicalprinting.html#id2627663">Installing Drivers into [print$]</a></span></dt><dd><dl><dt><span class="sect2"><a href="classicalprinting.html#id2627756">Add Printer Wizard Driver Installation</a></span></dt><dt><span class="sect2"><a href="classicalprinting.html#inst-rpc">Installing Print Drivers Using rpcclient</a></span></dt></dl></dd><dt><span class="sect1"><a href="classicalprinting.html#id2629689">Client Driver Installation Procedure</a></span></dt><dd><dl><dt><span class="sect2"><a href="classicalprinting.html#id2629706">First Client Driver Installation</a></span></dt><dt><span class="sect2"><a href="classicalprinting.html#prt-modeset">Setting Device Modes on New Printers</a></span></dt><dt><span class="sect2"><a href="classicalprinting.html#id2630271">Additional Client Driver Installation</a></span></dt><dt><span class="sect2"><a href="classicalprinting.html#id2630389">Always Make First Client Connection as root or printer admin</a></span></dt></dl></dd><dt><span class="sect1"><a href="classicalprinting.html#id2630563">Other Gotchas</a></span></dt><dd><dl><dt><span class="sect2"><a href="classicalprinting.html#id2630583">Setting Default Print Options for Client Drivers</a></span></dt><dt><span class="sect2"><a href="classicalprinting.html#id2630951">Supporting Large Numbers of Printers</a></span></dt><dt><span class="sect2"><a href="classicalprinting.html#id2631207">Adding New Printers with the Windows NT APW</a></span></dt><dt><span class="sect2"><a href="classicalprinting.html#id2631467">Error Message: Cannot connect under a different Name</a></span></dt><dt><span class="sect2"><a href="classicalprinting.html#id2631580">Take Care When Assembling Driver Files</a></span></dt><dt><span class="sect2"><a href="classicalprinting.html#id2631890">Samba and Printer Ports</a></span></dt><dt><span class="sect2"><a href="classicalprinting.html#id2631999">Avoiding Common Client Driver Misconfiguration</a></span></dt></dl></dd><dt><span class="sect1"><a href="classicalprinting.html#id2632036">The Imprints Toolset</a></span></dt><dd><dl><dt><span class="sect2"><a href="classicalprinting.html#id2632082">What Is Imprints?</a></span></dt><dt><span class="sect2"><a href="classicalprinting.html#id2632116">Creating Printer Driver Packages</a></span></dt><dt><span class="sect2"><a href="classicalprinting.html#id2632132">The Imprints Server</a></span></dt><dt><span class="sect2"><a href="classicalprinting.html#id2632150">The Installation Client</a></span></dt></dl></dd><dt><span class="sect1"><a href="classicalprinting.html#id2632283">Adding Network Printers without User Interaction</a></span></dt><dt><span class="sect1"><a href="classicalprinting.html#id2632557">The addprinter Command</a></span></dt><dt><span class="sect1"><a href="classicalprinting.html#id2632596">Migration of Classical Printing to Samba</a></span></dt><dt><span class="sect1"><a href="classicalprinting.html#id2632744">Publishing Printer Information in Active Directory or LDAP</a></span></dt><dt><span class="sect1"><a href="classicalprinting.html#id2632774">Common Errors</a></span></dt><dd><dl><dt><span class="sect2"><a href="classicalprinting.html#id2632779">I Give My Root Password but I Do Not Get Access</a></span></dt><dt><span class="sect2"><a href="classicalprinting.html#id2632821">My Print Jobs Get Spooled into the Spooling Directory, but Then Get Lost</a></span></dt></dl></dd></dl></div><div class="sect1" lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h2 class="title" style="clear: both"><a name="id2622106"></a>Features and Benefits</h2></div></div></div><p>
     1<html><head><meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=ISO-8859-1"><title>Chapter 21. Classical Printing Support</title><link rel="stylesheet" href="../samba.css" type="text/css"><meta name="generator" content="DocBook XSL Stylesheets V1.74.0"><link rel="home" href="index.html" title="The Official Samba 3.2.x HOWTO and Reference Guide"><link rel="up" href="optional.html" title="Part III. Advanced Configuration"><link rel="prev" href="msdfs.html" title="Chapter 20. Hosting a Microsoft Distributed File System Tree"><link rel="next" href="CUPS-printing.html" title="Chapter 22. CUPS Printing Support"></head><body bgcolor="white" text="black" link="#0000FF" vlink="#840084" alink="#0000FF"><div class="navheader"><table width="100%" summary="Navigation header"><tr><th colspan="3" align="center">Chapter 21. Classical Printing Support</th></tr><tr><td width="20%" align="left"><a accesskey="p" href="msdfs.html">Prev</a> </td><th width="60%" align="center">Part III. Advanced Configuration</th><td width="20%" align="right"> <a accesskey="n" href="CUPS-printing.html">Next</a></td></tr></table><hr></div><div class="chapter" lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h2 class="title"><a name="classicalprinting"></a>Chapter 21. Classical Printing Support</h2></div><div><div class="author"><h3 class="author"><span class="firstname">Kurt</span> <span class="orgname">Danka Deutschland GmbH</span> <span class="surname">Pfeifle</span></h3><div class="affiliation"><span class="orgname">Danka Deutschland GmbH<br></span><div class="address"><p><code class="email">&lt;<a class="email" href="mailto:kpfeifle@danka.de">kpfeifle@danka.de</a>&gt;</code></p></div></div></div></div><div><div class="author"><h3 class="author"><span class="firstname">Gerald</span> <span class="othername">(Jerry)</span> <span class="orgname">Samba Team</span> <span class="surname">Carter</span></h3><div class="affiliation"><span class="orgname">Samba Team<br></span><div class="address"><p><code class="email">&lt;<a class="email" href="mailto:jerry@samba.org">jerry@samba.org</a>&gt;</code></p></div></div></div></div><div><div class="author"><h3 class="author"><span class="firstname">John</span> <span class="othername">H.</span> <span class="orgname">Samba Team</span> <span class="surname">Terpstra</span></h3><div class="affiliation"><span class="orgname">Samba Team<br></span><div class="address"><p><code class="email">&lt;<a class="email" href="mailto:jht@samba.org">jht@samba.org</a>&gt;</code></p></div></div></div></div><div><p class="pubdate">May 31, 2003</p></div></div></div><div class="toc"><p><b>Table of Contents</b></p><dl><dt><span class="sect1"><a href="classicalprinting.html#id2622106">Features and Benefits</a></span></dt><dt><span class="sect1"><a href="classicalprinting.html#id2622330">Technical Introduction</a></span></dt><dd><dl><dt><span class="sect2"><a href="classicalprinting.html#id2622481">Client to Samba Print Job Processing</a></span></dt><dt><span class="sect2"><a href="classicalprinting.html#id2622540">Printing-Related Configuration Parameters</a></span></dt></dl></dd><dt><span class="sect1"><a href="classicalprinting.html#id2622641">Simple Print Configuration</a></span></dt><dd><dl><dt><span class="sect2"><a href="classicalprinting.html#id2622925">Verifying Configuration with testparm</a></span></dt><dt><span class="sect2"><a href="classicalprinting.html#id2623122">Rapid Configuration Validation</a></span></dt></dl></dd><dt><span class="sect1"><a href="classicalprinting.html#id2623522">Extended Printing Configuration</a></span></dt><dd><dl><dt><span class="sect2"><a href="classicalprinting.html#id2623977">Detailed Explanation Settings</a></span></dt></dl></dd><dt><span class="sect1"><a href="classicalprinting.html#cups-msrpc">Printing Developments Since Samba-2.2</a></span></dt><dd><dl><dt><span class="sect2"><a href="classicalprinting.html#id2626693">Point'n'Print Client Drivers on Samba Servers</a></span></dt><dt><span class="sect2"><a href="classicalprinting.html#id2626862">The Obsoleted [printer$] Section</a></span></dt><dt><span class="sect2"><a href="classicalprinting.html#id2626984">Creating the [print$] Share</a></span></dt><dt><span class="sect2"><a href="classicalprinting.html#id2627200">[print$] Stanza Parameters</a></span></dt><dt><span class="sect2"><a href="classicalprinting.html#id2627521">The [print$] Share Directory</a></span></dt></dl></dd><dt><span class="sect1"><a href="classicalprinting.html#id2627663">Installing Drivers into [print$]</a></span></dt><dd><dl><dt><span class="sect2"><a href="classicalprinting.html#id2627756">Add Printer Wizard Driver Installation</a></span></dt><dt><span class="sect2"><a href="classicalprinting.html#inst-rpc">Installing Print Drivers Using rpcclient</a></span></dt></dl></dd><dt><span class="sect1"><a href="classicalprinting.html#id2629689">Client Driver Installation Procedure</a></span></dt><dd><dl><dt><span class="sect2"><a href="classicalprinting.html#id2629706">First Client Driver Installation</a></span></dt><dt><span class="sect2"><a href="classicalprinting.html#prt-modeset">Setting Device Modes on New Printers</a></span></dt><dt><span class="sect2"><a href="classicalprinting.html#id2630271">Additional Client Driver Installation</a></span></dt><dt><span class="sect2"><a href="classicalprinting.html#id2630390">Always Make First Client Connection as root or printer admin</a></span></dt></dl></dd><dt><span class="sect1"><a href="classicalprinting.html#id2630563">Other Gotchas</a></span></dt><dd><dl><dt><span class="sect2"><a href="classicalprinting.html#id2630584">Setting Default Print Options for Client Drivers</a></span></dt><dt><span class="sect2"><a href="classicalprinting.html#id2630951">Supporting Large Numbers of Printers</a></span></dt><dt><span class="sect2"><a href="classicalprinting.html#id2631207">Adding New Printers with the Windows NT APW</a></span></dt><dt><span class="sect2"><a href="classicalprinting.html#id2631467">Error Message: Cannot connect under a different Name</a></span></dt><dt><span class="sect2"><a href="classicalprinting.html#id2631581">Take Care When Assembling Driver Files</a></span></dt><dt><span class="sect2"><a href="classicalprinting.html#id2631890">Samba and Printer Ports</a></span></dt><dt><span class="sect2"><a href="classicalprinting.html#id2631999">Avoiding Common Client Driver Misconfiguration</a></span></dt></dl></dd><dt><span class="sect1"><a href="classicalprinting.html#id2632036">The Imprints Toolset</a></span></dt><dd><dl><dt><span class="sect2"><a href="classicalprinting.html#id2632082">What Is Imprints?</a></span></dt><dt><span class="sect2"><a href="classicalprinting.html#id2632117">Creating Printer Driver Packages</a></span></dt><dt><span class="sect2"><a href="classicalprinting.html#id2632132">The Imprints Server</a></span></dt><dt><span class="sect2"><a href="classicalprinting.html#id2632150">The Installation Client</a></span></dt></dl></dd><dt><span class="sect1"><a href="classicalprinting.html#id2632283">Adding Network Printers without User Interaction</a></span></dt><dt><span class="sect1"><a href="classicalprinting.html#id2632557">The addprinter Command</a></span></dt><dt><span class="sect1"><a href="classicalprinting.html#id2632596">Migration of Classical Printing to Samba</a></span></dt><dt><span class="sect1"><a href="classicalprinting.html#id2632744">Publishing Printer Information in Active Directory or LDAP</a></span></dt><dt><span class="sect1"><a href="classicalprinting.html#id2632774">Common Errors</a></span></dt><dd><dl><dt><span class="sect2"><a href="classicalprinting.html#id2632780">I Give My Root Password but I Do Not Get Access</a></span></dt><dt><span class="sect2"><a href="classicalprinting.html#id2632821">My Print Jobs Get Spooled into the Spooling Directory, but Then Get Lost</a></span></dt></dl></dd></dl></div><div class="sect1" lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h2 class="title" style="clear: both"><a name="id2622106"></a>Features and Benefits</h2></div></div></div><p>
    22<a class="indexterm" name="id2622114"></a>
    33Printing is often a mission-critical service for the users. Samba can provide this service reliably and
    44seamlessly for a client network consisting of Windows workstations.
    55</p><p>
    6 <a class="indexterm" name="id2622127"></a>
     6<a class="indexterm" name="id2622128"></a>
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    3131supported by the newer Common UNIX Printing System (CUPS) as the print subsystem underneath the Samba hood.
    3232</p><p>
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    3535This chapter outlines the fundamentals of Samba printing as implemented by the more traditional UNIX
     
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    4343Most of the following examples have been verified on Windows XP Professional clients. Where this document
    4444describes the responses to commands given, bear in mind that Windows 200x/XP clients are quite similar but may
    4545differ in minor details. Windows NT4 is somewhat different again.
    46 </p></div></div><div class="sect1" lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h2 class="title" style="clear: both"><a name="id2622329"></a>Technical Introduction</h2></div></div></div><p>
    47 <a class="indexterm" name="id2622337"></a>
     46</p></div></div><div class="sect1" lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h2 class="title" style="clear: both"><a name="id2622330"></a>Technical Introduction</h2></div></div></div><p>
     47<a class="indexterm" name="id2622338"></a>
    4848<a class="indexterm" name="id2622344"></a>
    4949<a class="indexterm" name="id2622351"></a>
     
    8888        from the Samba spooling area. This item depends on your print spooler
    8989        configuration settings.</p></li></ol></div></div><div class="sect2" lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title"><a name="id2622540"></a>Printing-Related Configuration Parameters</h3></div></div></div><p>
    90 <a class="indexterm" name="id2622548"></a>
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    9393There are a number of configuration parameters to control Samba's printing behavior. Please refer to the man
     
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    120120This is only an example configuration. Samba assigns default values to all configuration parameters. The
    121121defaults are conservative and sensible. When a parameter is specified in the <code class="filename">smb.conf</code> file, this overwrites
     
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    305305are set by default. You could use a much leaner <code class="filename">smb.conf</code> file, or you can use <code class="literal">testparm</code> or
    306306<code class="literal">SWAT</code> to optimize the <code class="filename">smb.conf</code> file to remove all parameters that are set at default.
    307 </p><div class="example"><a name="extbsdpr"></a><p class="title"><b>Example 21.2. Extended BSD Printing Configuration</b></p><div class="example-contents"><table class="simplelist" border="0" summary="Simple list"><tr><td> </td></tr><tr><td><em class="parameter"><code>[global]</code></em></td></tr><tr><td><a class="indexterm" name="id2623625"></a><em class="parameter"><code>printing = bsd</code></em></td></tr><tr><td><a class="indexterm" name="id2623636"></a><em class="parameter"><code>load printers = yes</code></em></td></tr><tr><td><a class="indexterm" name="id2623648"></a><em class="parameter"><code>show add printer wizard = yes</code></em></td></tr><tr><td><a class="indexterm" name="id2623660"></a><em class="parameter"><code>printcap name = /etc/printcap</code></em></td></tr><tr><td><a class="indexterm" name="id2623672"></a><em class="parameter"><code>printer admin = @ntadmin, root</code></em></td></tr><tr><td><a class="indexterm" name="id2623684"></a><em class="parameter"><code>max print jobs = 100</code></em></td></tr><tr><td><a class="indexterm" name="id2623696"></a><em class="parameter"><code>lpq cache time = 20</code></em></td></tr><tr><td><a class="indexterm" name="id2623708"></a><em class="parameter"><code>use client driver = no</code></em></td></tr><tr><td> </td></tr><tr><td><em class="parameter"><code>[printers]</code></em></td></tr><tr><td><a class="indexterm" name="id2623729"></a><em class="parameter"><code>comment = All Printers</code></em></td></tr><tr><td><a class="indexterm" name="id2623740"></a><em class="parameter"><code>printable = yes</code></em></td></tr><tr><td><a class="indexterm" name="id2623752"></a><em class="parameter"><code>path = /var/spool/samba</code></em></td></tr><tr><td><a class="indexterm" name="id2623764"></a><em class="parameter"><code>browseable = no</code></em></td></tr><tr><td><a class="indexterm" name="id2623775"></a><em class="parameter"><code>guest ok = yes</code></em></td></tr><tr><td><a class="indexterm" name="id2623787"></a><em class="parameter"><code>public = yes</code></em></td></tr><tr><td><a class="indexterm" name="id2623798"></a><em class="parameter"><code>read only = yes</code></em></td></tr><tr><td><a class="indexterm" name="id2623810"></a><em class="parameter"><code>writable = no       </code></em></td></tr><tr><td> </td></tr><tr><td><em class="parameter"><code>[my_printer_name]</code></em></td></tr><tr><td><a class="indexterm" name="id2623831"></a><em class="parameter"><code>comment = Printer with Restricted Access</code></em></td></tr><tr><td><a class="indexterm" name="id2623843"></a><em class="parameter"><code>path = /var/spool/samba_my_printer</code></em></td></tr><tr><td><a class="indexterm" name="id2623855"></a><em class="parameter"><code>printer admin = kurt</code></em></td></tr><tr><td><a class="indexterm" name="id2623867"></a><em class="parameter"><code>browseable = yes</code></em></td></tr><tr><td><a class="indexterm" name="id2623878"></a><em class="parameter"><code>printable = yes</code></em></td></tr><tr><td><a class="indexterm" name="id2623890"></a><em class="parameter"><code>writable = no</code></em></td></tr><tr><td><a class="indexterm" name="id2623901"></a><em class="parameter"><code>hosts allow = 0.0.0.0</code></em></td></tr><tr><td><a class="indexterm" name="id2623913"></a><em class="parameter"><code>hosts deny = turbo_xp, 10.160.50.23, 10.160.51.60</code></em></td></tr><tr><td><a class="indexterm" name="id2623925"></a><em class="parameter"><code>guest ok = no</code></em></td></tr></table></div></div><br class="example-break"><p>
     307</p><div class="example"><a name="extbsdpr"></a><p class="title"><b>Example 21.2. Extended BSD Printing Configuration</b></p><div class="example-contents"><table class="simplelist" border="0" summary="Simple list"><tr><td> </td></tr><tr><td><em class="parameter"><code>[global]</code></em></td></tr><tr><td><a class="indexterm" name="id2623625"></a><em class="parameter"><code>printing = bsd</code></em></td></tr><tr><td><a class="indexterm" name="id2623636"></a><em class="parameter"><code>load printers = yes</code></em></td></tr><tr><td><a class="indexterm" name="id2623648"></a><em class="parameter"><code>show add printer wizard = yes</code></em></td></tr><tr><td><a class="indexterm" name="id2623660"></a><em class="parameter"><code>printcap name = /etc/printcap</code></em></td></tr><tr><td><a class="indexterm" name="id2623672"></a><em class="parameter"><code>printer admin = @ntadmin, root</code></em></td></tr><tr><td><a class="indexterm" name="id2623684"></a><em class="parameter"><code>max print jobs = 100</code></em></td></tr><tr><td><a class="indexterm" name="id2623696"></a><em class="parameter"><code>lpq cache time = 20</code></em></td></tr><tr><td><a class="indexterm" name="id2623708"></a><em class="parameter"><code>use client driver = no</code></em></td></tr><tr><td> </td></tr><tr><td><em class="parameter"><code>[printers]</code></em></td></tr><tr><td><a class="indexterm" name="id2623729"></a><em class="parameter"><code>comment = All Printers</code></em></td></tr><tr><td><a class="indexterm" name="id2623740"></a><em class="parameter"><code>printable = yes</code></em></td></tr><tr><td><a class="indexterm" name="id2623752"></a><em class="parameter"><code>path = /var/spool/samba</code></em></td></tr><tr><td><a class="indexterm" name="id2623764"></a><em class="parameter"><code>browseable = no</code></em></td></tr><tr><td><a class="indexterm" name="id2623775"></a><em class="parameter"><code>guest ok = yes</code></em></td></tr><tr><td><a class="indexterm" name="id2623787"></a><em class="parameter"><code>public = yes</code></em></td></tr><tr><td><a class="indexterm" name="id2623799"></a><em class="parameter"><code>read only = yes</code></em></td></tr><tr><td><a class="indexterm" name="id2623810"></a><em class="parameter"><code>writable = no       </code></em></td></tr><tr><td> </td></tr><tr><td><em class="parameter"><code>[my_printer_name]</code></em></td></tr><tr><td><a class="indexterm" name="id2623831"></a><em class="parameter"><code>comment = Printer with Restricted Access</code></em></td></tr><tr><td><a class="indexterm" name="id2623843"></a><em class="parameter"><code>path = /var/spool/samba_my_printer</code></em></td></tr><tr><td><a class="indexterm" name="id2623855"></a><em class="parameter"><code>printer admin = kurt</code></em></td></tr><tr><td><a class="indexterm" name="id2623867"></a><em class="parameter"><code>browseable = yes</code></em></td></tr><tr><td><a class="indexterm" name="id2623878"></a><em class="parameter"><code>printable = yes</code></em></td></tr><tr><td><a class="indexterm" name="id2623890"></a><em class="parameter"><code>writable = no</code></em></td></tr><tr><td><a class="indexterm" name="id2623902"></a><em class="parameter"><code>hosts allow = 0.0.0.0</code></em></td></tr><tr><td><a class="indexterm" name="id2623913"></a><em class="parameter"><code>hosts deny = turbo_xp, 10.160.50.23, 10.160.51.60</code></em></td></tr><tr><td><a class="indexterm" name="id2623925"></a><em class="parameter"><code>guest ok = no</code></em></td></tr></table></div></div><br class="example-break"><p>
    308308<a class="indexterm" name="id2623939"></a>
    309 <a class="indexterm" name="id2623944"></a>
     309<a class="indexterm" name="id2623945"></a>
    310310<a class="indexterm" name="id2623950"></a>
    311311This is an example configuration. You may not find all the settings that are in the configuration file that
     
    318318</p><div class="sect3" lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h4 class="title"><a name="id2624002"></a>The [global] Section</h4></div></div></div><p>
    319319<a class="indexterm" name="id2624010"></a>
    320 <a class="indexterm" name="id2624016"></a>
    321 <a class="indexterm" name="id2624023"></a>
     320<a class="indexterm" name="id2624017"></a>
     321<a class="indexterm" name="id2624024"></a>
    322322<a class="indexterm" name="id2624030"></a>
    323323The <em class="parameter"><code>[global]</code></em> section is one of four special sections (along with <em class="parameter"><code>[homes]</code></em>, <em class="parameter"><code>[printers]</code></em>, and <em class="parameter"><code>[print$]</code></em>). The
     
    332332<a class="indexterm" name="id2624111"></a>
    333333<a class="indexterm" name="id2624118"></a>
    334 <a class="indexterm" name="id2624124"></a>
    335 <a class="indexterm" name="id2624131"></a>
     334<a class="indexterm" name="id2624125"></a>
     335<a class="indexterm" name="id2624132"></a>
    336336<a class="indexterm" name="id2624138"></a>
    337337<a class="indexterm" name="id2624145"></a>
     
    400400                per-share parameter. This permits different groups to administer each printer share.
    401401        </p></dd><dt><span class="term"><a class="link" href="smb.conf.5.html#LPQCACHETIME" target="_top">lpq cache time = 20 </a></span></dt><dd><p>
    402 <a class="indexterm" name="id2624627"></a>
     402<a class="indexterm" name="id2624628"></a>
    403403<a class="indexterm" name="id2624634"></a>
    404404                Controls the cache time for the results of the lpq command. It prevents the lpq command being called too often
     
    503503                </p></dd><dt><span class="term"><a class="link" href="smb.conf.5.html#GUESTOK" target="_top">guest ok = no </a></span></dt><dd><p>
    504504                This printer is not open for the guest account.
    505                 </p></dd></dl></div></div><div class="sect3" lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h4 class="title"><a name="id2625402"></a>Print Commands</h4></div></div></div><p>
     505                </p></dd></dl></div></div><div class="sect3" lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h4 class="title"><a name="id2625403"></a>Print Commands</h4></div></div></div><p>
    506506<a class="indexterm" name="id2625410"></a>
    507507<a class="indexterm" name="id2625417"></a>
     
    529529of key printing options but excludes the special case of CUPS, is discussed in <a class="link" href="CUPS-printing.html" title="Chapter 22. CUPS Printing Support">CUPS Printing Support</a>.
    530530</p><div class="table"><a name="printOptions"></a><p class="title"><b>Table 21.1. Default Printing Settings</b></p><div class="table-contents"><table summary="Default Printing Settings" border="1"><colgroup><col align="left"><col align="left"></colgroup><thead><tr><th align="left">Setting</th><th align="left">Default Printing Commands</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td align="left"><a class="link" href="smb.conf.5.html#PRINTING" target="_top">printing = bsd|aix|lprng|plp</a></td><td align="left">print command is <code class="literal">lpr -r -P%p %s</code></td></tr><tr><td align="left"><a class="link" href="smb.conf.5.html#PRINTING" target="_top">printing = sysv|hpux</a></td><td align="left">print command is <code class="literal">lp -c -P%p %s; rm %s</code></td></tr><tr><td align="left"> <a class="link" href="smb.conf.5.html#PRINTING" target="_top">printing = qnx</a></td><td align="left">print command is <code class="literal">lp -r -P%p -s %s</code></td></tr><tr><td align="left"><a class="link" href="smb.conf.5.html#PRINTING" target="_top">printing = bsd|aix|lprng|plp</a></td><td align="left">lpq command is <code class="literal">lpq -P%p</code></td></tr><tr><td align="left"><a class="link" href="smb.conf.5.html#PRINTING" target="_top">printing = sysv|hpux</a></td><td align="left">lpq command is <code class="literal">lpstat -o%p</code></td></tr><tr><td align="left"><a class="link" href="smb.conf.5.html#PRINTING" target="_top">printing = qnx</a></td><td align="left">lpq command is <code class="literal">lpq -P%p</code></td></tr><tr><td align="left"><a class="link" href="smb.conf.5.html#PRINTING" target="_top">printing = bsd|aix|lprng|plp</a></td><td align="left">lprm command is <code class="literal">lprm -P%p %j</code></td></tr><tr><td align="left"><a class="link" href="smb.conf.5.html#PRINTING" target="_top">printing = sysv|hpux</a></td><td align="left">lprm command is <code class="literal">cancel %p-%j</code></td></tr><tr><td align="left"><a class="link" href="smb.conf.5.html#PRINTING" target="_top">printing = qnx</a></td><td align="left">lprm command is <code class="literal">cancel %p-%j</code></td></tr><tr><td align="left"><a class="link" href="smb.conf.5.html#PRINTING" target="_top">printing = bsd|aix|lprng|plp</a></td><td align="left">lppause command is <code class="literal">lp -i %p-%j -H hold</code></td></tr><tr><td align="left"><a class="link" href="smb.conf.5.html#PRINTING" target="_top">printing = sysv|hpux</a></td><td align="left">lppause command   (...is empty)</td></tr><tr><td align="left"><a class="link" href="smb.conf.5.html#PRINTING" target="_top">printing = qnx</a></td><td align="left">lppause command   (...is empty)</td></tr><tr><td align="left"><a class="link" href="smb.conf.5.html#PRINTING" target="_top">printing = bsd|aix|lprng|plp</a></td><td align="left">lpresume command is <code class="literal">lp -i %p-%j -H resume</code></td></tr><tr><td align="left"><a class="link" href="smb.conf.5.html#PRINTING" target="_top">printing = sysv|hpux</a></td><td align="left">lpresume command   (...is empty)</td></tr><tr><td align="left"><a class="link" href="smb.conf.5.html#PRINTING" target="_top">printing = qnx</a></td><td align="left">lpresume command   (...is empty)</td></tr></tbody></table></div></div><br class="table-break"><p>
    531 <a class="indexterm" name="id2625950"></a>
     531<a class="indexterm" name="id2625951"></a>
    532532<a class="indexterm" name="id2625957"></a>
    533533<a class="indexterm" name="id2625964"></a>
     
    561561printing, the following ones do have special relevance:
    562562</p><div class="itemizedlist"><ul type="disc"><li><p><em class="parameter"><code>%s, %f</code></em>  the path to the spool file name.</p></li><li><p><em class="parameter"><code>%p</code></em>  the appropriate printer name.</p></li><li><p><em class="parameter"><code>%J</code></em>  the job name as transmitted by the client.</p></li><li><p><em class="parameter"><code>%c</code></em>  the number of printed pages of the spooled job (if known).</p></li><li><p><em class="parameter"><code>%z</code></em>  the size of the spooled print job (in bytes).</p></li></ul></div><p>
    563 <a class="indexterm" name="id2626187"></a>
     563<a class="indexterm" name="id2626188"></a>
    564564The print command must contain at least one occurrence of <em class="parameter"><code>%s</code></em> or
    565565<em class="parameter"><code>%f</code></em>. The <em class="parameter"><code>%p</code></em> is optional. If no printer name is supplied,
     
    574574but not processed! Most importantly, print files will not be removed, so they will consume disk space.
    575575</p><p>
    576 <a class="indexterm" name="id2626252"></a>
    577 <a class="indexterm" name="id2626259"></a>
     576<a class="indexterm" name="id2626253"></a>
     577<a class="indexterm" name="id2626260"></a>
    578578Printing may fail on some UNIX systems when using the <span class="emphasis"><em>nobody</em></span> account. If this happens, create an
    579579alternative guest account and give it the privilege to print. Set up this guest account in the
     
    616616        </p></li><li><p>       
    617617<a class="indexterm" name="id2626524"></a>
    618 <a class="indexterm" name="id2626530"></a>
    619 <a class="indexterm" name="id2626537"></a>
     618<a class="indexterm" name="id2626531"></a>
     619<a class="indexterm" name="id2626538"></a>
    620620<a class="indexterm" name="id2626544"></a>
    621621<a class="indexterm" name="id2626551"></a>
     
    624624        Win32 printing API).
    625625        </p></li><li><p>
    626 <a class="indexterm" name="id2626571"></a>
     626<a class="indexterm" name="id2626572"></a>
    627627<a class="indexterm" name="id2626578"></a>
    628628        Support for NT Access Control Lists (ACL) on printer objects.
     
    636636A benefit of updating is that Samba-3 is able to publish its printers to Active Directory (or LDAP).
    637637</p><p>
    638 <a class="indexterm" name="id2626628"></a>
     638<a class="indexterm" name="id2626629"></a>
    639639A fundamental difference exists between MS Windows NT print servers and Samba operation. Windows NT
    640640permits the installation of local printers that are not shared. This is an artifact of the fact that
     
    683683        Using <span class="emphasis"><em>cupsaddsmb</em></span> (only works for the CUPS printing system, not for LPR/LPD, LPRng, and so on).
    684684        </p></li></ul></div><p>
    685 <a class="indexterm" name="id2626834"></a>
    686 <a class="indexterm" name="id2626841"></a>
     685<a class="indexterm" name="id2626835"></a>
     686<a class="indexterm" name="id2626842"></a>
    687687Samba does not use these uploaded drivers in any way to process spooled files. These drivers are utilized
    688688entirely by the clients who download and install them via the &#8220;<span class="quote">Point'n'Print</span>&#8221; mechanism
     
    703703        </p><p>
    704704<a class="indexterm" name="id2626922"></a>
    705 <a class="indexterm" name="id2626928"></a>
    706 <a class="indexterm" name="id2626935"></a>
     705<a class="indexterm" name="id2626929"></a>
     706<a class="indexterm" name="id2626936"></a>
    707707        These parameters, including the <em class="parameter"><code>printer driver file</code></em> parameter,
    708708        are now removed and cannot be used in installations of Samba-3. The share name
     
    714714        9x/Me clients are now thrown aside. They can use Samba's <em class="parameter"><code>[print$]</code></em>
    715715        share support just fine.
    716         </p></div><div class="sect2" lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title"><a name="id2626983"></a>Creating the [print$] Share</h3></div></div></div><p>
    717 <a class="indexterm" name="id2626991"></a>
     716        </p></div><div class="sect2" lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title"><a name="id2626984"></a>Creating the [print$] Share</h3></div></div></div><p>
     717<a class="indexterm" name="id2626992"></a>
    718718In order to support the uploading and downloading of printer driver files, you must first configure a
    719719file share named <em class="parameter"><code>[print$]</code></em>. The public name of this share is hard coded
     
    725725as <a class="link" href="smb.conf.5.html#PATH" target="_top">path</a>, are arbitrary and should be replaced with appropriate values for your
    726726site). See <a class="link" href="classicalprinting.html#prtdollar" title="Example 21.3. [print$] Example">[print\$] Example</a>.
    727 </p><div class="example"><a name="prtdollar"></a><p class="title"><b>Example 21.3. [print$] Example</b></p><div class="example-contents"><table class="simplelist" border="0" summary="Simple list"><tr><td> </td></tr><tr><td><em class="parameter"><code>[global]</code></em></td></tr><tr><td># members of the ntadmin group should be able to add drivers and set</td></tr><tr><td># printer properties. root is implicitly always a 'printer admin'.</td></tr><tr><td><a class="indexterm" name="id2627076"></a><em class="parameter"><code>printer admin = @ntadmin</code></em></td></tr><tr><td># ...</td></tr><tr><td> </td></tr><tr><td><em class="parameter"><code>[printers]</code></em></td></tr><tr><td># ...</td></tr><tr><td> </td></tr><tr><td><em class="parameter"><code>[print$]</code></em></td></tr><tr><td><a class="indexterm" name="id2627112"></a><em class="parameter"><code>comment = Printer Driver Download Area</code></em></td></tr><tr><td><a class="indexterm" name="id2627123"></a><em class="parameter"><code>path = /etc/samba/drivers</code></em></td></tr><tr><td><a class="indexterm" name="id2627135"></a><em class="parameter"><code>browseable = yes</code></em></td></tr><tr><td><a class="indexterm" name="id2627147"></a><em class="parameter"><code>guest ok = yes</code></em></td></tr><tr><td><a class="indexterm" name="id2627158"></a><em class="parameter"><code>read only = yes</code></em></td></tr><tr><td><a class="indexterm" name="id2627170"></a><em class="parameter"><code>write list = @ntadmin, root</code></em></td></tr></table></div></div><br class="example-break"><p>
     727</p><div class="example"><a name="prtdollar"></a><p class="title"><b>Example 21.3. [print$] Example</b></p><div class="example-contents"><table class="simplelist" border="0" summary="Simple list"><tr><td> </td></tr><tr><td><em class="parameter"><code>[global]</code></em></td></tr><tr><td># members of the ntadmin group should be able to add drivers and set</td></tr><tr><td># printer properties. root is implicitly always a 'printer admin'.</td></tr><tr><td><a class="indexterm" name="id2627076"></a><em class="parameter"><code>printer admin = @ntadmin</code></em></td></tr><tr><td># ...</td></tr><tr><td> </td></tr><tr><td><em class="parameter"><code>[printers]</code></em></td></tr><tr><td># ...</td></tr><tr><td> </td></tr><tr><td><em class="parameter"><code>[print$]</code></em></td></tr><tr><td><a class="indexterm" name="id2627112"></a><em class="parameter"><code>comment = Printer Driver Download Area</code></em></td></tr><tr><td><a class="indexterm" name="id2627124"></a><em class="parameter"><code>path = /etc/samba/drivers</code></em></td></tr><tr><td><a class="indexterm" name="id2627135"></a><em class="parameter"><code>browseable = yes</code></em></td></tr><tr><td><a class="indexterm" name="id2627147"></a><em class="parameter"><code>guest ok = yes</code></em></td></tr><tr><td><a class="indexterm" name="id2627158"></a><em class="parameter"><code>read only = yes</code></em></td></tr><tr><td><a class="indexterm" name="id2627170"></a><em class="parameter"><code>write list = @ntadmin, root</code></em></td></tr></table></div></div><br class="example-break"><p>
    728728Of course, you also need to ensure that the directory named by the
    729729<a class="link" href="smb.conf.5.html#PATH" target="_top">path</a> parameter exists on the UNIX file system.
     
    907907</p><p>
    908908<a class="indexterm" name="id2628164"></a>
    909 <a class="indexterm" name="id2628170"></a>
     909<a class="indexterm" name="id2628171"></a>
    910910<a class="indexterm" name="id2628177"></a>
    911911Another method to quickly test the driver filenames and related paths is provided by the
     
    10571057</pre><p>
    10581058<a class="indexterm" name="id2628744"></a>
    1059 <a class="indexterm" name="id2628750"></a>
    1060 <a class="indexterm" name="id2628757"></a>
     1059<a class="indexterm" name="id2628751"></a>
     1060<a class="indexterm" name="id2628758"></a>
    10611061Whew  that was a lot of typing! Most drivers are a lot smaller  many have only three generic
    10621062PostScript driver files plus one PPD. While we did retrieve the files from the <code class="filename">2</code>
     
    10661066for the Windows 9x/Me architecture into the <code class="filename">WIN40/</code> subdirectory should you need them).
    10671067</p></div><div class="sect3" lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h4 class="title"><a name="id2628804"></a><code class="literal">smbclient</code> to Confirm Driver Installation</h4></div></div></div><p>
    1068 <a class="indexterm" name="id2628816"></a>
     1068<a class="indexterm" name="id2628817"></a>
    10691069<a class="indexterm" name="id2628823"></a>
    10701070For now we verify that our files are there. This can be done with <code class="literal">smbclient</code>, too
     
    11181118special, namely <span class="emphasis"><em>printer driver files</em></span>, and it does not know to which print queue(s) these
    11191119driver files belong.
    1120 </p></div><div class="sect3" lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h4 class="title"><a name="id2628940"></a>Running <code class="literal">rpcclient</code> with <code class="literal">adddriver</code></h4></div></div></div><p>
     1120</p></div><div class="sect3" lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h4 class="title"><a name="id2628941"></a>Running <code class="literal">rpcclient</code> with <code class="literal">adddriver</code></h4></div></div></div><p>
    11211121<a class="indexterm" name="id2628959"></a>
    11221122<a class="indexterm" name="id2628966"></a>
     
    12001200(and possibly their file size has increased).
    12011201</p></div><div class="sect3" lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h4 class="title"><a name="id2629206"></a>Check Samba for Driver Recognition</h4></div></div></div><p>
    1202 <a class="indexterm" name="id2629214"></a>
     1202<a class="indexterm" name="id2629215"></a>
    12031203Now the driver should be registered with Samba. We can easily verify this and will do so in a
    12041204moment. However, this driver is not yet associated with a particular printer. We may check the driver
     
    12821282each <code class="literal">rpcclient ... adddriver</code> command.
    12831283</p></div><div class="sect3" lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h4 class="title"><a name="id2629548"></a>Running <code class="literal">rpcclient</code> with <code class="literal">setdriver</code></h4></div></div></div><p>
    1284 <a class="indexterm" name="id2629566"></a>
     1284<a class="indexterm" name="id2629567"></a>
    12851285<a class="indexterm" name="id2629574"></a>
    12861286Samba needs to know which printer owns which driver. Create a mapping of the driver to a printer, and
     
    13481348and Faxes</span>).
    13491349</p><p>
    1350 <a class="indexterm" name="id2629876"></a>
     1350<a class="indexterm" name="id2629877"></a>
    13511351Most likely you are tempted to try to print a test page. After all, you now can open the printer
    13521352properties, and on the <span class="guimenu">General</span> tab there is a button offering to do just that. But
     
    13701370<a class="indexterm" name="id2629977"></a>
    13711371<a class="indexterm" name="id2629984"></a>
    1372 <a class="indexterm" name="id2629990"></a>
     1372<a class="indexterm" name="id2629991"></a>
    13731373<a class="indexterm" name="id2629997"></a>
    13741374If either of these is incomplete, the clients can produce less than optimal output at best. In the
     
    14271427folder, too, if you are a Samba printer admin user. From now on, printing should work as expected.
    14281428</p><p>
    1429 <a class="indexterm" name="id2630249"></a>
     1429<a class="indexterm" name="id2630250"></a>
    14301430Samba includes a service-level parameter name <em class="parameter"><code>default devmode</code></em> for generating a default
    14311431device mode for a printer. Some drivers function well with Samba's default set of properties. Others
     
    14531453You can enter the commands either inside a <span class="guilabel">DOS box</span> window or in the <span class="guimenuitem">Run
    14541454command...</span> field from the <span class="guimenu">Start</span> menu.
    1455 </p></div><div class="sect2" lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title"><a name="id2630389"></a>Always Make First Client Connection as root or &#8220;<span class="quote">printer admin</span>&#8221;</h3></div></div></div><p>
     1455</p></div><div class="sect2" lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title"><a name="id2630390"></a>Always Make First Client Connection as root or &#8220;<span class="quote">printer admin</span>&#8221;</h3></div></div></div><p>
    14561456After you installed the driver on the Samba server (in its <em class="parameter"><code>[print$]</code></em> share), you
    14571457should always make sure that your first client installation completes correctly. Make it a habit for yourself
     
    14881488advised in the preceding paragraphs. Your users complain about various issues (such as, &#8220;<span class="quote">We need to set
    14891489the paper size for each job from Letter to A4 and it will not store it</span>&#8221;).
    1490 </p><div class="sect2" lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title"><a name="id2630583"></a>Setting Default Print Options for Client Drivers</h3></div></div></div><p>
     1490</p><div class="sect2" lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title"><a name="id2630584"></a>Setting Default Print Options for Client Drivers</h3></div></div></div><p>
    14911491The last sentence might be viewed with mixed feelings by some users and Admins. They have struggled for hours
    14921492and could not arrive at a point where their settings seemed to be saved. It is not their fault. The confusing
     
    17011701</pre><p>
    17021702This will also disconnect all mapped drives and will allow you create fresh connection as required.
    1703 </p></div><div class="sect2" lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title"><a name="id2631580"></a>Take Care When Assembling Driver Files</h3></div></div></div><p>
     1703</p></div><div class="sect2" lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title"><a name="id2631581"></a>Take Care When Assembling Driver Files</h3></div></div></div><p>
    17041704You need to be extremely careful when you take notes about the files belonging to a particular
    17051705driver. Don't confuse the files for driver version &#8220;<span class="quote">0</span>&#8221; (for Windows 9x/Me, going into
     
    18451845information to keep the Windows clients happy.
    18461846</p><p>
    1847 <a class="indexterm" name="id2631962"></a>
     1847<a class="indexterm" name="id2631963"></a>
    18481848Samba does not support the concept of <code class="constant">Printer Pooling</code> internally either. Printer
    18491849pooling assigns a logical printer to multiple ports as a form of load balancing or failover.
     
    18811881        Providing an installation client that will obtain printer drivers from a central Internet (or intranet) Imprints Server
    18821882        repository and install them on remote Samba and Windows NT4 print servers.
    1883         </p></li></ul></div></div><div class="sect2" lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title"><a name="id2632116"></a>Creating Printer Driver Packages</h3></div></div></div><p>
     1883        </p></li></ul></div></div><div class="sect2" lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title"><a name="id2632117"></a>Creating Printer Driver Packages</h3></div></div></div><p>
    18841884The process of creating printer driver packages is beyond the scope of this document (refer to Imprints.txt,
    18851885included with the Samba distribution for more information). In short, an Imprints driver package
     
    20242024Net Command</a>. If you wish to volunteer your services to help document this further, please contact
    20252025<a class="ulink" href="mail://jht@samba.org" target="_top">John H. Terpstra</a>.
    2026 </p></div><div class="sect1" lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h2 class="title" style="clear: both"><a name="id2632774"></a>Common Errors</h2></div></div></div><div class="sect2" lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title"><a name="id2632779"></a>I Give My Root Password but I Do Not Get Access</h3></div></div></div><p>
     2026</p></div><div class="sect1" lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h2 class="title" style="clear: both"><a name="id2632774"></a>Common Errors</h2></div></div></div><div class="sect2" lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title"><a name="id2632780"></a>I Give My Root Password but I Do Not Get Access</h3></div></div></div><p>
    20272027Do not confuse the root password, which is valid for the UNIX system (and in most cases stored in the
    20282028form of a one-way hash in a file named <code class="filename">/etc/shadow</code>), with the password used to
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