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Space

NAME on Cyrillic

Energomash NPO
(Science and Production Association of Power Machine-building named after Academician V.P.Glushko)

CONTENT
Contact Information
Background
Main Activity
Projects participated
Organizational Structure
Production Capabilities and Test Facilities
Economic Status
Membership/Shareholding
Production Cooperation
International Cooperation
Conversion/Diversification
References
Contact Information
Address: 141400 Moscow Region, Khimki, Burdenko Street, 1
Tel: (095) 572-2259 (General Director),
(095) 572-2200 (Deputy Director on External Economic Activity)
Telex: 911649 ALMAZ SU
Fax: (095) 573-1201
(095) 251-7504 (Deputy Director on External Economic Activity), (095) 251-0615
MAP
Key Officials
General Director and General Designer: Boris Ivanovich Katorgin, Dr. Tech. Sci.
First Deputy General Director and General Designer, Chief of the Design Bureau: Vladimir Konstantinovich Chvanov, Dr. Tech. Sci.
First Deputy General Director, Director of Experimental Plant: Gennadiy Grigorievich Derkach, Dr. Tech. Sci.
Deputy General Director for Economy: Nikolay F. Korotkov [1]
Deputy General Director for External Economic Activity: Viktor Alexeyevich Sigaev
Chief and Chief Designer of Privolzhskiy Branch: A.A.Ganin
Chief of Department of Information: Vladimir Sergeyevich Sudakov (tel/fax: 572-7649)
Press Secretary: Yelena Vladimirovna Sergeyeva (tel: 572-7649)
Activity: development and production of liquid rocket engines
Status: open stock-holding company (OAO)
Subordination: Russian Space Agency (until transformation to OAO is complete)
Former Subordination: Ministry of General Machine-building of USSR
Former names: OKB-456, KBEM
Background

RSC Energia has been engaged in rocket and space activities since 1946, the date of building the team of long-range ballistic missile developers with S.P. Korolev, the General Designer of rocket-space systems, the founder of practical cosmonautics. The enterprise became the pioneer in virtually all the fields of the country’s rocket and space technology. Today RSC Energia is the leading company in Russian rocket and space industry, the head organization in manned space systems. Also the enterprise focuses its efforts on building automatic space and rocket systems, launch vehicles for orbit-to-orbit transportation, high technology systems of different applications which can be used in non-space activities.

From the dawn of the space age the company was headed by outstanding scientists:

  • Full member of the USSR Academy of Sciences, the father of space flight, the founder and the first head of the Special Design Bureau No.1, twice Hero of Socialist Labor Sergei Pavlovich KOROLEV (1946-1951 - Chief Designer of long-range ballistic rockets and Head of Department at Design Bureau of NII-88, 1951-1956 - Deputy Director of NII-88 and Chief Designer of Special Design Bureau No.1 (within NII-88), 1956-1966 - head and Chief Designer of Special Design Bureau No.1);
  • Full member of the USSR Academy of Sciences, associate of and successor to S.P.Korolev, Hero of Socialist Labor Vasili Pavlovich MISHIN (1966-1974 - Head and Chief Designer of TsKBEM);
  • Full member of the USSR Academy of Sciences, the farther of our country's liquid propulsion engineering, twice Hero of Socialist Labor Valentin Petrovich GLUSHKO (1974-1977 - Director and General Designer of NPO Energia, 1977 - -1989 - General Designer of NPO Energia).
  • Vakhtang Dmitrievich VACHNADZE (1977-1991 - General Director of NPO Energia);
  • Full member of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Hero of Socialist Labor Yuri Pavlovich SEMENOV (1989-1991 - General Designer of NPO Energia, 1991 -1994 - General Designer and General Director of NPO Energia, 1994 - -2005 - President and General Designer of S.P. Korolev Rocket and Space Corporation Energia);
  • Nikolai Nikolaevich SEVASTIANOV (2005-2007 - President and General Designer of S.P. Korolev Rocket and Space Corporation Energia);
  • corresponding member of the Russian Academy of Sciences Vitali Alexandrovich LOPOTA (2007-2014 - President and General Designer of S.P. Korolev Rocket and Space Corporation Energia);
  • Full member of the Russian Academy of Sciences Victor Pavlovich LEGOSTAEV (since August 6, 2014 till January 8, 2015 - General Designer of S.P. Korolev Rocket and Space Corporation Energia).
  • Vladimir Lvovich SOLNTSEV (since August 1, 2014 - acting president of S.P. Korolev Rocket and Space Corporation Energia, since September 20, 2014 - President of S.P. Korolev Rocket and Space Corporation Energia, since June 25, 2016 - General Director of S.P. Korolev Rocket and Space Corporation Energia).
  • Evgeny Anatolyevich Mikrin (since December 11, 2015 – General Designer of S.P. Korolev Rocket and Space Corporation Energia, since July 1, 2016 – General Designer – First Deputy General Director of S.P. Korolev Rocket and Space Corporation Energia).

NPO Energia was the only company in space industry which had experience in the development of gigantic projects that were unique in their complexity, and possessed the necessary scientific and technological potential, and that was why the prime responsibility for the project was given to our company. Despite the fact that the work on that project started later than in the USA, and the scientific, technological and logistical problems that had to be addressed were enormous, our company, together with its numerous subcontractors (amounting to more than 1200 organizations), accomplished this task. A reusable orbiter Buran was built and, in the course of its first unmanned flight, performed, for the first time in history, an automatic landing of a spacecraft of that class. The capabilities of the Energia-Buran space transportation system were many years in advance of its time, while some of its performance characteristics were higher than those of the reusable Space Shuttle system currently operated by the US.

All the development work on the reusable space system Buran at the company was being done concurrently with the operation of space stations Salyut, development and the initial phase of deployment of Mir space station, which also required selflessness and complete dedication to work from employees.

The development of the space science required participation of hundreds of thousands people, hundreds and thousands of institutes, design offices and factories, their close cooperation and coordination. A team effort to develop launch vehicles and spacecraft implies not only the search for a solution to scientific, technological and logistical problems, but also hard, dedicated and selfless labor of their creators who turn individual concepts, ideas and drawings into faultlessly operating structures, equipment and systems; it implies a highest degree of responsibility of the management and employees for working out and adopting specific technical solutions.

RSC Energia, is the legal successor to OKB-1, TsKBEM and NPO Energia after academician S.P. Korolev. The Corporation was established by the Russian Federation President's Decree No.237 dated February 4, 1994 “On the Procedure for Privatizing Scientific and Production Association Energia named after S.P. Korolev” and on the basis of the Russian Federation Government Resolution No.415 dated April 29, 1994 “On Establishing S.P.Korolev Rocket and Space Corporation Energia”.

In Manned Space Systems, RSC Energia is the prime contractor for development and operation of the Russian Segment of the International Space Station (ISS). In manufactures, launches, provides docking with the station, moving away and return to Earth of transport manned space vehicles Soyuz and transport cargo space vehicles Progress, including their new series. Also it builds space modules, ensures their launches, dockings, integration with the ISS RS and operation as part of ISS RS. In addition, RSC Energia is responsible for the ISS RS mission control delivery, of cosmonauts, astronauts and cargoes to the station; implementing scientific research and experimentation program. Furthermore, it manufactures and delivers Russian systems for European cargo vehicle ATV and its integration into the ISS Russian Segment. It is also famous for its research and development work on building advanced manned transportation systems, the XXI century’s space infrastructure and organizing manned expeditions to different near-earth and Solar system regions.

In the field of Automatic Space Systems, RSC Energia using a standardized satellite bus as a basis, develops unmanned spacecraft (USC) for different space systems, including satellite communications and Earth Remote Sensing (ERS). In this field, the Corporation develops international cooperation, including USC manufacture to serve different purposes.

In the field of Rocket Systems, RSC Energia builds upper stages of Block DM type to provide launches of SC under state and commercial orders, including launches of GLONASS system satellites. Working together with the companies from USA, Norway and Ukraine, RSC Energia built the sea-based Sea Launch Rocket-Space Complex where it operates as the prime company for the Rocket Segment. In addition to this, RSC Energia supports SC injection into near-earth orbits using upper stage DM-SLB within the framework of the Land Launch Program.

The Corporation performs Management company functions with respect to the leading Russian enterprise specialized in liquid-propellant rocket engine manufacturing, OAO NPO Energomash after academician V.P.Glushko. Also project proposals are under development to build rocket-space complexes and new-generation orbit-to-orbit transportation systems, including orbit-to-orbit transportation facilities based upon onboard space nuclear power plants and electric thrusters.

The company was established in 1946 as OKB-456 of People's Comissariate of Aviation Industry (NKAP). OKB-456 was based on premises of the Aviation Plant #84 in Khimki, which manufactured DC-3 cargo planes (and which was the site for Polikarpov Design Bureau before evacuation in 1941). Energomash itself considers its institutional history to originate from the Gas Dynamics Laboratory (GDL), which was established in Leningrad in 1929, and where the leader of OKB-456/Energomash Valentin Petrovich Glushko began his carreer. GDL, however, in 1933 was merged with Moscow GIRD to form RNII. Formal successor of RNII is Keldysh Research Center. Nevertheless, the fact, that Valentin P. Glushko started his rocket engine career in GDL, led to claimed direct succession from GDL to OKB-456 and the name GDL-OKB was coined in 1980s, although it does not represent any single entity.
In 1949, while proposing the R-3 project, Sergey P. Korolyov suggested to consolidate all the key enterprises within the Ministry of Defense Insdustry (MOP). Sometime between that time and beginning of development of the R-7 OKB-456 was transferred to MOP. With establishment of the Ministry of General Machine-building of USSR (MOM), OKB-456 was transferred under the management of the 2nd Main Administration of MOM and was renamed the Design Bureau of Power Machine-building (KBEM).
When in 1974 Vasiliy P. Mishin was removed from the post of Chief Designer of TsKBEM and was replaced by Valentin P. Glushko, the Chief Designer of KBEM, the two institutions, together with their respective Plant of Experimental Machine-building and Plant of Power Machine-building, were combined into a new entity, named Energia Science and Production Association (NPO). After death of Glushko in 1989, NPO Energia was split back into Energomash NPO and what is now known as Energia RKK.
In 1994 Energomash was transferred under subordination of the Russian Space Agency.
In 1998 it began process of transformation from a state enterprise to an open stock-holding company with majority share retained by the state.
Leadership
Valentin Petrovich Glushko headed OKB-456/KBEM from 1946 till creation of NPO Energia in 1974. From 1974 till 1991 Vitaliy P. Radovskiy was the Chief Designer of Energomash KB (essentially running Energomash operations while Glushko was responsible for the whole Energia conglomerate). In 1991 Radovskiy was succeded by Boris Katorgin, his former Deputy on Science, who became Chief Designer and General Director of NPO Energomash.

Main Activity

NPO Energomash is the leading Russian enterprise in development of powerful liquid-fueled rocket engines (LREs). Principal directions of its activity include:

  • theoretical research in the field of liquid-fueled rocket engines;
  • development of liquid-fueled rocket engines for first and second stages of launch vehicles using both hypergolic and cryogenic propellant components;
  • development of tri-component liquid-fueled rocket engines;
  • experimental work on liquid rocket engine designs, their components and subassemblies;
  • expert evaluation of results from testing of units and subassemblies of LREs;
  • development of new technologies for the production of liquid rocket engines.

Projects participated

During 50 years of its history OKB-456/Energomash developed a large number of LREs for ballistic missiles and space launch vehicles, including open and closed cycle LREs, operating on hypergolic and cryogenic components. According to Energomash officials, the company developed 53 types of engines, including modifications(1). Except of traditional components (oxygen-alcohol, oxygen-kerosene, HNO3/N2O4-UDMH, oxygen-hydrogen) OKB-456/KBEM tried such exotic propellants as fluorine with ammonia and high test peroxide with pentaboran. It also developed a nuclear rocket engine. Identified engines, developed by OKB-456/Energomash are listed in the Table.

Rocket engines, developed by OKB-456/Energomash NPO

Engine name Index Thrust, kN, sea level Thrust, kN, vacuum Specific impulse, s, sea level Specific impulse, s, vacuum Oxidizer Fuel Chamber pressure, MPa Mass, kg Height Diameter # of chambers Period of development Launcher Notes
RD-100 - 267 307 199 232.50 O2 C2H5OH-75% 1.59 885 3.70 1.65 1 1947-1953 R-1 -
RD-101 - 363 404 210 237 O2 C2H5OH-96% 2.12 1178 3.35 1.65 1 1947-1953 R-2 -
RD-103 8D52 432 500 216 243 O2 C2H5OH-96% 2.39 870 3.12 1.65 1 1947-1953 R-5 -
RD-107 8D74 821 1000 252 308 O2 kerosene 5.85 1155 2.86 2.58 4 1954-1957 R-7 (2)
RD-108 8D75 745 941 243 309 O2 kerosene 5.10 1250 2.86 1.95 4 1954-1957 R-7 -
RD-109 - - ~100 - - O2 UDMH ? ? ? ? 1 1958-1960? 8K73 (3)
RD-110 - 1176 1373 243.60 285 O2 kerosene 5.88 ? 5.20 1.80 1 1947-1951 R-3? -
RD-111 - 1704 1628 270 311 O2 kerosene 7.85 1480 2.34 2.76 2 1959-1962 R-9 -
RD-119 8D710 - 105 - 345 O2 UDMH 7.89 168 2.17 1.02 1 1958-1963 Kosmos -
RD-120 11D123 - 833 - 350 O2 kerosene 16.30 1125 3.87 1.95 1 1973-1985 Zenit -
RD-170 11D251 7252 8000 309 337 O2 kerosene 24.50 10700 4.00 4.00 4 1973-1985 Energia -
RD-171 11D520 7252 8000 309 337 O2 kerosene 24.50 10700 4.00 4.00 4 1973-1985 Zenit -
RD-214 - 635 730 225.50 259 HNO3 TM-185 4.43 645 2.38 1.50 4 1952-1957 Kosmos -
RD-215 - - - - - HNO3 UDMH - - - - - - - -
RD-216 - 1469 1728 243 286 HNO3 UDMH 7.35 1325 3.49 2.30 2 1958-1960 R-14, Kosmos (4)
RD-217 (8D515) - - - - HNO3 UDMH - - - - - - - -
RD-218 (8D712) 2220 2609 246 289 HNO3 UDMH 7.35 1960
(2240)		 2.188 2.789 - 1958-1961 R-16 (5)
RD-219 (8D713) - 883 - 287.50 HNO3 UDMH 7.35 665 2.04 2.20 2 1958-1961 R-16, 2th stage (6)
RD-224 (8D721) - - - - HNO3 UDMH - - - - - - R-26, 1st stage (7)
RD-225 - - - - - HNO3 UDMH - - - - - - - -
RD-251 - 2364 2643 269.60 301.40 N2O4 UDMH 8.33 1729
(1980)		 1.762 2.520 - 1961-1965 R-36 (8)
RD-252 - - 940.50 - 317.60 N2O4 UDMH 8.92 715
(810)		 2.186 2.590 - 1961-1966 R-36 (9)
RD-253 (11D43) 1474 1635 279.50 310 N2O4 UDMH 14.70 1280 2.72 1.50 1 1961-1965 Proton -
RD-253 14D14 - - - - N2O4 UDMH - - - - - -1990s Proton -
RD-254 - - ~1500 - - - - - - - - - - N-1 (10)
RD-264 - - - - - - - - - - - - - ICBM -
RD-268 - - - - - - - - - - - - - ICBM -
RD-270 8D420 6272 6713 301 322 - - 26.07 4770
(5603)		 4.85 3.30 - 1962-1971 UR-700 -
RD-301 - - 98 - 393 F2 NH3 11.80 183 1.89 .98 1 - - -
RD-410 - - 70 - n/a nuclear H2 n/a n/a n/a n/a 1 - - (11)
RD-502 - - 98.06 - 380 HTP BF5 14.70 132
(140)		 2.51 1.18 - 1960-1966 - -
RD-510 - - - - - HTP CxHy - - - - - 1965-1975 - -
RD-510T - - - - - HTP CxHy - - - - - 1965-1975 - -
RD-511 - - - - - HTP CxHy - - - - - 1965-1975 - -

In Development

Engine Designation Thrust, kN, sea level Thrust, kN, vacuum Specific impulse, s, sea level Specific impulse, s, vacuum Oxidizer Fuel Chamber pressure, MPa Mass, kg Hight Diameter Chamder Development Launcher Notes
RD-161 - - 20 - 365 O2 kerosene 12.23 141 2.21 1.02 1 1988- none -
RD-180 - 3826 4164 309 337 O2 kerosene 24.50 5300 4.00 3.00 2 1993- Atlas-2R -
RD-120K - 785.8 851.7 304 330 O2 kerosene 2560 psia 1082 2.42 1.39 - - X-34, adv.Soyuz-2 -
RD-701 - - 196 - 415 O2 H2+kerosen 29.40 3800 5.00 5.00 2 198x- MAKS -
- - - 78.40 - 460 O2 H2 - - - - - - - -
RD-704 - 1720.1 1965.5 356 407 O2 H2+kerosen 4266 psia 2422 3.81 1.77 1 - - -
- - - 782.0 - 452 O2 H2 1762 psia (12) - - - - - -
? ? ? ? ? ? O2 methane ? - - - - - Riksha -

Currently
Energomash participates in the following projects, included into the Federal space program, approved by the Government on December 11, 1993:

  • Fakel - increasing reliability of liquid rocket engines and sustainance of the production of engines;
  • Baza - maintenance of testing base and tests of liquid rocket engines;
  • Soderzhaniye - works for increasing reliability and improving performances of liquid rocket engines of various types;
  • Raspushenka - increase of stability of working process in the chamber of 11D511 PF engine (latest modification of the RD-107);
  • Vzlet - increase of capability and improvement of ecological safety the Kosmos launcher;
  • Angara - development of a heavy launcher;
  • Energia-M - development of a heavy launcher;
  • Rus' - modernization of the Soyuz launch vehicle (Soyuz-2);
  • AKS - development of an aerospace transport system;
  • Condor - development and testing of liquid rocket engines for perspective boosters;
  • Sapsan - development and testing of tri-component liquid rocket engine (RD-701?);
  • Development-DU - creation of a technological backlog to ensure development of a new generation of propulsion units.

In addition to that,

  • Energomash is also a major drivier for the Riksha project, to use methane as a fuel in space launch vehicle. The Riksha project was authorised by the Government on July 18, 1996 with Energomash NPO appointed the lead developer of engines for it [2];
  • In cooperation with Yuzhnoe Design Bureau (Ukraine) Energomash works on modernization of the Zenit launcher.

Organizational Structure

Principal subdivisions of Energomash NPO are:

  • Design Bureau of Power Machine-building (KBEM);
  • Experimental plant of Power Machine-building (Energomash Plant);
  • test facilities;
  • Subdivisions for auxiliary services

The Design Bureau supervises all technical and engineering procedures of the engine manufacturing at serial plants and launch-vehicles flight testing. For these purposes the Design Bureau has a number of branches, associated with engine production plants:

There is also a Testing Complex near St.-Petersburg, although its exact location and meaning is not clear (most probably its is associated with Primorsk Branch of Energia RKK or, possibly, with GIPKh)
The Experimental Plant of Power Machine-building provides development of technological processes and manufacturing and assembling of rocket engines.

Production Capabilities and Test Facilities
Production capabilities
The Experimental Plant of Power Machine-building features:

  • total area - 56 hectares;
  • production floor area - 205000 m2;
  • number of equipment units - 4400;
  • total employment - 6000 (4000 workers, 1400 engineers and technicians, 600 of managing personnel);
  • production capacity - up to 20 engines of the RD-170 type per year.(13)

The Plant employs technologies and equipment, which enable:

  • mechanical and vibro-abrasive processing of rotating parts of a complicated shape with high accuracy of shaping. The processing increases fatigue strength of metal and precludes microcracking under high loads.
  • fabrication of complicatedly shaped elements using vacuum-arc and electron-beam welding. Facilities enable processing of elements from high-alloyed high-temperature alloys with a mass of up to 300 kg, from titanium with a mass of up 120 kg)and from materials based on molybdenum, tungsten, rhenium etc.;
  • manufacturing of unique multilayer bellows, made of high-alloyed steels, providing compensation of linear and angular deformations of pipelines operating with the high-temperature gases and aggressive liquids at pressures of up to 500 atm.
  • applying of multilayer coatings from molybdenum, tungsten, nickel, chromium, copper, silver and other materials with thickness of up to 800 micrometers to the seal elements, impellers, rotors, pumps cases, combustion chambers.
  • brazing in the high-temperature vacuum-compression furnaces, which ensure high strength and tightness of brazed seams, homogeneity of the brazed metals and the seam metal and decrease level of stress in units, consisting of both homogenous and heterogeneous metals (such as combustion chambers, injectors, heat exchangers etc.);
  • welding of high-temperature and high-strength steels both between each other and with non-ferrous metals, with the mechanical properties of the seam similar to performances of the base material;
  • manufacturing of porous filter plates from steel, copper, nickel or titanium to purify gases and liquids from particles with a size of down to 10 mkm;
  • fabrication of metal elastic self-sealing seals which ensure reliable leakproofness of the detachable connections of cryogenic and high-temperature manifolds and units of pneumatic and hydraulic systems [3].

Testing facilities
NPO Energomash possesses a total of 83 test stands, 4 fire stands for comprehensive testing of rocket engines and engines components. Testing facilities employ a total of 1600 people.
Testing facilities includes stands for complex fire tests of engines, as well as stands for autonomous testing of various engine elements, from injector units to the powerful gas turbines.
There are

  • two unique test stands for fire tests of engines with a thrust of up 1000 tons(14), equipped with automated systems of the engine control, automated control and measuring complex, capable of simultaneous recording and processing of about 1000 parameters of the engine and the test stand, and special storage tanks for propellant components.
  • a group of the unique test stands for "cold flow" testing of centrifugal pumps and regulating units, using water or mineral oil. The automated system of recording and processing of testing results permits to obtain the information about characteristics of units immediately during the testing.
  • Test stands for static and dynamic tests of units of control and monitoring of pneumo-hydraulic systems with the modelling and real liquids and gases in a wide range of pressures, propellants flow rates and environmental conditions.
  • Facilities for autonomous testing of bearings and seals joints with imitation of real operational conditions, including axial and radial loads, provided by special loaders.
  • modelling installations for investigations of ignition of the construction materials and coatings, working within aggressive high-temperature media. Installations enable studies of influence of both the internal gas flow and of introduced particles in it.

Partial list of testing facilities

  • Pneumostands for static tests
  • Pneumostands for dynamic tests (blow-through) of control units with air (nitrogen)
  • Stands for static and dynamic tests of units with liquid oxygen and nitrogen
  • Universal stands for static and dynamic tests of units and assemblies with hydrocarbons
  • Stands for hydrodynamic tests of the pumps, development and running-in of the multiplicators
  • Pneumostands for gas dynamic model tests of gas turbines
  • Stands for gas dynamic tests of units with modelling gas and for thermocyclic tests
  • Stands for hydrodynamic tests of regulators, hydraulic throttles, stabilizers, turbine flowmeters, injector (and other spraying devices), hydroturbines
  • Stands for tests of rolling bearings and shaft seals with simulation of axial and radial loads
  • Stands for static tests of seals and hermetics in simulators of connections
  • Stand for tests of lubricants, rubber products, hermetics for resistance to hydrocarbons and their vapours
  • Stands for materials friction tests
  • Stand for testing internal combustion engines engine power
  • Stand for heat exchange studies
  • Complex of vibration stands

The test facilities of NPO Energomash has the specialized design and production departments, capable of developing non-standard test units, technological equipment, measuring instruments, systems of automatic control, regulation and safety.
There is also the special metrological service of the test facilities, departments of which develop and certify methods of measurements, implement metrological control over the work of the test stands, carry out the maintenance, examination and repairs of the primary converters.

Economic Status
As of January 1, 1995, the value of basic funds of Energomash NPO was estimated as at least 32 billions rubles. The share of a state order in turn-over of Energomash decreased from 71% in 1989 to merely 40% in 1994 see table). This decrease is one of the most profound among the organizations of the Russian space complex and corresponds to the reduction of the share of production on space themes. The most significant decrease is in production for the military space programs.

Year 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994
State order 71% 56.7% 47% 57.9% 42.6% 40%

Debts of Energomash in 1994 were equivalent to about $2 millions (8 billions rubles). This figure keeps at the level of 80% of debts, owed to Energomash itself (primarily, by the Government)
During subsequent three years (1995-1997) foreign orders began to overwhelmingly dominate in Energomash business.
Employment: Peak employment was about 11000 people. By May of 1994 it declined to 9400, including:

  • 4550 at Experimental Plant
  • 2100 at Design Bureau (with Branches)(15)
  • 200 of managing personnel
  • 1250 (social support?)
  • 1300 at testing subdivisions [MT].

The difference between these figures and quoted above for Experimental Plant and test Facilities apparently reflect decline in employment in this sectors in few recent years.)

Membership/Shareholding
Energomash is one of the key members of Kompomash Corporation.

Production Cooperation
An overall number of subcontractors in recent years vary from 212 to 252. (20% of subcontractors reside in CIS, outside of Russia). The share of subcontractors in the cost of Energomash final product varies from 35 to 42%.
Supercontractors (Lead developers and manufacturers of launchers) are:

Serial engine production facilities are:

Other partners include:

International Cooperation
In 1992 Energomash signed a marketing agreement with Pratt&Whitney, which granted to the latter [exclusive] rights to market and sell Energomash-developed technologies and hardware in the U.S.
Later signed a contract with General Dynamics for studying possible adaptation of RD-180 engine for using at Atlas launcher. (Energomash officials explained, that this contract with General Dynamics was an exception, envisioned in their "exclusive" contract with P&W)
In June of 1995, at the Paris Air Show Energomash signed a agreement about intentions with P&W to establish a joint venture, which would manufacture and sell RD-120M, modified to satisfy Western standards. According to the agreement, each party will contributed necessary (undisclosed) finances to the project implementation and each party oblidged to obtain proper permissions from their respective Governments. P&W will be responsible for marketing and technical maintainance of engines, while Energomash - for their manufacturing. The headquarters of the new company will be located in the U.S. [4]. The company was establsihed under a name
In late June of 1995 an RD-120 engine was delivered to West Palm Beach facility of P&W in Florida. On October 11, 1995, test firings began to evaluate suitability of engine for installation on American launchers (there main idea is to use the RD-120 on X-34 RLV, there are also proposals to install it on PacAstro light launcher and K-1, by Kistler Aerospace [5].
In January of 1996 Lockheed-Martin chose RD-180, proposed by Energomash/Pratt&Whitney for its Atlas-2R launcher. Currently Energomash has contracts

  • to develop RD-180 engine
  • to deliver 18 flight-rated RD-180 engines
  • to demonstrate feasibility of RD-180 production in the United States
There is also a binding agreement by Lockheed Martin to purchase at least 101 engines.
Energomash also cooperates with some French companies (SEP?), producing some components for the Ariane[-5?] engine [6].

Conversion / Diversification
In a framework of conversion NPO Energomash develops and manufactures various equipment for the food industry as well as consumer goods:

  • cream separator with a capacity of 25000 liters per hour;
  • dough rounding machine with a capacity of 30 pieces with a mass of 0,09...0,9 kg per minute (a part of equipment for a small-scale bakery plant);
  • pneumocontrolled valves (16 variants) for the remote control of milk flows, liquid milk products and detergent solutions at the milk processing plant;
  • automatic monoblock gas burner with a power of 650 kW for the bakery and confectionery furnaces, heat generators, dryers, steam and water heating boilers;
  • oil deflector caps made of fluorine rubber, control cock of the cabin heating system, exhaust muffler of stainless steel with a heat resisting coating and an increased assured durability (for Lada-type cars);
  • Prostor catamarans for amateur sailing (load-carrying capacity 350 kg, mass 75 kg );
  • Argamak sleds (carrying capacity is 100 kg, mass - 7 kg);
  • water mixer for bathroom sinks, using ceramic seals makes it highly reliable and durable;
  • in the nearest future NPO Energomash expects to finish development and start manufacturing of production lines for milk products and medicine, separator for the vegetable oil and margarine, medical pressure chambers and eximer lasers, heating modules and heat generators for the apartments, and production houses heating.
  • highly-productive pumps and valves for the oil extracting industry are being developed.
References
1. NPO Energomash. A leader in liquid fueled rocket technology. - Brochure (undated, issued between 1991 and 1994).
2. Directive of the Government of the Russian Federation #1155-r of July 18, 1996. - Rossiyskaya Gazeta 1 August 1996 p.4.
3. NPO Energomash named after academician V.Glushko - Brochure (undated, issued between 1991 and 1995).
4. Kommersant-DAILY 16.06.1995 p.9.
5. Novosti Kosmonavtiki #21 1995 p.51.
6. Kommersant-DAILY 28.06.1996 p.9.
Notes

1. Energomash officials also claim, that their engines are installed at first stages of ALL rockets and on "about 70% of second stages. This statement can be regarded as true only with respect to "currently operational" or "ever commissioned" SPACE launchers. A number of ICBMs were equipped with liquid-fueled rocket engines, designed by Kosberg, not even saying about solid-propellant rockets. Space launchers also have at least one obvious exception - the N-1 (which was built and test-flown, but was never commissioned for operations).
2. There were numerous follow-on versions to 8D74 and 8D75, developed during following decades. However, they are all referred to as RD-107 and RD-108.
3. The project was abandoned. Later used to develop RD-119.
4. RD-216 is a block of 2 RD-215s
5. RD-218 is a block of 2 RD-217s.
6. RD-219 is a derivative of RD-217 with a truss and some changes in piping. Despite higher expansion ratio the engine is shorter than the first stage engines. That causes relatively low performance, with Isp justju 3 sec more than Isp of the 1st stage engine in vacuum.
7. RD-224 is a block of 2 RD-225s.
8. Assembly of 3 RD-252-type units.
9. Uses modified chamber from RD-219, nozzle is conventional, so performance is higher.
10. High altitude version of RD-253.
11. Nuclear engine with gaseous phase reactor.
12. Excluding sensors, gimbal actuators and heat shield.
13. RD-170 and RD-171 engines are currently manufactured only by the Experimental Plant.
14. Hard to believe, but these stands are located just about 800 meters away from residential blocks of Khimki. This stand is visible for its 100 meters high, 16 meters dia dissipation tube, intended to dump noise and dilute exhaust plume with water.
15. Another figure from the same source gives 1700 employees at the Design Bureau. That would mean, that about 400 people constitute the cumulative workforce of the Branches.



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