Tracking Layer

The Space Development Agency (SDA) is responsible for orchestrating the DoD's future threat-driven space architecture and accelerating the development and fielding of new military space capabilities necessary to ensure technological and military advantage in space for national defense. To achieve this mission, SDA will unify and integrate next-generation space capabilities to deliver the National Defense Space Architecture (NDSA), a resilient military sensing and data transport capability via a proliferated space architecture primarily in Low Earth Orbit (LEO).

SDA's Tracking Layer will provide global indications, warning and tracking of advanced missile threats, including hypersonic missile systems. For Tranche 0 (the "warfighter immersion" tranche), two (2) programs will collaborate in the tracking layer: a Wide Field of View (WFOV) program focusing on technologies necessary to populate a proliferated LEO constellation and a Medium Field of View (MFOV) program focusing on technologies necessary for additional performance. The WFOV satellites are planned to be fielded in late FY22 and the MFOV satellites are planned to be fielded in mid-FY23; both sets of satellites will provide complementary mission data to C2 and operational interfaces.

The Space Development Agency’s (SDA) Tracking Layer is tasked with providing global indications, warning, tracking, and targeting of advanced missile threats, including hypersonic missile systems. They are currently leading the development of an Overhead Persistent Infrared (OPIR) Missile Tracking satellite constellation in LEO as part of the DoD’s future threat-driven National Defense Space Architecture (NDSA). Satellite imagery from sensors in LEO typically contain complex cluttered backgrounds accentuated by non-stationary platform motion making it even more challenging to discern new threats of interest.

The Space Development Agency announced 05 October 2020 that two companies won bids to build out Tranche 0 Wide Field of View (WFOV) of the tracking layer for the National Defense Space Architecture. Together, those contracts amount to more than $342 million. We call it 'tracking' because it's missile tracking — so it provides detection, tracking and fire control formation for hypersonic glide vehicles, ballistic missiles ... any of those kinds of threats."

Both L3Harris Technologies, Inc., of Melbourne, Florida, and Space Exploration Technologies Corp., of Hawthorne, California, also known as SpaceX, were successful in their bids to participate in the NDSA. Each company is expected to build four overhead persistent infrared imaging, or OPIR, satellites for the tracking layer of the NDSA. Those satellites should be ready by the end of fiscal year 2022.

"The satellites will be able to provide missile tracking data for hypersonic glide vehicles and the next generation of advanced missile threats," said Derek Tournear, the director of the Space Development Agency. Tournear said both L3Harris and SpaceX will build satellites of their own design, but that meet criteria set by the SDA. They must all be able to do the missile tracking mission, and then also be able to communicate directly with transport layer satellites via laser communications link.

This most recent contract award is the second for development of the NDSA, Tournear said. About a month ago, he said, contracts were awarded for transport layer satellites. Those contracts went to Lockheed Martin and York Space Systems. Each of these companies will build ten satellites. The contracts for both the tracking and transport layers are part of Tranche 0 of the NDSA. Tranche 0, he said, consists of 28 transport layer satellites, and 8 tracking layer satellites. Tournear said there will be a separate solicitation to launch those 28 satellites.

"We call it 'tracking' because it's missile tracking — so it provides detection, tracking and fire control formation for hypersonic glide vehicles, ballistic missiles ... any of those kinds of threats," Tournear said. When tracking layer satellites detect a threat, such as a ballistic missile, they send that information to satellites in the transport layer. "The transport satellites are the backbone of the National Defense Space Architecture," Tournear said. "They take data from multiple tracking systems, fuse those, and are able to calculate a fire control solution, and then the transport satellites will be able to send those data down directly to a weapons platform via a tactical data link, or some other means."

The development of the NDSA is based on two pillars: proliferation and spiral development. Ultimately, Tournear said, there will be hundreds of satellites that make up the NDSA. "With Tranche 0 in 2022, we will provide enough capability to where people can start to experiment with what those data could do, and figure out how they could put that into their operational plans for battle," Tournear said.

Tranche 1, due in 2024, will include a couple hundred satellites in the transport layer, and a few dozen in the tracking layer. With Tranche 2, in 2026, the SDA would continue to build out the system as needed. By then, he said, the SDA would have global coverage, ensuring that the capabilities provided by the NDSA could be available to warfighters anywhere in the world. "Every two years thereafter, we would continually spiral out and proliferate more satellites with new capabilities and, in essence, retire satellites with older capabilities as we develop new tranches," he said.

Tournear said that the NDSA is certainly based in space, its focus is mostly back on Earth — in support of service members conducting operations on land, at sea and in the air. "Our architecture is entirely warfighter-focused for the terrestrial battlefield," Tournear said. "Our goal is to be able to provide real-time targeting data for targets, for time-sensitive targets and for missiles, so that the terrestrial warfighter can utilize space to be able to affect their mission in real time. We're focused on making sure that we can provide capabilities from space."

The Space Development Agency (SDA) on 18 July 2022 announced the award of two prototype agreements with a total potential value over $1.3 billion for the establishment of the Tranche 1 (T1) Tracking Layer, providing the initial missile warning/missile tracking warfighting capability of the National Defense Space Architecture (NDSA). These satellites will begin to launch in April 2025.

The agreements are awarded to teams led by L3Harris Technologies, Inc. of Melbourne, Fla. and Northrop Grumman Strategic Space Systems of Redondo Beach, Calif. to each build a space segment consisting of two planes with seven space vehicles per plane – 14 satellites from each performer for a total of 28 satellites in four planes – to collect infrared data and provide network communications. Each agreement includes a launch services segment for launch preparation, and a ground segment for operations and sustainment.