Russian Air Defense Radars					Introduction Defense Electronics Industry
RUSSIAN NAME	GRAU	NATO Code Name	Designer	IOC	Freq Band	Type / Function	Range (km)	Associated Air Defense Weapon
		BACK NET			E low S-Band	Early Warning/GCI	300km	SA-5 GAMMON
		BACK TRAP			E	Early Warning/ACQ	410	SA-5 GAMMON
P-35 / P-35M / P-37	1RL139	BAR LOCK			E/F	modification of TOKEN Early Warning Target indication tracking guidance	200km	SA-5 GAMMON
ST-67 "Salute"	5N69	BIG BACK			L	Early Warning/GCI	600	SA-5 GAMMON
P-30M	..	BIG BAR				modification of TOKEN
	64N6 91N6E	BIG BIRD			S	Early Warning/ACQ Double-sided search phased array	300	SA-10 GRUMBLE SA-20 GARGOYLE SA-21 Triumf
P-30 "Khrustal"	..	BIG MESH				modification of TOKEN
..	9S15/9S15M 1RL140	Bill Board	..	..	..	Early warning	..	SA-12 SA-23
Nebo-SV / P-18M Nebo-M 55ZH6M	55ZH6M / 1L13	BOX SPRING	NNIIRT	..	VHF, L, X	Surveillance	..	..
	96L6E	CHEESE BOARD				phased array		SA-21 Triumf
..	5N66 5N66M 76N6	CLAM SHELL		..	..	Continuous wave low-altitude	..	SA-10 SA-20
..	..	CROSS LEGS				ChiCom L-Band EW radar
..	..	CROSS OUT				modification of TOKEN
..	..	CROSS SLOT				ChiCom design from Soviet TOKEN
		DOG EAR			G	Target Acquisition	50km 35km	SA-9 / SA-13 ZSU-23-4 gun
P-3	Pegmatite-3	DUMBO			70-75mc	Early Warning radar
PWS-75/SNR-75		FAN SONG			E/F/G ***	Fire Control	60-145***	SA-2 GUIDELINE
..	..	FIRE CAN				AAA Fire Control
..	9S35 9S35M 9S35M1	Fire Dome		..	..	Tracking	..	SA-11 SA-17
..	..	FIRE WHEEL				Fire Control with AAA and missile
..	5N63 5N63S	Flap Lid		..	..	Phased array	..	SA-10
		FLAP WHEEL			I	Fire Control	35 (est.)	S-60 gun
P-15 Trail	1RL13 / 1RL12	FLAT FACE*	NNIIRT	1955	C (UHF) 805-914mc	Target Acquisition	250	SA-3 GOA SA-6 SA-8 AAA Not in use
39N6E Kasta	2E2	Flat Face X
..	..	Flat Screen	..	..	..	..	..	..
..	3R90	Front roof		..	..	Tracking	..	SA-11
Kama RLK	..	GAGE				Early Warning
		GIN SLING			E/F I/J D	Fire Control / Tracking (Range Measurement) (Msl Guidance)	100+km	HQ-2 [PRC SA-2]
..	92N2E 92N6E 96N6E	Grave Stone		..	..	Phased array	..	SA-21
..	9S32 9S32M	Grill Pan		..	..	Fire control	..	SA-12 SA-23
		GUN DISH			J	Fire Control	20	ZSU-23-4 gun
..	9S19 9S19M	High Screen		..	..	Anti-missile search	..	SA-12 SA-23
	1RL144 1RL144M	HOT SHOT			E/J	acquisition / tracking	18-20	SA-19 GRISSOM
P-8/10		KNIFE REST			A (VHF) 71-93mc	Early Warning	70-75km	SA-2 GUIDELINE
		LAND ROLL			J	Fire Control**	INA	SA-8 GECKO
PRV-9	..	Little Pie	..	..	HF	..	..	SA-1
P-40	1S12 / 1RL128	LONG TRACK*			E	Target Acquisition	150+ (30 alt)	SA-4 SA-6 GAINFUL SA-8
SNR-125		LOW BLOW			I	Fire Control	40-85	SA-3 GOA
..	..	MOON CONE				ChiCom variant of the SCR-270
..	..	MOON FACE				ChiCom variant of the SCR-270
PRV-17 Ruler 1984 Azimut	1RL141	ODD GROUP	LEMZ			altimeter	in service
PRV-13	1RL130	ODD PAIR	LEMZ	1965	E	Height	???	SA-5 GAMMON Scan: 3-6rpm
	1S32	PAT HAND			H	Fire Control	INA	SA-4 GANEF
PRV-9/10/10M	1RL19	PATTY CAKE			E	height finder
..	..	PEEL GROUP				naval LOW BLOW Track-while-scan radar
..	..	RICE CAKE				X-Band ChiCom Height Finder
..	..	ROCK CAKE				Height Finder - first single dish, nodding S-Band
..	..	Score Board		..	..	Enemy and identity	..	SA-6
..	..	Scrum Half	..	..	..	PESA	..	SA-15
PRV-11 Vertex	1RL119	SIDE NET	LEMZ	1961	E	Height Finder	28km	SA-2 GUIDELINE SA-3 GOA SA-4 SA-5 GAMMON Not in use
..	..	Sky Watch	..	..	..	..	..	..
..	..	SLANT MESH				modification of TOKEN
..	9S86	Snap Shot	..	..	..	Fire control	..	SA-13
..	9S18M1 / 1RL135	Snow Drift	..	..	..	Fire control	..	SA-11/SA-17
Ramona		Soft Ball						passive ELINT system
..	..	SPONGE CAKE				Height Finder - modification of ROCK CAKE
P-12 Yenisei P-12NP Irtysh	1RL14 1RL114	SPOON REST	NNIIRT	1956 1971	A(VHF) 81-86mc & 146-163mc	2-axis Target Acquisition	INA	SA-2 GUIDELINE SA-6
P-18 Terek	1RL131	SPOON REST D	NNIIRT		A(VHF) 81-86mc & 146-163mc	2-axis Target Acquisition	INA	SA-2 GUIDELINE SA-6
	5N62	SQUARE PAIR			H	Fire Control	255km (160-270)	SA-5 GAMMON
P-15 / P-15M		SQUAT EYE			C		128km	SA-3 SA-5 GAMMON
..	..	STONE CAKE				Height Finder - modification of ROCK CAKE
	1S91	STRAIGHT FLUSH			I	Fire Control ** Target indication tracking guidance	60-90 (10 alt)	SA-6 GAINFUL
..	..	STRIKE OUT				modification of TOKEN
..	..	Strut Curve / Strut Pair	..	..	..	..	..	..
P-14 Druzhba	44z6, 5H84 / 1RL113 / 5N84A	TALL KING	NNIIRT	1959	A 169-175mc	Early Warning	600km	SA-1 / SA-5 GAMMON
Nebo Nebo-M	55ZH6M	TALL RACK	NNIIRT	..	VHF, L, X	Surveillance	..	..
PRV-16 Reliability PRV-9 Tilt-2	1RL19 1RL132	THIN SKIN	LEMZ	1960 1970	H C-Band	first Soviet C-Band Height Finder	240	SA-4 GANEF SA-6 GAINFUL SA-8
ST-68UM	19Zh6, 35D6 (36D6) 5N59	TIN SHIELD			???	Three-coordinate Early Warning / GCI	200km	SA-2 GUIDELINE SA-3 GOA SA-5 GAMMON SA-10 GRUMBLE
P-20 Peryskop	..	TOKEN				S-Band EW/GCI "V" beam type
	30N6 30N6E 30N6E1 30N6E2 64N6 91N6E	Tomb Stone			S	Phased array Early Warning/ACQ	300	SA-10 GRUMBLE SA-20 GARGOYLE SA-21 Triumf
Volna	3R41	TOP DOME	..	..	I/J	target tracking/missile guidance		SA-300F Naval
MR-800	..	TOP PAIR	..	..	C/D/E/F	Surveillance		SA-300F Naval
MR-750	..	Top Plate/Top Mesh	..	..	..	Fire control	..	SA-11
..	..	Top Sail	..	..	..	..	..	..
MR-75	..	Top Steer	..	..	D/E	Surveillance	..	SA-300F Naval
Tamara		Trash Can						passive ELINT system
..	9S18	Tube Arm	..	..	..	Fire control	..	SA-11/SA-17
..	..	WHIFF				AAA Fire Control
..	..	YO-YO	..	..	..	fire control	..	SA-1
Barrier-E	..	..	..	..	..	Remote low altitude warning	..	..
Delta	29N6	..	..	..	..	Automatic surveillance system	..	..
Gamma-DE	67N6E	..	..	..	..	phased array Search	..	SA-21
“Garmon” / "Harmonium"	1L122	..	..	..	..	Surveillance	..	..
"Jessna River-M" (Desna M)	22Zh6	..	..	..	..	Surveillance	..	..
Niobium-SV		..	..	..	UHF	Surveillance	..	..
P-19	1RL134	..	..	..	..	..	..	..
Phazotron	..	..	..	..	..	PESA	..	SA-22
Podsolnukh-E	..	..	..	..	..	HF ground wave coast surveillance	..	..
Protivnik GE	59N6E	..	..	..	..	Early warning	..	SA-20 GARGOYLE SA-21 Triumf
R-113	..	..	..	..	..	Fire control	..	SA-1
Rezonans - N/NE	..	..	..	..	..	Surveillance	..	..
RUS-1	Reven	..	..	..	..	..	..	..
RUS-2	Redut-40/42	..	..	..	..	..	..	..
RUS-2S	Pegmatite-2	..	..	..	..	..	..	..
Yenisei	77T6	..	..	..	..	ABM Engagement Radar	..	S-500 Prometey / Triumfator
	5H87	..	..	..	..	..	..	..
..	SCR-270					ChiCom produced from U.S. SCR-270
	SJ-202				???	Fire Control / Acquisition	115 km	HQ-2 [PRC SA-2]
..	..	..	..	..	..	..	..	..
..	..	..	..	..	..	..	..	..

INA: Information not available

* It is likely that these are also employed with the SA-8 GECKO .

** LAND ROLL and STRAIGHT FLUSH also have short-range target acqusition capabilities. LAND ROLL uses frequency band H for acquisition; STRAIGHT FLUSH uses both G and H.

*** Depending on model.

Carlo Kopp noted in 2010 that the NNIIRT 52E6MU Struna-1MU/Barrier E is a multistatic, low-power tripwire system, using a passive coherent location (PCL) technology similar to the U.S. LM Silent Sentry design. Like the Silent Sentry, the Barrier E is limited in effect to low- and medium-altitude targets. What is often unstated about PCL systems is that the “transmitters of opportunity” such designs rely upon (for example, VHF- and UHF-band television and radio stations) use antenna designs specifically built to transmit almost all of their power near the ground— power transmitted upward is considered wasted in such applications. The result is that the effectiveness of such systems is very limited at high altitudes.

Carlo Kopp noted in 2010 that while VHF-band is the focal area for Russian counterstealth development, highpower L-band radars at 24 to 30 centimeters are an area of active development because stealth designs strongly optimized for the centimeter bands suffer appreciable radar signature increases in the L-band, even if not as pronounced as in the VHF-band. The VNIIRT 67N6E Gamma DE is a good example of such, as it is a high-power mobile L-band AESA design intended for air defense and ballistic missile defense applications. Like the Nebo SVU and Nebo M RLM–D radars, it can be mechanically rotated, or locked to a sector to perform Aegis-like electronic beam steering sector searches. Similar advanced digital processing is employed. VNIIRT claims the ability to acquire and track a 0.01-square-meter target at 70 nautical miles range.

Resources

• Radar systems and complexes

In June 1969, after analyzing the capabilities of artillery reconnaissance and target designation systems in service with NATO, the Strela Research Institute (now Strela NPO, part of the Almaz-Antey Concern) began developing a domestic reconnaissance radar for MLRS and mortars . Development work (ROC) "Lynx" provided for reaching a reconnaissance range of up to 10 km. At the same time, the Hawk-2 development project was launched, which makes it possible to determine targets at a distance of up to 60 km. But his fate turned out to be short: the specialists of the Ministry of Defense came to the conclusion that work on the Hawk-2 should be suspended, and the development of the Lynx should be continued. And in June 1975, the Tula plant "Arsenal" manufactured a prototype of the artillery radar complex 1RL239 "Lynx", which was put into service two years later. So the Soviet army received at its disposal a fully autonomous radar system mounted on an MT-LB armored tractor, equipped with topographic location, orientation and navigation equipment. The work of the complex was to process radio signals reflected from shells and missiles. According to the data obtained, describing a fragment of the trajectory, and according to the characteristics of artillery pieces, both a potential enemy and own artillery, stored in the memory, the onboard computer system, taking into account the topographic reference, made the identification of the projectile and a complete calculation of the entire trajectory of the projectile, unguided rocket or operational -tactical missile and determined the firing position of a gun or launcher with an accuracy of tens of meters. It was enough to strike. The crew of the complex consisted of four people - the head of the station, the station operator, the signal operator and the driver. And here is a remarkable detail. In order to protect against powerful radio wave radiation, the crew closed the periscopes and all hatches with curtains during operation, while others, when the emitter was on, were instructed not to approach the radar closer than 600 meters. At one time in Afghanistan, the staff of the Limited Contingent of Soviet Forces consisted of four artillery regiments from artillery reconnaissance batteries, which were armed with one Rys complex each. However, in mountainous terrain, the radar proved to be ineffective, and besides, there were difficulties in protecting personnel from radio waves. According to some reports, "Lynx" today may be in the armed forces of Russia, Azerbaijan and Moldova. Range of reconnaissance of firing positions: mortar - up to 12 km, cannon artillery - up to 9 km, MLRS - up to 16 km; firing control range: mortars - up to 14 km, cannon artillery - up to 11 km, MLRS - up to 20 km. The experience of wars and local military conflicts has shown that the one who reacts faster to the enemy’s fire raid wins in battle, therefore, in the late 1980s, the USSR began to develop multifunctional reconnaissance complexes: in Tula - 1L219 Zoo-1, and in Zaporozhye - 1L220 "Zoo-2". The collapse of the country led to the fact that the development enterprises became competitors. A multifunctional three-coordinate radar with a phased antenna array was placed at the Zoo-1 station. With its help, it became possible to detect firing positions of howitzers at ranges up to 12 km, mortars - up to 17 km, MLRS at a distance of 20-22 km, and launch positions of tactical missile systems at a distance of 45 km. The automation of the complex is capable of simultaneously tracking 12 air targets. Per minute, "Zoo-1" "processes" up to 70 shells, calculates their launch points and transmits data to fire weapons. And if necessary, the Zoo can take over the flight control of unmanned aerial vehicles. It is also envisaged that the RLC will be turned into an airfield control tower. At present, the counter-battery complex is part of the command and control batteries and artillery reconnaissance of artillery brigades; according to the state, the battery was supposed to have three such complexes. In Syria, in a “set” with a self-propelled Msta-S and a towed Msta-B, the Zoo-1 self-propelled radar reconnaissance complex was tested, which allows you to simultaneously detect up to 12 enemy firing systems at a distance of up to 40 km. That is why it is difficult for the artillery of the Armed Forces of Ukraine to win artillery duels. At the MAKS-2013 exhibition, the Almaz-Antey Concern demonstrated an already deeply modernized version of the complex - 1L260 Zoo-1M with improved detection range and accuracy. There is evidence that one Russian radar "Zoopark-1M" was captured by the Ukrainian side during the counter-offensive near Kharkov. Tactical and technical characteristics of the RLC 1L219 "Zoo-1: Antenna type - HEADLIGHT, range - GH 5 cm, power - 30 kW; provides reconnaissance/control of firing positions of 81-120 mm mortars at a distance of 20-22 km, firing positions of 105-155 mm artillery at a distance of 15-20 km, firing positions of 122-240 mm MLRS at a distance of 30-35 km, firing positions positions of tactical missiles 40-45 km. During the SVO, the combat capability of the 1L271 Aistenok portable ground and artillery reconnaissance complex was also tested, which allows you to detect mortar positions at a distance of 5 km. Correction of fire is carried out by accompanying the projectile on the trajectory. The advantage of the complex is that it is suitable for carrying by calculation. Weight "Stork" - 135 kg. Another "participant" in modern counter-battery combat is the promising complex for reconnaissance of firing (starting) positions of artillery "Yastreb-AV", which is produced by NPO Strela. The performance characteristics of the RLC have not yet been disclosed, but it was stated that the Yastreb-AV is two to three times superior to existing counter-artillery systems, both Russian and foreign. Some experts admit that the "Hawks" have already been tested in Ukraine - in particular, they were involved in minimizing the shelling of Donetsk by artillery of Ukrainian troops during referendums. Presumably, the "Hawks" aimed 203-mm heavy howitzers "Malka" at enemy positions . The American AN/TPQ-36 counter-battery radar has a reconnaissance (control) range of artillery firing positions of 18 km, and of missiles - 24 km. The radar is capable of tracking up to 20 targets. A net loss to the Russian "Zoo". But this station has a big plus - it is massive. The US Army today has more than 100 units of such radars. The complex is supplied to 15 states, more than 25 units went to Ukraine. But to replace the AN / TPQ-36 and AN / TPQ-37, Lockheed Martin has already created the AN / TPQ-53 mobile counter-battery radar, which provides detection of firing positions of mortars, artillery pieces and MLRS at ranges up to 60 km, unmanned aerial devices and adjusting the fire of their artillery. In fact, it can withstand the entire line of Russian barrel systems and MLRS systems. In addition, the US Army is armed with the AN / TPQ-48 portable counter-battery radar, mainly designed to detect mortar installations. The accuracy of determining targets at a distance of 10 km is only 50 mm. These radars were also supplied by the Armed Forces of Ukraine. Effective, judging by open data, is the counter-battery radar - the COBRA radar, created for the Bundeswehr by a consortium of EADS companies. The radar provides the determination of the coordinates of the positions of enemy artillery, mortar batteries, as well as improvised missiles used by terrorists. In addition, the COBRA radar can calculate the impact points of shells and missiles and notify its units of the threat of fire damage. The radar is equipped with a flat active phased antenna array. The radar reconnaissance range is 40 km in a sector of 90 degrees in azimuth. Maximum productivity - detection of 40 firing positions in two minutes. The COBRA radar for their armed forces was purchased by France, Great Britain, and Türkiye. Today, Israel, Turkey, Norway, together with Sweden, are developing their own counter-battery radars. Since modern warfare is conducted with the use of long-range and high-precision artillery systems, many countries have already adopted or are developing counter-battery radars with the corresponding capabilities. Back in December 2020, the unique 1B76 Penicillin artillery reconnaissance complex (developer and manufacturer of the Russian state corporation Rostec) began to enter the Russian army, the purpose of which is not only reconnaissance of the positions of self-propelled artillery, howitzers, mortars, multiple launch rocket systems, but also missiles for various purposes, including missiles of air defense systems. "Penicillin" receives and captures acoustic and thermal signals from gun shots and ammunition explosions, then the operator receives the exact coordinates of the target and puts them on a special electronic map. The time for obtaining the coordinates of a single target is no more than 5 seconds. The complex is made on the basis of the KamAZ all-terrain vehicle. It has remote sound-receiving and optical-electronic modules with infrared cameras. To avoid "human factor" errors, the complex is fully automated. Ukraine will use its own design "Zoo-2" in the hostilities, and the condition was initially set that this radar should be distinguished by an increased range of determining coordinates. In 2018, the developer announced the completion of the development of design documentation for the new radar of the Zoo-3 complex. In the same year, this radar was seen at a parade in Kyiv, and the following year it was put into service. According to the data that appear in the media, the Ukrainian "Zoo-3" is superior to the Russian "Zopark-1" in terms of reconnaissance and control range, however, it has a lower "throughput" for determining targets. But in general, it can be noted that the Ukrainian colleagues did not waste time in vain. However, due to the decline of the Ukrainian defense industry, a full-fledged serial production of the RLC was not established.