Standard Model theory

The Standard Model of particle physics is the current leading scientific theory used to explain, based on indirect observation, what matter is made of and by some experimentation, how it interacts through symmetrical relationships in terms of formation, destruction and collisions.

Within the theory all matter is made of quarks and leptons. Quarks and leptons fall under the family of particles called fermions, or particles with half integer spins. Particles in relation to gravity however is rarely taken into account. Through the three main interaction forces of electromagnetism, weak and strong nuclear forces particles interact with each other. The Standard Model can be classified under the unified field theory, as the model is consistent with two major theories of particle physics: quantum electroweak (electromagnetism and weak forces combined) and quantum chromodynamics (a theory of strong nuclear reactions between quarks).

The Standard Model within creationism and evolution can be used equally within either one as an interpretation basis for the explanation, or definition of natural constants that govern matter as well as some chemical and decay processes. As for the origin of it, or the cause of its existence, to prescribe the assumed natural mechanism such as abiogenesis as evolutionists do is to take a stance no more scientific than thinking a supernatural force designed them.

Quarks

The Quark class contains six particles which are considered elementary or fundamental in the makeup of matter and reside in hadrons through a strong force field, isolating them and essentially making measuring their individual mass almost impossible. Although indirectly we can determine what will happen to a quark when struck with a high energy photon for example. The mass of the quark becomes the controlling factor and through the acceleration or movement that happens when struck, an equation can be formed.

A hadron is a subatomic particle effected by a nuclear force and consists of fermions and bosons. A specific boson particle, namely gluon is what causes the color force that binds the quark-antiquark relationship together. There are six different types of quark pairs categorized in what are called flavors of up and down, charm and strange, top and bottom. A quark and an anti-quark when together become a meson, while three quarks sharing relationships are called a baryon. Mesons are bosons while the baryons are fermions. Quarks are the only fundamental particles that actually interact with all four force carriers including gravity.

Quark Particle	Flavor	Weak Isospin	Symbol	e	c-2	Antiparticle
Up	Iz=+½	+½	u	+⅔	1.5 – 4.0	Antiup
Down	Iz=-½	-½	d	-⅓	4 – 8	Antidown
Strange	S=-1	-½	s	-⅓	80 – 130	Antistrange
Charm	C=1	+½	c	+⅔	1150 – 1350	Anticharm
Bottom	B'=-1	-½	b	-⅓	4100 – 4400	Antibottom
Top	T=1	+½	t	+⅔	170900 ± 1800	Antitop

Leptons

Lepton classification consists of six particles and their antiparticle. Along with quarks, leptons are elementary or fundamental constituents of matter and belong to the group fermions. Both quarks and leptons come in pairs but leptons do not experience strong nuclear forces.

The electron is a fundamental particle found throughout matter, is involved with chemical processes and can orbit the atomic nuclei. The Muon is heavier and can be observed to be the result of a high energy collision in an atomic accelerator or cosmic ray impacts. The Tau particle is heavier still and is involved with radioactive decay processes. Both the Muon and Tau are very unstable and only last short periods of time within natural conditions.

Neutrinos (Electron, Muon Tau neutrinos) are rarely involved with collisions. Electron neutrinos possess vast amounts of energy and have no electrical charge making them very hard to detect and ultimately observe. Muon and Tau neutrinos are the result of some decay processes.

Lepton Particle	Mass (GeV/c2)	Electrical Charge (e)
Electron	0.000511	-1
Muon	0.106	-1
Tau	1.7771	-1
Electron Neutrino	<7 x 10-9	0
Muon Neutrino	<0.0003	0
Tau Neutrino	<0.03	0

Force Carriers

Force carriers or fundamental interactions between elementary or fundamental particles can explain every physical phenomenon we observe in nature. Within physics there are four interaction mechanisms; electromagnetic, weak and strong nuclear forces as well as gravitational forces. Within the Standard Model however gravitational forces are considered minor when compared to the high energy effects of atomic and subatomic forces.

Interaction	Range of Interaction	Exchanged Quanta
Electromagentic	Long-range	Photons (y)
Weak nuclear	Short-range ≈10−18 m	W+, Z0, W−
Strong nuclear	Short-range ≈10−15 m	Gluons (G)

Electromagnetic force

Main Article: Electromagnetism

The electromagnetic interaction is responsible for long-range repulsion of like, and attraction of unlike, electric charges. This is seen however as a secondary result of the primary process of emitting one or more photons (particles or quanta of light). This primary process is the acceleration of electric charge according to Maxwell's equations and the reabsorption of these quanta by another charged particle.

This force is extremely powerful compared to gravity and explains the underlying mechanisms from lasers to radios, from atoms to metals.

Weak force

Weak nuclear force or interaction is responsible for the decay of a neutron into a proton, an electron, and an antineutrino.

Strong force

The overarching force between the forces of protons and neutrons. Usually associated with quarks rather than leptons.

Symmetry

Because of the matter/anti-matter asymmetry problem in the Big Bang model many naturalists have tried to find holes of asymmetry in the Standard Model. Thusfar all attempts have failed to find any large asymmetries that could resolve their problem and this research has only further solidified the Standard Model of particle physics. Below is a collection of these failed attempts

Electron Smoothness

Virtual Particles have been proposed. If they existed then they predict electrons would have a slight positive charge on one end and a slight negative charge on the other. The positive and negative charges would give the electron an electric dipole moment (EDM) that would give a magnetic field the ability to twist the electron. The Standard Model predicts practically zero EDM, nearly a million times smaller than what current techniques can probe. The test checked if a magnetic field of sufficient strength could cause rotation therefore testing if the EDM existed and if the electron had a charge asymmetry. The test was consistent with no EDM.

External Links

• Combination of CDF and D0 Results on the Mass of the Top Quark by Tevatron Electroweak Working Group
• QUARKS in the 2005 Review of Particle Physics by S. Eidelman et al., Phys. Lett. B 592, 1 (2004) and 2005 partial update for the 2006 edition available on the PDG WWW pages (URL: http://pdg.lbl.gov/)