research-article

Characterizing the Security of the SMS Ecosystem with Public Gateways

Authors:

Bradley Reaves,

Patrick Traynor,

Kevin R. B. ButlerAuthors Info & Claims

ACM Transactions on Privacy and Security (TOPS), Volume 22, Issue 1

Article No.: 2, Pages 1 - 31

https://doi.org/10.1145/3268932

Published: 10 December 2018 Publication History

Abstract

Recent years have seen the Short Message Service (SMS) become a critical component of the security infrastructure, assisting with tasks including identity verification and second-factor authentication. At the same time, this messaging infrastructure has become dramatically more open and connected to public networks than ever before. However, the implications of this openness, the security practices of benign services, and the malicious misuse of this ecosystem are not well understood. In this article, we provide a comprehensive longitudinal study to answer these questions, analyzing over 900,000 text messages sent to public online SMS gateways over the course of 28 months. From this data, we uncover the geographical distribution of spam messages, study SMS as a transmission medium of malicious content, and find that changes in benign and malicious behaviors in the SMS ecosystem have been minimal during our collection period. The key takeaways of this research show many services sending sensitive security-based messages through an unencrypted medium, implementing low entropy solutions for one-use codes, and behaviors indicating that public gateways are primarily used for evading account creation policies that require verified phone numbers. This latter finding has significant implications for combating phone-verified account fraud and demonstrates that such evasion will continue to be difficult to detect and prevent.

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Cited By

Nahapetyan APrasad SChilds KOest ALadwig YKapravelos AReaves B(2024)On SMS Phishing Tactics and Infrastructure2024 IEEE Symposium on Security and Privacy (SP)10.1109/SP54263.2024.00169(1-16)Online publication date: 19-May-2024
https://doi.org/10.1109/SP54263.2024.00169
van Daalen Ovan Daalen O(2024)The Governance LandscapeFrom Encryption to Quantum Computing10.1007/978-94-6265-635-2_3(85-147)Online publication date: 1-Sep-2024
https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-6265-635-2_3
Bitsikas ESchnitzler TPöpper CRanganathan ACalandrino JTroncoso C(2023)Freaky Leaky SMSProceedings of the 32nd USENIX Conference on Security Symposium10.5555/3620237.3620358(2151-2168)Online publication date: 9-Aug-2023
https://dl.acm.org/doi/10.5555/3620237.3620358
Show More Cited By

Index Terms

Characterizing the Security of the SMS Ecosystem with Public Gateways
1. Security and privacy
  1. Network security
    1. Mobile and wireless security

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cover image ACM Transactions on Privacy and Security

ACM Transactions on Privacy and Security Volume 22, Issue 1

February 2019

226 pages

ISSN:2471-2566

EISSN:2471-2574

DOI:10.1145/3287762

Editor:
David Basin
ETH Zurich, Switzerland

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Copyright © 2018 ACM.

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Publication History

Published: 10 December 2018

Accepted: 01 August 2018

Revised: 01 June 2018

Received: 01 April 2017

Published in TOPS Volume 22, Issue 1

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Cited By

Nahapetyan APrasad SChilds KOest ALadwig YKapravelos AReaves B(2024)On SMS Phishing Tactics and Infrastructure2024 IEEE Symposium on Security and Privacy (SP)10.1109/SP54263.2024.00169(1-16)Online publication date: 19-May-2024
https://doi.org/10.1109/SP54263.2024.00169
van Daalen Ovan Daalen O(2024)The Governance LandscapeFrom Encryption to Quantum Computing10.1007/978-94-6265-635-2_3(85-147)Online publication date: 1-Sep-2024
https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-6265-635-2_3
Bitsikas ESchnitzler TPöpper CRanganathan ACalandrino JTroncoso C(2023)Freaky Leaky SMSProceedings of the 32nd USENIX Conference on Security Symposium10.5555/3620237.3620358(2151-2168)Online publication date: 9-Aug-2023
https://dl.acm.org/doi/10.5555/3620237.3620358
AbouGrad HChakhar SAbubahia A(2023)Decision Making by Applying Machine Learning Techniques to Mitigate Spam SMS AttacksKey Digital Trends in Artificial Intelligence and Robotics10.1007/978-3-031-30396-8_14(154-166)Online publication date: 17-Apr-2023
https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-30396-8_14
Wang JHu FZhou YLiu YZhang HLiu Zde Lara EMohomed INieh JBelding E(2020)BlueDoorProceedings of the 18th International Conference on Mobile Systems, Applications, and Services10.1145/3386901.3389025(286-298)Online publication date: 15-Jun-2020
https://dl.acm.org/doi/10.1145/3386901.3389025

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