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s through the degrading ascendency of its nobility,—France, as the ally of Austria,—more than half the continent, took up arms against Frederic, who had no allies in the South, or East, or North, and in the West none but Hanover, with Hesse and Brunswick. And as for Spain, not even the offer from Pitt of the conditional restitution of Gibraltar, Pitt to Keene, 23 Aug., 1757. Chat. Corr., i. 249. and the evacuation of all English establishments on the Mosquito Shore and in the Bay of Hondu Fred. II., III. 132, 133. Here, said George the Second, on meeting the Duke, is my son, who has ruined me and disgraced himself. Voltaire advised Frederic to imitate Cumberland. If every string breaks, wrote Frederic to the Duke Ferdinand of Brunswick, throw yourself into Magdeburg. Situated as we are, we must persuade ourselves that one of us is worth four others. Morning dawned on new miseries; Épitre au Marquis d'argens, Oeuvres VII. 176, 178, 180. night came without a respite to his
Chapter 13: Conquest of the valley of the West.—William Pitt's ministry continued. 1757-1758. the Protestant nations compared Frederic to chap. XIII.} 1757. Gustavus Adolphus, as the defender of the Reformation and of freedom. With a vigor of hope like his own, Pitt, who, eight days before the battle of Rossbach, had authorized Frederic to place Ferdinand of Brunswick at the head of the English army on the continent, planned the conquest of the colonies of France. Consulted through the under secretaries, Franklin gave full advice on the conduct of the American war, criticised the measures proposed by others, and recommended and enforced the conquest of Canada. In the House of Commons, Lord George Sackville, a man perplexed in action and without sagacity in council, of unsound judgment yet questioning every judgment but his own, restless and opinionated, made the apology of Loudoun. Nothing is done, nothing attempted, said Pitt with vehement asperity. We have lost
the attention of all Europe, till at length it became universally the subject of leading interest. To give completeness to this branch of my inquiries, in so far as Great Britain was concerned either as a party or an observer, the necessary documents, after the most thorough and extensive search, were selected from the Correspondence with Ministers, Agents, and others in France, Spain, Holland, Russia, Austria, Prussia, and several of the smaller German Courts, especially Hesse Cassel and Brunswick. The volumes examined for this purpose were very numerous, and the copies for my use reach to all questions directly or indirectly affecting America; to alliances, treaties of subsidy, mediations, and war and peace. The relations of France to America were of paramount importance. I requested of Mr. Guizot, then the Minister, authority to study them in the French Archives. You shall see every thing that we have, was his instant answer, enhancing his consent by the manner in which it w
xteenth Burke brought forward a bill for composing the existing troubles, by formally renouncing the pretension to an American revenue. If we are to have no peace, replied Germain, unless we give up the right of taxation, the contest is brought to its fair issue. I trust we shall draw a revenue from America; the spirit of this country will go along with me in the idea to crush rebellious resistance. As he said this, the orders were already on the way to hire troops of the roytelets of Brunswick and Hesse Cassel, and in defiance of the laws of the empire to raise four thousand recruits in Germany; for if Germain was to crush the Americans, it could not be done by Englishmen. The ministry was the master of parliament, but not of the affections of the English people. Germain's appointment shows how little their sympathies were considered; the administration, as it was now constituted, was the weakest, the least principled, and the most unpopular of that century. The England that
rman princes. It was hoped that the duke of Brunswick, if well disposed, could supply at least thr so bad, that it required five days to reach Brunswick. Charles, the reigning duke, was at that English pay was the next subject in dispute: Brunswick demanded that it should begin three months bred to be the same that was agreed upon with Brunswick; but as it was to be paid for the officers aidy should be paid not as by the treaty with Brunswick in German crowns, but in crowns banco, which more persons than were in the service; with Brunswick, the price to be paid for the killed and wouuld all be ready. The first detachment from Brunswick did not sail from England till the fourth of the last day of February, the treaties with Brunswick and Hesse were considered in the house of coview: The landgrave of Hesse and the duke of Brunswick render Germany vile and dishonored in the eywhole number of men furnished in the war by Brunswick was equal to one twenty seventh part of Cha[2 more...]
oughts of God, present in man, creating harmony and unity, and leading toward higher culture. In his view, the class of nobles was become superfluous: the lights of the world were they who gave the clearest utterance to the divine ideas. He held it a folly for men of a republic to wish for a monarchy: Lessing's Works, XII. 398. the chief of a commonwealth, governing a free people by their free choice, has a halo that never surrounded a king. Though he was in the employ of the Duke of Brunswick, he loathed from his inmost soul the engagement of troops in a foreign war, either as volunteers or as sold by their prince. How came Othello, he asks, into the service of Venice? Had the Moor no country? Why did he let out his arm and blood to a foreign state? Minna von Barnhelm, act III. scene 7; and act IV. scene 6. He published to the German nation his opinion that the Americans are building in the new world the lodge of humanity, and he desired to write more, for, said he, the
etent prince, without self-reliance and without nobleness of nature, was haunted by the belief that his own position was obtained and could be preserved only by the influence of Great Britain; and from dynastic selfishness he followed the counsels of that power. Nor was his sense of honor so nice as to save him from asking and accepting pecuniary aid to quiet internal discontent. The chief personal counsellor of the stadholder Chap. XII.} 1778. was his former guardian, Prince Louis of Brunswick. No man could be less influenced by motives of morality or fidelity to the land in whose army he served, and he was always at the beck of the British ambassador at the Hague. The secretary Fagel was, like his ancestors, devoted to England. The grand pensionary, van Bleiswijck, had been the selection of Prince Louis. He was a weak politician, and inclined to England, but never meant to betray his country. Thus all the principal executive officers were attached to Great Britain; Princ
ople are a hospitable, kind, and warmhearted people, and if they should think enough of us to come to see us we will endeavor to give them as warm a reception as possible. The militia of New Hanover and Brunswick counties (N. C.) called out. The Wilmington (N. C.) Journal, of the 29th inst., has the following call upon the militia of that State: We are requested by Gen. Anderson, commander of coast defences, to state that he has called on the civil authorities of Hanover and Brunswick counties for the assembling of the militia of Brunswick county at Smithville; and of New Hanover at Wilmington, without delay. Every man is requested to bring such arms and ammunition as they can procure, and come quick. Absconded to the fleet. The Charleston Mercury says: A canoe boat, containing six contrabands, was seen to go off to the fleet from the neighborhood of Long Island, on Wednesday last. They were noticed going up the sides of one of the ships after the boat
they were during the first year that succeeded its occurrence.--The French say that they would have won it but for the folly or treachery of Grouchy; the Prussians say it would have been lost but for their opportune arrival at the critical moment, when Wellington was already beaten; the English, with a modesty truly national, claim all the credit for themselves, notwithstanding they were assisted by 75,000. Prussians and between 40,000 and 50,000 Belgians, Dutch, and Germans, of Hanover, Brunswick, and Nassau, while, according to their own account, they had less than 25,000 on the field. We will confine ourselves merely to this battle, without taking in the operations of the two preceding days, on the first of which Napoleon had defeated Blucher at Ligny, sending Grouchy in pursuit of him on the second, with orders to keep him constantly in sight. The 2d and 5th corps of the French army fought the battle. They numbered, as Napoleon tells us, upon the field that day 68,650 men