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Halifax (Canada) (search for this): chapter 3
ul compromises with the past, and unworthy concessions to the rulers of his day. Within the empire each separate prince became for his own dominions the highest overseer of the church of the reformation. In the reformed churches of France, which struggled into being in permanent conflict with prelates and kings, their constitution grew out of themselves, according to the teachings of Luther in his earlier days. It is the common principle on which Frenchmen first colonized what is now Nova Scotia and Florida; on which Englishmen and the Dutch planted the states that lie between Canada and the head of the Chesapeake; and it was strongly represented in the settlements further south. So Germany, which appropriated no territory in America, gave to the colonies of New Netherland and New England their laws of being. The holy empire which began with Roman caesarism had become in temporal power a shadow, in Chap. II.} spiritual power a subject. If Charles the Fifth had but accepted
Preussen (search for this): chapter 3
dged himself anew to the reformation by uniting to his possessions secularized Prussia. Between all whom one and the same renovating principle rules, inspires, annia. At the close of the thirty years war, Brandenburg had for its elector, Prussia for its duke, a prince by birth and education of the reformed church, trained e for the son of the Great Elector to crown himself on his own soil as king of Prussia. As the elector of Saxony had meantime renounced the reformation, to ride fororth, to the rank of an independent and hopeful monarchy. For America and for Prussia, it was the dawn of the new day. In the former, Protestantism took the lead insphere that Newcastle was forced to bend to William Pitt; and then England and Prussia, and the embryon United States,—Pitt, Frederic, and Washington,—worked togetheeen shaped if Pitt's ministry had continued, and the bonds between England and Prussia had been riveted by a common peace? But here, as everywhere, it is useless to
Weimar (Thuringia, Germany) (search for this): chapter 3
her as volunteers or as sold by their prince. How came Othello, he asks, into the service of Venice? Had the Moor no country? Why did he let out his arm and blood to a foreign state? Minna von Barnhelm, act III. scene 7; and act IV. scene 6. He published to the German nation his opinion that the Americans are building in the new world the lodge of humanity, and he desired to write more, for, said he, the people is consumed by hunger and thirst; but his prince commanded silence. At Weimar, in 1779, Herder, the first who vindicated for the songs of the people their place in the annals of human culture, published these words: The boldest, most godlike thoughts of the human mind, the most beautiful and greatest works, have been perfected in republics; not only in antiquity, but in medieval and more modern times, the best history, the best philosophy of humanity and government, is always republican; and the republic exerts its influence, not by direct intervention, but mediately
Nantes (France) (search for this): chapter 3
years war, Brandenburg had for its elector, Prussia for its duke, a prince by birth and education of the reformed church, trained in the republic of the Netherlands. In my rule, said the young man, on first receiving homage, I will always bear in mind that it is not my affair which I administer, but the affair of my people. Gelzer's Aufgaben, 2. Consciences, he owned, belong to God; no worldly potentate may force them. Pfleiderer's Leibnitz, 523. So when the revocation of the edict of Nantes, in October, 1685, drove out of France a half million of the best of the French nation, the noble company of exiles found a new country, partly with the Great Elector, and partly with the Protestant colonies in America. The same revolution of 1688, which excluded Papists from the throne of England, restored liberty to the colonies in America, and made it safe for the son of the Great Elector to crown himself on his own soil as king of Prussia. As the elector of Saxony had meantime renoun
Lutzen (Saxony-Anhalt, Germany) (search for this): chapter 3
n which Winthrop sailed into Boston harbor, Gustavus Adolphus was landing fifteen thousand men in Pomerania. The thoughts of Germany and of the new people of America ran together: one and the same element of life animated them all. The congregations of Massachusetts, too feeble to send succor to their European brethren, poured out their souls for them in prayer. From the free city of Nuremberg, Gustavus Adolphus, History of the United States, II. 284. just three weeks before his fall at Lutzen, recommended to Germans colonization in America as a blessing to the Protestant world. In pursuance of the design of the Swedish king, the chancellor Oxenstiern, in April, 1633, as we have seen, called on the German people te send from themselves emigrants to America. In December the upper four German circles confirmed the charter, and under its sanction a Protestant colony was planted on the Delaware. What monument has Wallenstein left like this on the Delaware to Gustavus? The thirty
Saxony (Saxony, Germany) (search for this): chapter 3
hland leider keine bessere Macht als die der Fursten. that he is there not for himself, but for the land and people. The hopes of the reformers first rested on Saxony. But one of its electors refused the imperial crown; another betrayed the reformation through fears of ill-directed progress; a third, by further concessions to ored liberty to the colonies in America, and made it safe for the son of the Great Elector to crown himself on his own soil as king of Prussia. As the elector of Saxony had meantime renounced the reformation, to ride for a few stormy years on the restless waves of Polish anarchy, Leibnitz could say with truth: The elector of Branconsistent, was Goethe. Of plebeian descent, by birth a republican, born like Luther in the heart of Germany, educated like Leibnitz in the central university of Saxony, when seven years old he and his father's house were partisans of Frederic, and rejoiced in his victories as the victories of the German nation. Goethe, Aus me
Konigsberg in Bayern (Bavaria, Germany) (search for this): chapter 3
free rural classes to the condition of adscripts to the glebe. It went better with the mechanic arts and with trade. In the troubled centuries when there was no safety for merchants and artisans but in their own courage and union, free cities rose up along the Rhine and the Danube in such numbers that the hum of business could be heard from the one to the other. On the sea free towns leagued together from Flanders to the Gulf of Finland,—renewing Dantzic; carrying colonies to Elbing, Konigsberg, and Memel, to Riga and Reval; stretching into the interior so as to include Gottingen, Erfurt, and Magdeburg, Breslau, and Cracow; having marts alike in London and Novgorod; shaping their constitutions after the great house of merchants of Lubeck, till the consolidated union of nearly eighty cities became the first mari- Chap. II.} time power in the commercial world. As in England, Simon de Montfort created a place for the representation of the boroughs in parliament, so free imperia
Riga (Russia) (search for this): chapter 3
the condition of adscripts to the glebe. It went better with the mechanic arts and with trade. In the troubled centuries when there was no safety for merchants and artisans but in their own courage and union, free cities rose up along the Rhine and the Danube in such numbers that the hum of business could be heard from the one to the other. On the sea free towns leagued together from Flanders to the Gulf of Finland,—renewing Dantzic; carrying colonies to Elbing, Konigsberg, and Memel, to Riga and Reval; stretching into the interior so as to include Gottingen, Erfurt, and Magdeburg, Breslau, and Cracow; having marts alike in London and Novgorod; shaping their constitutions after the great house of merchants of Lubeck, till the consolidated union of nearly eighty cities became the first mari- Chap. II.} time power in the commercial world. As in England, Simon de Montfort created a place for the representation of the boroughs in parliament, so free imperial cities had benches in
Boston Harbor (Massachusetts, United States) (search for this): chapter 3
al success. With the constitution of Plymouth, which was signed in Cape Cod harbor, it triumphed in New England in the same month in which it was struck down on the White Mountain of Bohemia. The year in which the Catholic reaction crushed the municipal liberties of Protestant Rochelle, the reformation was rescued in Germany by the relief of Stralsund, and extended in America by the planting of a regular government Chap. II.} in Massachusetts. The day on which Winthrop sailed into Boston harbor, Gustavus Adolphus was landing fifteen thousand men in Pomerania. The thoughts of Germany and of the new people of America ran together: one and the same element of life animated them all. The congregations of Massachusetts, too feeble to send succor to their European brethren, poured out their souls for them in prayer. From the free city of Nuremberg, Gustavus Adolphus, History of the United States, II. 284. just three weeks before his fall at Lutzen, recommended to Germans coloniz
St. Peter (Minnesota, United States) (search for this): chapter 3
tive head of the church to the city of Rome, and on Christmas eve of the year 800, which then was the eve of the new year and the new century, in the basilica of St. Peter, with an acclaiming congregation, who were present to represent all western Christendom, he was crowned by his client the pope as emperor of Rome and of the worlches Jahrbuch fur 1865, 364. The old Roman emperor was the highest pontiff: with the charge of universal monarchy, Charlemagne, who held the keys of the grave of St. Peter, took to himself the supreme direction of the church. Von Sybel, Deutsche Nation und das Kaiserreich, 60. Villemain, Histoire de Gregoire VII., un maitre quigences and promises of pardon here and beyond the grave. In a decretal of the ninth of November, 1518, Pope Leo the Tenth affirmed his power as the successor of St. Peter and the vicar of Christ to remit the sins alike of the living and of the dead. Decretal of 9 Nov., 1518, on remission of suins. In German in Walch's Luther's
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