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Knight's Mechanical Encyclopedia (ed. Knight), R. (search)
them out so as to assume a direction longitudinal of the bar, some extraneous matters being also removed in the operation. In the year 1783, Henry Cort, of Gosport, England, received an English patent for the rolling of iron, as a substitute for hammering. During the following year he patented the puddling process. Cort is the greatest name on record in the History of iron. Plain rolls for reducing metal were in use before Cort's invention, and are mentioned in Dr. Johnson's Tour, 1774:— We then saw a brass works, where the lapis calaminaris is gathered, broken, washed from the earth, and the lead (though how the lead was separated I did not see) then calcined, afterward ground fine and then mixed by fire with copper. We saw several strong fires with melting-pots, but the construction of the fireplaces I did not learn. At a copper works, which receives its pigs of copper, I think, from Warrington, we saw a plate of copper put hot between steel rollers and spread thin.
Knight's Mechanical Encyclopedia (ed. Knight), S. (search)
un off by a descending pipe if an off-let could be got at a depth of 30 or 35 feet. Boulton, the partner of Watt, who, by business tact and sterling sense, smoothed the asperities of the road for his studious and previously desponding friend, was proud of his vocation, and is described by Boswell as an iron chieftain, with 700 work-people, and the father of his tribe. The works of Boulton — afterward Boulton and Watt — were established in Birmingham, 1764. Steamengines were made there in 1774. The first trial of the Watt engine took place in Cornwall under the inventor's supervision. The sea had broken into a copper-mine in that county, and the owners were unable to cope with the waters. Boulton, with his accustomed enterprise, announced that he had an engine which would retrieve the disaster. To back his own statements, he offered to supply the engine for a royalty of one third of the proved saving of coal as compared with the Newcomen engine. The offer was accepted. Watt
Knight's Mechanical Encyclopedia (ed. Knight), U. (search)
ss, that to be dry from head to foot, on the like occasion, he shall be welcome to the maid's pattens. Gay mentions the umbrella as early as 1712, in his poem of Travia, in which he says :— The tucked — up seamstress walks with hasty strides, While streams run down her oiled umbrella's sides. Mr J. Jamieson, a Scottish surgeon, brought with him from Paris, in 1781, an umbrella, which was the first seen in Glasgow, where he resided, and where it attracted universal attention. About 1774, umbrilloes were mentioned as being used in Boston. They were large, blue, with a ferrule like a small pagoda, and wood enough in the handle for a harpoon-stock. In the manufacture of umbrellas and parasols, the system of the division of labor is carried to a high degree of perfection, enabling the commoner qualities to be produced exceedingly cheap. In preparing an ordinary umbrella-stick, it passes through 19 separate processes or movements; each of the ribs requires 13 distinct mani
C. Edwards Lester, Life and public services of Charles Sumner: Born Jan. 6, 1811. Died March 11, 1874., Section Fifth: Senatorial career. (search)
her authority; but it may receive curious illustration from the ancient records of the common law, so familiar and dear to the framers of the Constitution. It is said by Mr. Burke, in his magnificent speech on Conciliation with America, that nearly as many of Blackstone's Commentaries were sold in America as in England, carrying thither the knowledge of those vital principles of Freedom, which were the boast of the British Constitution. Imbued by these, the earliest Continental Congress, in 1774, declared, That the respective Colonies are entitled to the common law of England, and especially to the great and inestimable privilege of being tried by their peers of the vicinage according to the course of that law. Thus, amidst the troubles which heralded the Revolution, the common law was claimed by our fathers as a birthright. Now, on principle and authority, a claim for the delivery of a fugitive slave is a suit at common law, and is embraced naturally and necessarily in this clas
C. Edwards Lester, Life and public services of Charles Sumner: Born Jan. 6, 1811. Died March 11, 1874., Xvi. (search)
her authority; but it may receive curious illustration from the ancient records of the common law, so familiar and dear to the framers of the Constitution. It is said by Mr. Burke, in his magnificent speech on Conciliation with America, that nearly as many of Blackstone's Commentaries were sold in America as in England, carrying thither the knowledge of those vital principles of Freedom, which were the boast of the British Constitution. Imbued by these, the earliest Continental Congress, in 1774, declared, That the respective Colonies are entitled to the common law of England, and especially to the great and inestimable privilege of being tried by their peers of the vicinage according to the course of that law. Thus, amidst the troubles which heralded the Revolution, the common law was claimed by our fathers as a birthright. Now, on principle and authority, a claim for the delivery of a fugitive slave is a suit at common law, and is embraced naturally and necessarily in this clas
The Cambridge of eighteen hundred and ninety-six: a picture of the city and its industries fifty years after its incorporation (ed. Arthur Gilman), Cambridge town, 1750-1846. (search)
for the annual payment of their proportion of the charges of maintaining public worship in the parish, so long as they should attend worship there. The threat to these Charlestown people of being permanently attached to Cambridge, unless they should settle with the treasurer of the First Parish, apparently served its purpose, and this district remained a part of Charlestown. The compromise with the inhabitants south of the river resulted in a truce, which lasted for sixteen years, but in 1774 they renewed their efforts for separation. The General Court, to which the petition was presented, was adjourned by General Gage to Salem before it was considered, and there is no reason to suppose that action could have been had upon it during the excitement of the brief session at that place. In 1778, a new petition to the same effect was presented. This was met by a counter-petition presented by families living on the south side of the river, within easy distance of the First Parish C
Francis Jackson Garrison, William Lloyd Garrison, 1805-1879; the story of his life told by his children: volume 2, Chapter 3: the Clerical appeal.—1837. (search)
ollen, p. 471; and biographies by John Windt and Amos Gilbert). and Abner Kneeland, An orthodox clergyman of Massachusetts, who became a rationalist by way of Universalism. In 1832 he founded the Boston Investigator. His trial and imprisonment for blasphemy in 1834-1838 are famous in the history of church and state in this country—a disgrace to the Commonwealth of Massachusetts and a proof of the corruption of modern Christianity, Mr. Garrison termed it (Lib. 8.107). Kneeland was born in 1774, and died in 1844. should they declare for abolition. He was willing to act with all those who hold to the fundamentals of Christianity. Good men say, We are abolitionists, and would go with you most heartily if your lecturers and writers did not attack the Sabbath, and the Christian ministry and the churches, and all civil and family government . . . . We are not willing, for the sake of killing the rats, to burn down the house with all it contains. Mr. Woodbury would not therefore deser
Francis Jackson Garrison, William Lloyd Garrison, 1805-1879; the story of his life told by his children: volume 2, Index to volumes I. And II. (search)
h, Cyrus Moses [b. Plainfield, Conn., Feb. 8, 1820; d. Sunnyside, Pa., Mar. 7, 1855], at N. Y. anniversary, 2.348, at Groton Convention, 421. Burleigh, Rinaldo [1774-1863], 1.476. Burnet, J., Rev., at World's Convention, 2.370, 372. Burns, Anthony, 2.20. Burr, Aaron [1756-1836], A. S. vote in N. Y., 1.275; interview witht, Anne, co-worker with Cropper, 2.367; sits to Haydon, 390.—Letter to Mrs. Chapman, 2.367. Krum, John M., Mayor of Alton, 2.185, 187. Laborde, Alexandre de [1774-1842], 2.82. Ladd, William [1778-1841], career, and G.'s judgment of him, 1.113, 273; colonizationist, 297; presides over friends of peace, 2.222, on conservati; d. Clear Lake, Porter Co., Ind., Dec. 29, 1850], founds Philanthropist, 1.88, Southern experience of slavery, 306. Osgood, S. S., 2.68. Osgood, Samuel, Rev. [1774-1862], at Springfield Convention, 2.419, at Chardon St., 425-427. Otis, Harrison Gray [1765-1848], career, 1.498; public estimation, 498, 514; opposes Missouri
Cambridge History of American Literature: volume 1, Colonial and Revolutionary Literature: Early National Literature: Part I (ed. Trent, William Peterfield, 1862-1939., Erskine, John, 1879-1951., Sherman, Stuart Pratt, 1881-1926., Van Doren, Carl, 1885-1950.), Chapter 2: the historians, 1607-1783 (search)
ve home rule without renouncing the name British. He was opposed in principle to the Stamp Act, but disapproved of the violence with which it was received. A Boston mob, angered by false reports against him, wrecked his house, destroyed his furniture, and scattered his books and papers through the streets. The assembly paid him for the property loss, but he never recovered the good will of Boston. He tried to reconcile king and colony, but neither was in a mood to be reconciled. Early in 1774 he went to England, giving place to General Gage. He was well received, and the king allowed him a handsome pension, while Oxford conferred upon him the degree of Doctor Civilis Juris. But as the months passed and the war became inevitable, Hutchinson's pleas for peace made him unpopular. King, ministers, and society generally were for punishing the disobedient colonies. The protests of the exiled governor became weaker and weaker, and he finally retired from public notice. With his famil
Cambridge History of American Literature: volume 1, Colonial and Revolutionary Literature: Early National Literature: Part I (ed. Trent, William Peterfield, 1862-1939., Erskine, John, 1879-1951., Sherman, Stuart Pratt, 1881-1926., Van Doren, Carl, 1885-1950.), Chapter 6: Franklin (search)
was in France again for a month in 1769. His pen in these years was employed mainly in correspondence and in communications to the newspapers, in which he pointedly set forth the causes which threatened a permanent breach between the mother country and the colonies. In 1773 he published in The Gentleman's magazine two little masterpieces of irony which Swift might have been pleased to sign: An edict by the King of Prussia and Rules by which a great Empire may be reduced to a small one. In 1774, in consequence of his activity in exposing Governor Hutchinson's proposals for the military intimidation of Massachusetts, Franklin was subjected before the Privy Council to virulent and scurrilous abuse from Attorney-General Wedderburn. This onslaught it was, accentuated by his dismissal from the office of postmaster-general, which began to curdle in Franklin his sincere long-cherished hope of an ultimate reconciliation. It is a curiously ominous coincidence that in this year of his great
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