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Knight's Mechanical Encyclopedia (ed. Knight), D. (search)
h in the time of Homer (900 B. C.) were colored. Purple habits were given to Gideon by the Israelites from the spoils of the kings of Midian. Achan secreted a Babylonish garment, and suffered for it. Plutarch says that when Alexander took Susa, the Greeks took from the royal treasury purple stuffs to the value of 5,000 talents (1 talent $860 × 5,000 = $4,300,000), which still retained their beauty, though they had lain there 190 years. Prussian blue was discovered by Diesbach, at Berlin, 1710; aniline, in 1826, by Unverdorben. In 1856, Perkin, experimenting with aniline, treated it with bichromate of potassa, and obtained mauve. Arsenic tried as a substitute for bichromate of potassa produced magenta; blue, green, violet, and other colors were subsequently produced. （Hat-making.) Hats (black) are dyed in a solution of sulphate of iron, verdigris, and logwood, at a temperature of 180° F. They are alternately dipped and aired, the process being repeated perhaps a dozen times.
Knight's Mechanical Encyclopedia (ed. Knight), F. (search)
the machine to the present modern form of hand-engine. The brothers Van der Heyden appear to have been the inventors of the leathern hose in detachable sections. In 1699, a patent was granted in France to Duperrier for a pompe portative for extinguishing fires; to this Perrault added the air-chamber. Papin also adopted it. Hooks and fire-ladders must be assumed to have been long in use, but come into historic notice about this time. Fire-plugs were laid down in the streets of London in 1710; previous to that time the water was carried in buckets and poured into the fire-engine reservoirs. Much attention was drawn to the matter of fireengines by the disastrous fire of London in 1666, and an act of Common Council was passed shortly after the event, compelling parishes and incorporated companies to maintain an efficient supply of buckets, hand-squirts, and fire-engines. If we may judge by the description in Clare's Motion of fluids, 1735, some of the features of the Continent
Knight's Mechanical Encyclopedia (ed. Knight), M. (search)
he exterior lens is placed in a hole through the shutter of a darkened room, and the mirror is adjustable so that it may receive the sun's rays under a proper angle to be reflected to the lenses. The object is here supposed to be transparent; if it is opaque, it must be so illuminated that the rays reflected by it shall pass directly to the interior lens. The theory of the solar microscope is said to have been invented by Dr. Hooke, and was described by Professor Balthasaurs in Erlange in 1710; but its practical execution is due to Dr. Lieberkuhn in Berlin, who made the first successful apparatus in 1740. It is founded on the same principle as the camera obscura, only in place of causing the lens or lenses to form inside of the apparatus a small image of large exterior objects, as is the case with the camera obscura, on the contrary, in the solar microscope, the lens or lenses form outside of the apparatus a large image of small objects placed inside the apparatus. When the obj
Knight's Mechanical Encyclopedia (ed. Knight), P. (search)
d from linen rags, the produce of the old clothes of the vicinity, and native rags long continued to be the chief source from which American paper was derived. In 1710 another paper-mill — the second in America — was erected at Crefeld, now forming part of Germantown, by William De Wees, a connection of the Rittenhouse family. Iread on the pipe. A stopcock on the branch pipe is reached by a turn-key introduced at an opening in the pavement. Fire-plugs were first laid down in London in 1710. London was first supplied with water by leaden pipes in 1237. The water was brought from the Springs of Tyburn, a district long since included in the city, — no5, by Louis XIV.; at Vincennes, 1740; removed to Sevres, 1786. The Meissen, Saxony, porcelain manufactory was established by Augustus II., Elector of Saxony, in 1710. Botticher invented the hard paste in 1706; the red ware like jasper, in 1711: white porcelain, in 1709; the perfect, white kind, in 1715. He died in 1719. Hero<
Knight's Mechanical Encyclopedia (ed. Knight), Q. (search)
istern, for the purpose of removing it in successive rondles or disks, instead of allowing it to congeal into a solid mass. Rose-copper is thus removed from the crucible of the refining-hearth, the disks being known as rosettes. Quench′ing–tub. （Blacksmithing.) The vessel in which the heated iron or steel from the forge is plunged, in order to cool or temper it. Quern. A hand-mill of the ancient pattern. See grinding-mill A Roman quern dug up in Yorkshire, England, about 1710, was found to be 20 inches in diameter. One stone was somewhat dished, and the other slightly conical. The face had a dress of notches. Quick–match. Cotton-wick is boiled in saltpeter and rain-water for 1 hour, alcohol is added to the mixture while warm, and it is simmered for 15 minutes. Mealed powder is then added, and the whole left for 24 hours. The cotton-wick is wound on a reel, and mealed powder sifted over it. It is then dried. Quick–re-turn′ Gear′ing. （Planin
Knight's Mechanical Encyclopedia (ed. Knight), S. (search)
n reverted to a cousin, who became Sir Thomas Lombe, whose name is also creditably associated with the pursuit of the enterprise. Silk from spiders was spun, in 1710, by Bonn, a Frenchman, who manufactured with this material both stockings and gloves. He estimated 12 house-spiders = 1 silk-worm. The Arachnidae have engaged worked by itself. With the exception of Smeaton's improvements in details, the Newcomen engine remained in the state to which its inventor had brought it, from 1710 to 1764, about which time Watt appeared. Desaguliers' steam-engine, invented about 1716, was substantially similar to Savery's. The steam pressed directly upon er and bolts, whereby the packing may be screwed down. The invention of Sir Samuel Morland, an experimenter who lived in the interval between Newcomen and Watt, 1710-1761. Two notable instances are: — Around the piston-rod where it passes through the cylinder-cover; and Around the screw-shaft of a steam-vessel where it
Knight's Mechanical Encyclopedia (ed. Knight), W. (search)
a coal-seam. Win′now-ing-ma-chine′. More often called a fanning-mill by those who use it, in this country. A machine in which grain, accompanied by chaff, dirt, cheat, cockle, grass-seeds, dust, straw, and other foul, either or all, is subjected to a shaking action on riddles and sieves in succession, the while an artificial blast of wind is driven against it on and through the sieves, and as it falls from one to another. We derive it from Britain, which obtained it from Holland in 1710. It was introduced into Scotland by Meikle, the father of that Meikle who invented thrashing-machines. The English word is derived from the idea of making an artificial blast by means of a fan; and the specific mechanical purpose is to separate grain from chaff by a blast of wind acting upon the latter, which is lighter than the grain. The oldest representations that we have of the process of winnowing are in the Egyptian tombs, where men with scoops are throwing the grain up into the ai