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Macintosh

summary

    Macintosh OS X, 9, OS 8, OS 7, and OS 6 are desktop operating systems made by Apple Computer that run on Motorola/IBM PowerPC and Motorola 680x0.

• further reading: books on Macintosh

see also:

• System X
• System X Server
• Rhapsody
• System 9-9.2
• System 8.0-8.6
• System 7.0-7.6
• System 1.0-6.0.8

    “After two decades of supplying boring beige boxes, PC makers have begun to add a bit of color and style to their lines, following the runaway success of Apple’s iMac line, a candy-colored machine designed for consumers that was not simply a repackaged business box. Industrial design isn’t the only selling point. A fundamental shift in computing has occurred. For business users and consumers alike, what matters is being connected to the Web, not the raw processing power of the desktop computer. The most intriguing new technologies aren’t spreadsheets or word-processing programs, or the latest updates to Windows. Digital photography, digital music, desktop video editing, and high speed internet access are where the action is. A top-flight desktop computer or notebook is nice to have, but what makes that technology really rock is all the gear that goes with it. Computer manufacturers have altered their product lines in recognition of that trend. Apple’s top-end consumer model, the iMac DV Special Edition, comes with a stellar sound system, high-speed FireWire ports for transferring video, and the company’s iMovie software for editing movies. The most expensive notebook models now rival desktop machines for speed and versatility. Except for Apple’s eye-catching iBook, however, most notebooks are designed for business users.” —Fortune Technology Guide^m2

Kind of OS: proprietary

Release Date:

Current Version: 9.2 and X (10.1) NOTE: Mac OS X is not the same as traditional Macintosh, lacking the famous ease of use

Cost: System X: $129; System 7.6 through 9: $99; System 7.5.5 and earlier: free

Maximum Number of Processors: 4^e114

Number of bits: 32

Kernel: proprietary for Mac OS 9 and earlier; BSD UNIX (MACH microkernel) for Mac OS X

POSIX: not supported by Mac OS 9 and earlier: supported by Mac OS X

Peripherals: “all current Mac hardware, some graphics equipment, and some PC PCI cards” —Kristian Elof Sørensen^w36

File Systems Supported: HFS+, HFS, MFS (dropped in Mac OS 9), Pro-DOS, FAT, FAT32, VFAT, SMB, ISO 9660, hybrid, CD-i, Video CD, Enhanced CD, Kodak PhotoDisk, audio CD, DVD-Video, DVD-ROM, DVD-R, DVD-R/W, DVD-RAM

Other Systems Emulated: PowerPC only: MS-DOS (with third party Virtual PC), Windows 3.1 (with third party Virtual PC), Windows 95 (with third party Virtual PC or SoftWindows95), Windows 98 (with third party Virtual PC or SoftWindows98), Windows ME (with third party Virtual PC), Windows NT (with third party Virtual PC), Windows 2000 (with third party Virtual PC), Windows XP (with third party Virtual PC), Red Hat Linux (with third party Virtual PC) — see related software

Graphics Engine: QuickDraw for Mac OS 9 and earlier; Quartz for Mac OS X

Text Command Shell: none (although AppleScript provides some text command line capabilities)

User Interface (graphic): Macintosh ToolBox for Mac OS 9 and earlier; Aqua for Mac OS X

Graphic Command Shell: Finder

    “On an innovative system like the Macintosh, programs don’t look quite the way they do on other systems. For example, instead of carrying out a sequence of steps in a predetermined order, your program is driven primarily by user actions (such as clicking and typing) whose order cannot be predicted.” —Inside Macintosh, Volume I, page I-4^b4a

click on the preview image for a larger version

screen shot courtesy of Pat Gunn’s Operating Systems^w59

other:

    “Macs have many advantages: ease of use, integration of OS and hardware, reliability, overall lower cost of ownership over the life of the machine, and, of course, style.” —Why Monopolies Are Bad, by Jeff Adkins^w77

     “That Macintosh computers have so many advantages over PCs running Windows 95 should come as no surprise. While Microsoft has spent years trying to imitate the interface and duplicate the features pioneered on the Macintosh in the 1980s, Apple has taken the Macintosh to the next generation of personal computing. This next generation of personal computing, based on RISC processors and component software, means that Macintosh computers bring you more advanced features than PCs running Windows 95, and that those features are easier to use on Macintosh systems.

    A 10-year head start is only one reason why Macintosh computers have the edge on PCs running Windows 95. The other reason is that Apple is the only major personal computer company to craft both the hardware and operating system software—together. That makes it easier for Macintosh users to start using new features.” — Apple Computer^w49

    After numerous requests for specific recommendations, OSdata.com now includes recommended systems for different kinds of content creation. See each individual web page for the recommendations for each field of content creation.

Ease of Use:

Ease of Use: The Macintosh iBook is easy enough for even a blonde model to use.

organization of Macintosh operating system

Inside Macintosh, Volume I, page I-10^b4b

    “The routines available for use in Macintosh programs are divided according to function, into what are in most cases called “managers” of the feature they support. … Most are part of either the Operating System or the User Interface Toolbox and are in the Macintosh ROM.
    “The Operating System is at the lowest level; it does basic tasks such as input and putput, memory management, and interrupt handling. The User Interface Toolbox is a level above the Operating System; it helps you implement the standard Macintosh user interface in your application. The Toolbox calls the Operating System to do low-level operations. …
    “RAM-based software is available as well. In most cases this software performs specialized operations (such as floating-point arithmetic) that aren’t integral to the user interface but may be useful to some applications.” —Inside Macintosh, Volume I, page I-9^b4b

    “The Macintosh User Interface Toolbox provides a simple means of constructing application programs that conform to the standard Macintosh user interface. By offering a common set of routines that every application calls to implement the user interface, the Toolbox not only ensures familiarity and consistency for the user but also helps reduce the application’s code size and development time. At the same time, it allows a great deal of flexibility: An application can use its own code instead of a Toolbox call wherever appropriate, and can define its own types of windows, menus, controls, and desk accessories.

    “Figure 2 [below] shows the various parts of the Toolbox in rough order of their relative level. There are many interconnections between these parts; the higher ones often call those at the lower levels.” —Inside Macintosh, Volume I, page I-9^b4b

    “To keep the data of an application separate from its code, making the data easier to modify and easier to share among applications, the [Macintosh User Interface] Toolbox includes the Resource Manager. The Resource Manager lets you, for example, store menus separetly from your code so that they can be edited or translated without requiring recompilation of the code. It also allows you to get standard data, such as the I-beam pointer for inserting text, from a shared system file. When you call other parts of the Toolbox that need access to the data, they call the Resource Manager. Although most applications never need to call the Resource Manager directly, an understanding of the concepts behind it is essential because they’re basic to so many other operations.” —Inside Macintosh, Volume I, page I-9^b4b

    “Graphics are an important part of every Macintosh application. All graphic operations on the Macintosh are performed by QuickDraw. To draw something on the screen, you’ll often call one of the other parts of the [Macintosh User Interface] Toolbox, but it will in turn call QuickDraw. You’ll also call QuickDraw directly, usually to draw inside a window, or just to set up constructs like rectangles that you’ll need when making other Toolbox calls. QuickDraw’s underlying concepts, like those of the Resource Manager, are important for you to understand.” —Inside Macintosh, Volume I, page I-11^b4b

    “Graphics include text as well as pictures. To draw text, QuickDraw calls the Font Manager, which does the background work necessary to make a variety of character fonts available in various sizes and styles. Unless your application includes a font menu, you need to know only a minimal amount about the Font Manager.” —Inside Macintosh, Volume I, page I-11^b4b

    “An application decides what to do from moment to moment by examining input from the user in the form of mouse and keyboard actions. It learns of such actions by repeatedly calling the Toolbox Event Manager (which in turn calls another, lower-level Event Manager in the Operating System). The Toolbox Event Manager also reports occurences within the application that may require a response, such as when a window that was overlapped becomes exposed and needs to be redrawn.” —Inside Macintosh, Volume I, page I-11^b4b

    “All information presented by a standard Macintosh application appears in windows. [NOTE: information also can appear in the menu bar and can be audio.] To create windows, activate them, move them, resize them, or close them, you’ll call the Window Manager It keeps track of overlapping windows, so you can manipulate windows without concern for how they overlap. For example, the Window Manager tells the Toolbox Event Manager when to inform your application that a window has to be redrawn. Also, when the user presses the mouse button, you call the Window Manager to learn which part of which window it was pressed in, or whether it was pressed in the menu bar or a desk accessory.” —Inside Macintosh, Volume I, page I-11^b4b

    “Any window may contain controls, such as buttons, check boxes, and scroll bars. You can create and manipulate controls with the Control Manager. When you learn from the Window Manager that the user pressed the mouse button inside a window containing controls, you call the Control Manager to find out which control it was pressed in, if any.” —Inside Macintosh, Volume I, page I-11^b4b

    “A common place for the user to press the mouse button is, of course, in the menu bar. You set up menus in the menu bar by calling the Menu Manager. When the user gives a commadn, either from a menu with the mouse or from the leyboard with the Command key, you call the Menu Manager to find out which command was given.” —Inside Macintosh, Volume I, page I-12^b4b

    “To accept text typed by the user and allow the standard editing capabilities, including cutting and pasting text within a document via the Clipboard, your application should call TextEdit. TextEdit also handles basic formatting sych as word wraparound and justification. You can use it just to display text if you like.” —Inside Macintosh, Volume I, page I-12^b4b

    “When an application needs more information from the user about a command, it presents a dialog box. In case of errors or potentially dangerous situations, it alerts the user with a box containing a message or with sound from the Macintosh’s speakers (or both). To create and present dialogs and alerts, and find out the user’s responses to them, you call the Dialog Manager.” —Inside Macintosh, Volume I, page I-12^b4b

    “Every Macintosh application should support the use of desk accessories. The user opens desk accessories through the Apple menu, which you set up by calling the Menu Manager. When you learn that the user has pressed the mouse button in a desk accessory, you pass that information on to the accessory by calling the Desk Manager. The Desk Manager also includes routines that you must call to ensure that desk accessories work properly.” —Inside Macintosh, Volume I, page I-11^b4b

    “You can use TextEdit to implement the standard text editing capability of cutting and pasting via the Clipboard in your application. To allow the use of the Clipboard for cutting and pasting text or graphics between your application and another application or a desk accessory, you need to call the Scrap Manager.” —Inside Macintosh, Volume I, page I-12^b4b

references

references within this web site

(for your convenience, look for this symbol marking passages about Macintosh)

•     Cost
•     Hardware Supported
•     Hardware-Software Integration
•     Installation and Set-up
•     File Systems Supported
•     Speed
•     Ease of Use
•     Release Date
•     Hardware (Physical) Layer of an Operating System
•     Memory
•     Memory Maps
•     Resource Manager
•     Cut and Paste
•     Graphics Engine
•     Font Management
•     User Interface
•     Event Management
•     Windows
•     Controls
•     Menus
•     TextEdit
•     Dialog Boxes
•     Alerts
•     Desk Accessories
•     System X
•     System X Server
•     Rhapsody
•     System 9
•     System 8
•     System 7
•     System 1.0-6.0.8
•     Music (includes list of professional musicians who use the Macintosh)

    After numerous requests for specific recommendations, OSdata.com now includes recommended systems for different kinds of content creation. See each individual web page for the recommendations for each field of content creation.

further reading: books: administration

    Universal Command Guide; by Guy Lotgering (UCG Team); Hungry Minds, Inc; April 2002; ISBN 0764548336; hardcover with CD-ROM; 1,600 pages; $69.99; cross references all of the commands from: AIX; Solaris; RedHat Linux; Berkeley BSD; NetWare 3.2, 4.11, 5, and 6; DOS 6.22; Windows 95, 98, ME, XP, NT 4 Workstation, NT 4 Server, NT 4 Terminal Server, 2000 Professional, 2000 Server, 2000 Advanced Server; Citrix Mainframe 1.8; and Mac 9

The Complete Guide to Netware 4.11/Intranetware; 2nd edition; by James E. Gaskin; Sybex; December 1996; ISBN 078211931X; paperback; $47.99; includes information on getting NetWare working with Windows, Macintosh, UNIX, and OS/2

related hardware

related software

Virtual PC 3.0 with MS-DOS; Connectix; software that allows running MS-DOS software on a PowerPC Macintosh; $74.95

Virtual PC 3.0 with Windows 95; Connectix; software that allows running Windows 95 software on a PowerPC Macintosh; $144.95

Virtual PC 3.0 with Windows 98; Connectix; software that allows running Windows 98 software on a PowerPC Macintosh; $174.95

Virtual PC 3.0 with Red Hat Linux; Connectix; software that allows running Linux software on a PowerPC Macintosh; Linux preconfigured on a software emulation of a Pentium machine, so there is no reformatting of hard drives or installation of Linux; both the Macintosh and Linux running simultaneously on the same computer; $84.95

Virtual PC for Windows 2000; Connectix; software that allows running Windows 2000 software on a PowerPC Macintosh; $239.95

geek humor

    There are three types of computer users:

1. Those who use Macs
2. Those who wish they used Macs
3. Those who don’t know any better

    Its a Windows world, and Macintosh users are on the outside looking in…laughing their heads off at all the frozen computers, the anguished faces, the 911 calls to tech support…

    “The Atari 520 ST is a serious challenge to the Apple Macintosh and will open up a major fight in the personal computer market.” —1986 advertisement

commentary

support for older machines

    NOTE: Apple has decided that they are no longer going to support hardware more than one or two years old. The Macintosh is the computer of choice in academic settings because schools simply don’t have the budgets to replace their entire hardware every year or two (there are still more Apple IIs in use in schools than any other computer, with the Macintosh being second). The Macintosh used to be the only computer that had a useful lifespan of more than three years. Until recent Apple policies, the latest Macintosh operating system ran on every Macintosh made. If you disagree with this new Apple policy and believe that Apple should return to the previous policy of supporting their entire installed academic base of computers, please send a message to leadership@apple.com or .

1.1 MB QuickTime movie of Bill Gates explaining his criteria for selecting the best operating system.

    A web site on dozens of operating systems simply can’t be maintained by one person. This is a cooperative effort. If you spot an error in fact, grammar, syntax, or spelling, or a broken link, or have additional information, commentary, or constructive criticism, please e-mail Milo. If you have any extra copies of docs, manuals, or other materials that can assist in accuracy and completeness, please send them to Milo, PO Box 1361, Tustin, CA, USA, 92781.

    If you have an extra or unwanted copy of any official manuals or documentation on this operating system, please send them to: Milo, POB 1361, Tustin, CA 92781, USA. I have the following items: NONE.

    NOTE: I am looking for a fan of the Macintosh who has the time to check this web site for completeness and accuracy regarding the Macintosh. Just check through the site about once a week or so and report back with any information (including the URL of the web page you are reporting).

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    This web site handcrafted on Macintosh computers using Tom Bender’s Tex-Edit Plus and served using FreeBSD .

    †UNIX used as a generic term unless specifically used as a trademark (such as in the phrase “UNIX certified”). UNIX is a registered trademark in the United States and other countries, licensed exclusively through X/Open Company Ltd.

    Copyright © 1998, 1999, 2000, 2001, 2002, 2004 Milo

    Last Updated: March 31, 2004

    Created: June 22, 1998

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