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Zenit

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Zenit-2 Zenit pad at Baikonur Credit: Ukrainian Space Agency

Status: Active. Gross mass: 610 kg (1,340 lb). Height: 5.60 m (18.30 ft). Diameter: 0.42 m (1.37 ft). Apogee: 210 km (130 mi).

Zenit development began in March 1976 in accordance with the specifications of GUKOS-MO. The Chief designer was V F Utkin at KB Yuzhnoye, with V P Radovskiy at KB Energomash being responsible for the engines, V G Sergeyev at NPO Elektropribor being responsible for the guidance system.

Work on the Zenit launch complex began in 1978. Trials of the first stage began in 1982 after a long and difficult development of the first stage engines (see the entry for the Energia launch vehicle for details). The first Zenit pad was ready in December 1983. Although the facilities were ready, the launch vehicles was held up continuing first stage engine problems. Former cosmonaut Gherman Titov was in charge of the state commission overseeing the trials. A series of 11 trials launches finally began on April 13 1985 and extended over the next two years, lofting a series of experimental payloads. In the spring of 1987 the state commission accepted the system for military use. They found that the automated launch system worked well and reliably, and the basic booster was accepted together with the Tselina-2 satellite. However much work remained to be done - construction of a second launch complex at Baikonur, qualification of a third stage for one metric ton geostationary payloads, and construction of a third launch complex at Plesetsk for launch of payloads into sun-synchronous and polar orbits.

The collapse of the Soviet Union a few years later ended these plans. The pads at Plesetsk were never completed. A three-stage version of Zenit did fly, but as a commercial vehicle from the Boeing Launch platform in the Pacific Ocean.

Zenit-2 Ukrainian orbital launch vehicle. Two-stage version that continued to be used for launch of Russian military satellites tailored to it after the fall of the Soviet Union.

Zenit-3SL Ukrainian orbital launch vehicle. From the beginning of the program a Zenit-3 version was proposed for geosynchronous launches using the N1/Proton Block D third stage. This had the potential of replacing the Proton in the role of geosynchronous launcher. It was considered for launch from Australia / Cape York in the 1980's. Finally a joint US-Norwegian-Ukrainian-Russian consortium was formed to launch the three stage commercial Zenit from the Odyssey floating launch platform in the Pacific Ocean.

Zenit-3SLB Ukrainian orbital launch vehicle. Version of the Zenit-3SL modified for launch from existing ground facilities at Baikonur, using the common Zenit-2SB core vehicle with an upper stage Block DM-SLB designed by RSC Energia (Russia) and a new payload fairing designed by NPO Lavochkin (Russia).

Photo Gallery

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Zenit reconsat Zenit reconnaissance satellite Credit: RKK Energia

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Zenit 2 Reconnsat Credit: © Mark Wade

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Zenit-4M Credit: © Mark Wade

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Zenit-4 Credit: © Mark Wade

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Zenit-2 Credit: © Mark Wade

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Zenit-6 Credit: © Mark Wade

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Zenit LV Credit: © Mark Wade

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• Zenit launch vehicle authorised. - . Nation: Russia. Central Committee of the Communist Party and Council of Soviet Ministers Decree 'On the Creation of a Universal Space Missile Complex 11K77 'Zenit'--approval of work on the Zenit launcher' was issued..

• R&D suborbital Zenit launch vehicle test failure - . Nation: Russia. Agency: UNKS.

• Zenit launch vehicle test - . Payload: Mass Model. Nation: Russia. Agency: VKS. Program: Tselina. Decay Date: 1985-06-28 . USAF Sat Cat: 15842 . COSPAR: 1985-053A. Apogee: 338 km (210 mi). Perigee: 197 km (122 mi). Inclination: 64.40 deg. Period: 89.90 min. Intended to be suborbital, but some debris reached orbit. Rocket debris decayed by 6/28/85..

• Cosmos 1697 - . Payload: Tselina-2 no. 3 (Mass Model). Mass: 6,000 kg (13,200 lb). Nation: Russia. Agency: MO. Program: Tselina. Class: Surveillance. Type: SIGINT. Spacecraft: Tselina-2. USAF Sat Cat: 16181 . COSPAR: 1985-097A. Apogee: 853 km (530 mi). Perigee: 843 km (523 mi). Inclination: 71.00 deg. Period: 101.90 min. First launch of new Tselina-2 ELINT satellite on Zenit-2 launch vehicle..

• Cosmos 1714 - . Payload: Tselina-2 no. 4. Mass: 6,000 kg (13,200 lb). Nation: Russia. Agency: MO. Program: Tselina. Class: Surveillance. Type: SIGINT. Spacecraft: Tselina-2. Decay Date: 1986-02-27 . USAF Sat Cat: 16434 . COSPAR: 1985-121A. Apogee: 850 km (520 mi). Perigee: 160 km (90 mi). Inclination: 71.00 deg. Period: 94.70 min. Tselina-2 ELINT satellite placed in unusable orbit due to second stage failure..

• Cosmos 1767 - . Payload: Mass Model. Mass: 15,000 kg (33,000 lb). Nation: Russia. Agency: MO. Class: Surveillance. Type: SIGINT. Spacecraft: Tselina-2. Decay Date: 1986-08-16 . USAF Sat Cat: 16883 . COSPAR: 1986-056A. Apogee: 205 km (127 mi). Perigee: 194 km (120 mi). Inclination: 64.90 deg. Period: 88.50 min. Instrumented Tselina-2 mock-up, with mass to test maximum payload capacity of Zenit launch vehicle. Officially: Investigation of the upper atmosphere and outer space..

• Cosmos 1786 - . Mass: 15,000 kg (33,000 lb). Nation: Russia. Agency: MO. Class: Surveillance. Type: Radar calibration target. Spacecraft: Koltso. Decay Date: 1988-03-06 . USAF Sat Cat: 17042 . COSPAR: 1986-080A. Apogee: 1,054 km (654 mi). Perigee: 149 km (92 mi). Inclination: 64.80 deg. Period: 96.70 min. Radar calibration mission..

• GVM - . Payload: Orlets-2 Mass Model. Mass: 14,000 kg (30,000 lb). Nation: Russia. Agency: MO. Program: Orlets. Spacecraft Bus: Yantar. Spacecraft: Orlets-2. Decay Date: 1988-04-08 . USAF Sat Cat: 17043 . COSPAR: 1986-080B. Apogee: 2,501 km (1,554 mi). Perigee: 185 km (114 mi). Inclination: 64.80 deg. Period: 112.53 min. Mass model of Orlets-2 reconnaissance satellite..

• Cosmos 1820 - . Payload: Orlets-2 Mass Model. Mass: 15,000 kg (33,000 lb). Nation: Russia. Agency: MO. Program: Orlets. Spacecraft Bus: Yantar. Spacecraft: Orlets-2. Decay Date: 1987-03-06 . USAF Sat Cat: 17523 . COSPAR: 1987-016A. Apogee: 250 km (150 mi). Perigee: 178 km (110 mi). Inclination: 64.80 deg. Period: 88.80 min. Launch vehicle test. Mass model of Orlets-2 reconnaissance satellite..

• Cosmos 1833 - . Payload: Tselina-2 no. 5 (Mass Model). Mass: 6,000 kg (13,200 lb). Nation: Russia. Agency: MO. Program: Tselina. Class: Surveillance. Type: SIGINT. Spacecraft: Tselina-2. USAF Sat Cat: 17589 . COSPAR: 1987-027A. Apogee: 855 km (531 mi). Perigee: 845 km (525 mi). Inclination: 70.90 deg. Period: 101.90 min.

• Cosmos 1844 - . Payload: Tselina-2 no. 6. Mass: 6,000 kg (13,200 lb). Nation: Russia. Agency: MO. Program: Tselina. Class: Surveillance. Type: SIGINT. Spacecraft: Tselina-2. USAF Sat Cat: 17973 . COSPAR: 1987-041A. Apogee: 851 km (528 mi). Perigee: 844 km (524 mi). Inclination: 70.90 deg. Period: 101.90 min.

• Cosmos 1871 - . Payload: Uragan boilerplate or Orlets-2 Mass Model. Mass: 15,000 kg (33,000 lb). Nation: Russia. Agency: MO. Class: Manned. Type: Manned spaceplane. Spacecraft Bus: Spiral 50-50. Spacecraft: Uragan Space Interceptor. Duration: 9.00 days. Decay Date: 1987-08-10 . USAF Sat Cat: 18259 . COSPAR: 1987-065A. Apogee: 188 km (116 mi). Perigee: 168 km (104 mi). Inclination: 97.00 deg. Period: 88.10 min. Considered by some observors as possible spite test of Uragan space interceptor boilerplate mass model, just prior to project cancellation.
  Officially: Investigation of the upper atmosphere and outer space..

• Cosmos 1873 - . Payload: Uragan boilerplate or Orlets-2 Mass Model. Mass: 15,000 kg (33,000 lb). Nation: Russia. Agency: MO. Class: Manned. Type: Manned spaceplane. Spacecraft Bus: Spiral 50-50. Spacecraft: Uragan Space Interceptor. Duration: 16.00 days. Decay Date: 1987-09-14 . USAF Sat Cat: 18318 . COSPAR: 1987-071A. Apogee: 241 km (149 mi). Perigee: 175 km (108 mi). Inclination: 64.80 deg. Period: 88.70 min. Considered by some observors as possible spite test of Uragan space interceptor boilerplate mass model, just prior to project cancellation.
  Officially: Investigation of the upper atmosphere and outer space..

• Uragan spaceplane allegedly cancelled - . Nation: Russia. Spacecraft Bus: Spiral 50-50. Spacecraft: Uragan Space Interceptor.

  Uragan was said to have been cancelled before the first flight of the Buran shuttle. Possibly the cancellation of US Shuttle polar orbit military missions from Vandenberg after the Challenger explosion eliminated the space interceptor's mission. Or perhaps it never existed and was merely the subject of a very successful disinformation campaign. Adding even more confusion is that it is now known that at least two spaceplanes - Chelomei's LKS, for launch on Proton, and Molniya's OK-M, for launch on Zenit, were being designed concurrently with Buran. And the official history of the MiG OKB, states cryptically that after completion of the 105-11 flight tests development of the spaceplane continued....

• Cosmos 1943 - . Payload: Tselina-2 no. 7. Mass: 6,000 kg (13,200 lb). Nation: Russia. Agency: MO. Program: Tselina. Class: Surveillance. Type: SIGINT. Spacecraft: Tselina-2. USAF Sat Cat: 19119 . COSPAR: 1988-039A. Apogee: 851 km (528 mi). Perigee: 837 km (520 mi). Inclination: 71.00 deg. Period: 101.80 min.

• Cosmos 1980 - . Payload: Tselina-2 no. 8. Mass: 6,000 kg (13,200 lb). Nation: Russia. Agency: MO. Program: Tselina. Class: Surveillance. Type: SIGINT. Spacecraft: Tselina-2. USAF Sat Cat: 19649 . COSPAR: 1988-102A. Apogee: 849 km (527 mi). Perigee: 841 km (522 mi). Inclination: 71.00 deg. Period: 101.80 min.

• Cosmos 2082 - . Payload: Tselina-2 no. 9. Mass: 6,000 kg (13,200 lb). Nation: Russia. Agency: MO. Program: Tselina. Class: Surveillance. Type: SIGINT. Spacecraft: Tselina-2. USAF Sat Cat: 20624 . COSPAR: 1990-046A. Apogee: 857 km (532 mi). Perigee: 838 km (520 mi). Inclination: 71.00 deg. Period: 101.90 min.

• Tselina-2 - . Payload: Tselina-2 no. 10. Mass: 6,000 kg (13,200 lb). Nation: Russia. Agency: UNKS. Program: Tselina. Class: Surveillance. Type: SIGINT. Spacecraft: Tselina-2.

• Tselina-2 - . Payload: Tselina-2 no. 11. Mass: 6,000 kg (13,200 lb). Nation: Russia. Agency: UNKS. Program: Tselina. Class: Surveillance. Type: SIGINT. Spacecraft: Tselina-2.

• Tselina-2 - . Payload: Tselina-2 no. 12. Mass: 6,000 kg (13,200 lb). Nation: Russia. Agency: UNKS. Program: Tselina. Class: Surveillance. Type: SIGINT. Spacecraft: Tselina-2.

• Cosmos 2219 - . Payload: Tselina-2 no. 13. Mass: 6,000 kg (13,200 lb). Nation: Russia. Agency: MO. Program: Tselina. Class: Surveillance. Type: SIGINT. Spacecraft: Tselina-2. USAF Sat Cat: 22219 . COSPAR: 1992-076A. Apogee: 854 km (530 mi). Perigee: 845 km (525 mi). Inclination: 71.00 deg. Period: 101.90 min.

• Cosmos 2227 - . Payload: Tselina-2 no. 14. Mass: 6,000 kg (13,200 lb). Nation: Russia. Agency: MO. Program: Tselina. Class: Surveillance. Type: SIGINT. Spacecraft: Tselina-2. USAF Sat Cat: 22284 . COSPAR: 1992-093A. Apogee: 855 km (531 mi). Perigee: 845 km (525 mi). Inclination: 71.00 deg. Period: 101.90 min.

• Cosmos 2237 - . Payload: Tselina-2 no. 15. Mass: 6,000 kg (13,200 lb). Nation: Russia. Agency: MO. Program: Tselina. Class: Surveillance. Type: SIGINT. Spacecraft: Tselina-2. USAF Sat Cat: 22565 . COSPAR: 1993-016A. Apogee: 855 km (531 mi). Perigee: 847 km (526 mi). Inclination: 70.90 deg. Period: 102.00 min.

• Cosmos 2263 - . Payload: Tselina-2 no. 16. Mass: 6,000 kg (13,200 lb). Nation: Russia. Agency: MO. Program: Tselina. Class: Surveillance. Type: SIGINT. Spacecraft: Tselina-2. USAF Sat Cat: 22802 . COSPAR: 1993-059A. Apogee: 857 km (532 mi). Perigee: 845 km (525 mi). Inclination: 70.90 deg. Period: 102.00 min.

• Cosmos 2278 - . Payload: Tselina-2 no. 17. Mass: 6,000 kg (13,200 lb). Nation: Russia. Agency: MO. Program: Tselina. Class: Surveillance. Type: SIGINT. Spacecraft: Tselina-2. USAF Sat Cat: 23087 . COSPAR: 1994-023A. Apogee: 857 km (532 mi). Perigee: 846 km (525 mi). Inclination: 71.00 deg. Period: 102.00 min.

• Cosmos 2290 - . Payload: Orlets-2 no. 1. Mass: 13,000 kg (28,000 lb). Nation: Russia. Agency: MO. Program: Orlets. Class: Surveillance. Type: Military surveillance satellite. Spacecraft Bus: Yantar. Spacecraft: Orlets-2. Decay Date: 1995-04-04 . USAF Sat Cat: 23218 . COSPAR: 1994-053A. Apogee: 392 km (243 mi). Perigee: 181 km (112 mi). Inclination: 64.80 deg. Period: 90.25 min. Only flight of Orlets-2 long-duration military reconnaissance satellite with 22 film-return capsules..

• Resurs-O1 No. 3 - . Payload: Resurs-O1 No. 3. Mass: 1,900 kg (4,100 lb). Nation: Russia. Agency: RAKA. Program: Resurs. Class: Earth. Type: Earth resources satellite. Spacecraft Bus: Meteor. Spacecraft: Resurs-O1. USAF Sat Cat: 23342 . COSPAR: 1994-074A. Apogee: 663 km (411 mi). Perigee: 660 km (410 mi). Inclination: 98.03 deg. Period: 97.98 min.

  Studied natural resources. It carried the German Safir-R1 communications experiment as a secondary attached payload. Expected life 3 to 5 years. The spacecraft mass of 1,907 kg was slightly higher than earlier models. The principal Earth observation sensors were MSU-SK and MSU-E instruments along with an experimental PVM-E local vertical sensor .

• Cosmos 2297 - . Payload: Tselina-2 no. 18. Mass: 6,000 kg (13,200 lb). Nation: Russia. Agency: MO. Program: Tselina. Class: Surveillance. Type: SIGINT. Spacecraft: Tselina-2. USAF Sat Cat: 23404 . COSPAR: 1994-077A. Apogee: 857 km (532 mi). Perigee: 845 km (525 mi). Inclination: 71.01 deg. Period: 101.96 min.

• Cosmos 2322 - . Payload: Tselina-2 no. 19. Mass: 6,000 kg (13,200 lb). Nation: Russia. Agency: MO. Program: Tselina. Class: Surveillance. Type: SIGINT. Spacecraft: Tselina-2. USAF Sat Cat: 23704 . COSPAR: 1995-058A. Apogee: 854 km (530 mi). Perigee: 847 km (526 mi). Inclination: 71.00 deg. Period: 102.00 min.

• Cosmos 2333 - . Payload: Tselina-2 no. 20. Mass: 6,000 kg (13,200 lb). Nation: Russia. Agency: MO. Program: Tselina. Class: Surveillance. Type: SIGINT. Spacecraft: Tselina-2. USAF Sat Cat: 24297 . COSPAR: 1996-051A. Apogee: 852 km (529 mi). Perigee: 849 km (527 mi). Inclination: 70.90 deg. Period: 101.90 min. New heavy ELINT class..

• Heavy ELINT - . Payload: Tselina-2 no. 21. Mass: 6,000 kg (13,200 lb). Nation: Russia. Agency: VKS. Program: Tselina. Class: Surveillance. Type: SIGINT. Spacecraft: Tselina-2.

• Resurs-O1 No. 4 - . Payload: Resurs-O1 No. 4. Mass: 1,800 kg (3,900 lb). Nation: Russia. Agency: RAKA. Manufacturer: VNIIEM. Program: Resurs. Class: Earth. Type: Earth resources satellite. Spacecraft Bus: Meteor. Spacecraft: Resurs-O1. USAF Sat Cat: 25394 . COSPAR: 1998-043A. Apogee: 818 km (508 mi). Perigee: 815 km (506 mi). Inclination: 98.80 deg. Period: 101.20 min.

  In addition to its remote sensing equipment, the satellite carried the Belgian LLMS (Little LEO Messaging System) communications payload for the IRIS system. The launch was critical in restoring confidence in the Zenit vehicle prior to planned commercial launches of Globalstar satellites from Baikonur and the first Sea Launch flights using a three-stage Zenit from a California-based floating launch platform. Expected life 3 to 5 years.

• Gurwin Techsat 1B - . Mass: 50 kg (110 lb). Nation: Israel. Agency: RVSN. Manufacturer: Technion. Class: Technology. Type: Navigation technology satellite. Spacecraft: Gurwin. USAF Sat Cat: 25397 . COSPAR: 1998-043D. Apogee: 819 km (508 mi). Perigee: 817 km (507 mi). Inclination: 98.80 deg. Period: 101.30 min. Built by Technion-Israel Institute of Technology. Replaced earlier Russian-launched Techsat which failed to orbit in 1995..

• SAFIR-2 - . Mass: 60 kg (132 lb). Nation: Germany. Agency: DLR. Manufacturer: Bremen. Class: Communications. Type: Civilian store-dump communications satellite. Spacecraft: Safir satellite. USAF Sat Cat: 25399 . COSPAR: 1998-043F. Apogee: 819 km (508 mi). Perigee: 815 km (506 mi). Inclination: 98.80 deg. Period: 101.20 min. Relay satellite built by OHB System of Bremen..

• Fasat-Bravo - . Mass: 50 kg (110 lb). Nation: Chile. Agency: FACh. Manufacturer: Surrey. Program: Fasat. Class: Communications. Type: Amateur radio communications satellite. Spacecraft: SSTL-70. USAF Sat Cat: 25395 . COSPAR: 1998-043B. Apogee: 820 km (500 mi). Perigee: 815 km (506 mi). Inclination: 98.80 deg. Period: 101.30 min. Customer: Chilean Air Force (FACH). Chile's second satellite carrying store and forward and Earth observation payloads, replacing those lost on FASat-Alpha. Still operational as of 2000.. Additional Details: here....

• TMSAT - . Payload: Thai-Paht. Mass: 50 kg (110 lb). Nation: Thailand. Agency: FACh. Manufacturer: Surrey. Program: TMSAT. Class: Communications. Type: Amateur radio communications satellite. Spacecraft: SSTL-70. USAF Sat Cat: 25396 . COSPAR: 1998-043C. Apogee: 819 km (508 mi). Perigee: 816 km (507 mi). Inclination: 98.80 deg. Period: 101.20 min.

  Customer: Thailand (Thai Microsatellite Company and MUT). Thailand's first microsatellite built through a technology transfer programme with Surrey Satellite Technology Ltd. Carried store and forward and Earth observation payloads. Still operational as of 2000. Additional Details: here....

• WESTPAC - . Mass: 24 kg (52 lb). Nation: Australia. Agency: WPLTN. Manufacturer: EOS, RKA. Class: Earth. Type: Geodetic satellite. Spacecraft: GFZ-1. USAF Sat Cat: 25398 . COSPAR: 1998-043E. Apogee: 819 km (508 mi). Perigee: 815 km (506 mi). Inclination: 98.80 deg. Period: 101.20 min.

  Formerly known as WPLTN-1, this geodesy satellite was a copy of Potsdam's GFZ-1 satellite, a sphere covered with laser retroreflectors, with a different `Fizeau' corner cube design. It serves as a target for the Western Pacific Laser Tracking Network (WPLTN) and is a joint project of Electro Optic Systems of Queanbeyan, New South Wales, Australia, and the Russian Space Agency. Diameter is 0.24m.

• Cosmos 2360 - . Payload: Tselina-2 no. 22. Mass: 6,000 kg (13,200 lb). Nation: Russia. Agency: MO. Manufacturer: Yuzhnoye. Program: Tselina. Class: Surveillance. Type: SIGINT. Spacecraft: Tselina-2. USAF Sat Cat: 25406 . COSPAR: 1998-045A. Apogee: 855 km (531 mi). Perigee: 847 km (526 mi). Inclination: 71.00 deg. Period: 102.00 min.

• Globalstar FM5 - . Payload: Globalstar FM5. Mass: 222 kg (489 lb). Nation: USA. Agency: Globalstar. Manufacturer: Alenia, Palo Alto. Class: Communications. Type: Civilian communications satellite. Spacecraft: Globalstar. Fell in Siberia..

• Globalstar FM9 - . Payload: Globalstar FM9. Mass: 222 kg (489 lb). Nation: USA. Agency: Globalstar. Manufacturer: Alenia, Palo Alto. Class: Communications. Type: Civilian communications satellite. Spacecraft: Globalstar.

• Globalstar FM20 - . Payload: Globalstar FM20. Mass: 222 kg (489 lb). Nation: USA. Agency: Globalstar. Manufacturer: Alenia, Palo Alto. Class: Communications. Type: Civilian communications satellite. Spacecraft: Globalstar.

• Globalstar FM18 - . Payload: Globalstar FM18. Mass: 222 kg (489 lb). Nation: USA. Agency: Globalstar. Manufacturer: Alenia, Palo Alto. Class: Communications. Type: Civilian communications satellite. Spacecraft: Globalstar.

• Globalstar FM17 - . Payload: Globalstar FM17. Mass: 222 kg (489 lb). Nation: USA. Agency: Globalstar. Manufacturer: Alenia, Palo Alto. Class: Communications. Type: Civilian communications satellite. Spacecraft: Globalstar.

• Globalstar FM16 - . Payload: Globalstar FM16. Mass: 222 kg (489 lb). Nation: USA. Agency: Globalstar. Manufacturer: Alenia, Palo Alto. Class: Communications. Type: Civilian communications satellite. Spacecraft: Globalstar.

• Globalstar FM13 - . Payload: Globalstar FM13. Mass: 222 kg (489 lb). Nation: USA. Agency: Globalstar. Manufacturer: Alenia, Palo Alto. Class: Communications. Type: Civilian communications satellite. Spacecraft: Globalstar.

• Globalstar FM12 - . Payload: Globalstar FM12. Mass: 222 kg (489 lb). Nation: USA. Agency: Globalstar. Manufacturer: Alenia, Palo Alto. Class: Communications. Type: Civilian communications satellite. Spacecraft: Globalstar.

• Globalstar FM10 - . Payload: Globalstar FM10. Mass: 222 kg (489 lb). Nation: USA. Agency: Globalstar. Manufacturer: Alenia, Palo Alto. Class: Communications. Type: Civilian communications satellite. Spacecraft: Globalstar.

• Globalstar FM21 - . Payload: Globalstar FM21. Mass: 222 kg (489 lb). Nation: USA. Agency: Globalstar. Manufacturer: Alenia, Palo Alto. Class: Communications. Type: Civilian communications satellite. Spacecraft: Globalstar.

• Globalstar FM7 - . Payload: Globalstar FM7. Mass: 222 kg (489 lb). Nation: USA. Agency: Globalstar. Manufacturer: Alenia, Palo Alto. Class: Communications. Type: Civilian communications satellite. Spacecraft: Globalstar.

• Globalstar FM11 - . Payload: Globalstar FM11. Mass: 222 kg (489 lb). Nation: USA. Agency: Globalstar. Manufacturer: Alenia, Palo Alto. Class: Communications. Type: Civilian communications satellite. Spacecraft: Globalstar.

• DemoSat - . Payload: HS 702. Mass: 4,500 kg (9,900 lb). Nation: USA. Agency: SeaLaunch. Manufacturer: Kent. Class: Technology. Type: Navigation technology satellite. Spacecraft: HS 702. USAF Sat Cat: 25661 . COSPAR: 1999-014A. Apogee: 36,045 km (22,397 mi). Perigee: 658 km (408 mi). Inclination: 0.70 deg. Period: 645.00 min.

  The first Boeing Sea Launch mission. The Zenit-3SL lifted off from the Odyssey floating platform on the equator at 154 degrees West longitude. The DemoSat payload was an instrumented dynamic model of an HS-702 satellite built by Boeing Commercial Space/Kent. 13 minutes after launch, the Block DM-SL upper stage completed its first burn and entered a 180 km x 735 km x 1.2 degree parking orbit. A second burn 47 minutes after launch placed DemoSat in a 638 km x 36,064 km x 1.2 degree geostationary transfer orbit. Three hours later, a third DM-SL burn lowered the stage's perigee so that it would re-enter quickly.

• Okean-O - . Payload: Okean-O no. 1. Mass: 4,360 kg (9,610 lb). Nation: Russia. Agency: RAKA. Manufacturer: Yuzhnoye. Program: Okean. Class: Earth. Type: Earth resources satellite. Spacecraft: Okean-O. USAF Sat Cat: 25860 . COSPAR: 1999-039A. Apogee: 649 km (403 mi). Perigee: 648 km (402 mi). Inclination: 97.90 deg. Period: 97.70 min.

  First of a new generation of larger Okean oceanographic satellites, carried a side-looking radar (RSL-BO), and a set of visible and infrared scanners and radiometers. It is built by the Ukrainian Yuzhnoye company and is a joint project of the Russian Aviation/Space Agency (RAKA) and the Ukrainian National Space Agency (NKAU).

• DirecTV 1R - . Payload: HS 601HP. Mass: 3,446 kg (7,597 lb). Nation: USA. Agency: DirecTV. Manufacturer: El Segundo. Program: DirecTV. Class: Communications. Type: Civilian communications satellite. Spacecraft: HS 601 . USAF Sat Cat: 25937 . COSPAR: 1999-056A. Apogee: 35,798 km (22,243 mi). Perigee: 35,774 km (22,228 mi). Inclination: 0.10 deg. Period: 1,436.10 min.

  Second successful Zenit-3SL flight from the Odyssey launch platform in the Pacific Ocean at 154 deg W, 0 deg N. First flight to carry a commercial payload. The satellite used its R-4D apogee engine to enter geostationary orbit at 81.6 deg W. Finally stationed at 101 deg W. Positioned in geosynchronous orbit at 81 deg W in 1999. As of 5 September 2001 located at 101.19 deg W drifting at 0.004 deg W per day. As of 2007 Mar 10 located at 100.87W drifting at 0.007W degrees per day.

• Cosmos 2369 - . Mass: 3,200 kg (7,000 lb). Nation: Russia. Agency: MO. Manufacturer: Yuzhnoye. Class: Surveillance. Type: SIGINT. Spacecraft: Tselina-2. USAF Sat Cat: 26069 . COSPAR: 2000-006A. Apogee: 860 km (534 mi). Perigee: 849 km (528 mi). Inclination: 71.00 deg. Period: 101.95 min. ELINT satellite..

• ICO F-1 - . Mass: 2,750 kg (6,060 lb). Nation: USA. Agency: ICO. Manufacturer: Hughes. Class: Communications. Type: Civilian communications satellite. Spacecraft: HS 601. Apogee: 200 km (120 mi). First ICO Global Communications satellite. Lost due to launch vehicle failure; was to have entered a 10,300 km x 45 deg circular orbit. ICO's satellites would carry multiple spot beams for mobile communications..

• PAS 9 - . Payload: HS 601HP. Mass: 3,659 kg (8,066 lb). Nation: USA. Agency: Panamsat. Manufacturer: El Segundo. Program: Panamsat. Class: Communications. Type: Civilian communications satellite. Spacecraft: HS 601. USAF Sat Cat: 26451 . COSPAR: 2000-043A. Apogee: 35,796 km (22,242 mi). Perigee: 35,778 km (22,231 mi). Inclination: 0.00 deg. Period: 1,436.10 min.

  Panamsat geosynchronous communications satellite to replace PAS 5 at 58 deg W. Stationed at 58 deg W. Positioned in geosynchronous orbit at 58 deg W in 2000. As of 30 August 2001 located at 58.03 deg W drifting at 0.012 deg W per day. As of 2007 Mar 9 located at 58.06W drifting at 0.013W degrees per day.

• Cosmos 2372 - . Mass: 12,000 kg (26,000 lb). Nation: Russia. Agency: MO. Manufacturer: Kozlov bureau. Class: Surveillance. Type: Military surveillance satellite. Spacecraft Bus: Yantar. Spacecraft: Orlets-2. Duration: 269.00 days. Decay Date: 2001-04-20 . USAF Sat Cat: 26538 . COSPAR: 2000-056A. Apogee: 343 km (213 mi). Perigee: 211 km (131 mi). Inclination: 64.78 deg. Period: 89.97 min. Reported code name Yenisey. It is speculated that this is an improved version of the Orlets satellite launched as Cosmos 2290 in 1994. Re-entered on Apr 20, 2001 after a 7 month mission..

• Thuraya 1 - . Payload: BSS-GEM. Mass: 5,108 kg (11,261 lb). Nation: UAE. Agency: Thuraya. Manufacturer: El Segundo. Program: Thuraya. Class: Communications. Type: Civilian communications satellite. Spacecraft: HS 702. USAF Sat Cat: 26578 . COSPAR: 2000-066A. Apogee: 35,808 km (22,250 mi). Perigee: 35,764 km (22,222 mi). Inclination: 5.20 deg. Period: 1,436.10 min.

  Mobile Communications satellite. Launch delayed from September 18 and October 19. Stationed at 44 deg E. The first Boeing GEM satellite, Thuraya 1, was built by Boeing/El Segundo (formerly Hughes). It was based on the HS-702 design but featured a large 12-m diameter truss antenna for L-band mobile telephone service. Launch mass of Thuraya was 5108 kg; dry mass probably around 3000 kg. The satellite was to be delivered after on orbit testing to Etisalat, the Emirates Telecom Corp of Abu Dhabi, and its Thuraya Satellite subsidiary. Thuraya was launched from the Odyssey platform in the Pacific Ocean positioned on the equator at 154 deg W. The two-stage Yuzhnoe Zenit core delivered Thuraya and its Energiya Blok DM-SL upper stage to a -2212 x 182 km suborbital trajectory. The first DM-SL burn placed the stack in a 180 x 200 km x 6.3 deg parking orbit at 0604 GMT; a second burn at 0733 GMTput Thuraya in a 210 x 35891 km x 6.3 deg geostationary transfer orbit. A later depletion burn lowered the DM-SL stage perigee to 180 km, as burns by Thuraya's liquid engine raised it towards geosynchronous orbit. Positioned in geosynchronous orbit at 44 deg E in 2000. As of 5 September 2001 located at 44.22 deg E drifting at 0.003 deg E per day. As of 2007 Mar 11 located at 98.57E drifting at 0.007W degrees per day.

• XM-2 Rock - . Mass: 4,666 kg (10,286 lb). Nation: USA. Agency: XM Radio. Manufacturer: El Segundo. Program: XM. Class: Communications. Type: Civilian communications satellite. Spacecraft: HS 702. USAF Sat Cat: 26724 . COSPAR: 2001-012A. Apogee: 35,788 km (22,237 mi). Perigee: 35,785 km (22,235 mi). Inclination: 0.00 deg. Period: 1,436.10 min.

  The XM Radio satellites (using Boeing 702 buses) provided digital radio entertainment broadcast to the US. The XM-2 Rock satellite was accompanied by the XM-1 Roll spacecraft launched later in 2001. A Boeing Sea Launch Zenit-3SL took off from the Odyssey floating launch platform at 154W 0 N in the Pacific. The two-stage Zenit put the Blok DM in a suborbital trajectory with a 190 km apogee; the DM first burn went to a 180 x 990 km x 1.3 deg orbit, with the second burn delivering Rock to geostationary transfer orbit. The 4.7 tonne (with fuel), 18 kW satellite carried two transmitters (3 kW each) in the S-band to relay 100 channels of digital quality music uplinked in the X-band from one or more ground stations. It was parked over 114.9 deg-W longitude. The investors include several auto manufacturers who were to be equipping the special receivers in their models. As of 4 September 2001 located at 114.98 deg W drifting at 0.001 deg W per day. As of 2007 Mar 10 located at 115.14W drifting at 0.003W degrees per day.

• XM-1 Roll - . Mass: 3,703 kg (8,163 lb). Nation: USA. Agency: XM Radio. Manufacturer: El Segundo. Program: XM. Class: Communications. Type: Civilian communications satellite. Spacecraft: HS 702. USAF Sat Cat: 26761 . COSPAR: 2001-018A. Apogee: 35,790 km (22,230 mi). Perigee: 35,784 km (22,235 mi). Inclination: 0.00 deg. Period: 1,436.10 min.

  Direct Radio Broadcasting satellite. Second launch attempt following pad abort on January 8. Launch delayed from May 7. XM-1 "Roll" was launched from Sea Launch's Odyssey Launch Platform in the Pacific, on the equator at 154.0 W. Roll joined Rock, launched on March 18, to complete the XM Satellite Radio space segment. The XM-1 satellite was a Boeing Satellite Systems (El Segundo) BSS 702 with a launch mass of 4667 kg and a dry mass of about 2500 kg. It carried an R-4D liquid apogee engine and a XIPS ion station-keeping engine. The satellite's Alcatel communications payload featured an X-band receive antenna which passed digital radio broadcasts on to the two 5-meter S-band transmit antennas. It was to provide one hundred channels of digital music and entertainment to motorists in North America after parking over 85 deg-W. The XM satellites, like the three rival Sirius Radio satellites in inclined elliptical synchronous orbits, were to provide radio broadcasting to North America. The first two stages of the Zenit launch vehicle placed the Block DM-SL upper stage and payload in a 191 km apogee suborbital trajectory at 2219 GMT; the Block-DM-SL then ignited for its first burn, entering a 180 x 990 km x 1.3 deg parking orbit at 2223 GMT. The second burn at 2258 GMT accelerated the stack to a 935 x 35797 km x 1.3 deg geostationary transfer orbit. The XM-1 Roll satellite separated at 2315 GMT. As of 5 September 2001 located at 85.12 deg W drifting at 0.009 deg W per day. As of 2007 Mar 10 located at 115.09W drifting at 0.002W degrees per day.

• Meteor-3M - . Payload: Meteor 3M-N1. Mass: 2,500 kg (5,500 lb). Nation: Russia. Agency: RAKA. Manufacturer: VNIIEM. Class: Earth. Type: Weather satellite. Spacecraft Bus: Meteor. Spacecraft: Meteor-3M. USAF Sat Cat: 27001 . COSPAR: 2001-056A. Apogee: 1,014 km (630 mi). Perigee: 994 km (617 mi). Inclination: 99.20 deg. Period: 105.20 min.

  Meteorology satellite. Launch postponed from late 2000, then delayed from November 30. The Meteor-3M weather satellite carried visible and IR sensors as well as NASA's SAGE III instrument which studied aerosols and the ozone layer. This was the first launched of a modernised version of the spacecraft. Launch be Zenit launch vehicle from Baikonur rather than Tsyklon 3 from Plesetsk allowed the spacecraft to be 350 kg heavier, carrying additional sensors and various piggy-back payloads.

• Kompas - . Mass: 80 kg (176 lb). Nation: Russia. Agency: RAKA. Manufacturer: Makeyev bureau. Class: Earth. Type: Seismology satellite. Spacecraft: Kompas. USAF Sat Cat: 27002 . COSPAR: 2001-056B. Apogee: 1,013 km (629 mi). Perigee: 985 km (612 mi). Inclination: 99.20 deg. Period: 105.10 min.

  The Russian Kompas satellite, built by Makeyev for the IZMIRAN geophysics institute, was an 80 kg satellite with a magnetometer and other sensors designed to attempt prediction of earthquakes. The satellite was originally built for use on the Shtil rocket.

• Maroc-Tubsat - . Mass: 45 kg (99 lb). Nation: Morocco. Agency: RAKA. Manufacturer: TuB. Class: Technology. Type: Navigation technology satellite. Spacecraft: Tubsat. USAF Sat Cat: 27004 . COSPAR: 2001-056D. Apogee: 1,014 km (630 mi). Perigee: 985 km (612 mi). Inclination: 99.20 deg. Period: 105.10 min.

  Maroc-Tubsat was built by the Technical University of Berlin for the Centre Royal de Teledetection Spatiale, Morocco, and had a mass of 47 kg. It carried an imager and a store-forward communications test payload. The satellite measured 32x34x36,2 cm and was still in operation as of 2003.

• Reflektor - . Mass: 8.00 kg (17.60 lb). Nation: Russia. Agency: RAKA. Manufacturer: NII KP. Class: Technology. Type: Navigation technology satellite. Spacecraft: Reflektor. USAF Sat Cat: 27005 . COSPAR: 2001-056E. Apogee: 1,012 km (628 mi). Perigee: 985 km (612 mi). Inclination: 99.20 deg. Period: 105.10 min.

  The 8 kg Reflektor was built by NII KP in Russia for space debris studies in a joint experiment with the Air Force Research Lab. The satellite consisted of of four triangular fins on a square base plus a deployable boom, with an array of laser retroreflectors. The satellite was 1.4 m long and 0.5 m wide but only 6 kg in mass. It will be used to calibrate laser imaging systems and other optical sensors.

• Badr B - . Mass: 70 kg (154 lb). Nation: Pakistan. Agency: RAKA. Manufacturer: SIL. Class: Surveillance. Type: Military surveillance satellite. Spacecraft: Badr. USAF Sat Cat: 27003 . COSPAR: 2001-056C. Apogee: 1,014 km (630 mi). Perigee: 985 km (612 mi). Inclination: 99.20 deg. Period: 105.10 min. Badr B was Pakistan's second satellite. Built in collaboration with the English company SIL, it had a mass of 70 kg and carried an Earth imager..

• Galaxy 3C - . Mass: 4,850 kg (10,690 lb). Nation: USA. Agency: PanAmSat. Manufacturer: El Segundo. Program: Galaxy. Class: Communications. Type: Civilian communications satellite. Spacecraft: HS 702. USAF Sat Cat: 27445 . COSPAR: 2002-030A. Apogee: 35,788 km (22,237 mi). Perigee: 35,786 km (22,236 mi). Inclination: 0.10 deg. Period: 1,436.10 min.

  Launch delayed from July 2001 and May 28, June 2 and 9, 2002. The Galaxy 3C satellite was launched from the Odyssey floating launch platform at its standard 154W 0N location. The Zenit second stage and the DM third stage with payload entered a -2160 x 195 km suborbital trajectory at 2248:10. At about 2252 UTC the DM stage entered a 180 x 393 km x 0 deg parking orbit. A second burn of the DM at 2324 to 2330 UTC put Galaxy 3C in a 358 x 41440 km x 0.02 deg transfer orbit This was a record low inclination for a geostationary transfer orbit. The satellite's R-4D apogee engine was to put the Boeing BSS-702 satellite in geostationary orbit. The satellite was the first 702 model to use extra solar panels instead of the solar concentrators which ran into fogging problems on the earlier 702 flights. As of 2007 Mar 10 located at 95.06W drifting at 0.007W degrees per day.

• Thuraya 2 - . Payload: BSS-GEM. Mass: 5,177 kg (11,413 lb). Nation: UAE. Agency: Thuraya. Manufacturer: El Segundo. Program: Thuraya. Class: Communications. Type: Civilian communications satellite. Spacecraft: HS 702. USAF Sat Cat: 27825 . COSPAR: 2003-026A. Apogee: 35,806 km (22,248 mi). Perigee: 35,766 km (22,223 mi). Inclination: 5.00 deg. Period: 1,436.10 min. The Boeing 'GEM' spacecraft was a modified BSS-702 with a 12 m wide antenna for L-band mobile communications. Launch delayed from January 20, then April 4. As of 2007 Mar 9 located at 43.94E drifting at 0.004E degrees per day..

• Echostar 9 (Telstar 13) - . Mass: 4,737 kg (10,443 lb). Nation: USA. Agency: PanAmSat. Program: Echostar. Class: Communications. Type: Civilian communications satellite. Spacecraft: FS-1300. USAF Sat Cat: 27854 . COSPAR: 2003-034A. Apogee: 35,809 km (22,250 mi). Perigee: 35,764 km (22,222 mi). Inclination: 0.00 deg. Period: 1,436.10 min.

  Originally to have launched December 2002. Echostar 9 carried a Ku and Ka band communications payload for Echostar, and a C-band payload owned by Loral Skynet but about to be sold to Intelsat. Loral called the satellite Telstar 13. As of 2007 Mar 10 located at 121.04W drifting at 0.007W degrees per day.

• Horizons 1 (Galaxy 13) - . Payload: HS 601HP. Mass: 4,060 kg (8,950 lb). Nation: USA. Agency: PanAmSat. Program: Horizons. Class: Communications. Type: Civilian communications satellite. Spacecraft: HS 601. USAF Sat Cat: 27954 . COSPAR: 2003-044A. Apogee: 35,794 km (22,241 mi). Perigee: 35,779 km (22,231 mi). Inclination: 0.10 deg. Period: 1,436.10 min.

  Delayed from late 2002, September 27 2003. The satellite carried both C-band and Ku-band communications payloads. The C-band payload was referred to as Galaxy 13; the Ku-band payload was jointly owned by Panamsat and the Japanese JSAT company and was called Horizons-1. Horizons-1 was to provide digital data services between the Americas and Asia via a relay station in Hawaii. As of 2007 Mar 11 located at 127.00W drifting at 0.002E degrees per day.

• Estrela do Sul 1 (Skynet Brazil 1, Telstar 14) - . Mass: 4,694 kg (10,348 lb). Nation: Brazil. Agency: Skynet Palo Alto. Class: Communications. Type: Civilian communications satellite. Spacecraft: FS-1300. USAF Sat Cat: 28137 . COSPAR: 2004-001A. Apogee: 35,794 km (22,241 mi). Range: 0 km (0 mi). Perigee: 35,779 km (22,231 mi). Period: 1,436.10 min.

  Initially planned for launch on Delta 4M+ (4,2). Launch delayed from January 10. Placed in geosynchronous orbit but reports indicated there were problems deploying one of the solar panels. As of 2007 Mar 11 located at 63.07W drifting at 0.006W degrees per day.

• DirecTV 7S - . Mass: 5,483 kg (12,087 lb). Nation: USA. Agency: DirecTV. Manufacturer: Palo Alto. Program: DirecTV. Class: Communications. Type: Civilian communications satellite. Spacecraft: FS-1300. USAF Sat Cat: 28238 . COSPAR: 2004-016A. Apogee: 35,792 km (22,240 mi). Perigee: 35,730 km (22,200 mi). Inclination: 0.00 deg. Period: 1,434.80 min. Delayed from February 29, May 2. Transferred from Ariane 5 under launch backup agreement. Record single payload to geosynchronous transfer orbit. As of 2007 Mar 11 located at 119.04W drifting at 0.000E degrees per day..

• Cosmos 2406 - . Mass: 3,200 kg (7,000 lb). Nation: Russia. Agency: VKA. Manufacturer: Yuzhnoye. Class: Surveillance. Type: SIGINT. Spacecraft: Tselina-2. USAF Sat Cat: 28352 . COSPAR: 2004-021A. Apogee: 866 km (538 mi). Perigee: 846 km (525 mi). Inclination: 71.00 deg. Period: 102.10 min. Delayed from February 17 and 18; March 17 and 31; April 6, 25 and 26..

• Apstar 5 - . Payload: Apstar 1R, Telstar 18, LS-1300. Mass: 4,640 kg (10,220 lb). Nation: China. Agency: APT Satellite Company. Manufacturer: Palo Alto. Program: Apstar. Class: Communications. Type: Civilian communications satellite. Spacecraft: FS-1300. USAF Sat Cat: 28364 . COSPAR: 2004-024A. Apogee: 35,799 km (22,244 mi). Perigee: 35,775 km (22,229 mi). Inclination: 0.10 deg. Period: 1,436.10 min. Delayed from November 2003, April 28 2004. Partial failure (upper stage). As of 2007 Mar 11 located at 138.01E drifting at 0.009W degrees per day..

• XM-3 - . Payload: XM Rhythm. Mass: 4,703 kg (10,368 lb). Nation: USA. Agency: XM Radio. Manufacturer: El Segundo. Program: XM. Class: Communications. Type: Civilian communications satellite. Spacecraft: HS 702. USAF Sat Cat: 28626 . COSPAR: 2005-008A. Apogee: 35,789 km (22,238 mi). Perigee: 35,785 km (22,235 mi). Inclination: 0.00 deg. Period: 1,436.10 min. Delayed from February 17, 18 and 23, 2005 due to of heavy seas. The satellite would supplement the American XM network's satellite direct-broadcast digital radio service. As of 2007 Mar 9 located at 85.14W drifting at 0.010W degrees per day..

• Spaceway 1 - . Mass: 6,080 kg (13,400 lb). Nation: USA. Agency: DirecTV. Manufacturer: El Segundo. Program: DirecTV. Class: Communications. Type: Civilian communications satellite. Spacecraft: HS 702. USAF Sat Cat: 28644 . COSPAR: 2005-015A. Apogee: 35,789 km (22,238 mi). Perigee: 35,785 km (22,235 mi). Inclination: 0.00 deg. Period: 1,436.10 min. Heaviest single payload to geosynchronous transfer orbit to that date. Carried 48 high-frequency Ka-band transponders for data transmission and television broadcasting. As of 2007 Mar 10 located at 102.80W drifting at 0.005W degrees per day..

• Intelsat Americas 8 - . Payload: Telstar 8. Mass: 5,500 kg (12,100 lb). Nation: USA. Agency: Intelsat. Manufacturer: Palo Alto. Program: Intelsat. Class: Communications. Type: Civilian communications satellite. Spacecraft: FS-1300. USAF Sat Cat: 28702 . COSPAR: 2005-022A. Apogee: 35,795 km (22,241 mi). Perigee: 35,779 km (22,231 mi). Inclination: 0.10 deg. Period: 1,436.10 min. Delayed since 2002; most recently delayed from December 4 and 17, 2004. Communications satellite with Ku-, C- and Ka-band transponders, owned by Intelsat, which had been privatized. As of 2007 Mar 11 located at 89.01W drifting at 0.007W degrees per day..

• Inmarsat-4 F2 - . Payload: Inmarsat 4B / Eurostar 3000GM. Mass: 5,958 kg (13,135 lb). Nation: International. Agency: Inmarsat. Program: Inmarsat. Class: Communications. Type: Civilian communications satellite. Spacecraft: Eurostar 3000. USAF Sat Cat: 28899 . COSPAR: 2005-044A. Apogee: 35,965 km (22,347 mi). Perigee: 35,902 km (22,308 mi). Inclination: 2.90 deg. Period: 1,443.60 min. The satellite was fitted with a 10 meter diameter antenna for mobile communications. Payload moved from Ariane 5 EC-A. Launch delayed from September, November 4 and 5, 2005. As of 2007 Mar 11 located at 52.87W drifting at 0.010W degrees per day..

• Echostar 10 - . Payload: A2100AXS. Mass: 4,333 kg (9,552 lb). Nation: USA. Agency: PanAmSat. Manufacturer: Lockheed. Program: Echostar. Class: Communications. Type: Civilian communications satellite. Spacecraft: AS 2100. USAF Sat Cat: 28935 . COSPAR: 2006-003A. Apogee: 35,794 km (22,241 mi). Perigee: 35,780 km (22,230 mi). Inclination: 0.00 deg. Period: 1,436.10 min. Ku-band communications payload; station in geosynchronous orbit at 110.17 deg W. As of 2007 Mar 11 located at 110.21W drifting at 0.004W degrees per day..

• JCSAT 9 - . Payload: A2100AX. Mass: 4,401 kg (9,702 lb). Nation: Japan. Agency: JSAT. Manufacturer: Lockheed. Program: JCSAT. Class: Communications. Type: Civilian communications satellite. Spacecraft: AS 2100. USAF Sat Cat: 29045 . COSPAR: 2006-010A. Apogee: 35,790 km (22,230 mi). Perigee: 35,785 km (22,235 mi). Inclination: 0.00 deg. Period: 1,436.10 min. As of 2007 Mar 8 located at 132.01E drifting at 0.014W degrees per day..

• Galaxy 16 - . Payload: LS-1300X. Mass: 4,640 kg (10,220 lb). Nation: USA. Agency: PanAmSat. Manufacturer: Palo Alto. Program: Galaxy. Class: Communications. Type: Civilian communications satellite. Spacecraft: FS-1300. USAF Sat Cat: 29236 . COSPAR: 2006-023A. Apogee: 35,799 km (22,244 mi). Perigee: 35,774 km (22,228 mi). Inclination: 0.0200 deg. Period: 1,436.11 min. As of 2007 Mar 11 located at 98.98W drifting at 0.005W degrees per day..

• Koreasat 5 - . Payload: Mugunghwa 5, Spacebus 4000C1. Mass: 4,465 kg (9,843 lb). Nation: Korea South. Agency: KT. Manufacturer: Alenia. Program: Koreasat. Class: Communications. Type: Civilian communications satellite. Spacecraft: Spacebus 4000. USAF Sat Cat: 29349 . COSPAR: 2006-034A. Apogee: 35,795 km (22,241 mi). Perigee: 35,780 km (22,230 mi). Inclination: 0.00 deg. Period: 1,436.20 min. The satellite will was to provide Ku-band service for Korea Telecom and Ka-band and SHF band transponders for the South Korean Agency for Defense Development. As of 2007 Mar 11 located at 113.05E drifting at 0.012W degrees per day..

• XM-Blues - . Mass: 6,100 kg (13,400 lb). Nation: USA. Agency: XM Radio. Manufacturer: El Segundo. Program: XM. Class: Communications. Type: Civilian communications satellite. Spacecraft: HS 702. USAF Sat Cat: 29520 . COSPAR: 2006-049A. Apogee: 35,787 km (22,236 mi). Perigee: 35,785 km (22,235 mi). Inclination: 0.00 deg. Period: 1,436.09 min. Adds to XM Satellite Radio's constellation of direct-broadcast radio to North America (XM Rock, Roll, and Rhythm launched earlier). As of 2007 Mar 10 located at 115.02W drifting at 0.006W degrees per day..

• NSS 8 - . Mass: 6,100 kg (13,400 lb). Nation: Netherlands. Agency: New Skies. Manufacturer: El Segundo. Program: Intelsat. Class: Communications. Type: Civilian communications satellite. Spacecraft: HS 702.

  The platform was designed to survive such an explosion, but the flame deflector was blown off and the blast doors unhinged. The launch platform was towed back to Long Beach for repairs. The time required to repair the platform and the investigation to determine and fix the cause would certainly impact the 2007 Zenit-3SL and Zenit-2 launch schedules, probably forcing customers to be diverted to other boosters. NSS-8 was to have been placed at a 57� East orbital position to satisfy demand in the Indian Ocean region with 56 C-band and 36 Ku-band transponders. NSS-703, with an expected end-of-life in 2009, would have to continue in service until a replacement was built and launched.

• Cosmos 2428 - . Mass: 3,200 kg (7,000 lb). Nation: Russia. Agency: VKS. Manufacturer: Yuzhnoye. Class: Surveillance. Type: SIGINT. Spacecraft: Tselina-2. USAF Sat Cat: 31792 . COSPAR: 2007-029A. Apogee: 857 km (532 mi). Perigee: 846 km (525 mi). Inclination: 71.00 deg. Period: 102.00 min. Signals intelligence satellite. First launch in three years, and first with the improved version of the Zenit-2 launch vehicle using components developed for the Zenit-3SL..

• Thuraya 3 - . Payload: BSS-GEM. Mass: 5,173 kg (11,404 lb). Nation: UAE. Agency: Thuraya. Manufacturer: Boeing. Program: Thuraya. Class: Communications. Type: Civilian communications satellite. Spacecraft: HS 702. USAF Sat Cat: 32404 . COSPAR: 2008-001A. Apogee: 35,820 km (22,250 mi). Perigee: 35,756 km (22,217 mi). Inclination: 6.20 deg. Period: 1,436.20 min.

  Launch vehicle return-to-flight after on-pad explosion one year earlier damaged launch platform. The satellite was positioned at 98.5 degrees East Longitude to provide L-band and C-band mobile voice, broadband, maritime, rural telephony, and fleet management to Thuraya subscribers. Design lifetime of 12 years.

• DirecTV 11 - . Mass: 5,920 kg (13,050 lb). Nation: USA. Agency: DirecTV. Manufacturer: Boeing. Program: DirecTV. Class: Communications. Type: Civilian communications satellite. Spacecraft: HS 702. USAF Sat Cat: 32729 . COSPAR: 2008-013A. Apogee: 35,788 km (22,237 mi). Perigee: 35,787 km (22,236 mi). Inclination: 0.00 deg. Period: 1,436.10 min.

  Placed in orbital slot 99.2� W Longitude. In combination with DirecTV 10, the satellite would allow the parent company to direct broadcast local HDTV to 90 percent of its customers in North America. The Ka-band satellite was equipped with 28 active and 8 spare TWTAs for direct broadcast to the continental United States and Alaska; 4 active and 4 spare for broadcast to the 48 stages and Hawaii; and 55 active and 15 spares for spot transmissions. Total power was 18 kW / 16 kW at beginning/end of life. Propulsion was provided by 445 N liquid apogee engine and four XIPS 35-cm ion thrusters. Mass at launch was 6060 kg and 3700 kg after on-board propellants were consumed to place the satellite in its operational geosynchronous orbit.

• Amos 3 - . Mass: 1,250 kg (2,750 lb). Nation: Israel. Agency: SIS. Program: Amos. Class: Communications. Type: Military communications satellite. Spacecraft: Amos. USAF Sat Cat: 32794 . COSPAR: 2008-022A. Apogee: 35,788 km (22,237 mi). Perigee: 35,784 km (22,235 mi). Inclination: 0.00 deg. Period: 1,436.10 min. Communications satellite. The Block DM stage made three burns to deliver the payload into geostationary orbit..

• Galaxy 18 - . Mass: 4,642 kg (10,233 lb). Nation: USA. Agency: Intelsat. Program: Galaxy. Class: Communications. Type: Civilian communications satellite. Spacecraft: FS-1300. USAF Sat Cat: 32951 . COSPAR: 2008-024A. Apogee: 35,799 km (22,244 mi). Perigee: 35,774 km (22,228 mi). Inclination: 0.00 deg. Period: 1,436.10 min. Intelsat communications satellite, located at 123� W as a replacement for Galaxy 10R. 24 C-band, and 24 Ku-band transponders serving North American customers..

• Echostar 11 - . Mass: 5,511 kg (12,149 lb). Nation: USA. Agency: PanAmSat. Manufacturer: Palo Alto. Program: Echostar. Class: Communications. Type: Civilian communications satellite. Spacecraft: FS-1300. USAF Sat Cat: 33207 . COSPAR: 2008-035A. Apogee: 35,799 km (22,244 mi). Perigee: 35,774 km (22,228 mi). Inclination: 0.00 deg. Period: 1,436.10 min. Satellite provided direct television broadcasting services for the North American Dish Network..

• Galaxy 19 - . Mass: 4,690 kg (10,330 lb). Nation: USA. Agency: Intelsat. Program: Galaxy. Class: Communications. Type: Civilian communications satellite. Spacecraft: FS-1300. USAF Sat Cat: 33376 . COSPAR: 2008-045A. Apogee: 35,812 km (22,252 mi). Perigee: 35,643 km (22,147 mi). Inclination: 0.10 deg. Period: 1,433.10 min.

• Telstar 11N - . Mass: 4,012 kg (8,844 lb). Nation: Canada. Agency: SIS. Program: Telstar series. Class: Communications. Type: Civilian communications satellite. Spacecraft: FS-1300. USAF Sat Cat: 34111 . COSPAR: 2009-009A. Apogee: 35,798 km (22,243 mi). Perigee: 35,776 km (22,230 mi). Inclination: 0.00 deg. Period: 1,436.10 min. Ku-band direct-broadcast satellite with 39 high-power transponders covering North and Central America, Europe, Africa and the Atlantic Ocean Region, stationed at 37.5 degrees..

• Sicral 1B - . Payload: Italsat-3000. Mass: 3,038 kg (6,697 lb). Nation: Italy. Agency: SeaLaunch. Class: Communications. Type: Military communications satellite. Spacecraft: Italsat. USAF Sat Cat: 34810 . COSPAR: 2009-020A. Apogee: 35,787 km (22,236 mi). Perigee: 35,785 km (22,235 mi). Inclination: 0.00 deg. Period: 1,436.00 min. Second Italian military communications satellite. Dry mass 1680 kg..

• Measat 3A - . Mass: 2,370 kg (5,220 lb). Nation: Malaysia. Agency: SIS. Program: Measat. Class: Communications. Type: Civilian communications satellite. Spacecraft: Star bus. USAF Sat Cat: 35362 . COSPAR: 2009-032A. Apogee: 35,788 km (22,237 mi). Perigee: 35,784 km (22,235 mi). Inclination: 0.10 deg. Period: 1,436.00 min.

• Intelsat IS-15 - . Payload: Star-2. Mass: 2,484 kg (5,476 lb). Nation: USA. Agency: SIS. Program: Intelsat. Class: Communications. Type: Civilian communications satellite. Spacecraft: Star bus. USAF Sat Cat: 36106 . COSPAR: 2009-067A. Apogee: 35,789 km (22,238 mi). Perigee: 35,785 km (22,235 mi). Inclination: 0.10 deg. Period: 1,436.10 min. Communications satellite, providing services to Russia, the Middle East and the Indian Ocean area..

• Elektro-L - . Mass: 1,700 kg (3,700 lb). Nation: Russia. Class: Earth. Type: Weather satellite. Spacecraft: Navigator bus. USAF Sat Cat: 37344 . COSPAR: 2011-001A. Apogee: 35,796 km (22,242 mi). Perigee: 35,285 km (21,925 mi). Inclination: 0.40 deg. Period: 1,423.50 min. First launch of a new generation Russian geosynchronous weather satellite using the Lavochkin Navigator bus. Equipped with a scanning visible/infrared radiometer, solar environment monitor, and a COSPAS-SARSAT search-and-rescue transponder system..

• Spektr R - . Mass: 3,660 kg (8,060 lb). Nation: Russia. Class: Astronomy. Type: Radio astronomy satellite.. Spacecraft: Navigator bus. USAF Sat Cat: 37755 . COSPAR: 2011-037A. Apogee: 303,108 km (188,342 mi). Perigee: 27,499 km (17,087 mi). Inclination: 58.45 deg. Period: 11,799.00 min. Russian astronomical space observatory. Carried 10m diameter radio telescope observing at 92, 18, 6 and 1.35 cm wavelengths; solar wind and cosmic dust detectors; and laser corner reflectors for tracking..

• Atlantic Bird 7 - . Mass: 4,600 kg (10,100 lb). Nation: Europe. Program: Eutelsat. Class: Communications. Type: Civilian communications satellite. Spacecraft: Eurostar 3000. USAF Sat Cat: 37816 . COSPAR: 2011-051A. Apogee: 35,804 km (22,247 mi). Perigee: 35,769 km (22,225 mi). Inclination: 0.10 deg. Period: 1,436.10 min. Eutelsat's communications satellite. First mission by Sea Launch from the Odyssey floating launch platform after emerging from bankruptcy..

• Intelsat 18 - . Payload: Orbital Star-2.4E. Mass: 3,200 kg (7,000 lb). Nation: USA. Program: Intelsat. Class: Communications. Type: Communications satellite. Spacecraft: Star bus. USAF Sat Cat: 37834 . COSPAR: 2011-056A. Apogee: 35,736 km (22,205 mi). Perigee: 35,725 km (22,198 mi). Inclination: 0.10 deg. Period: 1,433.20 min. Ku and C band communications satellite for Pacific Ocean communications, including special coverage for French Polynesia..

• Fobos-Grunt - . Mass: 13,500 kg (29,700 lb). Nation: Russia. Class: Mars. Type: Mars orbiter. Spacecraft Bus: 5MV. Spacecraft: Fobos 1F. Decay Date: 2012-01-15 . USAF Sat Cat: 37872 . COSPAR: 2011-065A. Apogee: 274 km (170 mi). Perigee: 199 km (123 mi). Inclination: 51.40 deg. Period: 89.20 min.

  Failed soil-return mission to Martian moon Phobos. The main propulsion system, which was to have boosted the probe out of earth parking orbit to trans-Mars insertion, failed to ignite. Attempts to communicate with the spacecraft partially succeeded but it could not be commanded to conduct an engine burn at a later opportunity. Destroyed on reentry into the earth's atmosphere.

• Intelsat 19 - . Payload: Intelsat IS-19. Mass: 5,600 kg (12,300 lb). Nation: Europe. Class: Communications. Type: Communications satellite. Spacecraft: FS-1300. USAF Sat Cat: 38356 . COSPAR: 2012-030A. Apogee: 35,791 km (22,239 mi). Perigee: 35,783 km (22,234 mi). Inclination: 0.10 deg. Period: 1,436.10 min.

• Intelsat IS-21 - . Payload: BSS-702MP. Mass: 5,984 kg (13,192 lb). Nation: Europe. Class: Communications. Type: Communications satellite. Spacecraft: HS 702. USAF Sat Cat: 38749 . COSPAR: 2012-045A. Apogee: 35,789 km (22,238 mi). Perigee: 35,784 km (22,235 mi). Inclination: 0.10 deg. Period: 1,436.10 min. The IS-21 satellite replaced IS-9 and in providing western hemisphere communications satellite coverage..

• Eutelsat 70B - . Mass: 5,250 kg (11,570 lb). Nation: Europe. Class: Communications. Type: Communications satellite. Spacecraft: Eurostar 3000. USAF Sat Cat: 39020 . COSPAR: 2012-069A. Apogee: 35,800 km (22,200 mi). Perigee: 35,774 km (22,228 mi). Inclination: 0.10 deg. Period: 1,436.10 min. Stationed at 70.5 E, with 48 Ku-band transponders..

• Intelsat IS-27 - . Payload: BSS-702MP. Mass: 6,241 kg (13,759 lb). Nation: USA. Class: Communications. Type: Communications satellite. Spacecraft: HS 702. The lost satellite carried Ku and C band communications transponders and an Italian UHF payload..

• Amos 4 - . Mass: 4,260 kg (9,390 lb). Nation: Israel. Class: Communications. Type: Communications satellite. Spacecraft: Amos. USAF Sat Cat: 39237 . COSPAR: 2013-045A. Apogee: 35,796 km (22,242 mi). Perigee: 35,777 km (22,230 mi). Inclination: 0.0300 deg. Period: 1,436.09 min. Communications satellite for Spacecom company of Tel Aviv. Built by IAI-MBT with a mass much greater than previous AMOS satellites. Bus is probably around 5.0 x 2.5m with a span across the two solar arrays in the 12 to 15 meter range..

• EUTELSAT 3B - . Payload: EUTE 3B. Mass: 5,967 kg (13,154 lb). Nation: Europe. Class: Communications. Type: Communications satellite. Spacecraft: Eurostar 3000. USAF Sat Cat: 39773 . COSPAR: 2014-030A. Apogee: 35,793 km (22,240 mi). Perigee: 35,779 km (22,231 mi). Inclination: 0.0600 deg. Period: 1,436.08 min. Communications satellite with C, Ku and Ka band comms payloads for the Paris-based company Eutelsat S.A..

• Elektro-L No. 2 - . Nation: Russia. Class: Earth. Type: Weather satellite. Spacecraft: Elektro. USAF Sat Cat: 41105 . COSPAR: 2015-074A. Apogee: 35,792 km (22,240 mi). Perigee: 35,781 km (22,233 mi). Inclination: 0.0800 deg. Period: 1,436.09 min.

  Russia launched a Ukrainian-built Zenit-2SB vehicle with an NPO Lavochkin 'Fregat-SB' upper stage carrying the Elektro-L No. 2 weather satellite to GEO. The Zenit-2SB second stage reached a 164 x 539 km x 51.4 deg parking orbit at 1352 UTC. The Elektro-L/Fregat-SB separated; after a first Fregat burn to 271 x 4277 km at 1500 UTC, the SBB drop tank was jettisoned. A second burn at 1711 UTC put the vehicle in geotransfer orbit, and a third burn at 2232 UTC circularized the orbit at apogee. Fregat separated and later made a fourth burn to graveyard orbit, leaving Elektro-L in the geosynchronous region.

• Angosat 1 - . Nation: Angola. USAF Sat Cat: 43087 . COSPAR: 2017-086A. Apogee: 36,102 km (22,432 mi). Perigee: 35,973 km (22,352 mi). Inclination: 0.95 deg. Period: 1,448.95 min. See AngoSat 1. ..