The reason that Beth’s brother is albino although her parents are not albino.

Question

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Answer 1

Question

Chapter 4.5, Problem 129E

(a)

To determine

To explain: The reason that Beth’s brother is albino although her parents are not albino.

(a)

Expert Solution

Answer to Problem 129E

Solution: The child will be an albino (aa) only when both the parents have allele a in their set of genes. Thus, both of Beth’s parents have type Aa.

Explanation of Solution

It is provided in the question that Beth has non-albino parents but an albino brother. Therefore, the possible set of alleles for each parent are either AA or Aa or aA. Also, it is provided that the albino brother has the set of alleles aa, each of which is obtained from every parent. Hence, the possible set of alleles of an offspring each of which is obtained from every parent can be depicted in the form of tables as follows:

		Alleles inherited from Parent
	Alleles	A	A
Alleles inherited from Parent.	A	AA	AA
Alleles inherited from Parent.	a	Aa	Aa

		Alleles inherited from Parent.
	Alleles	A	a
Alleles inherited from Parent.	A	AA	aA
Alleles inherited from Parent.	A	AA	aA

		Alleles inherited from Parent.
	Alleles	A	a
Alleles inherited from Parent.	A	AA	Aa
Alleles inherited from Parent.	a	Aa	aa

With both the parents as non-albino, that is, genes AA for parent 1 and AA for parent 2, the child will be a non-albino with set of genes AA. Also, here, aA and Aa are considered as the same genetic set. It is observed from the tables that for a child to be albino (with set of genes aa ), both the parents must have an allele a in their set of genes. Hence, both of Beth’s parents have the set of genes Aa.

(b)

To determine

The genetic type of Beth’s parents’ child.

(b)

Expert Solution

Answer to Problem 129E

Solution: Beth’s parents’ child could have the genetic type as aa,Aa, or AA.

Explanation of Solution

It is provided in the question that Beth’s parents are not albino, which means that each of them has a set of genes AA or Aa or aA. The genetic type set of the offspring can be represented in the form of a table as follow:

		Alleles inherited from Parent.
	Alleles	A	a
Alleles inherited from Parent.	A	AA	Aa
Alleles inherited from Parent.	a	Aa	aa

Therefore, Beth’s parents’ child could have either of the set of genes aa,Aa,AA. Each type’s inheritance by the child is an equally likely event as the probability of occurrence of each event is equal and independent of each other.

To determine

To find: Probability of each type of genes inherited by the offspring.

Expert Solution

Answer to Problem 129E

Solution: The probabilities for each set of genes are:

P(AA)=0.25P(Aa)=0.5P(aa)=0.25

Explanation of Solution

Calculation: It is provided in the question that the inheritance of the alleles by the child is an independent event. The probability for each of them is 0.5. Thus, the probabilities can be written as follows:

P(A)=0.5

And

P(a)=0.5

The probabilities for each set of genes inherited can be calculated as follows:

P(AA)=P(A)×P(A)=0.5×0.5=0.25

P(Aa)=[P(A)×P(a)]+[P(a)×P(A)]=[0.5×0.5]+[0.5×0.5]=0.25+0.25=0.5

P(aa)=P(a)×P(a)=0.5×0.5=0.25

Hence, the obtained probabilities are

P(AA)=0.25P(Aa)=0.5P(aa)=0.25

(c)

To determine

To find: The conditional probabilities for Beth’s genetic type provided the fact that Beth is nonalbino.

(c)

Expert Solution

Answer to Problem 129E

Solution: The conditional probabilities obtained are:

P(AA|not aa)=13

P(Aa|not aa)=23

Explanation of Solution

Calculation: The possible cases for types of genes of Beth based on the genes inherited from her parents are presented in the form of table in part (b) as follows:

		Alleles inherited from Parent.
	Alleles	A	a
Alleles inherited from Parent.	A	AA	Aa
Alleles inherited from Parent.	a	Aa	aa

Since, it is provided that Beth is not albino, therefore, the possible genetic types of Beth are either AA or Aa. Here, the type aa will not be considered as this type is of albino people. Thus, after ruling out the type aa, a total of 3 genetic types remain. The conditional probabilities possible are calculated as follows:

P(Beth's genetic type is AA|She is not albino)=P(AA|not aa)=13

And

P(Beth's genetic type is Aa|She is not albino)=P(Aa|not aa)=2×13=23

Hence, the obtained probabilities are:

P(AA|not aa)=13

P(Aa|not aa)=23

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Answer 2

Question

Chapter 4.5, Problem 129E

(a)

To determine

To explain: The reason that Beth’s brother is albino although her parents are not albino.

(a)

Expert Solution

Answer to Problem 129E

Solution: The child will be an albino (aa) only when both the parents have allele a in their set of genes. Thus, both of Beth’s parents have type Aa.

Explanation of Solution

It is provided in the question that Beth has non-albino parents but an albino brother. Therefore, the possible set of alleles for each parent are either AA or Aa or aA. Also, it is provided that the albino brother has the set of alleles aa, each of which is obtained from every parent. Hence, the possible set of alleles of an offspring each of which is obtained from every parent can be depicted in the form of tables as follows:

		Alleles inherited from Parent
	Alleles	A	A
Alleles inherited from Parent.	A	AA	AA
Alleles inherited from Parent.	a	Aa	Aa

		Alleles inherited from Parent.
	Alleles	A	a
Alleles inherited from Parent.	A	AA	aA
Alleles inherited from Parent.	A	AA	aA

		Alleles inherited from Parent.
	Alleles	A	a
Alleles inherited from Parent.	A	AA	Aa
Alleles inherited from Parent.	a	Aa	aa

With both the parents as non-albino, that is, genes AA for parent 1 and AA for parent 2, the child will be a non-albino with set of genes AA. Also, here, aA and Aa are considered as the same genetic set. It is observed from the tables that for a child to be albino (with set of genes aa ), both the parents must have an allele a in their set of genes. Hence, both of Beth’s parents have the set of genes Aa.

(b)

To determine

The genetic type of Beth’s parents’ child.

(b)

Expert Solution

Answer to Problem 129E

Solution: Beth’s parents’ child could have the genetic type as aa,Aa, or AA.

Explanation of Solution

It is provided in the question that Beth’s parents are not albino, which means that each of them has a set of genes AA or Aa or aA. The genetic type set of the offspring can be represented in the form of a table as follow:

		Alleles inherited from Parent.
	Alleles	A	a
Alleles inherited from Parent.	A	AA	Aa
Alleles inherited from Parent.	a	Aa	aa

Therefore, Beth’s parents’ child could have either of the set of genes aa,Aa,AA. Each type’s inheritance by the child is an equally likely event as the probability of occurrence of each event is equal and independent of each other.

To determine

To find: Probability of each type of genes inherited by the offspring.

Expert Solution

Answer to Problem 129E

Solution: The probabilities for each set of genes are:

P(AA)=0.25P(Aa)=0.5P(aa)=0.25

Explanation of Solution

Calculation: It is provided in the question that the inheritance of the alleles by the child is an independent event. The probability for each of them is 0.5. Thus, the probabilities can be written as follows:

P(A)=0.5

And

P(a)=0.5

The probabilities for each set of genes inherited can be calculated as follows:

P(AA)=P(A)×P(A)=0.5×0.5=0.25

P(Aa)=[P(A)×P(a)]+[P(a)×P(A)]=[0.5×0.5]+[0.5×0.5]=0.25+0.25=0.5

P(aa)=P(a)×P(a)=0.5×0.5=0.25

Hence, the obtained probabilities are

P(AA)=0.25P(Aa)=0.5P(aa)=0.25

(c)

To determine

To find: The conditional probabilities for Beth’s genetic type provided the fact that Beth is nonalbino.

(c)

Expert Solution

Answer to Problem 129E

Solution: The conditional probabilities obtained are:

P(AA|not aa)=13

P(Aa|not aa)=23

Explanation of Solution

Calculation: The possible cases for types of genes of Beth based on the genes inherited from her parents are presented in the form of table in part (b) as follows:

		Alleles inherited from Parent.
	Alleles	A	a
Alleles inherited from Parent.	A	AA	Aa
Alleles inherited from Parent.	a	Aa	aa

Since, it is provided that Beth is not albino, therefore, the possible genetic types of Beth are either AA or Aa. Here, the type aa will not be considered as this type is of albino people. Thus, after ruling out the type aa, a total of 3 genetic types remain. The conditional probabilities possible are calculated as follows:

P(Beth's genetic type is AA|She is not albino)=P(AA|not aa)=13

And

P(Beth's genetic type is Aa|She is not albino)=P(Aa|not aa)=2×13=23

Hence, the obtained probabilities are:

P(AA|not aa)=13

P(Aa|not aa)=23

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Answer 3

Question

Chapter 4.5, Problem 129E

(a)

To determine

To explain: The reason that Beth’s brother is albino although her parents are not albino.

(a)

Expert Solution

Answer to Problem 129E

Solution: The child will be an albino (aa) only when both the parents have allele a in their set of genes. Thus, both of Beth’s parents have type Aa.

Explanation of Solution

It is provided in the question that Beth has non-albino parents but an albino brother. Therefore, the possible set of alleles for each parent are either AA or Aa or aA. Also, it is provided that the albino brother has the set of alleles aa, each of which is obtained from every parent. Hence, the possible set of alleles of an offspring each of which is obtained from every parent can be depicted in the form of tables as follows:

		Alleles inherited from Parent
	Alleles	A	A
Alleles inherited from Parent.	A	AA	AA
Alleles inherited from Parent.	a	Aa	Aa

		Alleles inherited from Parent.
	Alleles	A	a
Alleles inherited from Parent.	A	AA	aA
Alleles inherited from Parent.	A	AA	aA

		Alleles inherited from Parent.
	Alleles	A	a
Alleles inherited from Parent.	A	AA	Aa
Alleles inherited from Parent.	a	Aa	aa

With both the parents as non-albino, that is, genes AA for parent 1 and AA for parent 2, the child will be a non-albino with set of genes AA. Also, here, aA and Aa are considered as the same genetic set. It is observed from the tables that for a child to be albino (with set of genes aa ), both the parents must have an allele a in their set of genes. Hence, both of Beth’s parents have the set of genes Aa.

(b)

To determine

The genetic type of Beth’s parents’ child.

(b)

Expert Solution

Answer to Problem 129E

Solution: Beth’s parents’ child could have the genetic type as aa,Aa, or AA.

Explanation of Solution

It is provided in the question that Beth’s parents are not albino, which means that each of them has a set of genes AA or Aa or aA. The genetic type set of the offspring can be represented in the form of a table as follow:

		Alleles inherited from Parent.
	Alleles	A	a
Alleles inherited from Parent.	A	AA	Aa
Alleles inherited from Parent.	a	Aa	aa

Therefore, Beth’s parents’ child could have either of the set of genes aa,Aa,AA. Each type’s inheritance by the child is an equally likely event as the probability of occurrence of each event is equal and independent of each other.

To determine

To find: Probability of each type of genes inherited by the offspring.

Expert Solution

Answer to Problem 129E

Solution: The probabilities for each set of genes are:

P(AA)=0.25P(Aa)=0.5P(aa)=0.25

Explanation of Solution

Calculation: It is provided in the question that the inheritance of the alleles by the child is an independent event. The probability for each of them is 0.5. Thus, the probabilities can be written as follows:

P(A)=0.5

And

P(a)=0.5

The probabilities for each set of genes inherited can be calculated as follows:

P(AA)=P(A)×P(A)=0.5×0.5=0.25

P(Aa)=[P(A)×P(a)]+[P(a)×P(A)]=[0.5×0.5]+[0.5×0.5]=0.25+0.25=0.5

P(aa)=P(a)×P(a)=0.5×0.5=0.25

Hence, the obtained probabilities are

P(AA)=0.25P(Aa)=0.5P(aa)=0.25

(c)

To determine

To find: The conditional probabilities for Beth’s genetic type provided the fact that Beth is nonalbino.

(c)

Expert Solution

Answer to Problem 129E

Solution: The conditional probabilities obtained are:

P(AA|not aa)=13

P(Aa|not aa)=23

Explanation of Solution

Calculation: The possible cases for types of genes of Beth based on the genes inherited from her parents are presented in the form of table in part (b) as follows:

		Alleles inherited from Parent.
	Alleles	A	a
Alleles inherited from Parent.	A	AA	Aa
Alleles inherited from Parent.	a	Aa	aa

Since, it is provided that Beth is not albino, therefore, the possible genetic types of Beth are either AA or Aa. Here, the type aa will not be considered as this type is of albino people. Thus, after ruling out the type aa, a total of 3 genetic types remain. The conditional probabilities possible are calculated as follows:

P(Beth's genetic type is AA|She is not albino)=P(AA|not aa)=13

And

P(Beth's genetic type is Aa|She is not albino)=P(Aa|not aa)=2×13=23

Hence, the obtained probabilities are:

P(AA|not aa)=13

P(Aa|not aa)=23

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Answer 4

Question

Chapter 4.5, Problem 129E

(a)

To determine

To explain: The reason that Beth’s brother is albino although her parents are not albino.

(a)

Expert Solution

Answer to Problem 129E

Solution: The child will be an albino (aa) only when both the parents have allele a in their set of genes. Thus, both of Beth’s parents have type Aa.

Explanation of Solution

It is provided in the question that Beth has non-albino parents but an albino brother. Therefore, the possible set of alleles for each parent are either AA or Aa or aA. Also, it is provided that the albino brother has the set of alleles aa, each of which is obtained from every parent. Hence, the possible set of alleles of an offspring each of which is obtained from every parent can be depicted in the form of tables as follows:

		Alleles inherited from Parent
	Alleles	A	A
Alleles inherited from Parent.	A	AA	AA
Alleles inherited from Parent.	a	Aa	Aa

		Alleles inherited from Parent.
	Alleles	A	a
Alleles inherited from Parent.	A	AA	aA
Alleles inherited from Parent.	A	AA	aA

		Alleles inherited from Parent.
	Alleles	A	a
Alleles inherited from Parent.	A	AA	Aa
Alleles inherited from Parent.	a	Aa	aa

With both the parents as non-albino, that is, genes AA for parent 1 and AA for parent 2, the child will be a non-albino with set of genes AA. Also, here, aA and Aa are considered as the same genetic set. It is observed from the tables that for a child to be albino (with set of genes aa ), both the parents must have an allele a in their set of genes. Hence, both of Beth’s parents have the set of genes Aa.

(b)

To determine

The genetic type of Beth’s parents’ child.

(b)

Expert Solution

Answer to Problem 129E

Solution: Beth’s parents’ child could have the genetic type as aa,Aa, or AA.

Explanation of Solution

It is provided in the question that Beth’s parents are not albino, which means that each of them has a set of genes AA or Aa or aA. The genetic type set of the offspring can be represented in the form of a table as follow:

		Alleles inherited from Parent.
	Alleles	A	a
Alleles inherited from Parent.	A	AA	Aa
Alleles inherited from Parent.	a	Aa	aa

Therefore, Beth’s parents’ child could have either of the set of genes aa,Aa,AA. Each type’s inheritance by the child is an equally likely event as the probability of occurrence of each event is equal and independent of each other.

To determine

To find: Probability of each type of genes inherited by the offspring.

Expert Solution

Answer to Problem 129E

Solution: The probabilities for each set of genes are:

P(AA)=0.25P(Aa)=0.5P(aa)=0.25

Explanation of Solution

Calculation: It is provided in the question that the inheritance of the alleles by the child is an independent event. The probability for each of them is 0.5. Thus, the probabilities can be written as follows:

P(A)=0.5

And

P(a)=0.5

The probabilities for each set of genes inherited can be calculated as follows:

P(AA)=P(A)×P(A)=0.5×0.5=0.25

P(Aa)=[P(A)×P(a)]+[P(a)×P(A)]=[0.5×0.5]+[0.5×0.5]=0.25+0.25=0.5

P(aa)=P(a)×P(a)=0.5×0.5=0.25

Hence, the obtained probabilities are

P(AA)=0.25P(Aa)=0.5P(aa)=0.25

(c)

To determine

To find: The conditional probabilities for Beth’s genetic type provided the fact that Beth is nonalbino.

(c)

Expert Solution

Answer to Problem 129E

Solution: The conditional probabilities obtained are:

P(AA|not aa)=13

P(Aa|not aa)=23

Explanation of Solution

Calculation: The possible cases for types of genes of Beth based on the genes inherited from her parents are presented in the form of table in part (b) as follows:

		Alleles inherited from Parent.
	Alleles	A	a
Alleles inherited from Parent.	A	AA	Aa
Alleles inherited from Parent.	a	Aa	aa

Since, it is provided that Beth is not albino, therefore, the possible genetic types of Beth are either AA or Aa. Here, the type aa will not be considered as this type is of albino people. Thus, after ruling out the type aa, a total of 3 genetic types remain. The conditional probabilities possible are calculated as follows:

P(Beth's genetic type is AA|She is not albino)=P(AA|not aa)=13

And

P(Beth's genetic type is Aa|She is not albino)=P(Aa|not aa)=2×13=23

Hence, the obtained probabilities are:

P(AA|not aa)=13

P(Aa|not aa)=23

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Answer 5

Chapter 4.5, Problem 129E

(a)

To determine

To explain: The reason that Beth’s brother is albino although her parents are not albino.

(a)

Expert Solution

Answer to Problem 129E

Solution: The child will be an albino (aa) only when both the parents have allele a in their set of genes. Thus, both of Beth’s parents have type Aa.

Explanation of Solution

It is provided in the question that Beth has non-albino parents but an albino brother. Therefore, the possible set of alleles for each parent are either AA or Aa or aA. Also, it is provided that the albino brother has the set of alleles aa, each of which is obtained from every parent. Hence, the possible set of alleles of an offspring each of which is obtained from every parent can be depicted in the form of tables as follows:

		Alleles inherited from Parent
	Alleles	A	A
Alleles inherited from Parent.	A	AA	AA
Alleles inherited from Parent.	a	Aa	Aa

		Alleles inherited from Parent.
	Alleles	A	a
Alleles inherited from Parent.	A	AA	aA
Alleles inherited from Parent.	A	AA	aA

		Alleles inherited from Parent.
	Alleles	A	a
Alleles inherited from Parent.	A	AA	Aa
Alleles inherited from Parent.	a	Aa	aa

With both the parents as non-albino, that is, genes AA for parent 1 and AA for parent 2, the child will be a non-albino with set of genes AA. Also, here, aA and Aa are considered as the same genetic set. It is observed from the tables that for a child to be albino (with set of genes aa ), both the parents must have an allele a in their set of genes. Hence, both of Beth’s parents have the set of genes Aa.

(b)

To determine

The genetic type of Beth’s parents’ child.

(b)

Expert Solution

Answer to Problem 129E

Solution: Beth’s parents’ child could have the genetic type as aa,Aa, or AA.

Explanation of Solution

It is provided in the question that Beth’s parents are not albino, which means that each of them has a set of genes AA or Aa or aA. The genetic type set of the offspring can be represented in the form of a table as follow:

		Alleles inherited from Parent.
	Alleles	A	a
Alleles inherited from Parent.	A	AA	Aa
Alleles inherited from Parent.	a	Aa	aa

Therefore, Beth’s parents’ child could have either of the set of genes aa,Aa,AA. Each type’s inheritance by the child is an equally likely event as the probability of occurrence of each event is equal and independent of each other.

To determine

To find: Probability of each type of genes inherited by the offspring.

Expert Solution

Answer to Problem 129E

Solution: The probabilities for each set of genes are:

P(AA)=0.25P(Aa)=0.5P(aa)=0.25

Explanation of Solution

Calculation: It is provided in the question that the inheritance of the alleles by the child is an independent event. The probability for each of them is 0.5. Thus, the probabilities can be written as follows:

P(A)=0.5

And

P(a)=0.5

The probabilities for each set of genes inherited can be calculated as follows:

P(AA)=P(A)×P(A)=0.5×0.5=0.25

P(Aa)=[P(A)×P(a)]+[P(a)×P(A)]=[0.5×0.5]+[0.5×0.5]=0.25+0.25=0.5

P(aa)=P(a)×P(a)=0.5×0.5=0.25

Hence, the obtained probabilities are

P(AA)=0.25P(Aa)=0.5P(aa)=0.25

(c)

To determine

To find: The conditional probabilities for Beth’s genetic type provided the fact that Beth is nonalbino.

(c)

Expert Solution

Answer to Problem 129E

Solution: The conditional probabilities obtained are:

P(AA|not aa)=13

P(Aa|not aa)=23

Explanation of Solution

Calculation: The possible cases for types of genes of Beth based on the genes inherited from her parents are presented in the form of table in part (b) as follows:

		Alleles inherited from Parent.
	Alleles	A	a
Alleles inherited from Parent.	A	AA	Aa
Alleles inherited from Parent.	a	Aa	aa

Since, it is provided that Beth is not albino, therefore, the possible genetic types of Beth are either AA or Aa. Here, the type aa will not be considered as this type is of albino people. Thus, after ruling out the type aa, a total of 3 genetic types remain. The conditional probabilities possible are calculated as follows:

P(Beth's genetic type is AA|She is not albino)=P(AA|not aa)=13

And

P(Beth's genetic type is Aa|She is not albino)=P(Aa|not aa)=2×13=23

Hence, the obtained probabilities are:

P(AA|not aa)=13

P(Aa|not aa)=23

Answer 6

Chapter 4.5, Problem 129E

(a)

To determine

To explain: The reason that Beth’s brother is albino although her parents are not albino.

(a)

Expert Solution

Answer to Problem 129E

Solution: The child will be an albino (aa) only when both the parents have allele a in their set of genes. Thus, both of Beth’s parents have type Aa.

Explanation of Solution

It is provided in the question that Beth has non-albino parents but an albino brother. Therefore, the possible set of alleles for each parent are either AA or Aa or aA. Also, it is provided that the albino brother has the set of alleles aa, each of which is obtained from every parent. Hence, the possible set of alleles of an offspring each of which is obtained from every parent can be depicted in the form of tables as follows:

		Alleles inherited from Parent
	Alleles	A	A
Alleles inherited from Parent.	A	AA	AA
Alleles inherited from Parent.	a	Aa	Aa

		Alleles inherited from Parent.
	Alleles	A	a
Alleles inherited from Parent.	A	AA	aA
Alleles inherited from Parent.	A	AA	aA

		Alleles inherited from Parent.
	Alleles	A	a
Alleles inherited from Parent.	A	AA	Aa
Alleles inherited from Parent.	a	Aa	aa

With both the parents as non-albino, that is, genes AA for parent 1 and AA for parent 2, the child will be a non-albino with set of genes AA. Also, here, aA and Aa are considered as the same genetic set. It is observed from the tables that for a child to be albino (with set of genes aa ), both the parents must have an allele a in their set of genes. Hence, both of Beth’s parents have the set of genes Aa.

Answer 7

Chapter 4.5, Problem 129E

(a)

To determine

To explain: The reason that Beth’s brother is albino although her parents are not albino.

Answer 8

(a)

Expert Solution

Answer to Problem 129E

Solution: The child will be an albino (aa) only when both the parents have allele a in their set of genes. Thus, both of Beth’s parents have type Aa.

Answer 9

(a)

Expert Solution

Answer 10

(a)

Expert Solution

Answer 11

Expert Solution

Answer 12

Explanation of Solution

It is provided in the question that Beth has non-albino parents but an albino brother. Therefore, the possible set of alleles for each parent are either AA or Aa or aA. Also, it is provided that the albino brother has the set of alleles aa, each of which is obtained from every parent. Hence, the possible set of alleles of an offspring each of which is obtained from every parent can be depicted in the form of tables as follows:

		Alleles inherited from Parent
	Alleles	A	A
Alleles inherited from Parent.	A	AA	AA
Alleles inherited from Parent.	a	Aa	Aa

		Alleles inherited from Parent.
	Alleles	A	a
Alleles inherited from Parent.	A	AA	aA
Alleles inherited from Parent.	A	AA	aA

		Alleles inherited from Parent.
	Alleles	A	a
Alleles inherited from Parent.	A	AA	Aa
Alleles inherited from Parent.	a	Aa	aa

With both the parents as non-albino, that is, genes AA for parent 1 and AA for parent 2, the child will be a non-albino with set of genes AA. Also, here, aA and Aa are considered as the same genetic set. It is observed from the tables that for a child to be albino (with set of genes aa ), both the parents must have an allele a in their set of genes. Hence, both of Beth’s parents have the set of genes Aa.

Answer 13

(b)

To determine

The genetic type of Beth’s parents’ child.

(b)

Expert Solution

Answer to Problem 129E

Solution: Beth’s parents’ child could have the genetic type as aa,Aa, or AA.

Explanation of Solution

It is provided in the question that Beth’s parents are not albino, which means that each of them has a set of genes AA or Aa or aA. The genetic type set of the offspring can be represented in the form of a table as follow:

		Alleles inherited from Parent.
	Alleles	A	a
Alleles inherited from Parent.	A	AA	Aa
Alleles inherited from Parent.	a	Aa	aa

Therefore, Beth’s parents’ child could have either of the set of genes aa,Aa,AA. Each type’s inheritance by the child is an equally likely event as the probability of occurrence of each event is equal and independent of each other.

Answer 14

(b)

To determine

The genetic type of Beth’s parents’ child.

Answer 15

(b)

Expert Solution

Answer to Problem 129E

Solution: Beth’s parents’ child could have the genetic type as aa,Aa, or AA.

Answer 16

(b)

Expert Solution

Answer 17

(b)

Expert Solution

Answer 18

Expert Solution

Answer 19

Explanation of Solution

It is provided in the question that Beth’s parents are not albino, which means that each of them has a set of genes AA or Aa or aA. The genetic type set of the offspring can be represented in the form of a table as follow:

		Alleles inherited from Parent.
	Alleles	A	a
Alleles inherited from Parent.	A	AA	Aa
Alleles inherited from Parent.	a	Aa	aa

Therefore, Beth’s parents’ child could have either of the set of genes aa,Aa,AA. Each type’s inheritance by the child is an equally likely event as the probability of occurrence of each event is equal and independent of each other.

Answer 20

To determine

To find: Probability of each type of genes inherited by the offspring.

Expert Solution

Answer to Problem 129E

Solution: The probabilities for each set of genes are:

P(AA)=0.25P(Aa)=0.5P(aa)=0.25

Explanation of Solution

Calculation: It is provided in the question that the inheritance of the alleles by the child is an independent event. The probability for each of them is 0.5. Thus, the probabilities can be written as follows:

P(A)=0.5

And

P(a)=0.5

The probabilities for each set of genes inherited can be calculated as follows:

P(AA)=P(A)×P(A)=0.5×0.5=0.25

P(Aa)=[P(A)×P(a)]+[P(a)×P(A)]=[0.5×0.5]+[0.5×0.5]=0.25+0.25=0.5

P(aa)=P(a)×P(a)=0.5×0.5=0.25

Hence, the obtained probabilities are

P(AA)=0.25P(Aa)=0.5P(aa)=0.25

Answer 21

To determine

To find: Probability of each type of genes inherited by the offspring.

Answer 22

Expert Solution

Answer to Problem 129E

Solution: The probabilities for each set of genes are:

P(AA)=0.25P(Aa)=0.5P(aa)=0.25

Answer 23

Expert Solution

Answer 24

Expert Solution

Answer 25

Expert Solution

Answer 26

Explanation of Solution

Calculation: It is provided in the question that the inheritance of the alleles by the child is an independent event. The probability for each of them is 0.5. Thus, the probabilities can be written as follows:

P(A)=0.5

And

P(a)=0.5

The probabilities for each set of genes inherited can be calculated as follows:

P(AA)=P(A)×P(A)=0.5×0.5=0.25

P(Aa)=[P(A)×P(a)]+[P(a)×P(A)]=[0.5×0.5]+[0.5×0.5]=0.25+0.25=0.5

P(aa)=P(a)×P(a)=0.5×0.5=0.25

Hence, the obtained probabilities are

P(AA)=0.25P(Aa)=0.5P(aa)=0.25

Answer 27

(c)

To determine

To find: The conditional probabilities for Beth’s genetic type provided the fact that Beth is nonalbino.

(c)

Expert Solution

Answer to Problem 129E

Solution: The conditional probabilities obtained are:

P(AA|not aa)=13

P(Aa|not aa)=23

Explanation of Solution

Calculation: The possible cases for types of genes of Beth based on the genes inherited from her parents are presented in the form of table in part (b) as follows:

		Alleles inherited from Parent.
	Alleles	A	a
Alleles inherited from Parent.	A	AA	Aa
Alleles inherited from Parent.	a	Aa	aa

Since, it is provided that Beth is not albino, therefore, the possible genetic types of Beth are either AA or Aa. Here, the type aa will not be considered as this type is of albino people. Thus, after ruling out the type aa, a total of 3 genetic types remain. The conditional probabilities possible are calculated as follows:

P(Beth's genetic type is AA|She is not albino)=P(AA|not aa)=13

And

P(Beth's genetic type is Aa|She is not albino)=P(Aa|not aa)=2×13=23

Hence, the obtained probabilities are:

P(AA|not aa)=13

P(Aa|not aa)=23

Answer 28

(c)

To determine

To find: The conditional probabilities for Beth’s genetic type provided the fact that Beth is nonalbino.

Answer 29

(c)

Expert Solution

Answer to Problem 129E

Solution: The conditional probabilities obtained are:

P(AA|not aa)=13

P(Aa|not aa)=23

Answer 30

(c)

Expert Solution

Answer 31

(c)

Expert Solution

Answer 32

Expert Solution

Answer 33

Explanation of Solution

Calculation: The possible cases for types of genes of Beth based on the genes inherited from her parents are presented in the form of table in part (b) as follows:

		Alleles inherited from Parent.
	Alleles	A	a
Alleles inherited from Parent.	A	AA	Aa
Alleles inherited from Parent.	a	Aa	aa

Since, it is provided that Beth is not albino, therefore, the possible genetic types of Beth are either AA or Aa. Here, the type aa will not be considered as this type is of albino people. Thus, after ruling out the type aa, a total of 3 genetic types remain. The conditional probabilities possible are calculated as follows:

P(Beth's genetic type is AA|She is not albino)=P(AA|not aa)=13