Chemistry: Structure and Properties (2nd Edition)
2nd Edition
ISBN: 9780134293936
Author: Nivaldo J. Tro
Publisher: PEARSON
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Textbook Question
Chapter 2, Problem 18E
Explain Heisenberg’s uncertainty principle. What paradox is at least partially solved by the uncertainty principle?
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Chapter 2 Solutions
Chemistry: Structure and Properties (2nd Edition)
Ch. 2 - Why is the quantum-mechanical model of the atom...Ch. 2 - What is light? How fast does it travel in a...Ch. 2 - Define the wavelength and amplitude of a wave.Ch. 2 - Define the frequency of electromagnetic radiation....Ch. 2 - What determines the color of light? Describe the...Ch. 2 - What determines the color of a colored object?...Ch. 2 - Give an approximate range of wavelengths for each...Ch. 2 - Explain the wave behavior known as interference....Ch. 2 - Explain the wave behavior known as diffraction....Ch. 2 - Describe the photoelectric effect. How did...
Ch. 2 - How did the photoelectric effect lead Einstein to...Ch. 2 - What is a photon? How is the energy of a photon...Ch. 2 - What is an emission spectrum? How does an emission...Ch. 2 - Describe the Bohr model for the atom. How did the...Ch. 2 - Explain electron diffraction.Ch. 2 - What is the de Broglie wavelength of an electron?...Ch. 2 - What are complementary properties? How does...Ch. 2 - Explain Heisenberg’s uncertainty principle. What...Ch. 2 - What is a trajectory? What kind of information do...Ch. 2 - Why does the uncertainty principle make it...Ch. 2 - Newton’s laws of motion are deterministic. Explain...Ch. 2 - An electron behaves in ways that are at least...Ch. 2 - What is a probability distribution map?Ch. 2 - For each solution to the Schrödinger equation,...Ch. 2 - What is a quantum-mechanical orbital?Ch. 2 - What is the Schrödinger equation? What is a wave...Ch. 2 - What are the possible values of the principal...Ch. 2 - What are the possible values of the angular...Ch. 2 - What are the possible values of the magnetic...Ch. 2 - Explain the difference between a plot showing the...Ch. 2 - Sketch the general shapes of the s, p, and d...Ch. 2 - List the four different sublevels. Given that only...Ch. 2 - Why are atoms usually portrayed as spheres when...Ch. 2 - The distance from the sun to Earth is 1.496108 km....Ch. 2 - The nearest star to our sun is Proxima Centauri,...Ch. 2 - List these types of electromagnetic radiation in...Ch. 2 - List these types of electromagnetic radiation in...Ch. 2 - Calculate the frequency of each wavelength of...Ch. 2 - Calculate the wavelength of each frequency of...Ch. 2 - Calculate the energy of a photon of...Ch. 2 - Calculate the energy of a photon of...Ch. 2 - A laser pulse with wavelength 532 nm contains 3.85...Ch. 2 - A heat lamp produces 32.8 watts of power at a...Ch. 2 - Determine the energy of 1 mol of photons for each...Ch. 2 - How much energy is contained in 1 mol of each?...Ch. 2 - Sketch the interference pattern that results from...Ch. 2 - What happens to the interference pattern described...Ch. 2 - The resolution limit of a microscope is roughly...Ch. 2 - The smallest atoms can themselves exhibit...Ch. 2 - What is the de Broglie wavelength of an electron...Ch. 2 - A proton in a linear accelerator has a de Broglie...Ch. 2 - Prob. 53ECh. 2 - A 0.22-caliber handgun fires a 27-g bullet at a...Ch. 2 - An electron has an uncertainty in its position of...Ch. 2 - An electron traveling at [1.35 \times {10^5}\] m/s...Ch. 2 - Which electron is, on average, closer to the...Ch. 2 - Which electron is, on average, further from the...Ch. 2 - What are the possible values of I for each given...Ch. 2 - What are the possible values of m1 for each given...Ch. 2 - Which set of quantum numbers cannot occur together...Ch. 2 - Which combinations of n and I represent real...Ch. 2 - Prob. 63ECh. 2 - Sketch the 3d orbitals. How do the 4d orbitals...Ch. 2 - An electron in a hydrogen atom is excited with...Ch. 2 - Determine whether each transition in the hydrogen...Ch. 2 - According to the quantum-mechanical model for the...Ch. 2 - According to the quantum-mechanical model for the...Ch. 2 - Calculate the wavelength of the light emitted when...Ch. 2 - Calculate the frequency of the light emitted when...Ch. 2 - Prob. 71ECh. 2 - An electron in a hydrogen atom relaxes to the [n =...Ch. 2 - Ultraviolet radiation and radiation of shorter...Ch. 2 - The human eye contains a molecule called...Ch. 2 - An argon ion laser puts out 5.0 W of continuous...Ch. 2 - A green leaf has a surface area of 2.50 cm2. If...Ch. 2 - Prob. 77ECh. 2 - An X-ray photon of wavelength 0.989 nm strikes a...Ch. 2 - Prob. 79ECh. 2 - The energy required to ionize sodium is 496...Ch. 2 - Prob. 81ECh. 2 - Suppose that, in an alternate universe, the...Ch. 2 - Prob. 83ECh. 2 - Prob. 84ECh. 2 - The binding energy of electrons in a metal is 193...Ch. 2 - In order for a thermonuclear fusion reaction of...Ch. 2 - Prob. 87ECh. 2 - Prob. 88ECh. 2 - The iodine molecule can be photodissociated...Ch. 2 - A sample of naphthalene in hexane contains 5.00104...Ch. 2 - Prob. 91ECh. 2 - Prob. 92ECh. 2 - Prob. 93ECh. 2 - The energy of a vibrating molecule is quantized...Ch. 2 - The wave functions for the 1s and 2s orbitals are...Ch. 2 - Before quantum mechanics was developed, Johannes...Ch. 2 - Find the velocity of an electron emitted by a...Ch. 2 - Water is exposed to infrared radiation of...Ch. 2 - Prob. 99ECh. 2 - A metal with a threshold frequency of 6.711014s1...Ch. 2 - Find the longest wavelength of a wave that can...Ch. 2 - The amount of heat to melt ice is 0.333 kJ/g. Find...Ch. 2 - Explain the difference between the Bohr model for...Ch. 2 - The light emitted from one of the following...Ch. 2 - Determine whether an interference pattern is...Ch. 2 - Which transition in the hydrogen atom results in...Ch. 2 - Discuss the nature of light with your group....Ch. 2 - How are electrons like baseballs? How are they...Ch. 2 - What are all the possible values of m1 if l = 0...Ch. 2 - Have each group member choose a set of quantum...Ch. 2 - How many nodes are there in the 1s, 2p, and 3d...Ch. 2 - Sunscreen contains compounds that absorb...Ch. 2 - Which wavelength of light has the highest...Ch. 2 - Which kind of electromagnetic radiation contains...Ch. 2 - How much energy (in J ) is contained in 1.00 mole...Ch. 2 - Light from three different lasers (A, B, and C),...Ch. 2 - Calculate the wavelength of an electron traveling...Ch. 2 - Which set of three quantum numbers does not...Ch. 2 - Calculate the wavelength of light emitted when an...Ch. 2 - Which electron transition produces light of the...Ch. 2 - How much time (in seconds) does it take light to...Ch. 2 - Which figure represents a d orbital? None of the...
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- Calculate the atomic packing factor of quartz, knowing that the number of Si atoms per cm3 is 2.66x1022 and that the atomic radii of Si and O are 0.038 and 0.117 nm.arrow_forwardChoose one or more: Draw the Lewis structure. Consider and draw alternate resonance structures. Calculate the molar mass of the compound. Leave out the lone pairs of electrons. Complete the octets of each atom (dublet for H). Determine the central atom, if possible. Determine the number of covalent bonds in the structure. Check the structure with electron bookkeeping Question: Determine which of the following procedures are steps in drawing the resonance structures of pyridine and pyrazine. Check all that apply.arrow_forward1. Draw the shapes of the various d orbitals and explain why they are split into two groups; 12g and eg in an octahedral field Draw a diagram to show how the d orbitals are split into groups with different energy in an octahedral field. Some electronic configurations may exist in both high spin and low spin arrangements in an octahedral field. Draw all of these cases, and suggest which metal ions and which ligands might give rise to each. Draw an energy level diagram to show the lifting of degeneracy of the 3d orbitals in a tetrahedral ligand field . Give the number of unpaired electrons in a strong and weak octahedral field for (a) Cr² (b) Co and (c) Fe. Calculate the CFSE and magnetic moment in each casearrow_forward
- 9. Describe and explain the Jahn teller effect in octahedral complexes of Cu² and Cr Define paramagnetism and diamagnetism. What is the difference between an inner orbital complex and an outer orbital complex? The complex [NiCN)4] is diamagnetic, but [NiCla] is paramagnetic and has two unpaired electrons, explain these observations and deduce the structures of the two complexes The complex ion [Co (NH3)6] is octahedral and diamagnetic, the complexion [CoF6] is also octahedral but paramagnetic. How does valence bond theory account for this observation? How does crystal field explain color of complexes?arrow_forward5. Show how the d orbital splitting changes as an octahedral complex undergoes tetragonal distortion and eventually becomes a square planar complex. What is the spectrochemical series and what is its importance Using crystal field theory, (a) Draw the d-orbital electronic configuration of [Cr(CN)6]³ (b) How many unpaired electrons are present? (c) Calculate the CFSE and magnetic moment of the complex ion (c) If six Br groups were substituted for the six CN groups to give [CrBr.]³ would you expect Ao to increase or decrease? Why? Describe how Ao changes as the charge on the metal changes from M² to M and how it changes between a first row, second row or third row transition element.arrow_forward15. Describe clearly how crystal field theory explains satisfactorily the magnetic moment of transition metal complexes. Which complex has the larger crystal field splitting? Give reasons for your answer. (i) [Co(CN)6] or (ii) [Co(H2O)²+ or (iii) [Co(NH)6] or [Co(NH3)6] [Co(H_O)] [Rh(NH3)]* What relationship exist between A (the crystal field splitting) and the pairing energy (P) in determining whether a given complex will be high spin or low spin.arrow_forward
- Part 1 See Periodic Table Draw the major resonance contributor for the skeletal arrangement CNNO 2 (arrangement a). Include all nonbonding electrons and all nonzero formal charges. The skeleton has been given to you. Н Ν HCNO SE F ·N—N; ☑ P Cl Br Iarrow_forward5. Show how the d orbital splitting changes as an octahedral complex undergoes tetragonal distortion and eventually becomes a square planar complex. What is the spectrochemical series and what is its importance Using crystal field theory, (a) Draw the d-orbital electronic configuration of [Cr(CN)6]³ (b) How many unpaired electrons are present? (c) Calculate the CFSE and magnetic moment of the complex ion (c) If six Br groups were substituted for the six CN groups to give [CrBr.]³ would you expect Ao to increase or decrease? Why? Describe how Ao changes as the charge on the metal changes from M² to M and how it changes between a first row, second row or third row transition element.arrow_forwardPart 1 See Periodic Table One resonance structure of CNO¯ is shown. In the first box, add two curved arrows to show the movement of electrons that result in the resonance form with a -1 formal charge on the oxygen atom. In the second box, draw this resonance form with the -1 formal charge on the oxygen atom by adding bonds, lone pairs, and non-zero formal charges. =0% → [N=C=O 1 N-C-0arrow_forward
- Draw any major resonance contributor for S2O3, assuming that the S atoms are bonded to each other, and the O atoms are bonded to S atoms. Include all nonbonding electrons and all nonzero formal charges.arrow_forwardDetermine which of the following procedures are steps in drawing the resonance structures of pyridine and pyrazine. Check all that apply. Draw the Lewis structure.Consider and draw alternate resonance structures. Calculate the molar mass of the compound. Leave out the lone pairs of electrons. Determine the central atom, if possible. Complete the octets of each atom (dublet for H). Determine the number of covalent bonds in the structure. Check the structure with electron bookkeeping.arrow_forwardDetermine which of the following procedures are steps in drawing the resonance structures of pyridine and pyrazine. Check all that apply. Draw the Lewis structure.Consider and draw alternate resonance structures.Calculate the molar mass of the compound.Leave out the lone pairs of electrons.Determine the central atom, if possible.Complete the octets of each atom (dublet for H).Determine the number of covalent bonds in the structure.Check the structure with electron bookkeeping.arrow_forward
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