AVAILABLE READINGS

Events of Beijing Spring 1989:

Black, George and Robin Munro, Black Hands of Beijing (New York: John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 1993) - includes excerpts on key events of late May, the story of one worker's experience during the protests, and a detailed account of the night of June 3-4. (This title is available through Amazon.com.)

Unger, Jonathan, editor, The Pro-Democracy Protests in China: Reports from the Provinces (Armonk, NY: M.E. Sharpe, Inc., 1991, available through Amazon.com). Includes the following excerpts:

Walder, Andrew G. and Gong Xiaoxia, Workers in the Tiananmen Protests: The Politics of the Beijing Workers' Autonomous Federation, The Australian Journal of Chinese Affairs, No. 29, January 1993.

Original source documents from 1989:

A Chinese government account of Beijing Spring 1989:

The Truth About the Turmoil, edited by the Editorial Board of The Truth about the Beijing Turmoil (Beijing: Beijing Publishing House, 1990).

The role of the media during Beijing Spring 1989:

Black, George and Robin Munro, Black Hands of Beijing (New York: John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 1993) - includes an excerpt on the foreign media coverage of June 3-4.

Hertsgaard, Mark, "China Coverage Strong on What, Weak on Why?" Rolling Stone, Sept. 21, 1989.

Jakobson, Linda, Lies in Ink, Truth in Blood: The Role and Impact of the Chinese Media During the Beijing Spring of '89, Discussion Paper D-6 (Cambridge, MA: Joan Shorenstein Barone Center, John F. Kennedy School of Government, Harvard University, 1990).

Turmoil at Tiananmen: A Study of U.S. Press Coverage of the Beijing Spring of 1989 (Cambridge, MA: Joan Shorenstein Barone Center, John F. Kennedy School of Government, Harvard University, 1992).

Film-related themes and issues:

Barmé, Geremie, "History for the Masses," from Jonathan Unger, ed., Using the Past to Serve the Present (Armonk, NY: M.E. Sharpe, Inc., 1993 - available through Amazon.com).

Barmé, Geremie, Shades of Mao (Armonk, New York: M.E. Sharpe, 1996) - includes excerpts on the cult of Mao that has persisted despite his death. Available at Amazon.com.

Barmé, Geremie, "To Screw Foreigners is Patriotic: China's Avant-Garde Nationalists," in Jonathan Unger, ed., Chinese Nationalism, (Armonk, New York: M.E. Sharpe, 1996 - available at Amazon.com).

Konrád, George (with Iván Szelényi), "Revolution or Reform," from Konrád, The Melancholy of Rebirth: Essays from Post-Communist Central Europe, 1989-1994 (New York: Harcourt Brace & Company, 1995 - available at Amazon.com).

Kraus, Richard Curt, Brushes With Power: Modern Politics and the Chinese Art of Calligraphy (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1991) - includes excerpts on Chinese calligraphy and its relationship to politics and power, and on the 1976 Tiananmen Square Incident. Available at Amazon.com.

Lenin, V.I., "The State and Revolution" (1917).

Leys, Simon, "Human Rights in China," from The Burning Forest: Essays on Chinese Culture and Politics (New York: Henry Holt and Company, Inc., 1986).

Leys, Simon, excerpt on "the destruction of the city of Peking" from Chinese Shadows (New York: Viking Penguin Inc., 1978).

Liu Xiaobo, "That Holy Word, 'Revolution'," from Popular Protest and Political Culture in Modern China, Second Edition, edited by Jeffrey N. Wasserstrom and Elizabeth J. Perry (Boulder, CO: Westview Press, 1994).

Nathan, Andrew J., "Chinese Democracy in 1989: Continuity and Change," in Problems of Communism, vol. 38, no. 5 (Sept.-Oct. 1989).

On the Eve - China '89 Symposium (Bolinas, California, 27-29 April, 1989), includes discussions of Chinese politics and culture, and the key issues faced in China in the late 1980s and 1990s, with introductory essays by Marlowe Hood, Perry Link, Geremie R. Barmé, Andrew J. Nathan, Leo Ou-fan Lee, and Merle Goldman.

Schell, Orville, "China's Andrei Sakharov," an article about Fang Lizhi, from TheAtlantic, May 1988.

Spence, Jonathan D., "The Gate and the Square," from Children of the Dragon (New York: Collier Books, Macmillan Publishing Company, 1990).

Yau Ma Tei, "Maosoleum," from Geremie Barmé and John Minford, editors, Seeds of Fire (New York: The Noonday Press, 1989).

Chinese rock music and the original music in the film:

Barmé, Geremie, "Official Bad Boys or True Rebels?" Human Rights Tribune, Volume III, Number 4, Winter 1992, pp. 17-20.

Kraus, Richard Curt, excerpt on "The East is Red," from Pianos and Politics in China: Middle-Class Ambitions and the Struggle over Western Music (New York: Oxford University Press, 1989).

Pevsner, Mark, "The Gate of Heavenly Peace" Original Music Program Notes, 1996.

Reactions to "The Gate of Heavenly Peace":

Barmé, Geremie, "The Rhetoric of Democratic Denunciation," excerpt from "Totalitarian Nostalgia," from In The Red: Contemporary Chinese Culture (New York: Columbia University Press, forthcoming 1997).

White, Jerry, "Squaring Off Over Tiananmen: Critics Clamor at the Gate of Heavenly Peace," The Independent, January/February 1996.

Woodward, Richard, "Anatomy of a Massacre," The Village Voice, 4 June 1996.

Ye Ren, "The Democracy Movement in Exile is Trapped by Communist Mentality," published in the July and August 1995 issues of The 90's. (Also available in Chinese, in both text and GIF versions.)

Earlier films by the Long Bow Group:

One Village in China: A Review Symposium, Oral History Review, 15 (Fall, 1987).

Additional articles on other websites:

Ansen, David, "Raise a Red Flag," from Newsweek, Oct. 9, 1995, detailing the controversy at the New York Film Festival, where "The Gate of Heavenly Peace" premiered in October 1995.

Taylor, Charles, "Gate of Heaven," The Boston Phoenix, Jan. 5, 1996, a review of the film.

RELATED SITES

Links to other websites and blogs of interest, on the following subjects:

China Studies:

Chinese Media:

Blogs about China:

Human Rights Organizations:

Film and History - Resources and Links:

Film Studies - Resources and Links:

Film Festivals:

FURTHER READINGS

Overviews:

Geremie R. Barmé and Linda Jaivin, New Ghosts, Old Dreams (New York: Random House, 1992).

John K. Fairbank, China: A New History (Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1991).

Orville Schell, Mandate of Heaven (New York: Simon & Schuster, 1994).

Jonathan D. Spence, The Search for Modern China (New York: W.W. Norton & Company, Inc., 1990).

Jeffrey N. Wasserstrom and Elizabeth J. Perry, eds., Popular Protest and Political Culture in Modern China, Second Edition (Boulder, CO: Westview, 1994). Includes additional readings on the following topics:

Beijing Spring 1989 and the Aftermath:

Amnesty International, People's Republic of China: Preliminary Findings of Killings of Unarmed Civilians, Arbitrary Arrests, and Summary Executions since June 3, 1989 (New York, 1989).

Article 19: The Year of the Lie: Censorship and Disinformation in the PRC, 1989 (London, August 1989).

Asia Watch, The Case of Wang Juntao (New York, March 1991).
- Chinese Workers Receive Harsh Sentences (New York, March 1991).
- Punishment Season: Human Rights in China after Martial Law (New York, February 1990).
- Repression in China since June 4, 1989 (New York, 1990).
- Repression in China since June 4, 1989: Cumulative Data (New York, January 1991).
- Rough Justice in Beijing: Punishing the Black Hands of Tiananmen Square (New York, January 1991).
- Updates on Arrests 1-3, (New York, January, February, April 1991).

Bachman, David, and Yang Dali, eds. and trans., Yan Jiaqi and China's Struggle for Democracy (Armonk, NY: M. E. Sharpe, 1991).

Barmé, Geremie, "Traveling Heavy: The Intellectual Baggage of the Chinese Diaspora," Problems of Communism (January-April 1991).

Black, George and Robin Munro, Black Hands of Beijing (New York: John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 1993).

Buruma, Ian, Bad Elements: Chinese Rebels from Los Angeles to Beijing (New York: Random House, 2001).

Calhoun, Craig, "Revolution and Repression in Tiananmen Square," Society (September-October 1989).

Cheung Tai Ming, "The PLA and Its Role between April-June 1989," in China's Military: The PLA in 1990/1991, ed. Richard Yang (Boulder, CO: Westview Press, 1991).

Des Forges, Roger, et al., eds., China: The Crisis of 1989, Origins and Implications, 2 vols. (Buffalo: Council on International Studies, State University of New York, 1990).

Dittmer, Lowell, "The Tiananmen Massacre," Problems of Communism (September-October 1989).

Dreyer, June, "The PLA and the Power Struggle of 1989," Problems of Communism (September-October 1989).

Duke, Michael, The Iron House: A Memoir of the Chinese Democracy Movement and the Tiananmen Massacre (Layton, UT: Gibbs Smith, 1990).

Fang Lizhi, Bringing Down the Great Wall: Writings on Science, Culture and Democracy in China (New York: Knopf, 1991).

Fathers, Michael, and Andrew Higgins, Tiananmen: The Rape of Peking (London: The Independent, 1989).

Furth, Charlotte, "Democracy in China: Some Historical Reflections on the June 1989 Movement," China Report 25, 4 (October-December 1989).

Gold, Thomas, "The Resurgence of Civil Society in China," Journal of Democracy 1, 1 (Winter 1990).

Goldman, Merle, "China's Great Leap Backward," Journal of Democracy 1, 1 (Winter 1990).

---, Sowing the Seeds of Democracy in China: Political Reform in the Deng Xiaoping Era (Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1994).

Han Minzhu and Hua Sheng, eds., Cries for Democracy: Writings and Speeches from the 1989 Chinese Democracy Movement (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1990).

He Xin, trans. and intro. by Geremie Barmé, "Word of Advice to the Politburo," Australian Journal of Chinese Affairs, no. 23 (January 1990).

Hicks, George, ed., The Broken Mirror: China after Tiananmen (Chicago: St. James Press, 1990).

Huang Yasheng, "The Origins of China's Pro-Democracy Movement and the Government's Response: A Tale of Two Reforms," Fletcher Forum of World Affairs (Winter 1990).

Human Rights in China, ed., Children of the Dragon: The Story of Tiananmen Square (New York: Macmillan Publishing Company, 1990).

Joffe, Ellis, "The Tiananmen Crisis and the Politics of the PLA," in China's Military: The PLA in 1990/1991, ed. Richard Yang (Boulder: Westview Press, 1991).

Landsberger, Stefan, "The 1989 Student Demonstrations in Beijing: A Chronology of Events," China Information 4, 1 (Summer 1989).

Liu Binyan, China's Crisis, China's Hope: Essays from an Intellectual in Exile (Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1990).

Luo Qiping et al., "The 1989 Pro-Democracy Movement: Student Organizations and Strategies," China Information 5, 2 (Autumn 1990).

MacFarquhar, Roderick, "The End of the Chinese Revolution," New York Review of Books (June 1989).

Maier, John H., "Tian'anmen 1989: The View from Shanghai," China Information 5, 1 (Summer 1990).

Ming Bao, June Four: A Chronicle of the Chinese Democratic Uprising (Fayetteville: University of Arkansas Press, 1989).

Nathan, Andrew J. and Perry Link, eds., The Tiananmen Papers, compiled by Zhang Liang (New York: Public Affairs, 2001).

Ogden, Suzanne et al., eds., China's Search for Democracy: The Student and the Mass Movement of 1989 (Armonk, New York: M.E. Sharpe, 1992).

Oksenberg, Michel et al., eds., Beijing Spring, 1989: Confrontation and Conflict (Armonk, New York: M.E. Sharpe, 1990).

Pieke, Frank, and Fons Lamboo, Inventory of the Collection of the Chinese People's Movement, Spring 1989 (Amsterdam: Institute of Social History, 1990).

Porter, Edgar, Journalism from Tiananmen (Honolulu: University of Hawaii, 1990).

Pye, Lucian W., "Tiananmen and Chinese Political Culture: The Escalation of Confrontation from Moralizing to Revenge," Asian Survey 30, 4 (April 1990).

Saich, Tony, ed., The Chinese People's Movement: Perspectives on Spring 1989 (Armonk, New York: M.E. Sharpe, 1990).

Simmie, Scott, and Bob Nixon, Tiananmen Square: An Eyewitness Account of the Chinese People's Passionate Quest for Democracy (Seattle: University of Washington Press, 1989).

Strand, David, "Protest in Beijing: Civil Society and Public Sphere in China," Problems of Communism (May-June 1990).

Wakeman, Frederic, "The June Fourth Movement in China," Items (September 1989).

Walder, Andrew, "Beyond the Deng Era: China's Political Dilemma," Asian Affairs: An American Review 16, 2 (Summer 1989).

Walder, Andrew, "The Political Sociology of the Beijing Upheaval of 1989," Problems of Communism (September-October 1989).

Zhao Dingxin, The Power of Tiananmen: State-Society Relations and the 1989 Beijing Student Movement (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2001).